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Rapports sociaux de sexe en Préhistoire : l’exemple du Néolithique Rubané – Mondes Sociaux

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has-post-thumbnail hentry category-a-la-une category-accueil category-genre category-passe tag-gender tag-genre tag-prehistoire tag-prehistory tag-relation-social tag-relationship tag-rubane"> <div class="post-inner group"> <h1 class="post-title entry-title">Rapports sociaux de sexe en Préhistoire : l’exemple du Néolithique Rubané</h1> <p class="post-byline"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://sms.hypotheses.org/author/augereau" title="Articles par Anne Augereau" rel="author">Anne Augereau</a></span> </span> &middot; Publié <time class="published" datetime="2024-12-02T07:01:27+01:00">02/12/2024</time> &middot; Mis à jour <time class="updated" datetime="2024-12-04T10:32:26+01:00">04/12/2024</time> </p> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="entry themeform"> <div class="entry-inner"> <div class="wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:30%"><div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/11/MSO_icone-neolithique-e1732785990108.png"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="191" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/11/MSO_icone-neolithique-e1732785990108.png" alt="" class="wp-image-46255" /></a></figure></div></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>Les différences de genres se matérialisent souvent dans divers domaines : vêtements, parures, alimentation, origine, etc. Appliquée à la période du Néolithique Rubané, l’archéologie du genre permet d’esquisser les différences de statuts entre les hommes et les femmes et laisse percevoir une diversité sociale inattendue : hommes dominants, femmes en apparat, gens du commun, individus en armes et enfants, ainsi que leurs rôles sociaux, émergent peu à peu de cette culture du Néolithique européen.</strong></p> </div> </div> <hr> <div style="padding: 5px;border: solid 1px #DDDDDD"> <div style="padding: 5px;border: solid 1px #DDDDDD;background: #E0E0E0;font-size: 13px"> <ul> <li><strong>Augereau A.</strong>, 2021, <em>Femmes néolithiques. Le genre dans les premières sociétés agricoles, </em>Paris&nbsp;:&nbsp; CNRS Editions, Le passé recomposé.</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: center">Anne Augereau est membre de l’Inrap, UMR Temps&nbsp;: <a href="mailto:anne.augereau@inrap.fr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anne.augereau@inrap.fr</a></p> </div> </div> <hr> <p>Toutes les sociétés humaines ont leur manière de voir et de développer les rapports sociaux entre les sexes, avec néanmoins un dénominateur commun&nbsp;: la présence d’une domination masculine. Depuis&nbsp;près d’un siècle, les anthropologues, sociologues, historiens, ethnologues ont en effet montré que celle-ci existait dans presque toutes les communautés de chasseurs-cueilleurs, d’agriculteurs, d’horticulteurs mais aussi dans le monde occidental contemporain. Toutefois, cette domination peut être plus ou moins oppressive et plus ou moins violente envers les femmes. Par exemple, les sociétés patrilocales et patrilinéaires (où la résidence post-maritale est celle du mari et où la filiation s’effectue par les pères)&nbsp;sont souvent très coercitives. En revanche, les sociétés matrilinéaires (filiation par les femmes) et matrilocales (résidence chez les épouses) témoignent généralement de rapports entre les sexes plus équilibrés. Dans ces conditions, comment entreprendre une étude des rapports de genre durant la Préhistoire&nbsp;? Comment évaluer les inégalités et les relations de domination entre les hommes et les femmes en ces temps reculés&nbsp;?</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" style="font-size:26px">Rapports de genre et Préhistoire</h2> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66%"> <p>Aborder ces questions en Préhistoire&nbsp;est chose complexe car les données archéologiques qui nous parviennent sont très lacunaires&nbsp;: silex taillés, ossements d’animaux consommés, traces fugaces d’habitat, sépultures, etc. Mais il est un caractère du genre qui permet d’approcher, partiellement et avec prudence, les différences entre les hommes et les femmes&nbsp;préhistoriques : le genre est en effet une construction culturelle qui a une existence matérielle. Pour être opérant, il doit être visible et se matérialiser dans les vêtements, les postures corporelles, les rôles sociaux, ou encore&nbsp;dans l’espace, les objets et les outils, les tâches et activités. De nos jours, on peut encore constater qu’il existe des vêtements d’hommes et de femmes, que certains métiers sont plus volontiers occupés par l’un des sexes, qu’il existe des espaces et des activités réservés, etc. Aussi, l’archéologie,&nbsp;étant la discipline qui étudie les traces matérielles laissées par les humains du passé,&nbsp;peut en théorie explorer ce champ.