Authenticating users with PHP

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta name="google-signin-client-id" content="721724668570-nbkv1cfusk7kk4eni4pjvepaus73b13t.apps.googleusercontent.com"> <meta name="google-signin-scope" content="profile email https://www.googleapis.com/auth/developerprofiles https://www.googleapis.com/auth/developerprofiles.award https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform https://www.googleapis.com/auth/webhistory"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Cloud"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="theme-color" content="#039be5"><meta charset="utf-8"> <meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="manifest" href="/_pwa/cloud/manifest.json" crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//www.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.googleapis.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//apis.google.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//www.google-analytics.com" crossorigin><link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans:400,500,700|Google+Sans+Text:400,400italic,500,500italic,700,700italic|Roboto:400,400italic,500,500italic,700,700italic|Roboto+Mono:400,500,700&display=swap"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Icons&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined&display=block"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud/css/app.css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/super_cloud.png"><link rel="canonical" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users"><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Google Cloud" href="https://cloud.google.com/s/opensearch.xml"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users?hl=zh-cn" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users?hl=fr" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users?hl=de" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="id" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users?hl=id" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users?hl=it" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users?hl=ja" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ko" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users?hl=ko" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt-BR" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users?hl=pt-br" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="es-419" href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users?hl=es-419" /><title>Authenticating users with PHP  |  Google Cloud</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Authenticating users with PHP  |  Google Cloud"><meta name="description" content="This tutorial shows how to enable the Internet-Aware Proxy service to restrict access to your App Engine app, and how to use PHP to retrieve and verify information about the authenticated users given access."> <meta property="og:description" content="This tutorial shows how to enable the Internet-Aware Proxy service to restrict access to your App Engine app, and how to use PHP to retrieve and verify information about the authenticated users given access."><meta property="og:url" content="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cloud.google.com/_static/cloud/images/social-icon-google-cloud-1200-630.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630"><meta property="og:locale" content="en"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "headline": "Authenticating users with PHP" } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "PHP", "item": "https://cloud.google.com/php" },{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Documentation", "item": "https://cloud.google.com/php/docs" },{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Authenticating users with PHP", "item": "https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started/authenticate-users" }] } </script> <meta name="gtm_var" data-key="docType" data-value="tutorial"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/extras.css"></head> <body class="" template="page" theme="cloud-theme" type="article" layout="docs" free-trial display-toc pending> <devsite-progress type="indeterminate" id="app-progress"></devsite-progress> <section class="devsite-wrapper"> <devsite-cookie-notification-bar></devsite-cookie-notification-bar><cloudx-track userCountry="SG"></cloudx-track> <cloudx-utils-init></cloudx-utils-init> <devsite-header keep-tabs-visible> <div class="devsite-header--inner nocontent"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-wrapper-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row"> <button type="button" id="devsite-hamburger-menu" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Navigation menu button" visually-hidden aria-label="Open menu"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="googleCloud" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud/images/cloud-logo.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="Google Cloud"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item devsite-has-google-wordmark"> </li> </ul> </span> </div> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-middle"> <div class="devsite-header-upper-tabs"> <cloudx-tabs-nav class="upper-tabs"> <nav class="devsite-tabs-wrapper" aria-label="Upper tabs"> <tab class="devsite-active"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - docs-home" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Documentation, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Documentation" track-name="docs-home" track-link-column-type="single-column" > Documentation </a> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-clickable "> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/tech-area-overviews" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/tech-area-overviews" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technology areas" track-name="technology-areas" track-link-column-type="single-column" > Technology areas </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Technology areas" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/tech-area-overviews" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technology areas" track-name="technology-areas" track-link-column-type="single-column" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <button class="devsite-tabs-close-button material-icons button-flat gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close dropdown menu" aria-label="Close dropdown menu" track-type="nav" track-name="close" track-metadata-eventdetail="#" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav">close</button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/ai-ml" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/ai-ml" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> AI and ML </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/application-development" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/application-development" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Application development </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/application-hosting" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/application-hosting" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Application hosting </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/compute-area" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/compute-area" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Compute </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/data" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/data" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Data analytics and pipelines </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/databases" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/databases" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Databases </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/dhm-cloud" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/dhm-cloud" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Distributed, hybrid, and multicloud </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/generative-ai" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/generative-ai" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Generative AI </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/industry" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/industry" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Industry solutions </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/networking" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/networking" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Networking </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/observability" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/observability" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Observability and monitoring </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/security" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/security" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Security </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/storage" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/storage" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Storage </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-clickable "> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/cross-product-overviews" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/cross-product-overviews" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Cross-product tools" track-name="crossproduct" track-link-column-type="single-column" > Cross-product tools </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Cross-product tools" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/cross-product-overviews" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Cross-product tools" track-name="crossproduct" track-link-column-type="single-column" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <button class="devsite-tabs-close-button material-icons button-flat gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close dropdown menu" aria-label="Close dropdown menu" track-type="nav" track-name="close" track-metadata-eventdetail="#" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav">close</button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/access-resources" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/access-resources" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Access and resources management </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/costs-usage" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/costs-usage" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Costs and usage management </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/devtools" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/devtools" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud SDK, languages, frameworks, and tools </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/iac" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/iac" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Infrastructure as code </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/migration" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/migration" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Migration </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-clickable "> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Related sites" track-name="related-sites" track-link-column-type="single-column" > Related sites </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Related sites" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Related sites" track-name="related-sites" track-link-column-type="single-column" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <button class="devsite-tabs-close-button material-icons button-flat gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close dropdown menu" aria-label="Close dropdown menu" track-type="nav" track-name="close" track-metadata-eventdetail="#" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav">close</button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Home </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/free" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/free" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Free Trial and Free Tier </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/architecture" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/architecture" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Architecture Center </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/blog" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Blog </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/contact" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/contact" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Contact Sales </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/developers" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/developers" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Developer Center </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Developer Center </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/marketplace" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://console.cloud.google.com/marketplace" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Marketplace </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/marketplace/docs" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/marketplace/docs" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Marketplace Documentation </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://www.cloudskillsboost.google/paths" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://www.cloudskillsboost.google/paths" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Skills Boost </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/solutions" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/solutions" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Solution Center </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/support-hub" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/support-hub" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Support </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@googlecloudtech" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://www.youtube.com/@googlecloudtech" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Tech Youtube Channel </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> </nav> </cloudx-tabs-nav> </div> <devsite-search enable-signin enable-search enable-suggestions project-name="PHP" tenant-name="Google Cloud" project-scope="/php/docs" url-scoped="https://cloud.google.com/s/results/php/docs" > <form class="devsite-search-form" action="https://cloud.google.com/s/results" method="GET"> <div class="devsite-search-container"> <button type="button" search-open class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Open search"></button> <div class="devsite-searchbox"> <input aria-activedescendant="" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-label="Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="listbox" autocomplete="off" class="devsite-search-field devsite-search-query" name="q" placeholder="Search" role="combobox" type="text" value="" > <div class="devsite-search-image material-icons" aria-hidden="true"> </div> <div class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon-container" aria-hidden="true"> <kbd class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon">/</kbd> </div> </div> </div> </form> <button type="button" search-close class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Close search"></button> </devsite-search> </div> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="it" >Italiano</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> <devsite-user enable-profiles fp-auth id="devsite-user"> <span class="button devsite-top-button" aria-hidden="true" visually-hidden>Sign in</span> </devsite-user> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-collapsible-section "> <div class="devsite-header-background"> <div class="devsite-product-id-row" hidden> <div class="devsite-product-description-row"> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-doc-set-nav-row"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/php" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Lower Header" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="PHP" > PHP </a> </li> </ul> <cloudx-tabs-nav class="lower-tabs"> <nav class="devsite-tabs-wrapper" aria-label="Lower tabs"> <tab > <a href="https://cloud.google.com/php/docs" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/php/docs" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - overview" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Overview" track-name="overview" > Overview </a> </tab> <tab class="devsite-active"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - guides" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Guides, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Guides" track-name="guides" > Guides </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://cloud.google.com/php/docs/reference" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/php/docs/reference" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - reference" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Reference" track-name="reference" > Reference </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/samples/?language=php" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/samples/?language=php" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - samples" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Samples" track-name="samples" > Samples </a> </tab> </nav> </cloudx-tabs-nav> <div class="devsite-product-button-row"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/contact" class="cta-button-secondary button " track-metadata-position="nav" data-overflow-wrapper="tab" data-overflow="devsite-tabs-wrapper" track-type="contact" track-name="sales" data-overflow-container="left" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" >Contact Us</a> <a href="//console.cloud.google.com/freetrial" class="cloud-free-trial-button cta-button-primary button-primary button cloud-button cloud-button--primary " track-name="gcpCta" track-metadata-position="nav" data-overflow-container="right" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" data-overflow="devsite-top-logo-row" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" track-type="freeTrial" data-overflow-class="devsite-header-link devsite-top-button button cloud-free-trial-button cloud-free-trial-enabled cloud-button cloud-button--primary" >Start free</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </devsite-header> <devsite-book-nav scrollbars > <div class="devsite-book-nav-filter" > <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="googleCloud" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud/images/cloud-logo.