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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_College_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Berkeley College (disambiguation)">Berkeley College (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California)<a href="#cite_note-Trademark2-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrandManual2-11">[11]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, United States. Founded in 1868 and named after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a>, it is the state's first <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant university</a> and is the founding campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-UCBDiscoveries-12">[12]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">University of California, Berkeley</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_University_of_California,_Berkeley.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Seal_of_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.svg/150px-Seal_of_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Seal_of_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.svg/225px-Seal_of_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Seal_of_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.svg/300px-Seal_of_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="666"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">University of California (1868–1958)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Let_there_be_light" title="Let there be light">Fiat lux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"Let there be light"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">March 23, 1868; 156 years ago (1868-03-23)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent institution</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/WASC_Senior_College_and_University_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="WASC Senior College and University Commission">WSCUC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">AAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Pacific_Rim_Universities" title="Association of Pacific Rim Universities">APRU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Research_Universities" title="International Alliance of Research Universities">IARU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$7.4 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rich_Lyons" title="Rich Lyons">Richard Lyons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_E._Hermalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin E. Hermalin">Benjamin E. Hermalin</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Total staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">23,524 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">45,307 (fall 2022)<a href="#cite_note-Enrollment-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32,479 (fall 2022)<a href="#cite_note-Enrollment-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,828 (fall 2022)<a href="#cite_note-Enrollment-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_California,_Berkeley&params=37_52_19_N_122_15_30_W_region:US-CA_type:edu">37°52′19″N 122°15′30″W / 37.87194°N 122.25833°W / 37.87194; -122.25833</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Core central: 178-acre (72-hectare)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suburban" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban">Large suburb</a>: 8,164-acre (3,304-hectare)<a href="#cite_note-UCAnnualReport-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Californian" title="The Daily Californian">The Daily Californian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Berkeley_blue" title="Shades of blue">Berkeley Blue</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)#California_(Berkeley)_Gold" title="Gold (color)">California Gold</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California_Golden_Bears" title="California Golden Bears">Golden Bears</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">NCAA Division I FBS</a> – <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">ACC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Pacific_Sports_Federation" title="Mountain Pacific Sports Federation">MPSF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/America_East_Conference" title="America East Conference">America East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association" title="Intercollegiate Rowing Association">IRA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oski_the_Bear" title="Oski the Bear">Oski the Bear</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkeley.edu">berkeley.edu</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168756#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_California,_Berkeley_Logo_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_Logo_2024.svg/200px-University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_Logo_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_Logo_2024.svg/300px-University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_Logo_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_Logo_2024.svg/400px-University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_Logo_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="165"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Berkeley has an enrollment of more than 45,000 students. The university is organized around fifteen schools of study on the same campus, including the <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_College_of_Chemistry" title="UC Berkeley College of Chemistry">College of Chemistry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_College_of_Engineering" title="UC Berkeley College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Haas_School_of_Business" title="Haas School of Business">Haas School of Business</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> was originally founded as part of the university.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Berkeley was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> and was one of the original eight "<a href="/wiki/Public_Ivy" title="Public Ivy">Public Ivy</a>" schools. In 2021, the federal funding for campus research and development exceeded $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-R&D2-15">[15]</a> Thirty-two libraries also compose the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley_Libraries" title="University of California, Berkeley Libraries">Berkeley library system</a> which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_libraries_in_the_United_States#Largest_research_libraries" title="List of largest libraries in the United States">sixth largest research library by number of volumes held</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Berkeley students compete in thirty <a href="/wiki/Varsity_team" title="Varsity team">varsity</a> athletic sports, and the university is one of eighteen full-member institutions in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">Atlantic Coast Conference</a> (ACC). Berkeley's athletic teams, the <a href="/wiki/California_Golden_Bears" title="California Golden Bears">California Golden Bears</a>, have also won 107 national championships, 196 individual national titles, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American universities with Olympic medals">223 Olympic medals</a> (including 121 gold).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Berkeley's <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_California,_Berkeley_alumni" title="List of University of California, Berkeley alumni">alumni</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_California,_Berkeley_faculty" title="List of University of California, Berkeley faculty">faculty, and researchers</a> include 59 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">Nobel laureates</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and 19 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> winners,<a href="#cite_note-Berkeley_Law_Alumni22-22">[22]</a> and the university is also a producer of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship" title="Marshall Scholarship">Marshall Scholars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Scholars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Founding">1.1 Founding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#20th_century">1.2 20th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#21st_century">1.3 21st century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Controversies">1.4 Controversies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Organization_and_administration">2 Organization and administration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Name">2.1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Governance">2.2 Governance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Funding">2.3 Funding</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Academics">3 Academics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Faculty_and_departments">3.1 Faculty and departments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Undergraduate_programs">3.2 Undergraduate programs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Graduate_and_professional_programs">3.3 Graduate and professional programs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Library_system">3.4 Library system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Reputation_and_rankings">3.5 Reputation and rankings</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#National">3.5.1 National</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Global">3.5.2 Global</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Past_rankings">3.5.3 Past rankings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Admissions_and_enrollment">3.6 Admissions and enrollment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Discoveries_and_innovation">4 Discoveries and innovation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Natural_sciences">4.1 Natural sciences</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Computer_and_applied_sciences">4.2 Computer and applied sciences</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Companies_and_entrepreneurship">4.3 Companies and entrepreneurship</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Campus">5 Campus</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Architecture">5.1 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Natural_features">5.2 Natural features</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Student_life_and_traditions">6 Student life and traditions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Student_housing">6.1 Student housing</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Fraternities_and_sororities">6.1.1 Fraternities and sororities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Student-run_organizations">6.2 Student-run organizations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Associated_Students_of_the_University_of_California_(ASUC)">6.2.1 Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Media_and_publications">6.2.2 Media and publications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Student_groups">6.2.3 Student groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Engineering_Student_Teams">6.2.4 Engineering Student Teams</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Athletics">6.3 Athletics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Notable_alumni,_faculty,_and_staff">7 Notable alumni, faculty, and staff</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Faculty_and_staff">7.1 Faculty and staff</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Alumni">7.2 Alumni</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Government">7.2.1 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Science">7.2.2 Science</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Computers">7.2.3 Computers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Billionaires">7.2.4 Billionaires</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Pulitzer_Prize_winners">7.2.5 Pulitzer Prize winners</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Fiction_and_screenwriters">7.2.6 Fiction and screenwriters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="#Academy_and_Emmy_Award_winners">7.2.7 Academy and Emmy Award winners</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#Music_and_entertainment">7.2.8 Music and entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#Sports">7.2.9 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkeley_glade_afternoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Berkeley_glade_afternoon.jpg/220px-Berkeley_glade_afternoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Berkeley_glade_afternoon.jpg/220px-Berkeley_glade_afternoon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Berkeley_glade_afternoon.jpg/330px-Berkeley_glade_afternoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Berkeley_glade_afternoon.jpg/440px-Berkeley_glade_afternoon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View from Memorial Glade of <a href="/wiki/Sather_Tower" title="Sather Tower">Sather Tower</a> (the Campanile), the center of Berkeley</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg/220px-CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg/220px-CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg/330px-CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg/440px-CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais" title="Mount Tamalpais">Mount Tamalpais</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="History of the University of California, Berkeley">History of the University of California, Berkeley</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3></div> Made possible by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Lincoln</a>'s signing of the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrill Act">Morrill Act</a> in 1862, the University of California was founded in 1868 as the state's first land-grant university, inheriting the land and facilities of the private <a href="/wiki/College_of_California" title="College of California">College of California</a> and the federal-funding eligibility of a public agricultural, mining, and mechanical arts college.