&nbsp;C’est principalement à partir de l’étude des sépultures et des squelettes, des objets déposés auprès des morts (outils, armes, poteries, colorants, etc.), des restes de leurs costumes (attaches, parures, bijoux), des ossements humains (maladies osseuses, déformations osseuses résultant de gestes et d’activités, analyses chimiques qui renseignent sur l’alimentation, etc.), que l’on parvient à mettre en évidence des différences de traitement entre divers groupes d’individus : hommes et femmes bien sûr, mais aussi enfants, vieillards, élites, gens du commun, etc. La somme et&nbsp;le croisement de l’ensemble de ces informations permet de formuler des hypothèses sur les rapports de genre dans le passé.</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"><div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_sepulture.png"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_sepulture.png" alt="" class="wp-image-46280" style="width:386px;height:auto" data-srcset="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_sepulture.png 300w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_sepulture-150x150.png 150w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_sepulture-80x80.png 80w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></figure></div></div> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" style="font-size:26px">Le Néolithique Rubané&nbsp;: une culture archéologique propice à l’étude du genre</h2> <p>Cette culture s’est&nbsp;formée dans le Bassin des Carpates aux alentours de 5600 avant notre ère. Elle&nbsp;est à l’origine de l’expansion de la sédentarité, de l’élevage et de l’agriculture dans une bonne partie de l’Europe tempérée, de l’actuelle Hongrie jusqu’au Bassin parisien, où elle s’achève vers 4900 avant notre ère. C’est par déplacements successifs de petits groupes de populations de l’est vers l’ouest que les Rubanés répandent ce nouveau mode de vie. Ils&nbsp;emmènent avec eux leur manière de construire de&nbsp;longues maisons de bois, leurs techniques ainsi que leurs animaux d’élevage (bœufs, moutons et chèvres pour l’essentiel) et les semences qu’ils cultiveront toujours plus à l’ouest (blé…). Ils fondent également de nombreux espaces funéraires où ils enterrent leurs morts. Ce sont près de 80 sites funéraires et plus de 3000 individus rubanés, hommes, femmes et enfants, qui peuvent être mobilisés pour une étude du genre. Cette population a fait l’objet de nombreuses observations en termes&nbsp;de pratiques funéraires et&nbsp;d’analyses chimiques et ostéologiques, ce qui permet de cerner une partie de leur apparence physique, leurs états de santé, leur alimentation, leurs activités, autant d’aspects de la vie quotidienne qui peuvent se décliner en fonction du sexe.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" style="font-size:26px">&nbsp;<br>La vaste population des femmes</h2> <p>Concernant le costume et l’affichage du genre, on constate que les femmes ont parfois été enterrées avec des parures et notamment avec des colliers, des bracelets ou des appliques, fabriqués à partir de coquilles de <em>Spondyle</em>, un mollusque que l’on trouve en Méditerranée et qui a été introduit dans toute l’aire d’extension du Rubané. Hommes, femmes et enfants en sont quelquefois dotés. Une minorité de femmes, notamment en Alsace et dans le Bassin parisien, présente les ornements les plus riches&nbsp;: coiffes brodées, colliers, plastrons, ceintures, étoffes ornées de perles, etc. Ces parures, très colorées à l’origine, étaient massives et faites pour être vues. On peut dire que ces femmes étaient enterrées en tenue d’apparat. Mais toutes n’ont pas cette caractéristique&nbsp;car la plupart ont peu de parures, la majorité n’en a aucune.</p> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"><div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_fouille-1.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_fouille-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-46314" style="width:534px;height:auto" data-srcset="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_fouille-1.png 300w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_fouille-1-150x150.png 150w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_fouille-1-80x80.png 80w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></figure></div></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66%"> <p>Les outils qui leur sont associés dans les tombes&nbsp;sont très rares et peu caractéristiques&nbsp;: quelques éclats de silex, des poinçons en os, des spatules, autant d’objets dont les hommes sont aussi pourvus. Elles ont exceptionnellement des outils spécifiques, comme des haches plates utilisées dans le travail des peaux. D’autres travaux semblent avoir été pris en charge par les femmes. C’est probablement le cas de la mouture de matières végétales ou minérales, à l’aide de meules dormantes. Il s’agit de plaques de grès sur lesquelles on passe et repasse une molette&nbsp;qui écrase la substance à moudre. Leur maniement répété et intense pourrait expliquer, au moins en partie, les attaches musculaires très développées enregistrées sur les os de leurs bras.