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="Google Cloud"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item devsite-has-google-wordmark"> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Documentation" track-name="docs-home" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Documentation" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Documentation </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/php/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Overview" track-name="overview" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/php/getting-started" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Guides" track-name="guides" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Guides" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="_book"> Guides </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="_book"> </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/php/docs/reference" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Reference" track-name="reference" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Reference" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Reference </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/samples/?language=php" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Samples" track-name="samples" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Samples" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Samples </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/tech-area-overviews" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technology areas" track-name="technology-areas" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Technology areas" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Technology areas </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technology areas" track-name="technology-areas" track-link-column-type="single-column" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Technology areas"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Technology areas"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/cross-product-overviews" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Cross-product tools" track-name="crossproduct" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Cross-product tools" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Cross-product tools </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Cross-product tools" track-name="crossproduct" track-link-column-type="single-column" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Cross-product tools"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Cross-product tools"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Related sites" track-name="related-sites" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Related sites" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Related sites </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Related sites" track-name="related-sites" track-link-column-type="single-column" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Related sites"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Related sites"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="//console.cloud.google.com/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" track-metadata-position="nav" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" track-name="console" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Console" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Console </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/contact" class="cta-button-secondary button" track-metadata-position="nav" data-overflow-wrapper="tab" data-overflow="devsite-tabs-wrapper" track-type="contact" track-name="sales" data-overflow-container="left" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Contact Us" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Contact Us </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="//console.cloud.google.com/freetrial" class="cloud-free-trial-button cta-button-primary button-primary button cloud-button cloud-button--primary" track-name="gcpCta" track-metadata-position="nav" data-overflow-container="right" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" data-overflow="devsite-top-logo-row" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" track-type="freeTrial" data-overflow-class="devsite-header-link devsite-top-button button cloud-free-trial-button cloud-free-trial-enabled cloud-button cloud-button--primary" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Start free" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Start free </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Getting started</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/getting-started" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/getting-started" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/getting-started" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Getting started with PHP</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/docs/supported-php-versions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/docs/supported-php-versions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/docs/supported-php-versions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Supported PHP versions</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/getting-started/troubleshooting" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/getting-started/troubleshooting" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/getting-started/troubleshooting" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshooting</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Start by use case</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/appengine/docs/standard/php-gen2/create-app" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /appengine/docs/standard/php-gen2/create-app" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/appengine/docs/standard/php-gen2/create-app" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying apps to the App Engine standard environment</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/appengine/docs/flexible/php/quickstart" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /appengine/docs/flexible/php/quickstart" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/appengine/docs/flexible/php/quickstart" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying apps to the App Engine flexible environment</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/getting-started/getting-started-on-compute-engine" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/getting-started/getting-started-on-compute-engine" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/getting-started/getting-started-on-compute-engine" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying apps to Compute Engine</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/run/docs/quickstarts/build-and-deploy/deploy-php-service" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /run/docs/quickstarts/build-and-deploy/deploy-php-service" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/run/docs/quickstarts/build-and-deploy/deploy-php-service" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying apps to Cloud Run</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstarts/deploying-a-language-specific-app" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstarts/deploying-a-language-specific-app" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstarts/deploying-a-language-specific-app" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying apps to Kubernetes Engine</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/run/docs/quickstarts/build-and-deploy/deploy-php-service" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /run/docs/quickstarts/build-and-deploy/deploy-php-service" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/run/docs/quickstarts/build-and-deploy/deploy-php-service" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploy a PHP service to Cloud Run</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/functions/docs/create-deploy-http-php" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /functions/docs/create-deploy-http-php" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/functions/docs/create-deploy-http-php" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create and deploy a HTTP Cloud Function by using PHP</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/getting-started/authenticate-users" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/getting-started/authenticate-users" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/getting-started/authenticate-users" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authenticating users</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/getting-started/session-handling-with-firestore" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/getting-started/session-handling-with-firestore" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/getting-started/session-handling-with-firestore" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Handling sessions with Cloud Firestore</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/grpc" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/grpc" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/grpc" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Installing gRPC for PHP</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/getting-started/background-processing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/getting-started/background-processing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/getting-started/background-processing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Background processing</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/bigquery/bigquery-api-quickstart" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /bigquery/bigquery-api-quickstart" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/bigquery/bigquery-api-quickstart" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Analyzing big data with BigQuery</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/endpoints/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /endpoints/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/endpoints/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Managing an API with Endpoints</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Start by framework</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/tutorials/wordpress-app-engine-flexible" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/tutorials/wordpress-app-engine-flexible" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/tutorials/wordpress-app-engine-flexible" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>WordPress on App Engine flexible environment</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/architecture?text=php" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /architecture?text=php" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/architecture?text=php" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Official tutorials and solutions</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>App development</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Running apps</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/choosing-a-compute-option" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/choosing-a-compute-option" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/choosing-a-compute-option" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Choosing a computing option</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>App Engine</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/appengine/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /appengine/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/appengine/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>App Engine documentation</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/appengine/docs/standard/php-gen2/create-app" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /appengine/docs/standard/php-gen2/create-app" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/appengine/docs/standard/php-gen2/create-app" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying apps to App Engine standard environment</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying apps to App Engine flexible environment</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/getting-started/hello-world" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/getting-started/hello-world" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/getting-started/hello-world" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying a Hello World app</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/getting-started/tutorial-app" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/getting-started/tutorial-app" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/getting-started/tutorial-app" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying a complex app</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Compute Engine</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/compute/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /compute/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/compute/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Compute Engine documentation</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/getting-started/getting-started-on-compute-engine" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/getting-started/getting-started-on-compute-engine" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/getting-started/getting-started-on-compute-engine" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying apps to Compute Engine</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Kubernetes Engine</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/kubernetes-engine/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /kubernetes-engine/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/kubernetes-engine/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Kubernetes Engine documentation</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstarts/deploying-a-language-specific-app" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstarts/deploying-a-language-specific-app" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstarts/deploying-a-language-specific-app" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying apps to Google Kubernetes Engine</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Run</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/run/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /run/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/run/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Run documentation</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/run/docs/quickstarts/prebuilt-deploy" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /run/docs/quickstarts/prebuilt-deploy" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/run/docs/quickstarts/prebuilt-deploy" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying apps to Cloud Run</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/run/docs/quickstarts/prebuilt-deploy-gke" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /run/docs/quickstarts/prebuilt-deploy-gke" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/run/docs/quickstarts/prebuilt-deploy-gke" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Deploying apps to Cloud Run on GKE</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Storing data</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/storing-your-data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/storing-your-data" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/storing-your-data" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Choosing a storage option</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/storage/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /storage/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/storage/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Storage</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/spanner/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /spanner/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/spanner/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Spanner</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud SQL</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/datastore/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /datastore/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/datastore/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Datastore</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/firestore/docs/quickstart" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /firestore/docs/quickstart" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/firestore/docs/quickstart" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Firestore</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Logging and debugging</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/php/docs/stackdriver" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /php/docs/stackdriver" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/php/docs/stackdriver" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Cloud Observability</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/debugger/docs/setup/php" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /debugger/docs/setup/php" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/debugger/docs/setup/php" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Debugging PHP apps</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/error-reporting/docs/setup/php" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /error-reporting/docs/setup/php" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/error-reporting/docs/setup/php" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Reporting errors in PHP apps</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/logging/docs/setup/php" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /logging/docs/setup/php" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/logging/docs/setup/php" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Logging in PHP apps</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/monitoring/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /monitoring/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/monitoring/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-php" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitoring PHP apps</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Developer tools</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/products/tools" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /products/tools" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/products/tools" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sdk/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sdk/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sdk/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>gcloud CLI</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/code/docs/intellij" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /code/docs/intellij" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/code/docs/intellij" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Code for IntelliJ</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/code/docs/vscode" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /code/docs/vscode" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/code/docs/vscode" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Code for VS Code</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/artifact-registry/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /artifact-registry/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/artifact-registry/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Artifact