<a href="#cite_note-Stadtman-26">[26]</a> The Organic Act states that the "University shall have for its design, to provide instruction and thorough and complete education in all departments of science, literature and art, industrial and professional pursuits, and general education, and also special courses of instruction in preparation for the professions."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Ten faculty members and forty male students made up the fledgling university when it opened in Oakland in 1869.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Billings" title="Frederick H. Billings">Frederick Billings</a>, a trustee of the College of California, suggested that a new campus site north of Oakland be named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berkeley-30">[30]</a> The university began admitting women the following year.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1870, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Durant" title="Henry Durant">Henry Durant</a>, founder of the College of California, became its first president. With the completion of North and <a href="/wiki/South_Hall_(UC_Berkeley)" title="South Hall (UC Berkeley)">South Halls</a> in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sunsite-33">[33]</a> The first female student to graduate was in 1874, admitted in the first class to include women in 1870.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Beginning in 1891, <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Apperson_Hearst" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoebe Apperson Hearst">Phoebe Apperson Hearst</a> funded several programs and new buildings and, in 1898, sponsored an international competition in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, where French architect <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_B%C3%A9nard" title="Émile Bénard">Émile Bénard</a> submitted the winning design for a campus master plan. Although the University of California system does not have an official <a href="/wiki/Flagship_campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagship campus">flagship campus</a>, many scholars and experts consider Berkeley to be its unofficial flagship. It shares this unofficial status with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> In 1905, the University Farm was established near <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>, ultimately becoming the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ucb_about-37">[37]</a> In 1919, the Los Angeles branch of the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="California State Normal School">California State Normal School</a> became the southern branch of the university, which ultimately became the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> By the 1920s, the number of campus buildings in Berkeley had grown substantially and included twenty structures designed by architect <a href="/wiki/John_Galen_Howard" title="John Galen Howard">John Galen Howard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1917, one of the nation's first <a href="/wiki/ROTC" class="mw-redirect" title="ROTC">ROTC</a> programs was established at Berkeley<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and its School of Military Aeronautics began training pilots, including <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle" title="Jimmy Doolittle">Jimmy Doolittle</a>. In 1926, future <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Admiral (United States)">Fleet Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a> established the first <a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">Naval ROTC</a> unit at Berkeley.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Berkeley ROTC alumni include former Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, Army Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Frederick C. Weyand</a>, sixteen other <a href="/wiki/General_officers_in_the_United_States" title="General officers in the United States">general officers</a>, ten Navy <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">flag officers</a>, and AFROTC alumna Captain <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Claiborne" title="Theresa Claiborne">Theresa Claiborne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Orlando Lawrence</a> helped establish the Radiation Laboratory (now <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>) and invented the <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>, which won him the Nobel physics prize in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Using the cyclotron, Berkeley professors and Berkeley Lab researchers went on to discover sixteen <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical elements">chemical elements</a>—more than any other university in the world.<a href="#cite_note-LBL_elements-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Periodic_table-45">[45]</a> In particular, during World War II and following <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a>'s then-secret discovery of plutonium, Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory began to contract with the U.S. Army to develop the atomic bomb. Physics professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley founded and was then a partner in managing two other labs, <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> (1943) and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> (1952). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm/220px-seek%3D50-Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="119" data-mwtitle="Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm#t=00:00:50,00:01:42" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:50,00:01:42" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm.720p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:50,00:01:42" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov#t=00:00:50,00:01:42" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:50,00:01:42" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:50,00:01:42" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm/Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm.360p.webm#t=00:00:50,00:01:42" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>The "Bodies Upon the Gears" speech (also known as "Operation of the Machine") given by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Savio" title="Mario Savio">Mario Savio</a> on the steps of Sproul Hall in 1964</figcaption></figure> In 1952, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> reorganized itself into a system of semi-autonomous campuses, with each campus given a chancellor, and <a href="/wiki/Clark_Kerr" title="Clark Kerr">Clark Kerr</a> became Berkeley's first Chancellor, while <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_Sproul" title="Robert Gordon Sproul">Robert Sproul</a> remained in place as the President of the University of California.<a href="#cite_note-Presidents-48">[48]</a> Berkeley gained a worldwide reputation for <a href="/wiki/1960s_Berkeley_protests" title="1960s Berkeley protests">political activism</a> in the 1960s. In 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a> organized student resistance to the university's restrictions on political activities on campus—most conspicuously, student activities related to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berkeley_60s-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The arrest in Sproul Plaza of <a href="/wiki/Jack_Weinberg" title="Jack Weinberg">Jack Weinberg</a>, a recent Berkeley alumnus and chair of Campus <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">CORE</a>, prompted a series of student-led acts of formal remonstrance and civil disobedience that ultimately gave rise to the Free Speech Movement, which movement would prevail and serve as a precedent for student <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">opposition</a> to America's involvement in the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Sciences_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical Sciences Research Institute">Mathematical Sciences Research Institute</a> (MSRI) was established on campus with support from the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> and at the request of three Berkeley mathematicians—<a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_C._Moore" title="Calvin C. Moore">Calvin Moore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore M. Singer</a>. The institute is now widely regarded as a leading center for collaborative mathematical research, drawing thousands of visiting researchers from around the world each year.<a href="#cite_note-MSRI_history-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> In the current century, Berkeley has become less politically active, although more liberal.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Democrats outnumber Republicans on the faculty by a ratio of nine to one, which is a ratio similar to that of American academia generally.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The school has become more focused on <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> disciplines and fundraising.<a href="#cite_note-FundBerkeley-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Biosciences_Institute" title="Energy Biosciences Institute">Energy Biosciences Institute</a> was established with funding from <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> and Stanley Hall, a research facility and headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_for_Quantitative_Biosciences" title="California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences">California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences</a>, opened. Supported by a grant from alumnus <a href="/wiki/Jim_Simons" title="Jim Simons">Jim Simons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Simons_Institute_for_the_Theory_of_Computing" title="Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing">Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing</a> was established in 2012. In 2015, Berkeley and its sister campus, <a href="/wiki/UCSF" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSF">UCSF</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Innovative_Genomics_Institute" title="Innovative Genomics Institute">Innovative Genomics Institute</a> to develop <a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR gene editing</a>, and, in 2020, an anonymous donor pledged $252 million to help fund a new center for computing and data science. For the 2020 fiscal year, Berkeley set a fundraising record, receiving over $1 billion in gifts and pledges, and two years later, it broke that record, raising over $1.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FundBerkeley-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3></div> <ul><li>Various research ethics, human rights, and animal rights advocates have been in conflict with Berkeley. <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> contended with the school over repatriation of remains from the <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_A._Hearst_Museum_of_Anthropology" title="Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology">Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Student activists have urged the university to cut financial ties with <a href="/wiki/Tyson_Foods" title="Tyson Foods">Tyson Foods</a> and <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Faculty member <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Chapela" title="Ignacio Chapela">Ignacio Chapela</a> prominently criticized the university's financial ties to <a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/PETA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETA">PETA</a> has challenged the university's use of animals for research and argued that it may violate the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966" title="Animal Welfare Act of 1966">Animal Welfare Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Cal's <a href="/wiki/California_Memorial_Stadium" title="California Memorial Stadium">Memorial Stadium</a> reopened in September 2012 after renovations. The university incurred a controversial $445 million of debt for the stadium and a new $153 million student athletic center, which it financed with the sale of special stadium endowment seats.