</p> <p>Par ailleurs, les femmes se sont déplacées de manière plus fréquente que les hommes. On constate en effet que la diversité et la différenciation des gènes liés aux lignées maternelles (haplogroupes mitochondriaux) sont plus élevées que pour les lignées paternelles, ce qui pourrait indiquer une plus grande mobilité des femmes. Ces déplacements peuvent avoir eu lieu dans le cadre de systèmes de mariages patrilocaux où la femme vient résider chez son mari. Le rapt de femmes est également une hypothèse qui a été envisagée. En effet, en Allemagne et en Autriche, ont été découvertes plusieurs fosses de massacres, où ont été jetés sans ménagement des individus tués probablement à coups&nbsp;d’herminette. Parmi eux, les jeunes filles en âge de procréer sont absentes, peut-être ont-elles été enlevées. La violence a pu être un moyen, parmi d’autres, de se procurer des femmes tout en se vengeant de l’ennemi. Toutefois, une grande partie des femmes est d’origine locale et il est probable que d’autres types d’alliance matrimoniale aient existé, notamment la matrilocalité (l’époux vient habiter chez sa femme).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" style="font-size:26px">Les hommes dominants&nbsp;et les autres</h2> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:60%"> <p>Une petite poignée d’hommes se distingue selon les objets qui les accompagnent dans la mort, objets que l’on ne&nbsp;retrouve ni&nbsp;dans les sépultures féminines ni dans la majorité des tombes masculines.&nbsp;Il s’agit surtout d’herminettes en pierre polie, mais aussi de pointes de flèche en silex, d’andouillers en bois de cerf et de briquets à percussion qui se caractérisent par l’association d’un fragment de pyrite et d’un éclat de silex qui, percutés, provoquent des étincelles permettant d’enflammer de l’amadou par exemple. Certains d’entre eux cumulent jusqu’à 12 objets de ce type. Ces «&nbsp;hommes à herminette&nbsp;» se démarquent aussi par une origine exclusivement locale&nbsp;; autrement dit, ils sont morts là où ils sont nés alors que les femmes et les autres hommes peuvent avoir des origines plus variées. D’après l’étude des micro-traces laissées sur les outils lors de leur utilisation, les herminettes des hommes ont servi pour le travail du bois&nbsp;et dans des activités de boucherie. Elles sont également impliquées dans des épisodes de violence interpersonnelle, comme en témoignent les blessures que portent les crânes des individus jetés dans les fosses de massacre. D’autres témoignages de conflits armés existent&nbsp;: quelques hommes ont été enterrés à la suite de blessures par flèche.</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:40%"><div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/neolithique-bis.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="1000" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/neolithique-bis.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-46659" style="width:550px;height:auto" data-srcset="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/neolithique-bis.jpg 1000w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/neolithique-bis-300x300.jpg 300w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/neolithique-bis-500x500.jpg 500w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/neolithique-bis-150x150.jpg 150w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/neolithique-bis-768x768.jpg 768w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/neolithique-bis-80x80.jpg 80w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/neolithique-bis-320x320.jpg 320w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></a></figure></div></div> </div> <p>Le travail du bois, la boucherie et&nbsp;le combat seraient donc l’apanage de ces hommes. Avec les flèches, il en serait de même pour&nbsp;la chasse, et notamment celle au grand gibier (sanglier, cerf, aurochs, chevreuil). Celle-ci&nbsp;n’a pas disparu avec le Néolithique,&nbsp;mais elle a probablement revêtu une dimension prestigieuse. Certaines analyses chimiques montrent que ces hommes à herminettes sont aussi ceux qui ont eu un accès privilégié aux nutriments d’origine animale (viande et lait). Comme c’est souvent le cas dans les sociétés traditionnelles, ils ont sans doute été privilégiés dans la distribution des aliments les plus riches et ont pu également consommer sans partage le produit de leur chasse.</p> <p>À toutes ces caractéristiques, s’ajoute le fait que les hommes à herminettes sont parfois enterrés au centre des groupes de tombes contenant d’autres hommes et des femmes. Si la position dans la mort est le reflet de la position dans la vie, on peut alors poser l’hypothèse d’hommes dominants, ayant un accès privilégié à la terre et garants de l’intégrité des groupes sociaux sous leur responsabilité.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Hommes et femmes néolithiques&nbsp;: une variabilité qui reste à approfondir</h2> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"><div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_genre.