Registry</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/build/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /build/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/build/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Build</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/source-repositories/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /source-repositories/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/source-repositories/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Source Repositories</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/apis/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /apis/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/apis/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud APIs</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/shell/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /shell/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/shell/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Shell</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authentication</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authentication methods</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Ways to authenticate</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/client-libraries" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/client-libraries" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/client-libraries" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authenticate for using client libraries</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/gcloud" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/gcloud" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/gcloud" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authenticate for using the gcloud CLI</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/rest" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/rest" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/rest" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authenticate for using REST</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/use-service-account-impersonation" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/use-service-account-impersonation" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/use-service-account-impersonation" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authenticate by using service account impersonation</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Application Default Credentials</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/provide-credentials-adc" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/provide-credentials-adc" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/provide-credentials-adc" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up Application Default Credentials</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/application-default-credentials" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/application-default-credentials" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/application-default-credentials" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How Application Default Credentials works</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/troubleshoot-adc" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/troubleshoot-adc" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/troubleshoot-adc" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot your ADC setup</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>API keys</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/api-keys-use" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/api-keys-use" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/api-keys-use" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use API keys to access APIs</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/api-keys" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/api-keys" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/api-keys" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage API keys</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/api-keys-best-practices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/api-keys-best-practices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/api-keys-best-practices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Best practices for managing API keys</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/get-id-token" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/get-id-token" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/get-id-token" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get an ID token</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/token-types" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/token-types" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/token-types" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Token types</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Big data and machine learning</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Big data</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/products/big-data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /products/big-data" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/products/big-data" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/bigquery/docs/quickstarts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /bigquery/docs/quickstarts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/bigquery/docs/quickstarts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>BigQuery</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/composer/docs/quickstart" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /composer/docs/quickstart" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/composer/docs/quickstart" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Composer</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/dataflow/docs/quickstarts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /dataflow/docs/quickstarts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/dataflow/docs/quickstarts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Dataflow</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/dataproc/docs/quickstarts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /dataproc/docs/quickstarts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/dataproc/docs/quickstarts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Dataproc</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/datalab/docs/quickstarts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /datalab/docs/quickstarts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/datalab/docs/quickstarts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Datalab</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/pubsub/docs/quickstarts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /pubsub/docs/quickstarts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/pubsub/docs/quickstarts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Pub/Sub</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/hadoop" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /hadoop" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/hadoop" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Hadoop on Google Cloud</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/architecture?category=bigdataandanalytics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /architecture?category=bigdataandanalytics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/architecture?category=bigdataandanalytics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Big data solutions</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Machine learning</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/products/machine-learning" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /products/machine-learning" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/products/machine-learning" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/ml-engine/docs/tensorflow/getting-started-keras" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /ml-engine/docs/tensorflow/getting-started-keras" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/ml-engine/docs/tensorflow/getting-started-keras" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>AI Platform training and prediction</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-beta"><a href="/data-labeling/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /data-labeling/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/data-labeling/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>AI Platform Data Labeling Service</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="beta" data-title="Beta" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-beta"><a href="/ai-platform/deep-learning-containers/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /ai-platform/deep-learning-containers/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/ai-platform/deep-learning-containers/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>AI Platform Deep Learning Containers</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="beta" data-title="Beta" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-beta"><a href="/ai-platform/notebooks/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /ai-platform/notebooks/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/ai-platform/notebooks/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>AI Platform Notebooks</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="beta" data-title="Beta" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/natural-language/docs/quickstarts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /natural-language/docs/quickstarts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/natural-language/docs/quickstarts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>AutoML Natural Language API</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/vision/docs/quickstarts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /vision/docs/quickstarts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/vision/docs/quickstarts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>AutoML Vision API</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/talent-solution/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /talent-solution/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/talent-solution/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Talent Solution</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-beta"><a href="/tpu/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /tpu/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/tpu/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud TPU</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="beta" data-title="Beta" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/translate/docs/quickstarts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /translate/docs/quickstarts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/translate/docs/quickstarts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Translation API</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/dialogflow/docs/quickstarts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /dialogflow/docs/quickstarts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/dialogflow/docs/quickstarts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Dialogflow</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/architecture?category=aiandmachinelearning" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /architecture?category=aiandmachinelearning" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/architecture?category=aiandmachinelearning" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Machine learning solutions</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/speech-to-text/docs/quickstart" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /speech-to-text/docs/quickstart" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/speech-to-text/docs/quickstart" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Speech-to-Text API</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-beta"><a href="/text-to-speech/docs/quickstart-protocol" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /text-to-speech/docs/quickstart-protocol" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/text-to-speech/docs/quickstart-protocol" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Text-to-Speech API</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="beta" data-title="Beta" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/video-intelligence/docs/quickstarts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /video-intelligence/docs/quickstarts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/video-intelligence/docs/quickstarts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Video Intelligence API</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>IoT</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/iot/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /iot/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/iot/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud IoT Core</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Infrastructure and operations</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Compute and containers</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/hosting-options" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /hosting-options" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/hosting-options" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Choosing a hosting option</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/compute/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /compute/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/compute/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Compute Engine</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/kubernetes-engine/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /kubernetes-engine/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/kubernetes-engine/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Kubernetes Engine</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Networking</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/products/networking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /products/networking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/products/networking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>VPC network</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/vpc/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /vpc/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/vpc/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>VPC networks</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/compute/docs/ip-addresses" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /compute/docs/ip-addresses" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/compute/docs/ip-addresses" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>External IP addresses</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/vpc/docs/firewalls" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /vpc/docs/firewalls" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/vpc/docs/firewalls" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Firewall rules</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/vpc/docs/routes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /vpc/docs/routes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/vpc/docs/routes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Routes</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/vpc/docs/vpc-peering" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /vpc/docs/vpc-peering" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/vpc/docs/vpc-peering" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>VPC Network Peering</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/vpc/docs/shared-vpc" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /vpc/docs/shared-vpc" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/vpc/docs/shared-vpc" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Shared VPC overview</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Network services</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/load-balancing/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /load-balancing/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/load-balancing/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Load balancing</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-alpha"><a href="/network-tiers/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /network-tiers/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/network-tiers/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Network service tiers</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="alpha" data-title="Alpha" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/dns/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /dns/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/dns/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud DNS</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/cdn/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /cdn/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/cdn/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud CDN</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Hybrid connectivity</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/network-connectivity/docs/vpn" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /network-connectivity/docs/vpn" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/network-connectivity/docs/vpn" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud VPN</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/network-connectivity/docs/interconnect" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /network-connectivity/docs/interconnect" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/network-connectivity/docs/interconnect" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Interconnect</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/network-connectivity/docs/router" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /network-connectivity/docs/router" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/network-connectivity/docs/router" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Router</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Network security</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/armor/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /armor/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/armor/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Cloud Armor</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>External peering</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/network-connectivity/docs/direct-peering" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /network-connectivity/docs/direct-peering" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/network-connectivity/docs/direct-peering" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Direct Peering</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/network-connectivity/docs/carrier-peering" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /network-connectivity/docs/carrier-peering" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/network-connectivity/docs/carrier-peering" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Carrier