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The roughly $18 million interest-only annual payments on the debt consumes 20 percent of Cal's athletics' budget; principal repayment begins in 2032 and is scheduled to conclude in 2113.<a href="#cite_note-Debt-74">[74]</a></li> <li>On May 1, 2014, Berkeley was named one of fifty-five higher education institutions under investigation by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civil_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Civil Rights">Office of Civil Rights</a> "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints" by the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault" title="White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault">White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Investigations continued into 2016, with hundreds of pages of records released in April 2016, showing a pattern of documented sexual harassment and firings of non-tenured staff.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>On July 25, 2019, Berkeley was removed from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News Best Colleges Ranking</a> for misreporting statistics. Berkeley had originally reported that its two-year average alumni giving rate for fiscal years 2017 and 2016 was 11.6 percent, <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> said. The school later told U.S. News the correct average alumni giving rate for the 2016 fiscal year was just 7.9 percent. The school incorrectly overstated its alumni giving data to U.S. News since at least 2014. The alumni giving rate accounts for five percent of the Best Colleges ranking.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>Berkeley community members have criticized UC Berkeley's increasing enrollment. Berkeley residents filed a lawsuit alleging that the university's expanding enrollment violated <a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act" title="California Environmental Quality Act">California Environmental Quality Act</a> and that the area lacked the infrastructure to support more students.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Critics of the lawsuit accused these community members of <a href="/wiki/NIMBYism" class="mw-redirect" title="NIMBYism">NIMBYism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In August 2021, a judge from the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Alameda_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior Court of Alameda County">Superior Court of Alameda County</a> ruled in favor of the residents, and on March 3, 2022, the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> also ruled in favor of the residents, saying that the university needed to freeze its admission rates at 2020–2021 levels.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On March 11, 2022, state legislators released a proposal to change CEQA to exempt the university from its restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> On March 14, Gavin Newsom signed the bill into law.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Berkeley has continued to face a housing shortage.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Organization_and_administration">Organization and administration</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3></div> Officially named the "University of California, Berkeley" it is often shortened to "Berkeley" in general reference or in an academic context (<a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law" title="UC Berkeley School of Law">Berkeley Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_College_of_Engineering" title="UC Berkeley College of Engineering">Berkeley Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haas_School_of_Business" title="Haas School of Business">Berkeley Haas</a>, <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Public_Health" title="UC Berkeley School of Public Health">Berkeley Public Health</a>) and to "California" or "Cal" particularly when referring to its athletic teams (<a href="/wiki/California_Golden_Bears" title="California Golden Bears">California Golden Bears</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Trademark-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrandManual-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In August 2022, a university task force was formed which recommended renaming the athletic identity to "Cal Berkeley" to further tie the athletic brand to academic prestige, and reduce public confusion.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3></div> The University of California is governed by a twenty-six member <a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Regents of the University of California">Board of Regents</a>, eighteen of whom are appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> to 12-year terms. The board also has seven <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a> members, a student regent, and a non-voting student regent-designate.<a href="#cite_note-Governance-90">[90]</a> Prior to 1952, Berkeley was the University of California, so the university president was also Berkeley's chief executive. In 1952, the university reorganized itself into a system of semi-autonomous campuses, with each campus having its own chief executive, a chancellor, who would, in turn, report to the president of the university system. Twelve vice-chancellors report directly to Berkeley's chancellor, and the deans of the fifteen colleges and schools report to the executive vice chancellor and provost, Berkeley's chief academic officer.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Twenty-three presidents and chancellors have led Berkeley since its founding.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Presidents-48">[48]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"> Presidents <ul><li>1868–1869 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Durant" title="Henry Durant">Henry Durant</a></li> <li>1869–1870 <a href="/wiki/John_LeConte" title="John LeConte">John LeConte</a></li> <li>1870–1872 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Durant" title="Henry Durant">Henry Durant</a></li> <li>1872–1875 <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Daniel Coit Gilman</a></li> <li>1875–1881 <a href="/wiki/John_LeConte" title="John LeConte">John LeConte</a></li> <li>1881–1885 <a href="/wiki/W.T._Reid" class="mw-redirect" title="W.T. Reid">W.T. Reid</a></li> <li>1885–1888 <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Holden" title="Edward S. Holden">Edward S. Holden</a></li> <li>1888–1890 <a href="/wiki/Horace_Davis" title="Horace Davis">Horace Davis</a></li> <li>1890–1899 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kellogg" title="Martin Kellogg">Martin Kellogg</a></li> <li>1899–1919 <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ide_Wheeler" title="Benjamin Ide Wheeler">Benjamin Ide Wheeler</a></li> <li>1919–1923 <a href="/wiki/David_Prescott_Barrows" title="David Prescott Barrows">David Prescott Barrows</a></li> <li>1923–1930 <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Campbell" title="William Wallace Campbell">William Wallace Campbell</a></li> <li>1930–1952 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_Sproul" title="Robert Gordon Sproul">Robert Gordon Sproul</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> Chancellors <ul><li>1952–1958 <a href="/wiki/Clark_Kerr" title="Clark Kerr">Clark Kerr</a></li> <li>1958–1961 <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></li> <li>1961–1965 <a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Strong" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward W. Strong">Edward W. Strong</a></li> <li>1965–1965 <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Meyerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin E. Meyerson">Martin E. Meyerson</a> (acting)</li> <li>1965–1971 <a href="/wiki/Roger_Heyns" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Heyns">Roger Heyns</a></li> <li>1971–1980 <a href="/wiki/Albert_H._Bowker" title="Albert H. Bowker">Albert H. Bowker</a></li> <li>1980–1990 <a href="/wiki/Ira_Michael_Heyman" title="Ira Michael Heyman">Ira Michael Heyman</a></li> <li>1990–1997 <a href="/wiki/Chang-Lin_Tien" title="Chang-Lin Tien">Chang-Lin Tien</a></li> <li>1997–2004 <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Berdahl" title="Robert M. Berdahl">Robert M. Berdahl</a></li> <li>2004–2013 <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Birgeneau" title="Robert J. Birgeneau">Robert J. Birgeneau</a></li> <li>2013–2017 <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_B._Dirks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas B. Dirks">Nicholas B. Dirks</a></li> <li>2017–2024 <a href="/wiki/Carol_T._Christ" title="Carol T. Christ">Carol T. Christ</a></li> <li>2024–present <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyons_(business_professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lyons (business professor)">Richard Lyons</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_finances" title="University of California finances">University of California finances</a></div> With the exception of government contracts, public support is apportioned to Berkeley and the other campuses of the University of California system through the UC Office of the President and accounts for 12 percent of Berkeley's total revenues.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Berkeley has benefited from private philanthropy and alumni and their foundations have given to the university for operations and capital expenditures with the more prominent being <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty" title="J. Paul Getty">J. Paul Getty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Getty" title="Ann Getty">Ann Getty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Diller" title="Sanford Diller">Sanford Diller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Fisher" title="Donald Fisher">Donald Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_Lamson_Hewlett" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora Lamson Hewlett">Flora Lamson Hewlett</a>, David Schwartz (<a href="/wiki/Bio-Rad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-Rad">Bio-Rad</a>) and members of the Haas (<a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Haas" title="Walter A. Haas">Walter A. Haas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Haas_Goldman" title="Rhoda Haas Goldman">Rhoda Haas Goldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Haas_Jr." title="Walter A. Haas Jr.">Walter A. Haas Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_E._Haas" title="Peter E. Haas">Peter E. Haas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Haas" title="Bob Haas">Bob Haas</a>) family.<a href="#cite_note-IHE-94">[94]</a> Berkeley has also benefited from benefactors beyond its alumni ranks, notable among which are <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Chan" title="Priscilla Chan">Priscilla Chan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vitalik_Buterin" title="Vitalik Buterin">Vitalik Buterin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Collison" title="Patrick Collison">Patrick Collison</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Collison" title="John Collison">John Collison</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ron_Conway" title="Ron Conway">Ron Conway</a> family, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gross_(software_entrepreneur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Gross (software entrepreneur)">Daniel Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz" title="Dustin Moskovitz">Dustin Moskovitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cari_Tuna" title="Cari Tuna">Cari Tuna</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Jane_Street_Capital" title="Jane Street Capital">Jane Street</a> principals; <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>; the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, billionaire <a href="/wiki/Li_Ka-Shing" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Ka-Shing">Sir Li Ka-Shing</a>, Israeli-Russian billionaire <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Milner" title="Yuri Milner">Yuri Milner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Siebel" title="Thomas Siebel">Thomas and Stacey Siebel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanford_I._Weill" title="Sanford I. Weill">Sanford and Joan Weill</a>, and professor <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Rausser" title="Gordon Rausser">Gordon Rausser</a> ($50 million gift in 2020).<a href="#cite_note-IHE-94">[94]</a> Hundreds of millions of dollars have been given anonymously.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The 2008–13 "Campaign for Berkeley" raised $3.13 billion from 281,855 donors, and the "Light the Way" campaign, which concluded at the end of 2023, has raised over $6.