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_genre.png" alt="" class="wp-image-46278" style="width:410px;height:auto" data-srcset="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_genre.png 300w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_genre-150x150.png 150w, https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/MSO_genre-80x80.png 80w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></figure></div></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66%"> <p>Au Néolithique Rubané, plusieurs catégories d’individus se différencient&nbsp;donc selon leur mobilier funéraire&nbsp;(armes, outils, parures), leurs activités, leur alimentation, leurs origines. En premier lieu, hommes et femmes n’ont pas les mêmes activités, du moins pour celles que l’on connaît&nbsp;: les hommes réalisent des tâches comme la chasse, le combat, le travail du bois, la boucherie&nbsp;; les femmes semblent plutôt investies dans les travaux liés à la transformation de matériaux végétaux ou issus de sous-produits animaux comme les peaux et les cuirs. Cette division sexuée du travail est conforme à celle constatée dans une majorité de sociétés traditionnelles. Certains biens de prestige, comme les herminettes et certaines parures en spondyle, distinguent des groupes sociaux qui, chez les hommes, pourraient être ceux d’individus dominants. Il est plus difficile de faire ressortir un tel groupe chez les femmes, celles en grand apparat&nbsp;se différenciant peu des autres.&nbsp;Les unes et les autres peuvent être d’origine locale ou non locale, et leur alimentation, globalement plus riche en nutriments d’origine végétale que celle des hommes, est également assez peu différenciée. On note cependant que les femmes dont la tombe est proche de celles d’hommes à herminettes ont consommé presqu’autant de viande ou de lait que ces derniers, ce qui interroge sur le type de relation que ces deux groupes ont pu entretenir. Quant aux hommes sans herminettes, certains sont néanmoins dotés de flèche et ces hommes en armes ont pu jouer un rôle qui reste à déterminer dans cette société néolithique. Les enfants, à partir des objets qui leur sont associés et qui sont souvent semblables à ceux des adultes, peuvent également témoigner des modalités de l’assignation de genre par l’éducation. Il reste encore beaucoup à apprendre pour cerner la diversité des rapports sociaux de sexe au Néolithique.</p> </div> </div> <p><hr> <p><strong>Bibliographie</strong></p> <div style="padding: 5px;border: solid 1px #DDDDDD"> <div style="padding: 5px;border: solid 1px #DDDDDD;background: #E0E0E0;font-size: 13px"> <ul> <li><strong>Augereau A., </strong><strong>Darmangeat</strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong><strong>C</strong>. (dir.), 2022, <em>Aux origines du genre&nbsp;: enjeux, méthodes et controverses</em>, Paris&nbsp;: PUF/Collège de France, La Vie des Idées.</li> <li><strong>D</strong><strong>armangeat</strong><strong> C.</strong>,<strong>&nbsp;</strong>2012,&nbsp;<em>Le communisme primitif n’est plus ce qu’il était. Aux origines de l’oppression des femmes</em>, Toulouse : Smolny.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div><strong>Illustration d’Adèle Huguet pour Mondes Sociaux : licence CC BY-NC-ND<br></strong></div> <div><strong>Pour découvrir ses dessins, <a href="https://adelehuguet.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://adelehuguet.wordpress.com/</a></strong></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div><span style="font-size: 8pt"><em>Crédits images :</em></span></div> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt">Freepik.com :</span> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://fr.freepik.com/icone/peinture-rupestre_5649956#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=0fc370dd-f31d-4d81-8a60-651b640d4d36" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Peinture rupestre &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://fr.freepik.com/icone/poterie_5649579#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=47" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Poterie &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://fr.freepik.com/icone/age-pierre_1888603#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=31" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Âge de pierre &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/medical_13023290#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=7&amp;uuid=c1c36163-71ef-4b46-adcb-73525bbe5032" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Medical &#8211; ppangman</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/archaeology_6739537#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=34" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Archaeology &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/skeleton_12402394#fromView=search&amp;page=2&amp;position=50&amp;uuid=3a975774-8a6f-449a-9baa-f1f7eb27b58d" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Skeleton &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/necklace_6739573#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=22" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Necklace &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://fr.freepik.com/icone/pointe-fleche_5649916#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pointe de flèche &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/clothing_6739611#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Clothing &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/clothing_6739594#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=15" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-size: 8pt">Clothing &#8211; Freepik</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><a href="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2021/07/Sans-titre-2.