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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rare food poisoning from eating turtles</div> <p><b>Chelonitoxism</b> or <b>chelonitoxication</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a> which occasionally results from eating turtles, particularly marine turtles, in the region of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-nacct_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nacct-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-silas_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered rare.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four species of marine turtle have been associated with chelonitoxism: <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawksbill turtle">hawksbill turtle</a> (<i>Eretmochelys imbricata</i>), <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtle</a> (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>), <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtle</a> (<i>Caretta caretta gigas</i>), <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">leatherback sea turtle</a> (<i>Dermochelys coriacea</i>), plus the freshwater species <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_giant_softshell_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="New Guinea giant softshell turtle">New Guinea giant softshell turtle</a> (<i>Pelochelys bibroni</i>). Consumption of these species has caused poisoning incidents at various times of year in various tropical and subtropical locations, including such places as Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines and New Guinea, as well as southern South Asia (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a>) and the Zanzibar archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern South Asia region has recorded 89 deaths from (primarily hawksbill and green) sea turtle poisoning from 1840 to 1983, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and northern and western Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-silas_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chelonitoxism can be deadly, and <a href="/wiki/Supportive_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Supportive treatment">supportive treatment</a> is the only treatment available; there is no known <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea turtle is a traditional food in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Western Pacific</a> and Indian Oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-silas_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms of chelonitoxism begin to show up within hours to a week following ingestion of turtle meat which has not been repeatedly <a href="/wiki/Parboiled" class="mw-redirect" title="Parboiled">parboiled</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silas_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children are especially susceptible, and the toxins have been reported to transfer readily via breastfeeding, even when the mother experiences no illness.<sup id="cite_ref-nacct_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nacct-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-silas_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effects on the digestive system include <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, abdominal pain, <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a>, tongue abnormalities and a firm, nontender liver. Autopsies have revealed hemorrhage in liver, esophagus and stomach, with <a href="/wiki/Mucosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosal">mucosal</a> <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> of the esophagus, stomach and intestines. Fatty changes and <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a> of the liver were present. Other organs found to be abnormal on autopsy include swollen gall bladder, congested kidneys and enlarged spleen.<sup id="cite_ref-silas_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effects on the cardiovascular system include variable slight <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a> and a moderate drop in <a href="/wiki/Systolic_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Systolic blood pressure">systolic blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pallor</a> and, on autopsy, a flabby heart with <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhagic">hemorrhagic</a> <a href="/wiki/Petechiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petechiae">petechiae</a>. Neurological signs include increased <a href="/wiki/Salivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivation">salivation</a>, sweating, <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a> and diminished deep reflexes, sometimes followed by coma and death. Death was found to result from <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failure</a>. On autopsy, cerebral cortical edema was found, along with hemorrhagic petechiae.<sup id="cite_ref-silas_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low fever, thirst, constipation and <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous abortion">spontaneous abortion</a> have also been reported, while typical signs of allergic reaction are absent. A full recovery can take weeks, and it is not known whether any aftereffects are permanent. While standard hospital toxicology screens detected no known toxins, stomach contents of hospitalized patients fed to small laboratory animals killed the animals. Silas and Bastian have speculated that chelonitoxism may involve a <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silas_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research on the biochemistry of both poisonous turtle tissues and tissues of turtle poisoning patients is scant, and local medical practitioners have minimal treatment protocols for chelonitoxism at their disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-silas_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With loggerheads (and other turtles under pressure from hunting) under legal protection against hunting, researchers hope that programs to discourage turtle consumption on health grounds may both increase turtle numbers and prevent human morbidity and mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-silas_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelonitoxism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nacct-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nacct_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nacct_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clintox.org/NACCT/2011/NACCT2011abstPosterIII.pdf">Multiple fatalities following ingestion of sea turtle meat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123758/http://www.clintox.org/NACCT/2011/NACCT2011abstPosterIII.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NACCT Congress – September 23–26, 2011 Washington DC POSTER SESSION III 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silas-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-silas_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silas_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silas_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silas_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silas_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silas_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silas_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silas_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silas_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silas_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSilasFernando1984" class="citation journal cs1">Silas, E. G; Fernando, A. Bastian (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/1075/1/Bulletin_35-9.pdf">"Turtle poisoning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Marine+Fisheries+Research+Institute+%28CMFRI%29+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Turtle+poisoning&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Silas&rft.aufirst=E.+G&rft.au=Fernando%2C+A.+Bastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.cmfri.org.in%2F1075%2F1%2FBulletin_35-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelonitoxism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussyPommierLumbrosoDe_Haro2007" class="citation journal cs1">Fussy, Agnès; Pommier, Philip; Lumbroso, Catherine; De Haro, Luc (2007). "Chelonitoxism: New case reports in French Polynesia and review of the literature". <i>Toxicon</i>. <b>49</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">827–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.toxicon.2006.12.002">10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17250862">17250862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicon&rft.atitle=Chelonitoxism%3A+New+case+reports+in+French+Polynesia+and+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E827-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.toxicon.2006.12.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17250862&rft.aulast=Fussy&rft.aufirst=Agn%C3%A8s&rft.au=Pommier%2C+Philip&rft.au=Lumbroso%2C+Catherine&rft.au=De+Haro%2C+Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelonitoxism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/09/eight-children-and-an-adult-die-in-zanzibar-after-eating-sea-turtle-meat-chelonitoxism">"Eight children and an adult die in Zanzibar after eating sea turtle meat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. March 10, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eight+children+and+an+adult+die+in+Zanzibar+after+eating+sea+turtle+meat&rft.date=2024-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fmar%2F09%2Feight-children-and-an-adult-die-in-zanzibar-after-eating-sea-turtle-meat-chelonitoxism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelonitoxism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foodsafety.suencs.com/archives/tag/chelonitoxism">Chelontoxism</a> Food Safety Net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyall2010" class="citation web cs1">Ryall, Julian (November 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/8122068/Pacific-islanders-die-after-feasting-on-poisonous-turtle-meat.html">"Pacific islanders die after feasting on poisonous turtle meat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific+islanders+die+after+feasting+on+poisonous+turtle+meat&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft.aulast=Ryall&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Faustraliaandthepacific%2F8122068%2FPacific-islanders-die-after-feasting-on-poisonous-turtle-meat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelonitoxism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>2 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div 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