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty_and_departments">Faculty and departments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheeler_Hall,_University_of_California,_Berkeley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg/220px-Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3505" data-file-height="2360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg/220px-Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg/330px-Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg/440px-Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Hall" title="Wheeler Hall">Wheeler Hall</a>, home to Berkeley's largest lecture hall, was the location of a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> conferral during <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hearst_Mining_Building_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hearst_Mining_Building_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/220px-Hearst_Mining_Building_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2966" data-file-height="1989"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hearst_Mining_Building_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/220px-Hearst_Mining_Building_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hearst_Mining_Building_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/330px-Hearst_Mining_Building_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hearst_Mining_Building_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/440px-Hearst_Mining_Building_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Memorial_Mining_Building" title="Hearst Memorial Mining Building">Hearst Mining Building</a>, dedicated by <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Hearst" title="Phoebe Hearst">Phoebe Hearst</a> in honor of her late husband, <a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">George</a></figcaption></figure> Berkeley is a large, primarily residential research university with a majority of its enrolment in undergraduate programs but also offering a comprehensive doctoral program.<a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-13">[13]</a> The university has been <a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">accredited</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Association_of_Schools_and_Colleges" title="Western Association of Schools and Colleges">Western Association of Schools and Colleges</a> Senior College and University Commission since 1949.<a href="#cite_note-WASC-97">[97]</a> The university operates on a <a href="/wiki/Academic_term" title="Academic term">semester calendar</a> and awarded 8,725 bachelor's, 3,286 master's or professional and 1,272 doctoral degrees in 2018–2019.<a href="#cite_note-CDS2019-98">[98]</a> There are 1,789 full-time and 886 part-time faculty members among the university's academic enterprise which is organized into fifteen colleges and schools that comprise 180 departments and 80 interdisciplinary units offering over 350 degree programs. Colleges serve both undergraduate and graduate students, while schools are generally graduate only, though some offer undergraduate majors or minors: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_College_of_Chemistry" title="UC Berkeley College of Chemistry">College of Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_College_of_Computing,_Data_Science,_and_Society" title="UC Berkeley College of Computing, Data Science, and Society">College of Computing, Data Science, and Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_College_of_Engineering" title="UC Berkeley College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_College_of_Environmental_Design" title="UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design">College of Environmental Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_College_of_Letters_and_Science" title="UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science">College of Letters and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldman_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Goldman School of Public Policy">Goldman School of Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_Graduate_School_of_Journalism" title="UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism">Graduate School of Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haas_School_of_Business" title="Haas School of Business">Haas School of Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_College_of_Natural_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley College of Natural Resources">Rausser College of Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Information" title="UC Berkeley School of Information">School of Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Education" title="UC Berkeley School of Education">School of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law" title="UC Berkeley School of Law">School of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Public_Health" title="UC Berkeley School of Public Health">School of Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Social_Welfare" title="UC Berkeley School of Social Welfare">School of Social Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wertheim_School_of_Optometry_and_Vision_Science" title="Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science">Wertheim School of Optometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_Extension" title="UC Berkeley Extension">UC Berkeley Extension</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate_programs">Undergraduate programs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UCB_Doe_Memorial_Library_oblique_view_dllu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UCB_Doe_Memorial_Library_oblique_view_dllu.jpg/220px-UCB_Doe_Memorial_Library_oblique_view_dllu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7130" data-file-height="4807"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UCB_Doe_Memorial_Library_oblique_view_dllu.jpg/220px-UCB_Doe_Memorial_Library_oblique_view_dllu.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UCB_Doe_Memorial_Library_oblique_view_dllu.jpg/330px-UCB_Doe_Memorial_Library_oblique_view_dllu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UCB_Doe_Memorial_Library_oblique_view_dllu.jpg/440px-UCB_Doe_Memorial_Library_oblique_view_dllu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Doe_Memorial_Library" title="Doe Memorial Library">Doe Memorial Library</a></figcaption></figure> The four-year, full-time undergraduate program offers 107 bachelor's degrees across the Haas School of Business (1), College of Chemistry (5), College of Engineering (20), College of Environmental Design (4), College of Letters and Science (67), Rausser College of Natural Resources (10), and individual majors (2).<a href="#cite_note-Degree_totals-99">[99]</a> The most popular majors are <a href="/wiki/Computer_science_and_engineering" title="Computer science and engineering">electrical engineering and computer sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Facts-100">[100]</a> Requirements for undergraduate degrees include an entry-level writing requirement before enrollment (typically fulfilled by minimum scores on standardized admissions exams such as the SAT or ACT), completing coursework on "American History and Institutions" before or after enrollment by taking an introductory class, passing an "American Cultures Breadth" class at Berkeley, as well as requirements for reading and composition and specific requirements declared by the department and school.<a href="#cite_note-Undergrad_requirements-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduate_and_professional_programs">Graduate and professional programs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haas_School_of_Business_central_courtyard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Haas_School_of_Business_central_courtyard.JPG/220px-Haas_School_of_Business_central_courtyard.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Haas_School_of_Business_central_courtyard.JPG/220px-Haas_School_of_Business_central_courtyard.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Haas_School_of_Business_central_courtyard.JPG/330px-Haas_School_of_Business_central_courtyard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Haas_School_of_Business_central_courtyard.JPG/440px-Haas_School_of_Business_central_courtyard.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haas_School_of_Business" title="Haas School of Business">Haas School of Business</a></figcaption></figure> Berkeley has a "comprehensive" graduate program, with high coexistence with the programs offered to undergraduates, and offers interdisciplinary graduate programs with the medical schools at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">University of California, San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. The university offers <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts" title="Master of Fine Arts">Master of Fine Arts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> degrees in addition to professional degrees such as the <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Public Health">Master of Public Health</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Design" title="Master of Design">Master of Design</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The university awarded 963 doctoral degrees and 3,531 master's degrees in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Graduate_profile-103">[103]</a> Admission to graduate programs is decentralized; applicants apply directly to the department or degree program. Most graduate students are supported by fellowships, teaching assistantships, or research assistantships.<a href="#cite_note-Graduate_profile-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_system">Library system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley_Library_System" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California, Berkeley Library System">University of California, Berkeley Library System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/220px-Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2673" data-file-height="1815"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/220px-Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/330px-Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/440px-Berkeley_T-rex_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The on-campus <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a> hosts a <a href="/wiki/Replica" title="Replica">life-size replica</a> of a <a href="/wiki/T-rex" class="mw-redirect" title="T-rex">T-rex</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Doe_Memorial_Library" title="Doe Memorial Library">Doe Library</a> serves as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley_Libraries" title="University of California, Berkeley Libraries">Berkeley library system</a>'s reference, periodical, and administrative center, while most of the main collections reside in the subterranean Gardner Main Stacks and Moffitt Undergraduate Library. The <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Library" title="Bancroft Library">Bancroft Library</a>, which has over 400,000 printed volumes and 70 million manuscripts, pictures, and maps, maintains special collections that document the history of the western part of North America, with an emphasis on California, Mexico and Central America. The Bancroft Library also houses the Mark Twain Papers,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> the Oral History Center,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> the Center for the Tebtunis Papyri,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and the University Archives.