Peering</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/network-connectivity/docs/cdn-interconnect" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /network-connectivity/docs/cdn-interconnect" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/network-connectivity/docs/cdn-interconnect" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>CDN Interconnect</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/architecture?category=networking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /architecture?category=networking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/architecture?category=networking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Networking solutions</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Operations</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/endpoints/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /endpoints/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/endpoints/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Endpoints</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security-scanner/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security-scanner/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security-scanner/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Security Scanner</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/debugger/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /debugger/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/debugger/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Debugger</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/error-reporting/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /error-reporting/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/error-reporting/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Error Reporting</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/logging/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /logging/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/logging/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Logging</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/monitoring/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /monitoring/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/monitoring/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Monitoring</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/profiler/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /profiler/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/profiler/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Profiler</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/trace/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /trace/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/trace/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Trace</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Identity and security</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authentication</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authentication methods</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Ways to authenticate</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/client-libraries" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/client-libraries" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/client-libraries" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authenticate for using client libraries</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/gcloud" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/gcloud" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/gcloud" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authenticate for using the gcloud CLI</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/rest" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/rest" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/rest" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authenticate for using REST</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/use-service-account-impersonation" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/use-service-account-impersonation" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/use-service-account-impersonation" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authenticate by using service account impersonation</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Application Default Credentials</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/provide-credentials-adc" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/provide-credentials-adc" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/provide-credentials-adc" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Set up Application Default Credentials</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/application-default-credentials" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/application-default-credentials" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/application-default-credentials" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How Application Default Credentials works</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/troubleshoot-adc" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/troubleshoot-adc" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/troubleshoot-adc" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Troubleshoot your ADC setup</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>API keys</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/api-keys-use" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/api-keys-use" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/api-keys-use" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use API keys to access APIs</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/api-keys" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/api-keys" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/api-keys" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage API keys</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/api-keys-best-practices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/api-keys-best-practices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/api-keys-best-practices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Best practices for managing API keys</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/get-id-token" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/get-id-token" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/get-id-token" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get an ID token</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/authentication/token-types" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/authentication/token-types" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/authentication/token-types" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Token types</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/iam/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /iam/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/iam/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Identity and Access Management</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/iap/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /iap/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/iap/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Identity-Aware Proxy</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/kms/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /kms/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/kms/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Key Management Service</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security-command-center/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security-command-center/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security-command-center/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Security Command Center</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security-scanner/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security-scanner/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security-scanner/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Security Scanner</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-beta"><a href="/binary-authorization/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /binary-authorization/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/binary-authorization/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Binary Authorization</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="beta" data-title="Beta" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/dlp/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /dlp/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/dlp/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Data Loss Prevention</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Shielded Cloud</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security/shielded-cloud/shielded-vm" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security/shielded-cloud/shielded-vm" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security/shielded-cloud/shielded-vm" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Shielded VM</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security/shielded-cloud/creating-shielded-images" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security/shielded-cloud/creating-shielded-images" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security/shielded-cloud/creating-shielded-images" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Creating custom shielded images</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security/shielded-cloud/retrieving-endorsement-key" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security/shielded-cloud/retrieving-endorsement-key" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security/shielded-cloud/retrieving-endorsement-key" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Retrieving endorsement key information</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security/shielded-cloud/automating-responses-integrity-failures" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security/shielded-cloud/automating-responses-integrity-failures" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security/shielded-cloud/automating-responses-integrity-failures" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Automating responses to integrity validation failures</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security/data-loss-prevention/preventing-data-exfiltration" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security/data-loss-prevention/preventing-data-exfiltration" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security/data-loss-prevention/preventing-data-exfiltration" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Preventing data exfiltration</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security/compromised-credentials" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security/compromised-credentials" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security/compromised-credentials" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Handling compromised Google Cloud credentials</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security/data-loss-prevention/revoking-user-access" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security/data-loss-prevention/revoking-user-access" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security/data-loss-prevention/revoking-user-access" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Best practices for revoking access</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security/key-management-deep-dive" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security/key-management-deep-dive" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security/key-management-deep-dive" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Key Management Service deep dive</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/solutions/securing-gcp-account-security-keys" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /solutions/securing-gcp-account-security-keys" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/solutions/securing-gcp-account-security-keys" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Securing your account with security keys</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/solutions/connecting-securely" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /solutions/connecting-securely" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/solutions/connecting-securely" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Securely connecting to VM instances</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/resource-manager/docs/organization-policy/develop-apps-constrained-environment" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /resource-manager/docs/organization-policy/develop-apps-constrained-environment" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/resource-manager/docs/organization-policy/develop-apps-constrained-environment" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Develop applications in a constrained environment</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security/security-design" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security/security-design" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security/security-design" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google infrastructure security</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security/beyondprod" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security/beyondprod" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security/beyondprod" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>BeyondProd: Cloud-native security</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security/binary-authorization-for-borg" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security/binary-authorization-for-borg" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security/binary-authorization-for-borg" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Binary Authorization for Borg</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /security" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/security" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Cloud security overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/tutorials#security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/tutorials#security" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/tutorials#security" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Security solutions</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Resource management</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/deployment-manager/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /deployment-manager/overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/deployment-manager/overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Deployment Manager</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/marketplace/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /marketplace/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/marketplace/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Cloud Marketplace</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/resource-manager/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /resource-manager/docs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/resource-manager/docs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Resource Manager</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/tutorials#resource" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/tutorials#resource" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/tutorials#resource" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Resource management solutions</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Other supported languages</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/dotnet" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /dotnet" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/dotnet" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>C#</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/go" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /go" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/go" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Go</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/java" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /java" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/java" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Java</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/nodejs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /nodejs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/nodejs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Node.js</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/python" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /python" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/python" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Python</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/ruby" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /ruby" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/ruby" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Ruby</span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Technology areas" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/ai-ml" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: AI and ML" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > AI and ML </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/application-development" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Application development" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Application development </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/application-hosting" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Application hosting" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Application hosting </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/compute-area" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Compute" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Compute </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Data analytics and pipelines" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Data analytics and pipelines </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/databases" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Databases" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Databases </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/dhm-cloud" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Distributed, hybrid, and multicloud" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Distributed, hybrid, and multicloud </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/generative-ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Generative AI" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Generative AI </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/industry" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Industry solutions" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Industry solutions </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/networking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Networking" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Networking </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/observability" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Observability and monitoring" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Observability and monitoring </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Security" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/storage" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Storage" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Storage </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Cross-product tools" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/access-resources" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Access and resources management" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Access and resources management </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/costs-usage" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Costs and usage management" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Costs and usage management </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/devtools" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud SDK, languages, frameworks, and tools" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud SDK, languages, frameworks, and tools </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/iac" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Infrastructure as code" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Infrastructure as code </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/migration" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Migration" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Migration </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Related sites" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Home" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Home </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/free" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Free Trial and Free Tier" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Free Trial and Free Tier </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/architecture" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Architecture Center" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Architecture Center </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Blog" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Blog </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/contact" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Contact Sales" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Contact Sales </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/developers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Developer Center" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Developer Center </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Developer Center" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Developer Center </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/marketplace" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Marketplace" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Marketplace </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/marketplace/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Marketplace Documentation" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Marketplace Documentation </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://www.cloudskillsboost.google/paths" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Skills Boost" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Skills Boost </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/solutions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Solution Center" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Solution Center </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/support-hub" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Support" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Support </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@googlecloudtech" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Tech Youtube Channel" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Tech Youtube Channel </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </devsite-book-nav> <section id="gc-wrapper"> <main role="main" class="devsite-main-content" has-book-nav has-sidebar > <div class="devsite-sidebar"> <div class="devsite-sidebar-content"> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" role="navigation" aria-label="On this page" depth="2" scrollbars ></devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-sidebar class="nocontent devsite-nav"> </devsite-recommendations-sidebar> </div> </div> <devsite-content> <article class="devsite-article"> <div class="devsite-article-meta nocontent" role="navigation"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Google Cloud" > Home </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/php" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="2" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="2" track-metadata-eventdetail="PHP" > PHP </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/php/docs" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="3" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="3" track-metadata-eventdetail="PHP" > Documentation </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/php/getting-started" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="4" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="4" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Guides </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <devsite-feedback position="header" project-name="PHP" product-id="1632431" bucket="documentation" context="" version="t-devsite-webserver-20241114-r00-rc02.464922260396498922" data-label="Send Feedback Button" track-type="feedback" track-name="sendFeedbackLink" track-metadata-position="header" class="nocontent" project-icon="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/super_cloud.png" > <button> Send feedback </button> </devsite-feedback> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Authenticating users with PHP </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <div class="tutorial tutorial-lesson"> <hr class="cloud-divider"> <section id="overview"> Apps running on Google Cloud managed platforms such as <a href="/appengine/docs" track-type="php" track-name="internalLink" track-metadata-position="body">App Engine</a> can avoid managing user authentication and session management by using <a href="/iap" track-type="php" track-name="internalLink" track-metadata-position="body">Identity-Aware Proxy (IAP)</a> to control access to them. IAP can not only control access to the app, but it also provides information about the authenticated users, including the email address and a persistent identifier to the app in the form of new HTTP headers. </section> <section id="objectives"> <h2 id="objectives" data-text="Objectives" tabindex="-1">Objectives</h2> <ul> <li><p>Require users of your App Engine app to authenticate themselves by using IAP.</p></li> <li><p>Access users' identities in the app to display the current user's authenticated email address.</p></li> </ul> </section> <section id="costs"> <h2 id="costs" data-text="Costs" tabindex="-1">Costs</h2> <p> In this document, you use the following billable components of Google Cloud: </p> <ul> <li><a href="/appengine/pricing" track-type="php" track-name="internalLink" track-metadata-position="body">App Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/iap/pricing" track-type="php" track-name="internalLink" track-metadata-position="body">IAP</a></li> </ul> <p> To generate a cost estimate based on your projected usage, use the <a href="/products/calculator" track-type="commonIncludes" track-name="pricingCalculator">pricing calculator</a>. <cloudx-free-trial-eligible-content> <slot slot="eligible"> New Google Cloud users might be eligible for a <a href="/free" track-type="freeTrial" track-name="consoleLink" track-metadata-position="prerequisites" track-metadata-end-goal="signUp" target="_blank">free trial</a>. </slot> <slot slot="ineligible"> </slot> </cloudx-free-trial-eligible-content> </p> <p>When you finish the tasks that are described in this document, you can avoid continued billing by deleting the resources that you created. For more information, see <a href="#clean-up" track-type="tutorial" track-name="internalLink" track-metadata-position="body">Clean up</a>.</p> </section> <section id="prerequisites"> <h2 id="before-you-begin" data-text="Before you begin" tabindex="-1">Before you begin</h2> <ol> <cloudx-free-trial-eligible-content> <slot slot="eligible"> <li> Sign in to your Google Cloud account. If you're new to Google Cloud, <a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/freetrial" target="console" track-type="commonIncludes" track-name="createAnAccount" track-metadata-position="prereqs" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://console.cloud.google.com/freetrial" track-metadata-link-destination="https://console.cloud.google.com/freetrial"> create an account</a> to evaluate how our products perform in real-world scenarios. New customers also get $300 in free credits to run, test, and deploy workloads. </li> <li> <p>In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.</p> <aside class="note"><b>Note</b>: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.</aside> <p><a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/projectselector2/home/dashboard" target="console" track-type="commonIncludes" track-name="consoleLink" track-metadata-end-goal="createProject" class="button button-primary">Go to project selector</a></p> </li> <li> <a href="/sdk/docs/install" track-type="commonIncludes" track-name="sdkLink" target="_blank">Install</a> the Google Cloud CLI. </li> <li> <p> To <a href="/sdk/docs/initializing" track-type="commonIncludes" track-name="sdkLink" target="_blank">initialize</a> the gcloud CLI, run the following command: </p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-sh" translate="no" dir="ltr">gcloud init</pre> </li> </slot> <slot slot="ineligible"> <li> <p>In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.</p> <aside class="note"><b>Note</b>: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.</aside> <p><a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/projectselector2/home/dashboard" target="console" track-type="commonIncludes" track-name="consoleLink" track-metadata-end-goal="createProject" class="button button-primary">Go to project selector</a></p> </li> <li> <a href="/sdk/docs/install" track-type="commonIncludes" track-name="sdkLink" target="_blank">Install</a> the Google Cloud CLI. </li> <li> <p> To <a href="/sdk/docs/initializing" track-type="commonIncludes" track-name="sdkLink" target="_blank">initialize</a> the gcloud CLI, run the following command: </p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-sh" translate="no" dir="ltr">gcloud init</pre> </li> </slot> </cloudx-free-trial-eligible-content> </ol> </section> <div id="tutorial-content"> <section class="tutorial-content"> <h2 id="background" data-text="Background" tabindex="-1">Background</h2> <p> This tutorial uses IAP to authenticate users. This is only one of several possible approaches. To learn more about the various methods to authenticate users, see the <a href="#authentication_concepts">Authentication concepts</a> section. </p> <h2 id="hello-app" data-text="The Hello user-email-address app" tabindex="-1">The Hello <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><var translate="no">user-email-address</var></code> app</h2> <p> <p>The app for this tutorial is a minimal Hello world App Engine app, with one non-typical feature: instead of "Hello world" it displays "Hello <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><var translate="no">user-email-address</var></code>", where <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><var translate="no">user-email-address</var></code> is the authenticated user's email address.</p> <p>This functionality is possible by examining the authenticated information that IAP adds to each web request it passes through to your app. There are three new request headers added to each web request that reaches your app. The first two headers are plain text strings that you can use to identify the user. The third header is a cryptographically signed object with that same information.</p> <ul> <li><p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">X-Goog-Authenticated-User-Email</code>: A user's email address identifies them. Don't store personal information if your app can avoid it. This app doesn't store any data; it just echoes it back to the user.</p></li> <li><p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">X-Goog-Authenticated-User-Id</code>: This user ID assigned by Google doesn't show information about the user, but it does allow an app to know that a logged-in user is the same one that was previously seen before.</p></li> <li><p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">X-Goog-Iap-Jwt-Assertion</code>: You can configure Google Cloud apps to accept web requests from other cloud apps, bypassing IAP, in addition to internet web requests. If an app is so configured, it's possible for such requests to have forged headers. Instead of using either of the plain text headers previously mentioned, you can use and verify this cryptographically signed header to check that the information was provided by Google. Both the user's email address and a persistent user ID are available as part of this signed header.</p></li> </ul> <p>If you are certain that the app is configured so that only internet web requests can reach it, and that no one can disable the IAP service for the app, then retrieving a unique user ID takes only a single line of code:</p> <p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="PHP"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"><span class="devsite-syntax-x">$userId = getallheaders()['X-Goog-Authenticated-User-Id'] ?? null;</span> </code></pre></devsite-code><aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> The <a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.getallheaders.php" track-type="php" track-name="externalLink" track-metadata-position="body" class="external"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">getallheaders</code></a> function is only available for NGINX in PHP 7.3 or later.</span></aside> </p> <p>However, a resilient app should expect things to go wrong, including unexpected configuration or environmental issues, so we instead recommend creating a function that uses and verifies the cryptographically signed header. That header's signature cannot be forged, and when verified, can be used to return the identification. </p> <h3 id="create_the_source_code" data-text="Create the source code" tabindex="-1">Create the source code</h3> <ol> <li><p>Use a text editor to create a file named <code translate="no" dir="ltr">index.php</code>, and paste the following code in it:</p> <div class="github-docwidget-gitinclude-code"> <div></div><devsite-code><pre suppresswarning="suppresswarning" translate="no" class="devsite-click-to-copy" track-metadata-position="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/index.php/HEAD/getting_started_auth_all" data-code-snippet="true" data-github-includecode-link="https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/blob/HEAD/authenticate-users/index.php" data-github-path="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/index.php" data-git-revision="HEAD" data-region-tag="getting_started_auth_all" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="PHP"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"><span class="devsite-syntax-x">require_once __DIR__ . '/vendor/autoload.php';</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * Checks that the JWT assertion is valid (properly signed, for the</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * correct audience) and if so, returns strings for the requesting user's</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * email and a persistent user ID. If not valid, returns null for each field.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> *</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * @param string $idToken The JWT string to assert.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * @param string $audience The audience of the JWT.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> *</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * @return string[] array containing [$email, $id]</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * @throws Exception on failed validation</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">function validate_assertion(string $idToken, string $audience) : array</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $auth = new Google\Auth\AccessToken();</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $info = $auth->verify($idToken, [</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> 'certsLocation' => Google\Auth\AccessToken::IAP_CERT_URL,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> 'throwException' => true,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> ]);</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> if ($audience != $info['aud'] ?? '') {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> throw new Exception(sprintf(</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> 'Audience %s did not match expected %s', $info['aud'], $audience</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> ));</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> }</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> return [$info['email'], $info['sub']];</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * This is an example of a front controller for a flat file PHP site. Using a</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * static list provides security against URL injection by default.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">switch (@parse_url($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'])['path']) {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> case '/':</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> if (!Google\Auth\Credentials\GCECredentials::onGce()) {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> throw new Exception('You must deploy to appengine to run this sample');</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> }</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $metadata = new Google\Cloud\Core\Compute\Metadata();</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $audience = sprintf(</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> '/projects/%s/apps/%s',</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $metadata->getNumericProjectId(),</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $metadata->getProjectId()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> );</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $idToken = getallheaders()['X-Goog-Iap-Jwt-Assertion'] ?? '';</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> try {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> list($email, $id) = validate_assertion($idToken, $audience);</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> printf("<h1>Hello %s</h1>", $email);</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> } catch (Exception $e) {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> printf('Failed to validate assertion: %s', $e->getMessage());</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> }</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> break;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> case '': break; // Nothing to do, we're running our tests</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> default:</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> http_response_code(404);</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> exit('Not Found');</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">}</span></code></pre></devsite-code> </div> <p>This <code translate="no" dir="ltr">index.php</code> file is explained in detail in the <a href="#understanding_the_code">Understanding the code</a> section later in this tutorial.