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft wp-image-27857" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2021/07/Sans-titre-2-200x300.png" alt="" width="80" height="120"></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Retrouvez d&#8217;autres articles dans la rubrique <a href="https://sms.hypotheses.org/category/passe" target="_blank" rel="noopener">passé</a></strong></p></p> <h1> </h1> <p> </p> <h1 class="is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> </h1> <hr /> <p><strong>Bibliographie</strong></p> <div style="padding: 5px;border: solid 1px #DDDDDD"> <div style="padding: 5px;border: solid 1px #DDDDDD;background: #E0E0E0;font-size: 13px"> <ul> <li><strong>Augereau A., </strong><strong>Darmangeat</strong><strong> </strong><strong>C</strong>. (dir.), 2022, <em>Aux origines du genre : enjeux, méthodes et controverses</em>, Paris : PUF/Collège de France, La Vie des Idées.</li> <li><strong>D</strong><strong>armangeat</strong><strong> C.</strong>,<strong> </strong>2012, <em>Le communisme primitif n’est plus ce qu’il était. Aux origines de l’oppression des femmes</em>, Toulouse : Smolny.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div> </div> <div><strong>Illustration d’Adèle Huguet pour Mondes Sociaux : licence CC BY-NC-ND<br /></strong></div> <div><strong>Pour découvrir ses dessins, <a href="https://adelehuguet.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://adelehuguet.wordpress.com/</a></strong></div> <div> </div> <div><span style="font-size: 8pt"><em>Crédits images :</em></span></div> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt">Freepik.com :</span> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://fr.freepik.com/icone/peinture-rupestre_5649956#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=0fc370dd-f31d-4d81-8a60-651b640d4d36" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Peinture rupestre &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://fr.freepik.com/icone/poterie_5649579#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=47" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Poterie &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://fr.freepik.com/icone/age-pierre_1888603#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=31" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Âge de pierre &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/medical_13023290#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=7&amp;uuid=c1c36163-71ef-4b46-adcb-73525bbe5032" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Medical &#8211; ppangman</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/archaeology_6739537#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=34" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Archaeology &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/skeleton_12402394#fromView=search&amp;page=2&amp;position=50&amp;uuid=3a975774-8a6f-449a-9baa-f1f7eb27b58d" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Skeleton &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/necklace_6739573#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=22" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Necklace &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://fr.freepik.com/icone/pointe-fleche_5649916#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pointe de flèche &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/star_232305#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=18" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Star &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 8pt"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/clothing_6739611#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Clothing &#8211; Freepik</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.freepik.com/icon/clothing_6739594#fromView=resource_detail&amp;position=15" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-size: 8pt">Clothing &#8211; Freepik</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><a href="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2021/07/Sans-titre-2.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft wp-image-27857" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://sms.hypotheses.org/files/2021/07/Sans-titre-2-200x300.png" alt="" width="80" height="120" /></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Retrouvez d&#8217;autres articles dans la rubrique <a href="https://sms.hypotheses.org/category/passe" target="_blank" rel="noopener">passé</a></strong></p> <hr/><div class="citation"><p><span class="citation-title">OpenEdition vous propose de citer ce billet de la manière suivante :</span><br/>Anne Augereau (2 décembre 2024). Rapports sociaux de sexe en Préhistoire : l’exemple du Néolithique Rubané. <em>Mondes Sociaux</em>. 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