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation_and_rankings">Reputation and rankings</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National">National</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">Academic rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">National</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges">Forbes</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-108">[108]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-109">[109]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">17</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monthly college rankings">Washington Monthly</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-110">[110]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">13</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">WSJ</a>/College Pulse<a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-111">[111]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">8</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Global</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-112">[112]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-113">[113]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-114">[114]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">5</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right; clear:right; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background-color:#041E42;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFC72C, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFC72C;">National Program Rankings<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Program </th> <th>Ranking </th></tr> <tr> <td>Biological Sciences</td> <td>3 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biostatistics</td> <td>7 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Business</td> <td>7 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chemistry</td> <td>1 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clinical Psychology</td> <td>3 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Computer Science</td> <td>1 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Earth Sciences</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Economics</td> <td>4 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Education</td> <td>14 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Engineering</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>English</td> <td>1 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fine Arts</td> <td>15 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>History</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Law</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mathematics</td> <td>3 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physics</td> <td>3 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Political Science</td> <td>4 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Psychology</td> <td>1 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public Affairs</td> <td>4 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public Health</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Social Work</td> <td>4 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sociology</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Statistics</td> <td>2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right; clear:right; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background-color:#041E42;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFC72C, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFC72C;">Global Subject Rankings<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Program </th> <th>Ranking </th></tr> <tr> <td>Agricultural Sciences</td> <td>123 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Artificial Intelligence</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arts & Humanities</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biology & Biochemistry</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cell Biology</td> <td>42 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chemical Engineering</td> <td>155 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chemistry</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Civil Engineering</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clinical Medicine</td> <td>171 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Computer Science</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Condensed Matter Physics</td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ecology</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Economics & Business</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Education & Educational Research</td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electrical & Electronic Engineering</td> <td>72 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy & Fuels</td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Engineering</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Environmental Engineering</td> <td>116 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Environment/Ecology</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geosciences</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Green & Sustainable Science & Technology</td> <td>147 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Immunology</td> <td>68 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infectious Diseases</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Materials Science</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mathematics</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mechanical Engineering</td> <td>115 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences</td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microbiology</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Molecular Biology & Genetics</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nanoscience & Nanotechnology</td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neuroscience & Behavior</td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Optics</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physical Chemistry</td> <td>65 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physics</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plant & Animal Science</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Psychiatry/Psychology</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public, Environmental & Occupational Health</td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging</td> <td>109 (tie) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Social Sciences & Public Health</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Space Science</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water Resources</td> <td>38 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Center_for_World_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for World University Rankings">Center for World University Rankings</a> (CWUR) list, Berkeley was the top public university in the nation and ranked 10th overall based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, publications, influence, and citations.<a href="#cite_note-2024CWUR-117">[117]</a></li> <li>In the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>’ <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges">America's Top Colleges</a> list, Berkeley was the highest ranking public school and 5th overall.<a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-108">[108]</a></li> <li>In the 2023–2024 <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking</a>, Berkeley was tied for both the top public school and for 15th overall.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>In the 2025 <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>/College Pulse rankings, Berkeley was the highest ranking public school and 8th overall.<a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-111">[111]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global">Global</h4></div> <ul><li>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a> ranked the university the 9th largest contributor to papers published in 82 leading journals.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_Index_2018-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nature_Index_FAQs-120">[120]</a></li> <li>For 2024, the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 12th in the world based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, and research performance.<a href="#cite_note-2024CWUR-117">[117]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Past_rankings">Past rankings</h4></div> In his memoirs, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Kerr" title="Clark Kerr">Clark Kerr</a> records Berkeley's rise in the rankings (according to the <a href="/wiki/National_academies" class="mw-redirect" title="National academies">National Academies</a>) during the 20th century. The school's first ranking in 1906 placed it among the top six schools ("Big Six") in the nation. In 1934, it ranked second, tied with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, behind only <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>; in 1957, it was ranked as the only school second to Harvard. In 1964, Berkeley was named the "best balanced distinguished university", meaning the school had not only the most top departments but also the highest percentage of top ranking departments in its school. The school in 1993 was the only remaining member of the original 1906 "Big Six", along with Harvard; in that year Berkeley ranked first.<a href="#cite_note-Kerr_Page_404-121">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Council_on_Education" title="American Council on Education">American Council on Education</a>, a private non-profit association, ranked Berkeley tenth in 1934. However, by 1942, private funding had helped Berkeley rise to second place, behind only Harvard, based on the number of distinguished departments.<a href="#cite_note-Presidents-48">[48]</a> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> admissions officer Richard Moll published Public Ivies: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities which named Berkeley a "<a href="/wiki/Public_Ivy" title="Public Ivy">Public Ivy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-JBHE2-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-PublicIvys-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenes_2001-125">[125]</a> Since its inaugural 1990 reputational survey, <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> has considered Berkeley to be one of the world's "six super brands" along with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6_top_U's-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-6_superbrands-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ranking_2016-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-superbrand_compare-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times_Rep-130">[130]</a> The 2010 <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council Rankings">United States National Research Council Rankings</a> identified Berkeley as having the highest number of top-ranked doctoral programs in the nation. Berkeley doctoral programs that received a #1 ranking included English, German, Political Science, Geography, Agricultural and Resource Economics, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Genomics, Epidemiology, Plant Biology, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions_and_enrollment">Admissions and enrollment</h3></div> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">35% </td> <td align="left">35<div style="width:70px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">22% </td> <td align="left">22<div style="width:44px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">19% </td> <td align="left">19<div style="width:38px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">Foreign national</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">13% </td> <td align="left">13<div style="width:26px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<a href="#cite_note-133">[a]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">9% </td> <td align="left">9<div style="width:18px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">2% </td> <td align="left">2<div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">Economic diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Low-income</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[b]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">22% </td> <td align="left">22<div style="width:44px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Middle_class_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle class in the United States">middle class</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[c]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">78% </td> <td align="left">78<div style="width:156px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table>For Fall 2022, Berkeley's total enrollment was 45,745: 32,831 undergraduate and 12,914 graduate students, with women accounting for 56% of undergraduates and 49% of graduate and professional students. It had 128,226 freshman applicants and accepted 14,614 (11.4%). Among enrolled freshman, the average unweighted GPA was 3.90.<a href="#cite_note-CDS-136">[133]</a> Berkeley's enrollment of <a href="/wiki/National_Merit_Scholarship_Program" title="National Merit Scholarship Program">National Merit Scholars</a> was third in the nation until 2002, when participation in the National Merit program was discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> For 2019, Berkeley ranked fourth in enrollment of recipients of the <a href="/wiki/National_Merit_Scholarship_Program" title="National Merit Scholarship Program">National Merit $2,500 Scholarship</a> (132 scholars).<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> 27% of admitted students receive federal <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Berkeley students are eligible for a variety of public and private financial aid. Inquiries are processed through the Financial Aid and Scholarships Office, although schools such as the Haas School of Business<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> and <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law" title="UC Berkeley School of Law">Berkeley Law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> have their own financial aid offices. <table class="wikitable floatleft" style="font-size:85%; margin:5px"> <caption>Fall Freshman Profile<a href="#cite_note-CDS-136">[133]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>2022</th> <th>2021</th> <th>2020</th> <th>2019</th> <th>2018</th> <th>2017</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2014 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Applicants </th> <td>128,226</td> <td>109,597</td> <td>88,076</td> <td>87,398</td> <td>89,621</td> <td>85,057</td> <td>82,571</td> <td>78,923</td> <td>73,794 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Admits </th> <td>14,614</td> <td>15,852</td> <td>15,448</td> <td>14,676</td> <td>13,308</td> <td>14,552</td> <td>14,429</td> <td>13,332</td> <td>13,338 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Admit rate </th> <td>11.4%</td> <td>14.5%</td> <td>17.5%</td> <td>16.8%</td> <td>14.8%</td> <td>17.1%</td> <td>17.5%</td> <td>16.9%</td> <td>18.