</p></li> <li><p>Create another file called <code translate="no" dir="ltr">composer.json</code>, and paste the following into it:</p> <div class="github-docwidget-gitinclude-code"> <div></div><devsite-code><pre suppresswarning="suppresswarning" translate="no" class="devsite-click-to-copy" track-metadata-position="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/composer.json/HEAD/" data-code-snippet="true" data-github-includecode-link="https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/blob/HEAD/authenticate-users/composer.json" data-github-path="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/composer.json" data-git-revision="HEAD" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="JSON"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">"require"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">"php"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s2">">=7.1"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">"google/auth"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s2">"^1.9"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">"google/cloud-core"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s2">"^1.32"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">"kelvinmo/simplejwt"</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s2">"^0.4.0"</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> </code></pre></devsite-code> </div> <p>The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">composer.json</code> file lists any PHP libraries your app needs App Engine to load for it:</p> <ul> <li><p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">firebase/php-jwt</code> provides the JWT checking and decoding function.</p></li> <li><p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">guzzle/http</code> is an HTTP client for retrieving data from web sites.</p></li> </ul></li> <li><p>Create a file named <code translate="no" dir="ltr">app.yaml</code> and put the following text in it:</p> <div class="github-docwidget-gitinclude-code"> <div></div><devsite-code><pre suppresswarning="suppresswarning" translate="no" class="devsite-click-to-copy" track-metadata-position="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/app.yaml/HEAD/" data-code-snippet="true" data-github-includecode-link="https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/blob/HEAD/authenticate-users/app.yaml" data-github-path="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/app.yaml" data-git-revision="HEAD" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="YAML"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">runtime</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-l devsite-syntax-l-Scalar devsite-syntax-l-Scalar-Plain">php73</span> </code></pre></devsite-code> </div> <p>The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">app.yaml</code> file tells App Engine which language environment your code requires.</p></li> </ol> <h3 id="understanding_the_code" data-text="Understanding the code" tabindex="-1">Understanding the code</h3> <p>This section explains how the code in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">index.php</code> works. If you just want to run the app, you can skip ahead to the <a href="#deploying_the_app">Deploy the app</a> section.</p> <p>The following code is in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">index.php</code> file. When an <code translate="no" dir="ltr">HTTP GET</code> request to the home page is received by the app, the switch case for <code translate="no" dir="ltr">/</code> is invoked:</p> <div class="github-docwidget-gitinclude-code"> <div></div><devsite-code><pre suppresswarning="suppresswarning" translate="no" class="devsite-click-to-copy" track-metadata-position="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/index.php/HEAD/getting_started_auth_front_controller" data-code-snippet="true" data-github-includecode-link="https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/blob/HEAD/authenticate-users/index.php" data-github-path="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/index.php" data-git-revision="HEAD" data-region-tag="getting_started_auth_front_controller" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="PHP"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"><span class="devsite-syntax-x">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * This is an example of a front controller for a flat file PHP site. Using a</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * static list provides security against URL injection by default.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">switch (@parse_url($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'])['path']) {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> case '/':</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> if (!Google\Auth\Credentials\GCECredentials::onGce()) {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> throw new Exception('You must deploy to appengine to run this sample');</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> }</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $metadata = new Google\Cloud\Core\Compute\Metadata();</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $audience = sprintf(</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> '/projects/%s/apps/%s',</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $metadata->getNumericProjectId(),</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $metadata->getProjectId()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> );</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $idToken = getallheaders()['X-Goog-Iap-Jwt-Assertion'] ?? '';</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> try {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> list($email, $id) = validate_assertion($idToken, $audience);</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> printf("<h1>Hello %s</h1>", $email);</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> } catch (Exception $e) {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> printf('Failed to validate assertion: %s', $e->getMessage());</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> }</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> break;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> case '': break; // Nothing to do, we're running our tests</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> default:</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> http_response_code(404);</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> exit('Not Found');</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">}</span></code></pre></devsite-code> </div> <p>The switch statement gets the JWT assertion header value that IAP added from the incoming request and calls a function to validate that cryptographically signed value. The first value returned (email) is then used in a minimal web page that it creates and returns.</p> <div class="github-docwidget-gitinclude-code"> <div></div><devsite-code><pre suppresswarning="suppresswarning" translate="no" class="devsite-click-to-copy" track-metadata-position="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/index.php/HEAD/getting_started_auth_validate_assertion" data-code-snippet="true" data-github-includecode-link="https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/blob/HEAD/authenticate-users/index.php" data-github-path="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/index.php" data-git-revision="HEAD" data-region-tag="getting_started_auth_validate_assertion" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="PHP"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"><span class="devsite-syntax-x">/**</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * Checks that the JWT assertion is valid (properly signed, for the</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * correct audience) and if so, returns strings for the requesting user's</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * email and a persistent user ID. If not valid, returns null for each field.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> *</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * @param string $idToken The JWT string to assert.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * @param string $audience The audience of the JWT.</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> *</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * @return string[] array containing [$email, $id]</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> * @throws Exception on failed validation</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> */</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">function validate_assertion(string $idToken, string $audience) : array</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $auth = new Google\Auth\AccessToken();</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $info = $auth->verify($idToken, [</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> 'certsLocation' => Google\Auth\AccessToken::IAP_CERT_URL,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> 'throwException' => true,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> ]);</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> if ($audience != $info['aud'] ?? '') {</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> throw new Exception(sprintf(</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> 'Audience %s did not match expected %s', $info['aud'], $audience</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> ));</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> }</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> return [$info['email'], $info['sub']];</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">}</span></code></pre></devsite-code> </div> <p>The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">validate_assertion</code> function uses the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">google/auth</code> library to verify that the assertion is properly signed, and to extract the payload information from the assertion. If the assertion cannot be decoded, the function throws an exception. If successful, the function returns the authenticated user's email address and a persistent unique ID for the user.</p> <p>Validating a JWT assertion requires knowing the public key certificates of the entity that signed the assertion (Google in this case), and the audience the assertion is intended for. For an App Engine app, the audience is a string with Google Cloud project identification information in it. This function gets those certificates and the audience string from the functions preceding it.</p> <div class="github-docwidget-gitinclude-code"> <div></div><devsite-code><pre suppresswarning="suppresswarning" translate="no" class="devsite-click-to-copy" track-metadata-position="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/index.php/HEAD/getting_started_auth_audience" data-code-snippet="true" data-github-includecode-link="https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/blob/HEAD/authenticate-users/index.php" data-github-path="GoogleCloudPlatform/getting-started-php/authenticate-users/index.php" data-git-revision="HEAD" data-region-tag="getting_started_auth_audience" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="PHP"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"><span class="devsite-syntax-x">$metadata = new Google\Cloud\Core\Compute\Metadata();</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">$audience = sprintf(</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> '/projects/%s/apps/%s',</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $metadata->getNumericProjectId(),</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x"> $metadata->getProjectId()</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-x">);</span></code></pre></devsite-code> </div> <p>You can look up the Google Cloud project's numeric ID and name and put those in the source code yourself, but the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">audience</code> function does that for you by querying the standard metadata service made available to every App Engine app.</p> <p>The App Engine metadata service (and similar metadata services for other Google Cloud computing services) looks like a web site and is queried by standard web queries. However, it isn't actually an external site, but an internal feature that returns requested information about the running app, so it is safe to use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">http</code> instead of <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https</code> requests. It's used to get the current Google Cloud identifiers needed to define the JWT assertion's intended audience.</p> <h2 id="deploying_the_app" data-text="Deploying the app" tabindex="-1">Deploying the app</h2> <p> Now you can deploy the app and then enable IAP to require users to authenticate before they can access the app.</p> <ol> <li><p>In your terminal window, go to the directory containing the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">app.yaml</code> file, and deploy the app to App Engine:</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="PHP"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"><span class="devsite-syntax-x">gcloud app deploy</span> </code></pre></devsite-code></li> <li><p>When prompted, select a nearby region.</p></li> <li><p>When asked if you want to continue with the deployment operation, enter <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Y</code>.</p> <p>Within a few minutes, your app is live on the internet.</p></li> <li><p>View the app:</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="PHP"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"><span class="devsite-syntax-x">gcloud app browse</span> </code></pre></devsite-code> <p>In the output, copy <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><var translate="no">web-site-url</var></code>, the web address for the app.</p></li> <li><p>In a browser window, paste <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><var translate="no">web-site-url</var></code> to open the app.</p> <p>No email is displayed because you're not yet using IAP so no user information is sent to the app.</p></li> </ol> <h3 id="enable-cloud-iap" data-text="Enable IAP" tabindex="-1">Enable IAP</h3> <p>Now that an App Engine instance exists, you can protect it with IAP:</p> <ol> <li><p>In the Google Cloud console, go to the <strong>Identity-Aware Proxy</strong> page.</p> <p><a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/security/iap" track-type="tasks" track-name="consoleLink" track-metadata-position="body" track-metadata-end-goal="iap" class="button button-primary">Go to Identity-Aware Proxy page</a> </p></li> <li><p>Because this is the first time you've enabled an authentication option for this project, you see a message that you must configure your OAuth consent screen before you can use IAP.</p> <p>Click <strong>Configure Consent Screen</strong>.</p></li> <li><p>On the <strong>OAuth Consent Screen</strong> tab of the <strong>Credentials</strong> page, complete the following fields:</p> <ul> <li><p>If your account is in a Google Workspace organization, select <strong>External</strong> and click <strong>Create</strong>. To start, the app will only be available to users you explicitly allow.</p></li> <li><p>In the <strong>Application name</strong> field, enter <code translate="no" dir="ltr">IAP Example</code>.</p></li> <li><p>In the <strong>Support email</strong> field, enter your email address.</p></li> <li><p>In the <strong>Authorized domain</strong> field, enter the hostname portion of the app's URL, for example, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">iap-example-999999.uc.r.appspot.com</code>. Press the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Enter</code> key after entering the hostname in the field.</p></li> <li><p>In the <strong>Application homepage link</strong> field, enter the URL for your app, for example, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://iap-example-999999.uc.r.appspot.com/</code>.</p></li> <li><p>In the <strong>Application privacy policy line</strong> field, use the same URL as the homepage link for testing purposes.</p></li> </ul></li> <li><p>Click <strong>Save</strong>. When prompted to create credentials, you can close the window.</p></li> <li><p>In the Google Cloud console, go to the <strong>Identity-Aware Proxy</strong> page.</p> <p><a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/security/iap" track-type="tasks" track-name="consoleLink" track-metadata-position="body" track-metadata-end-goal="iap" class="button button-primary">Go to Identity-Aware Proxy page</a> </p></li> <li><p>To refresh the page, click <strong>Refresh</strong> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true" translate="no">refresh</i>. The page displays a list of resources you can protect.</p></li> <li><p>In the <strong>IAP</strong> column, click to turn on IAP for the app.</p></li> <li><p>In your browser, go to <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><var translate="no">web-site-url</var></code> again.</p></li> <li><p>Instead of the web page, there is a login screen to authenticate yourself. When you log in, you're denied access because IAP doesn't have a list of users to allow through to the app.</p></li> </ol> <h3 id="add_authorized_users_to_the_app" data-text="Add authorized users to the app" tabindex="-1">Add authorized users to the app</h3> <ol> <li><p>In the Google Cloud console, go to the Identity-Aware Proxy page.</p> <p><a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/security/iap" track-type="tasks" track-name="consoleLink" track-metadata-position="body" track-metadata-end-goal="iap" class="button button-primary">Go to Identity-Aware Proxy page</a> </p></li> <li><p>Select the checkbox for the App Engine app, and then click <strong>Add Principal</strong>.</p></li> <li><p>Enter <code translate="no" dir="ltr">allAuthenticatedUsers</code>, and then select the <strong>Cloud IAP/IAP-Secured Web App User</strong> role.</p></li> <li><p>Click <strong>Save</strong>.</p></li> </ol> <p>Now any user that Google can authenticate can access the app. If you want, you can restrict access further by only adding one or more people or groups as principals:</p> <ul> <li><p>Any Gmail or Google Workspace email address</p></li> <li><p>A Google Group email address</p></li> <li><p>A Google Workspace domain name</p></li> </ul> <h3 id="access_the_app" data-text="Access the app" tabindex="-1">Access the app</h3> <ol> <li><p>In your browser, go to <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><var translate="no">web-site-url</var></code>.</p></li> <li><p>To refresh the page, click <strong>Refresh</strong> <i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true" translate="no">refresh</i>.</p></li> <li><p>On the login screen, log in with your Google credentials.</p> <p>The page displays a "Hello <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><var translate="no">user-email-address</var></code>" page with your email address.</p> <p>If you still see the same page as before, there might be an issue with the browser not fully updating new requests now that you enabled IAP. Close all browser windows, reopen them, and try again.</p></li> </ol> </p> <h2 id="authentication_concepts" data-text="Authentication concepts" tabindex="-1">Authentication concepts</h2> <p> There are several ways an app can authenticate its users and restrict access to only authorized users. Common authentication methods, in decreasing level of effort for the app, are listed in the following sections.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Option</th> <th>Advantages</th> <th>Disadvantages</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>App authentication</th> <td> <ul> <li> App can run on any platform, with or without an internet connection </li> <li> Users don't need to use any other service to manage authentication </li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li> App must manage user credentials securely, guard against disclosure </li> <li> App must maintain session data for logged-in users </li> <li> App must provide user registration, password changes, password recovery </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>OAuth2</th> <td> <ul> <li> App can run on any internet-connected platform, including a developer workstation </li> <li> App doesn't need user registration, password changes, or password recovery functions. </li> <li> Risk of user information disclosure is delegated to other service </li> <li> New login security measures handled outside the app </li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li> Users must register with the identity service </li> <li> App must maintain session data for logged-in users </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>IAP</th> <td> <ul> <li> App doesn't need to have any code to manage users, authentication, or session state </li> <li> App has no user credentials that might be breached </li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li> App can only run on platforms supported by the service. Specifically, certain Google Cloud services that support IAP, such as App Engine. </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="app-managed_authentication" data-text="App-managed authentication" tabindex="-1">App-managed authentication</h3> <p>With this method, the app manages every aspect of user authentication on its own. The app must maintain its own database of user credentials and manage user sessions, and it needs to provide functions to manage user accounts and passwords, check user credentials, as well as issue, check, and update user sessions with each authenticated login. The following diagram illustrates the app-managed authentication method.</p> <p><img src="/static/languages/images/auth-app.svg" alt="Application managed flow"></p> <p>As shown in the diagram, after the user logs in, the app creates and maintains information about the user's session. When the user makes a request to the app, the request must include session information that the app is responsible for verifying.</p> <p>The main advantage of this approach is that it is self-contained and under the control of the app. The app doesn't even need to be available on the internet. The main disadvantage is that the app is now responsible for providing all account management functionality and protecting all sensitive credential data.</p> <h3 id="external_authentication_with_oauth2" data-text="External authentication with OAuth2" tabindex="-1">External authentication with OAuth2</h3> <p>A good alternative to handling everything within the app is to use an external identity service, such as Google, that handles all user account information and functionality and is responsible for safeguarding sensitive credentials. When a user tries to log in to the app the request is redirected to the identity service, which authenticates the user and then redirect the request back to the app with necessary authentication information provided. For more information, see <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2/web-server" track-type="php" track-name="internalLink" track-metadata-position="body">Using OAuth 2.0 for Web Server Applications</a>.</p> <p>The following diagram illustrates the external authentication with the OAuth2 method.</p> <p><img src="/static/languages/images/auth-oauth2.svg" alt="OAuth2 flow"></p> <p>The flow in the diagram begins when the user sends a request to access the app. Instead of responding directly, the app redirects the user's browser to Google's identity platform, which displays a page to log in to Google. After successfully logging in, the user's browser is directed back to the app. This request includes information that the app can use to look up information about the now authenticated user, and the app now responds to the user.</p> <p>This method has many advantages for the app. It delegates all account management functionality and risks to the external service, which can improve login and account security without the app having to change. However, as is shown in the preceding diagram, the app must have access to the internet to use this method. The app is also responsible for managing sessions after the user is authenticated.</p> <h3 id="IAP" data-text="Identity-Aware Proxy" tabindex="-1">Identity-Aware Proxy</h3> <p>The third approach, which this tutorial covers, is to use IAP to handle all authentication and session management with any changes to the app. IAP intercepts all web requests to your app, blocks any that haven't been authenticated, and passes others through with user identity data added to each request.</p> <p>The request handling is shown in the following diagram.</p> <p><img src="/static/languages/images/auth-iap.svg" alt="IAP flow"></p> <p>Requests from users are intercepted by IAP, which blocks unauthenticated requests. Authenticated requests are passed on to the app, provided that the authenticated user is in the list of allowed users. Requests passed through IAP have headers added to them identifying the user who made the request.</p> <p>The app no longer needs to handle any user account or session information. Any operation that needs to know a unique identifier for the user can get that directly from each incoming web request. However, this can only be used for computing services that support IAP, such as App Engine and load balancers. You cannot use IAP on a local development machine. </p> </section> </div> <section id="cleanup"> <h2 id="clean-up" data-text="Clean up" tabindex="-1">Clean up</h2> <p> To avoid incurring charges to your Google Cloud account for the resources used in this tutorial, either delete the project that contains the resources, or keep the project and delete the individual resources. </p> <ol> <aside class="caution"> <strong>Caution</strong>: Deleting a project has the following effects: <ul> <li> <strong>Everything in the project is deleted.</strong> If you used an existing project for the tasks in this document, when you delete it, you also delete any other work you've done in the project. </li> <li> <strong>Custom project IDs are lost.</strong> When you created this project, you might have created a custom project ID that you want to use in the future. To preserve the URLs that use the project ID, such as an <code translate="no" dir="ltr">appspot.com</code> URL, delete selected resources inside the project instead of deleting the whole project. </li> </ul> <p> If you plan to explore multiple architectures, tutorials, or quickstarts, reusing projects can help you avoid exceeding project quota limits. </p> </aside> <li> In the Google Cloud console, go to the <b>Manage resources</b> page. <p><a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/iam-admin/projects" target="console" track-type="commonIncludes" track-name="consoleLink" track-metadata-end-goal="deleteProject" class="button button-primary">Go to Manage resources</a></p> </li> <li> In the project list, select the project that you want to delete, and then click <b>Delete</b>. </li> <li> In the dialog, type the project ID, and then click <b>Shut down</b> to delete the project. </li> </ol> </section> <section id="whatsnext"> <h2 id="whats-next" data-text="What's next" tabindex="-1">What's next</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/iap/docs" track-type="php" track-name="internalLink" track-metadata-position="body">Learn more about IAP</a>.</li> <li><a href="/php/getting-started/session-handling-with-firestore" track-type="php" track-name="internalLink" track-metadata-position="body">Handle sessions with Firestore</a>.</li> <li><a href="/php/getting-started/background-processing" track-type="php" track-name="internalLink" track-metadata-position="body">Add background processing with Pub/Sub and Cloud Run</a>.</li> <li><a href="/php/tutorials/getting-started-on-compute-engine" track-type="php" track-name="internalLink" track-metadata-position="body">Deploy an app to Compute Engine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstarts/deploy-app-container-image" track-type="php" track-name="internalLink" track-metadata-position="body">Deploy an app to Google Kubernetes Engine</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <section id="freetrial"> </section> </div> <devsite-hats-survey class="nocontent" hats-id="mwETRvWii0eU5NUYprb0Y9z5GVbc" listnr-id="83405"></devsite-hats-survey> </div> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <devsite-feedback position="footer" project-name="PHP" product-id="1632431" bucket="documentation" context="" version="t-devsite-webserver-20241114-r00-rc02.464922260396498922" data-label="Send Feedback Button" track-type="feedback" track-name="sendFeedbackLink" track-metadata-position="footer" class="nocontent" project-icon="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/super_cloud.png" > <button> Send feedback </button> </devsite-feedback> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License</a>, and code samples are licensed under the <a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache 2.0 License</a>. For details, see the <a href="https://developers.google.com/site-policies">Google Developers Site Policies</a>. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.</p> <p>Last updated 2024-11-22 UTC.</p> </devsite-content-footer> <devsite-notification > </devsite-notification> <div class="devsite-content-data"> <template class="devsite-thumb-rating-feedback"> <devsite-feedback position="thumb-rating" project-name="PHP" product-id="1632431" bucket="documentation" context="" version="t-devsite-webserver-20241114-r00-rc02.464922260396498922" data-label="Send Feedback Button" track-type="feedback" track-name="sendFeedbackLink" track-metadata-position="thumb-rating" class="nocontent" project-icon="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/super_cloud.png" > <button> Need to tell us more? </button> </devsite-feedback> </template> <template class="devsite-content-data-template"> [[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Hard to understand","hardToUnderstand","thumb-down"],["Incorrect information or sample code","incorrectInformationOrSampleCode","thumb-down"],["Missing the information/samples I need","missingTheInformationSamplesINeed","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Last updated 2024-11-22 UTC."],[],[]] </template> </div> </devsite-content> </main> <devsite-footer-promos class="devsite-footer"> </devsite-footer-promos> <devsite-footer-linkboxes class="devsite-footer"> <nav class="devsite-footer-linkboxes nocontent" aria-label="Footer links"> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkboxes-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Why Google</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/why-google-cloud/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="choosing google cloud"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/why-google-cloud/"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-type="footer link"> Choosing Google Cloud </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/trust-center/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" track-name="trust and security"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/security/"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"> Trust and security </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/modern-infrastructure/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/modern-infrastructure/"track-name="modern infrastructure cloud"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"> Modern Infrastructure Cloud </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/multicloud/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/multicloud/"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-name="multicloud"track-metadata-position="footer"> Multicloud </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/infrastructure/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" track-name="global infrastructure"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/infrastructure/"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"> Global infrastructure </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/customers/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/customers/"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-name="customers and case studies"track-metadata-position="footer"> Customers and case studies </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/analyst-reports/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/analyst-reports/"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="analyst reports"track-type="footer link"> Analyst reports </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/whitepapers/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 8)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/whitepapers/"track-name="whitepapers"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"> Whitepapers </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//cloud.google.com/blog/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 9)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/blog/"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-name="blog"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Products and pricing</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/pricing/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="products and pricing"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="google cloud pricing"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/pricing/"> Google Cloud pricing </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//workspace.google.com/pricing.html" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" target="_blank"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="workspace.google.com/pricing.html"track-metadata-child_headline="products and pricing"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="google workspace pricing"track-type="footer link"> Google Workspace pricing </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/products/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" track-name="see all products"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="products and pricing"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/products/"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"> See all products </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Solutions</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/infrastructure-modernization/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" track-name="infrastructure modernization"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/infrastructure-modernization/"> Infrastructure modernization </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/databases/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/databases"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-name="databases"> Databases </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/application-modernization/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/application-modernization/"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="application development"track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"> Application modernization </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/smart-analytics/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/smart-analytics/"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="smart analytics"track-metadata-position="footer"> Smart analytics </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/ai/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="artificial intelligence"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/ai/"track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"track-type="footer link"> Artificial Intelligence </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/security/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"track-name="security"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/security/"> Security </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="https://workspace.google.com/enterprise/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" track-type="footer link"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"target="_blank"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="workspace.google.com/enterprise/"track-name="productivity and work transformation"> Productivity & work transformation </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/#industry-solutions" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 8)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/#industry-solutions"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="industry solutions"track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"track-type="footer link"> Industry solutions </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/devops/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 9)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"track-metadata-position="footer"track-name="devops solutions"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/devops/"> DevOps solutions </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/#section-14" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 10)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/#section-14"track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-name="small business solutions"> Small business solutions </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 11)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="see all solutions"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"> See all solutions </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Resources</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/affiliate-program/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-type="footer link"track-name="google cloud affiliate program"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/affiliate-program/"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"> Google Cloud Affiliate Program </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/docs/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/docs/"track-name="google cloud documentation"track-metadata-position="footer"> Google Cloud documentation </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/docs/get-started/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-name="google cloud quickstarts"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/docs/get-started/"track-type="footer link"> Google Cloud quickstarts </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/marketplace/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/marketplace/"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-name="google cloud marketplace"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-module="footer"> Google Cloud Marketplace </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/discover/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="learn/"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="learn about cloud computing"> Learn about cloud computing </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/support-hub/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" track-name="support"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/support-hub/"> Support </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/docs/samples" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/docs/samples"track-metadata-position="footer"track-name="code samples"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"> Code samples </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/architecture/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 8)" track-name="cloud architecture center"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/architecture/"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-position="footer"> Cloud Architecture Center </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/learn/training/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 9)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="training"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/training/"> Training </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/learn/certification/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 10)" track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/certification"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="certifications"> Certifications </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//developers.google.com" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 11)" track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="google developers"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="developers.google.com"target="_blank"track-type="footer link"> Google for Developers </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/startup/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 12)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/startup/"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="google cloud for startups"track-type="footer link"> Google Cloud for Startups </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//status.cloud.google.com" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 13)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-module="footer"target="_blank"track-name="system status"track-metadata-eventDetail="status.cloud.google.com"> System status </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/release-notes" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 14)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/release-notes/"track-name="release notes"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"> Release Notes </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Engage</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/contact/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" track-type="footer link"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="contact sales"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/contact/"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"> Contact sales </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//cloud.google.com/find-a-partner" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" target="_blank"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="find a partner"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/find-a-partner"track-type="footer link"> Find a Partner </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/partners/become-a-partner/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="become a partner"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/partners/become-a-partner/"track-metadata-position="footer"> Become a Partner </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/events/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="events"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.withgoogle.com/events"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"> Events </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/podcasts/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" target="_blank"rel="noopener"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/podcasts/"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-name="podcasts"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"> Podcasts </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/developers/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-name="developer center"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/developers/"> Developer Center </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" target="_blank"rel="noopener"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-metadata-position="footer"track-name="press corner"track-metadata-eventDetail="www.googlecloudpresscorner.com"> Press Corner </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.youtube.com/googlecloud" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 8)" track-metadata-position="footer"target="_blank"track-name="google cloud on youtube"track-metadata-module="footer"rel="noopener"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="www.youtube.com/googlecloud"> Google Cloud on YouTube </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.youtube.com/googlecloudplatform" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 9)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="www.youtube.com/googlecloudplatform"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"rel="noopener"target="_blank"track-metadata-position="footer"track-name="google cloud tech on youtube"> Google Cloud Tech on YouTube </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//x.com/googlecloud" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 10)" track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-name="follow on x"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="x.com/googlecloud"target="_blank"rel="noopener"> Follow on X </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//userresearch.google.com/?reserved=1&utm_source=website&Q_Language=en&utm_medium=own_srch&utm_campaign=CloudWebFooter&utm_term=0&utm_content=0&productTag=clou&campaignDate=jul19&pType=devel&referral_code=jk212693" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 11)" track-metadata-position="footer"target="_blank"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="join user research"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-metadata-eventDetail="userresearch.google.com/?reserved=1&utm_source=website&Q_Language=en&utm_medium=own_srch&utm_campaign=CloudWebFooter&utm_term=0&utm_content=0&productTag=clou&campaignDate=jul19&pType=devel&referral_code=jk212693"> Join User Research </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//careers.google.com/cloud" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 12)" track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-metadata-eventDetail="careers.google.com/cloud"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-name="we are hiring join google cloud"target="_blank"track-metadata-module="footer"> We're hiring. Join Google Cloud! </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="https://www.googlecloudcommunity.com/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 13)" track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="google cloud community"track-metadata-position="footer"rel="noopener"target="_blank"track-metadata-eventDetail="www.googlecloudcommunity.com"> Google Cloud Community </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </devsite-footer-linkboxes> <devsite-footer-utility class="devsite-footer"> <div class="devsite-footer-utility nocontent"> <nav class="devsite-footer-utility-links" aria-label="Utility links"> <ul class="devsite-footer-utility-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="//about.google/" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer About Google link" target="_blank" track-metadata-eventDetail="//about.google/" track-name="about google" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-metadata-position="footer" track-type="footer link" > About Google </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item devsite-footer-privacy-link"> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="//policies.google.com/privacy" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Privacy link" track-name="privacy" target="_blank" track-metadata-position="footer" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-type="footer link" track-metadata-eventDetail="//policies.google.com/privacy" > Privacy </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/regional.html" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Site terms link" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-name="site terms" track-metadata-position="footer" target="_blank" track-type="footer link" track-metadata-eventDetail="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/regional.html" > Site terms </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/product-terms/" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Google Cloud terms link" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-name="google cloud terms" track-type="footer link" track-metadata-position="footer" track-metadata-eventDetail="/product-terms/" > Google Cloud terms </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item glue-cookie-notification-bar-control"> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="#" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Manage cookies link" track-type="footer link" track-name="Manage cookies" track-metadata-eventDetail="#" aria-hidden="true" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-metadata-position="footer" > Manage cookies </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item devsite-footer-carbon-button"> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/sustainability" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Our third decade of climate action: join us link" track-name="Our third decade of climate action: join us" track-metadata-position="footer" track-type="footer link" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-metadata-eventDetail="/sustainability/" > Our third decade of climate action: join us </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item devsite-footer-utility-button"> <span class="devsite-footer-utility-description">Sign up for the Google Cloud newsletter</span> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/newsletter/" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Subscribe link" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-metadata-position="footer" track-name="subscribe" track-metadata-eventDetail="/newsletter/" track-type="footer link" > Subscribe </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="it" >Italiano</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> </nav> </div> </devsite-footer-utility> <devsite-panel></devsite-panel> </section></section> <devsite-sitemask></devsite-sitemask> <devsite-snackbar></devsite-snackbar> <devsite-tooltip ></devsite-tooltip> <devsite-heading-link></devsite-heading-link> <devsite-analytics> <script type="application/json" analytics>[]</script> <script type="application/json" tag-management>{"at": "True", "ga4": [], "ga4p": [], "gtm": [{"id": "GTM-5CVQBG", "purpose": 1}], "parameters": {"internalUser": "False", "language": {"machineTranslated": "False", "requested": "en", "served": "en"}, "pageType": "article", "projectName": "PHP", "signedIn": "False", "tenant": "cloud", "recommendations": {"sourcePage": "", "sourceType": 0, "sourceRank": 0, "sourceIdenticalDescriptions": 0, "sourceTitleWords": 0, "sourceDescriptionWords": 0, "experiment": ""}, "experiment": {"ids": ""}}}</script> </devsite-analytics> <devsite-badger></devsite-badger> <cloudx-user></cloudx-user> <cloudx-free-trial-eligible-store freeTrialEligible='true'></cloudx-free-trial-eligible-store> <cloudx-pricing-socket></cloudx-pricing-socket> <cloudx-experiments type="TestAACodivertedExperiment" path="/virtual/TestAACodivertedExperiment/configureExperiment" location="SG" variant="variant2" ></cloudx-experiments> <cloudx-experiment-ids userCountry="SG" devsiteExperimentIdList="[39300012, 39300022, 39300118, 39300195, 39300251, 39300319, 39300322, 39300327, 39300346, 39300354, 39300364, 39300374, 39300412, 39300421, 39300436, 39300473, 39300487, 39300496, 39300498]"> </cloudx-experiment-ids> <script nonce="CnB4Y54CVuyELkxCU3Aq1oul+RmeTJ"> (function(d,e,v,s,i,t,E){d['GoogleDevelopersObject']=i; t=e.createElement(v);t.async=1;t.src=s;E=e.getElementsByTagName(v)[0]; E.parentNode.insertBefore(t,E);})(window, document, 'script', 'https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud/js/app_loader.js', '[2,"en",null,"/js/devsite_app_module.js","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud","https://cloud-dot-devsite-v2-prod.appspot.com",null,null,["/_pwa/cloud/manifest.json","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/images/video-placeholder.svg","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/favicon.ico","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/cloud/images/cloud-logo.svg","https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans:400,500,700|Google+Sans+Text:400,400italic,500,500italic,700,700italic|Roboto:400,400italic,500,500italic,700,700italic|Roboto+Mono:400,500,700&display=swap"],1,null,[1,6,8,12,14,17,21,25,50,52,63,70,75,76,80,87,91,92,93,97,98,100,101,102,103,104,105,107,108,109,110,112,113,117,118,120,122,124,125,126,127,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,140,141,147,148,149,151,152,156,157,158,159,161,163,164,168,169,170,179,180,182,183,186,191,193,196],"AIzaSyAP-jjEJBzmIyKR4F-3XITp8yM9T1gEEI8","AIzaSyB6xiKGDR5O3Ak2okS4rLkauxGUG7XP0hg","cloud.google.com","AIzaSyAQk0fBONSGUqCNznf6Krs82Ap1-NV6J4o","AIzaSyCCxcqdrZ_7QMeLCRY20bh_SXdAYqy70KY",null,null,null,["Analytics__enable_clearcut_logging","Profiles__enable_dashboard_curated_recommendations","Cloud__enable_cloudx_ping","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_firebase_utm","Cloud__enable_cloud_dlp_service","Profiles__enable_profile_collections","Profiles__enable_completecodelab_endpoint","Profiles__require_profile_eligibility_for_signin","Cloud__enable_llm_concierge_chat","Cloud__enable_cloud_shell","Profiles__enable_complete_playlist_endpoint","Cloud__enable_free_trial_server_call","TpcFeatures__enable_mirror_tenant_redirects","Experiments__reqs_query_experiments","Profiles__enable_developer_profiles_callout","Profiles__enable_public_developer_profiles","DevPro__enable_cloud_innovators_plus","EngEduTelemetry__enable_engedu_telemetry","Search__enable_ai_search_summaries","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_explain_this_code","Search__scope_to_project_tenant","TpcFeatures__enable_required_headers","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_project_variables","Search__enable_suggestions_from_borg","Cloud__enable_cloudx_experiment_ids","Cloud__enable_legacy_calculator_redirect","BookNav__enable_tenant_cache_key","MiscFeatureFlags__developers_footer_image","MiscFeatureFlags__emergency_css","Search__enable_page_map","DevPro__enable_developer_subscriptions","Search__enable_ai_eligibility_checks","Profiles__enable_release_notes_notifications","Cloud__enable_cloud_facet_chat","Search__enable_ai_search_summaries_restricted","CloudShell__cloud_shell_button","Concierge__enable_concierge_restricted","Cloud__enable_cloud_shell_fte_user_flow","CloudShell__cloud_code_overflow_menu","Concierge__enable_pushui","Search__enable_dynamic_content_confidential_banner","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_view_transitions","Profiles__enable_page_saving","Profiles__enable_recognition_badges","Profiles__enable_awarding_url","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_variable_operator","MiscFeatureFlags__developers_footer_dark_image"],null,null,"AIzaSyBLEMok-5suZ67qRPzx0qUtbnLmyT_kCVE","https://developerscontentserving-pa.clients6.google.com","AIzaSyCM4QpTRSqP5qI4Dvjt4OAScIN8sOUlO-k","https://developerscontentsearch-pa.clients6.google.com",1,4,1,"https://developerprofiles-pa.clients6.google.com",[2,"cloud","Google Cloud","cloud.google.com",null,"cloud-dot-devsite-v2-prod.appspot.com",null,null,[1,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,null,1,[1],[null,null,null,[1,20],"/terms/recommendations"],[1],null,[1],[1,null,1],[1,1,null,null,1,null,["/vertex-ai/"]]],null,[22,null,null,null,null,null,"/images/cloud-logo.svg","/images/favicons/onecloud/apple-icon.png",null,null,null,null,1,1,1,[6,5],[],null,null,[[],[],[],[],[],[],[],[]],null,1,null,null,null,null,[]],[],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[6,1,14,15,22,23,29,37],null,[[null,null,null,null,null,null,[1,[["docType","Choose a content type",[["ApiReference",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"API reference"],["Sample",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Code sample"],["ReferenceArchitecture",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Reference architecture"],["Tutorial",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tutorial"]]],["category","Choose a topic",[["AiAndMachineLearning",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML)"],["ApplicationDevelopment",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Application development"],["BigDataAndAnalytics",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Big data and analytics"],["Compute",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Compute"],["Containers",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Containers"],["Databases",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Databases"],["HybridCloud",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hybrid and multicloud"],["LoggingAndMonitoring",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Logging and monitoring"],["Migrations",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Migrations"],["Networking",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Networking"],["SecurityAndCompliance",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Security and compliance"],["Serverless",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Serverless"],["Storage",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Storage"]]]]]],[1],null,1],[[null,null,null,null,null,["GTM-5CVQBG"],null,null,null,null,null,[["GTM-5CVQBG",2]],1],null,null,null,null,null,1],"mwETRvWii0eU5NUYprb0Y9z5GVbc",4,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"cloud.devsite.google"],null,"pk_live_5170syrHvgGVmSx9sBrnWtA5luvk9BwnVcvIi7HizpwauFG96WedXsuXh790rtij9AmGllqPtMLfhe2RSwD6Pn38V00uBCydV4m"]') </script> <devsite-a11y-announce></devsite-a11y-announce> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Authenticating users with PHP | Google Cloud