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Enrolled </th> <td>6,726</td> <td>6,809</td> <td>6,052</td> <td>6,454</td> <td>6,012</td> <td>6,379</td> <td>6,253</td> <td>5,832</td> <td>5,813 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> (mid-50%) </th> <td>N/A*</td> <td>N/A*</td> <td>1300–1520</td> <td>1330–1520</td> <td>1300–1530</td> <td>1300–1540</td> <td>1930–2290</td> <td>1870–2250</td> <td>1840–2230 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/ACT_(test)" title="ACT (test)">ACT</a> (average) </th> <td>N/A*</td> <td>N/A*</td> <td>31</td> <td>31</td> <td>31</td> <td>32</td> <td>32</td> <td>32</td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/GPA" class="mw-redirect" title="GPA">GPA</a> (unweighted) </th> <td>3.90</td> <td>3.87</td> <td>3.86</td> <td>3.89</td> <td>3.89</td> <td>3.91</td> <td>3.86</td> <td>3.87</td> <td>3.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="15">* Berkeley began test-blind admissions in 2021. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Discoveries_and_innovation">Discoveries and innovation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A simple flow chart showing the history and timeline of the development of Unix starting with one bubble at the top and 13 tributaries at the bottom of the flow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Unix_history-simple.svg/220px-Unix_history-simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Unix_history-simple.svg/220px-Unix_history-simple.svg.png" data-alt="A simple flow chart showing the history and timeline of the development of Unix starting with one bubble at the top and 13 tributaries at the bottom of the flow" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Unix_history-simple.svg/330px-Unix_history-simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Unix_history-simple.svg/440px-Unix_history-simple.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Simplified evolution of <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems and <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_sciences">Natural sciences</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">Atomic bomb</a> – Physics professor <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> was wartime director of <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">Carbon 14</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kamen" title="Martin Kamen">Martin Kamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Ruben" title="Sam Ruben">Sam Ruben</a> first discovered carbon 14 in 1940, and Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a> and his colleagues used carbon 14 as a molecular tracer to reveal the carbon assimilation path in photosynthesis, known as <a href="/wiki/Light-independent_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-independent reactions">Calvin cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogens">Carcinogens</a> – Identified chemicals that damage DNA. The <a href="/wiki/Ames_test" title="Ames test">Ames test</a> was described in a series of papers in 1973 by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a> and his group at the university.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical elements</a> – Sixteen elements have been discovered at Berkeley (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">lawrencium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">rutherfordium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">seaborgium</a>).<a href="#cite_note-alumni.berkeley.edu-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-llnl.gov-145">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">Covalent bond</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a> in 1916 described the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, and invented the Lewis notation to describe the mechanisms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR gene editing</a> – Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> discovered a precise and inexpensive way for manipulating DNA in human cells.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">Cyclotron</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernest_O._Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest O. Lawrence">Ernest O. Lawrence</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> in 1934, and was awarded the Nobel Physics Prize in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a> and many others in the <a href="/wiki/Supernova_Cosmology_Project" title="Supernova Cosmology Project">Supernova Cosmology Project</a> discover the universe is expanding because of dark energy 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flu_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu vaccination">Flu vaccine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wendell_M._Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendell M. Stanley">Wendell M. Stanley</a> and colleagues discovered the vaccine in the 1940s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">Hydrogen bomb</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>, the father of hydrogen bomb, was a professor at Berkeley and a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy_of_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunotherapy of cancer">Immunotherapy of cancer</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> discovers and develops <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody_therapy" title="Monoclonal antibody therapy">monoclonal antibody therapy</a> that uses the immune system to combat cancer 1992–1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a> – <a href="/wiki/Allan_Wilson_(biologist)" title="Allan Wilson (biologist)">Allan Wilson</a> discovery in 1967.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marian_Diamond" title="Marian Diamond">Marian Diamond</a> discovers structural, biochemical, and synaptic changes in brain caused by environmental enrichment 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncogene" title="Oncogene">Oncogene</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Duesberg" title="Peter Duesberg">Peter Duesberg</a> discovers first cancer causing gene in a virus 1970s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">Telomerase</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Blackburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn">Elizabeth H. Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Greider">Carol Greider</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Szostak">Jack Szostak</a> discover enzyme that promotes cell division and growth 1985.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Anderson_Emerson" title="Gladys Anderson Emerson">Gladys Anderson Emerson</a> isolates Vitamin E in a pure form in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_and_applied_sciences">Computer and applied sciences</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_RISC" title="Berkeley RISC">Berkeley RISC</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_(computer_scientist)" title="David Patterson (computer scientist)">David Patterson</a> leads <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/VLSI_project" class="mw-redirect" title="VLSI project">VLSI project</a> of <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> design 1980–1984.<a href="#cite_note-coinrisk-149">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley UNIX">Berkeley UNIX/Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Computer_Systems_Research_Group" title="Computer Systems Research Group">Computer Systems Research Group</a> was a research group at Berkeley that was dedicated to enhancing <a href="/wiki/Old_AT%26T" class="mw-redirect" title="Old AT&T">AT&T</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system and funded by <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a> modified the code and released it in 1977 under the open source <a href="/wiki/BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a>, starting an open-source revolution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep sea diving">Deep sea diving</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joel_Henry_Hildebrand" title="Joel Henry Hildebrand">Joel Henry Hildebrand</a> used <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to mitigate <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a> – In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Kimball_(computer_programmer)" title="Spencer Kimball (computer programmer)">Spencer Kimball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mattis" title="Peter Mattis">Peter Mattis</a> began developing GIMP as a semester-long project at Berkeley.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a> – invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Augustus_Larson" title="John Augustus Larson">John Augustus Larson</a> and a police officer from the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Police_Department" title="Berkeley Police Department">Berkeley Police Department</a> in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Genie" title="Project Genie">Project Genie</a> – <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> funded project. It produced an early <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> system including the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Timesharing_System" title="Berkeley Timesharing System">Berkeley Timesharing System</a>, which was then commercialized as the <a href="/wiki/SDS_940" title="SDS 940">SDS 940</a>. Concepts from Project Genie influenced the development of the <a href="/wiki/TENEX_(operating_system)" title="TENEX (operating system)">TENEX</a> operating system for the <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, which inherited the concept of <a href="/wiki/Fork_(system_call)" title="Fork (system call)">process forking</a> from it.<a href="#cite_note-Ritchie-152">[149]</a> Unix co-creator <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson_(computer_programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ken Thompson (computer programmer)">Ken Thompson</a> worked on Project Genie while at Berkeley.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICE" title="SPICE">SPICE</a> – <a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Pederson" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald O. Pederson">Donald O. Pederson</a> develops the Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE) 1972.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tcl_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tcl programming language">Tcl programming language</a> – developed by <a href="/wiki/John_Ousterhout" title="John Ousterhout">John Ousterhout</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a></li> <li>Three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chenming_Hu" title="Chenming Hu">Chenming Hu</a> won the 2014 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a> for developing the "first 3-dimensional transistors, which radically advanced semiconductor technology."<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">Vi</a> text editor – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a> created the first Vi editor in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a> invents first wetsuit 1952.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Companies_and_entrepreneurship">Companies and entrepreneurship</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a>, 1979 (as <a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a>), co-founder <a href="/wiki/Alan_Miller_(game_designer)" title="Alan Miller (game designer)">Alan Miller</a> (BS) and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kaplan" title="Larry Kaplan">Larry Kaplan</a> (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_Group" title="American International Group">AIG</a>, 1919, founder <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vander_Starr" title="Cornelius Vander Starr">Cornelius Vander Starr</a> (Attended)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, 1976, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a> (BS)<a href="#cite_note-AppleByWoz-158">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Systems" title="Berkeley Systems">Berkeley Systems</a>, 1987, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Joan_Blades" title="Joan Blades">Joan Blades</a> (BA)<a href="#cite_note-Joan_Blades-159">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt,_Beranek_and_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt, Beranek and Newman">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a>, 1948, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bolt" title="Richard Bolt">Richard Bolt</a> (BA, MA, PhD)<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernin_Entertainment" title="Chernin Entertainment">Chernin Entertainment</a>, 2009, founder <a href="/wiki/Peter_Chernin" title="Peter Chernin">Peter Chernin</a> (BA)<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chez_Panisse" title="Chez Panisse">Chez Panisse</a>, 1971, founder <a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a> (BA)<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, 2012, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a> (PhD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Databricks" title="Databricks">Databricks</a>, 2013, founders <a href="/wiki/Ali_Ghodsi" title="Ali Ghodsi">Ali Ghodsi</a> (PhD), <a href="/wiki/Matei_Zaharia" title="Matei Zaharia">Matei Zaharia</a> (PhD), <a href="/wiki/Ion_Stoica" title="Ion Stoica">Ion Stoica</a> (Professor), <a href="/wiki/Reynold_Xin" title="Reynold Xin">Reynold Xin</a> (PhD), Andy Konwinski (PhD), Arsalan Tavakoli-Shiraji (PhD), and Patrick Wendell (PhD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHL_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="DHL Express">DHL</a>, 1969, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hillblom" title="Larry Hillblom">Larry Hillblom</a> (JD)<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, 1995, founder <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Omidyar" title="Pierre Omidyar">Pierre Omidyar</a> (Attended)<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_Inc." title="Gap Inc.">Gap Inc.</a>, 1969, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Donald_Fisher" title="Donald Fisher">Donald Fisher</a> (BS)<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a>, 2001 (as KeyHole Inc.), co-founder John Hanke (MBA)<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GrandCentral" class="mw-redirect" title="GrandCentral">GrandCentral</a>, 2009 (as <a href="/wiki/Google_Voice" title="Google Voice">Google Voice</a>), co-founder Craig Walker (BA 1988, JD 1995)<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC Corporation</a>, 1997, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Cher_Wang" title="Cher Wang">Cher Wang</a> (BA, MA)<a href="#cite_note-HTC_VIA-170">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, 1968, co-founders <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a> (BS) and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andy Grove</a> (PhD)<a href="#cite_note-IntelByMoore-171">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSI_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="LSI Logic">LSI Logic</a>, 1980, co-founder Robert Walker (BS)<a href="#cite_note-LSIByWalker-172">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvell Technology Group">Marvell Technology Group</a>, 1995, co-founders <a href="/wiki/Sehat_Sutardja" title="Sehat Sutardja">Sehat Sutardja</a> (MS, PhD) and <a href="/wiki/Weili_Dai" title="Weili Dai">Weili Dai</a> (BA)<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>, 1924 (as <a href="/wiki/Dean_Witter_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Dean Witter & Co.">Dean Witter & Co.</a>), co-founder <a href="/wiki/Dean_G._Witter" title="Dean G. Witter">Dean G. Witter</a> (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation" title="Mozilla Corporation">Mozilla Corporation</a>, 2005, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Baker" title="Mitchell Baker">Mitchell Baker</a> (BA, JD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a>, 2003, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Tom_Anderson" title="Tom Anderson">Tom Anderson</a> (BA)<a href="#cite_note-MySpaceByAnderson-174">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsware" title="Opsware">Opsware</a>, 1997, co-founder Sik Rhee (BS)<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerBar" title="PowerBar">PowerBar</a>, 1986, co-founders <a href="/wiki/Brian_Maxwell" title="Brian Maxwell">Brian Maxwell</a> (BA) and Jennifer Maxwell (BS)<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedOctane" title="RedOctane">RedOctane</a>, 1999, co-founders Charles Huang (BA) and Kai Huang (BA)<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Technologies" title="Renaissance Technologies">Renaissance Technologies</a>, 1982, founder <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_Simons" class="mw-redirect" title="James Harris Simons">James Simons</a> (PhD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, 1998, founders Senh Duong (BA), Patrick Y. Lee (BA) and Stephen Wang (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a>, 1988, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Mehrotra" title="Sanjay Mehrotra">Sanjay Mehrotra</a> (BS, MS)<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharffen_Berger_Chocolate_Maker" title="Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker">Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker</a>, 1996, co-founder John Scharffenberger (BA)<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">Softbank</a>, 1981, founder <a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_Son" title="Masayoshi Son">Masayoshi Son</a> (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, 1982, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a> (MS)<a href="#cite_note-SunByJoy-180">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>, 2003, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning" title="Marc Tarpenning">Marc Tarpenning</a> (BS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Company" title="The Learning Company">The Learning Company</a>, 1980, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Warren_Robinett" title="Warren Robinett">Warren Robinett</a> (MS)<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a>, 1998, co-founders <a href="/wiki/Diane_Greene" title="Diane Greene">Diane Greene</a> (MS) and <a href="/wiki/Mendel_Rosenblum" title="Mendel Rosenblum">Mendel Rosenblum</a> (PhD)<a href="#cite_note-VMwareByWangEtAl-182">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilog" title="Zilog">Zilog</a>, 1974, co-founder Ralph Ungermannn (BSEE)<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Campus_of_the_University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="Campus of the University of California, Berkeley">Campus of the University of California, Berkeley</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sather_Gate_at_University_of_California,_Berkeley,_California_LCCN2013633500_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sather_Gate_at_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_LCCN2013633500_%28edited%29.jpg/220px-Sather_Gate_at_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_LCCN2013633500_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="3516"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sather_Gate_at_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_LCCN2013633500_%28edited%29.jpg/220px-Sather_Gate_at_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_LCCN2013633500_%28edited%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sather_Gate_at_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_LCCN2013633500_%28edited%29.jpg/330px-Sather_Gate_at_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_LCCN2013633500_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sather_Gate_at_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_LCCN2013633500_%28edited%29.jpg/440px-Sather_Gate_at_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_LCCN2013633500_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sather_Gate" title="Sather Gate">Sather Gate</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/Sproul_Plaza" title="Sproul Plaza">Sproul Plaza</a> to the inner campus, was a center of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a>.</figcaption></figure> Much of the Berkeley campus is in the city limits of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a> with portion of the property extending into <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> It encompasses approximately 1,232-acres, though the "central campus" occupies only the low-lying western 178-acres of this area. Of the remaining acres, approximately 200-acres are occupied by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; other facilities above the main campus include the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Hall_of_Science" title="Lawrence Hall of Science">Lawrence Hall of Science</a> and several research units, notably the <a href="/wiki/Space_Sciences_Laboratory" title="Space Sciences Laboratory">Space Sciences Laboratory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Sciences_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical Sciences Research Institute">Mathematical Sciences Research Institute</a>, an 800-acre (320-hectare) ecological preserve, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Botanical_Garden" title="University of California Botanical Garden">University of California Botanical Garden</a> and a recreation center in Strawberry Canyon. Portions of the mostly undeveloped, eastern area of the campus are actually within the <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">City of Oakland</a>; these portions extend from the <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Claremont Resort">Claremont Resort</a> north through the <a href="/wiki/Panoramic_Hill,_Oakland/Berkeley,_California" title="Panoramic Hill, Oakland/Berkeley, California">Panoramic Hill</a> neighborhood to <a href="/wiki/Tilden_Regional_Park" title="Tilden Regional Park">Tilden Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> To the west of the central campus is the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Berkeley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Berkeley, California">downtown business district of Berkeley</a>; to the northwest is the neighborhood of North Berkeley, including the so-called <a href="/wiki/Gourmet_ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Gourmet ghetto">Gourmet Ghetto</a>, a commercial district known for high quality dining due to the presence of such world-renowned restaurants as <a href="/wiki/Chez_Panisse" title="Chez Panisse">Chez Panisse</a>. Immediately to the north is a quiet residential neighborhood known as <a href="/wiki/Northside,_Berkeley,_California" title="Northside, Berkeley, California">Northside</a> with a large graduate student population;<a href="#cite_note-berk-post-doc-186">[183]</a> situated north of that are the upscale residential neighborhoods of the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hills" title="Berkeley Hills">Berkeley Hills</a>. Immediately southeast of campus lies fraternity row and beyond that the <a href="/wiki/Clark_Kerr_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Kerr Campus">Clark Kerr Campus</a> and an upscale residential area named <a href="/wiki/Claremont,_Oakland/Berkeley,_California" title="Claremont, Oakland/Berkeley, California">Claremont</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Southside,_Berkeley,_California" title="Southside, Berkeley, California">area south of the university</a> includes student housing and <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Avenue" title="Telegraph Avenue">Telegraph Avenue</a>, one of Berkeley's main shopping districts with stores, street vendors and restaurants catering to college students and tourists. In addition, the university also owns land to the northwest of the main campus, a married student housing complex in the nearby town of Albany ("Albany Village" and the "Gill Tract"), and a <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Global_Campus_at_Richmond_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley Global Campus at Richmond Bay">field research station</a> several miles to the north in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_California" title="Richmond, California">Richmond, California</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bancroft_Library_-_University_of_California,_Berkeley_-_DSC04902.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bancroft_Library_-_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_-_DSC04902.JPG/220px-Bancroft_Library_-_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_-_DSC04902.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bancroft_Library_-_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_-_DSC04902.JPG/220px-Bancroft_Library_-_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_-_DSC04902.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bancroft_Library_-_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_-_DSC04902.JPG/330px-Bancroft_Library_-_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_-_DSC04902.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bancroft_Library_-_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_-_DSC04902.JPG/440px-Bancroft_Library_-_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_-_DSC04902.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Library" title="Bancroft Library">Bancroft Library</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanischer_Garten_in_Berkeley,_California.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Botanischer_Garten_in_Berkeley%2C_California.JPG/220px-Botanischer_Garten_in_Berkeley%2C_California.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Botanischer_Garten_in_Berkeley%2C_California.JPG/220px-Botanischer_Garten_in_Berkeley%2C_California.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Botanischer_Garten_in_Berkeley%2C_California.JPG/330px-Botanischer_Garten_in_Berkeley%2C_California.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Botanischer_Garten_in_Berkeley%2C_California.JPG/440px-Botanischer_Garten_in_Berkeley%2C_California.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/UC_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Botanical Garden">UC Botanical Garden</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hills" title="Berkeley Hills">Berkeley Hills</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a></figcaption></figure> The campus is home to several museums including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Art_Museum_and_Pacific_Film_Archive" title="Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive">Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Hall_of_Science" title="Lawrence Hall of Science">Lawrence Hall of Science</a>. The Museum of Paleontology, found in the lobby of the Valley Life Sciences Building, showcases a variety of dinosaur fossils including a complete cast of a Tyrannosaurus Rex. The campus also offers resources for innovation and entrepreneurship, such as the Big Ideas Competition, the Sutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology, and the Berkeley Haas Innovation Lab.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> The campus is also home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Botanical_Garden" title="University of California Botanical Garden">University of California Botanical Garden</a>, with more than 12,000 individual species. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_California,_Berkeley.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="360-degree-view of the UC Berkeley campus"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg/1000px-University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="18796" data-file-height="3158"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg/1000px-University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1000" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg/1500px-University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg/2000px-University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_California,_Berkeley.jpg" title="File:University of California, Berkeley.jpg"> </a></div>360-degree-view of the UC Berkeley campus</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Hall--UC_Berkeley--Panoramic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/South_Hall--UC_Berkeley--Panoramic.jpg/220px-South_Hall--UC_Berkeley--Panoramic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5764" data-file-height="2970"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/South_Hall--UC_Berkeley--Panoramic.jpg/220px-South_Hall--UC_Berkeley--Panoramic.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/South_Hall--UC_Berkeley--Panoramic.jpg/330px-South_Hall--UC_Berkeley--Panoramic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/South_Hall--UC_Berkeley--Panoramic.jpg/440px-South_Hall--UC_Berkeley--Panoramic.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Hall_(UC_Berkeley)" title="South Hall (UC Berkeley)">South Hall</a> (1873), one of the two original buildings of the University of California, still stands on the Berkeley campus.</figcaption></figure> What is considered the historic campus today was the result of the 1898 "International Competition for the <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Hearst" title="Phoebe Hearst">Phoebe Hearst</a> Architectural Plan for the University of California," funded by <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>'s mother and initially held in the Belgian city of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>; eleven finalists were judged again in San Francisco in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> The winner was Frenchman <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_B%C3%A9nard" title="Émile Bénard">Émile Bénard</a>, who refused to personally supervise the implementation of his plan and the task was subsequently given to architecture professor <a href="/wiki/John_Galen_Howard" title="John Galen Howard">John Galen Howard</a>. Howard designed over twenty buildings, which set the tone for the campus up until its expansion in the 1950s and 1960s. The structures forming the "classical core" of the campus were built in the <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> Classical style, and include <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Greek_Theatre" title="Hearst Greek Theatre">Hearst Greek Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Memorial_Mining_Building" title="Hearst Memorial Mining Building">Hearst Memorial Mining Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doe_Memorial_Library" title="Doe Memorial Library">Doe Memorial Library</a>, California Hall, <a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Hall" title="Wheeler Hall">Wheeler Hall</a>, Le Conte Hall, Gilman Hall, Haviland Hall, Wellman Hall, <a href="/wiki/Sather_Gate" title="Sather Gate">Sather Gate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sather_Tower" title="Sather Tower">Sather Tower</a> (nicknamed "the Campanile" after its architectural inspiration, <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Campanile" title="St Mark's Campanile">St Mark's Campanile</a> in Venice), the tallest university clock tower in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> Buildings he regarded as temporary and non-academic were designed in shingle or <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegiate Gothic in North America">Collegiate Gothic</a> styles; examples of these are North Gate Hall, Dwinelle Annex, and Stephens Hall. Many of Howard's designs are recognized <a href="/wiki/California_Historical_Landmark" title="California Historical Landmark">California Historical Landmarks</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> and are listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. Built in 1873 in a <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Empire architecture">Second-Empire-style</a>, South Hall, designed by David Farquharson, is the oldest university building in California. It, and the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a>-designed <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Avenue_(Berkeley)" title="Piedmont Avenue (Berkeley)">Piedmont Avenue</a> east of the main campus, are two of the only surviving examples of the nineteenth-century campus. Other notable architects and firms whose work can be found in the campus and surrounding area are <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Maybeck" title="Bernard Maybeck">Bernard Maybeck</a><a href="#cite_note-mccoy-191">[188]</a> (Faculty Club); <a href="/wiki/Julia_Morgan" title="Julia Morgan">Julia Morgan</a> (Hearst Women's Gymnasium and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Morgan_Hall" title="Julia Morgan Hall">Julia Morgan Hall</a>); <a href="/wiki/William_Wurster" title="William Wurster">William Wurster</a> (Stern Hall); Moore Ruble Yudell (Haas School of Business); <a href="/wiki/Tod_Williams_Billie_Tsien_Architects" title="Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects">Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects</a> (C.V. Starr East Asian Library), and <a href="/wiki/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro" title="Diller Scofidio + Renfro">Diller Scofidio + Renfro</a> (Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_features">Natural features</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberry_Creek_near_Dwinelle_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Strawberry_Creek_near_Dwinelle_Hall.jpg/220px-Strawberry_Creek_near_Dwinelle_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1066"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Strawberry_Creek_near_Dwinelle_Hall.jpg/220px-Strawberry_Creek_near_Dwinelle_Hall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Strawberry_Creek_near_Dwinelle_Hall.jpg/330px-Strawberry_Creek_near_Dwinelle_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Strawberry_Creek_near_Dwinelle_Hall.jpg/440px-Strawberry_Creek_near_Dwinelle_Hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The south fork of <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Creek" title="Strawberry Creek">Strawberry Creek</a>, as seen between Dwinelle Hall and <a href="/wiki/Sproul_Plaza#Lower_Sproul" title="Sproul Plaza">Lower Sproul Plaza</a></figcaption></figure> Flowing into the main campus are two branches of <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Creek" title="Strawberry Creek">Strawberry Creek</a>. The south fork enters a culvert upstream of the recreational complex at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon and passes beneath <a href="/wiki/California_Memorial_Stadium" title="California Memorial Stadium">California Memorial Stadium</a> before appearing again in Faculty Glade. It then runs through the center of the campus before disappearing underground at the west end of campus. The north fork appears just east of <a href="/wiki/University_House,_Berkeley" title="University House, Berkeley">University House</a> and runs through the glade north of the Valley Life Sciences Building, the original site of the Campus Arboretum. Trees in the area date from the founding of the university. The campus features numerous wooded areas, including: <a href="/wiki/Founders%27_Rock" title="Founders' Rock">Founders' Rock</a>, Faculty Glade, Grinnell Natural Area, and the <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a> Grove, which is both the tallest stand of such trees in the world and the tallest stand of hardwood trees in North America.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> The campus sits on the <a href="/wiki/Hayward_Fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayward Fault">Hayward Fault</a>, which runs directly through California Memorial Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Student_life_and_traditions">Student life and traditions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cal_Football_From_Tightwad_Hill_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cal_Football_From_Tightwad_Hill_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/220px-Cal_Football_From_Tightwad_Hill_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cal_Football_From_Tightwad_Hill_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/220px-Cal_Football_From_Tightwad_Hill_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cal_Football_From_Tightwad_Hill_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/330px-Cal_Football_From_Tightwad_Hill_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cal_Football_From_Tightwad_Hill_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg/440px-Cal_Football_From_Tightwad_Hill_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fans atop <a href="/wiki/Tightwad_Hill" title="Tightwad Hill">Tightwad Hill</a> watch the <a href="/wiki/Cal_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Cal Band">Cal Band</a>, with views of the <a href="/wiki/California_Memorial_Stadium" title="California Memorial Stadium">stadium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>.</figcaption></figure> The official university mascot is <a href="/wiki/Oski_(mascot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oski (mascot)">Oski the Bear</a>, who debuted in 1941. Previously, live bear cubs were used as mascots at Memorial Stadium until it was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative. Named after the <a href="/wiki/The_Oski_Yell" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oski Yell">Oski-wow-wow</a> yell, he is cared for by the Oski Committee, whose members have exclusive knowledge of the identity of the costume-wearer.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Marching_Band" title="University of California Marching Band">University of California Marching Band</a>, which has served the university since 1891, performs at every home football game and at select road games as well. A smaller subset of the Cal Band, the Straw Hat Band, performs at basketball games, volleyball games, and other campus and community events.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> The UC Rally Committee, formed in 1901, is the official guardian of California's Spirit and Traditions. Wearing their traditional blue and gold rugbies, Rally Committee members can be seen at all major sporting and spirit events. Committee members are charged with the maintenance of the six Cal flags, the large California banner overhanging the Memorial Stadium Student Section and <a href="/wiki/Haas_Pavilion" title="Haas Pavilion">Haas Pavilion</a>, the California Victory Cannon, Card Stunts and <a href="/wiki/The_Big_%22C%22" title='The Big "C"'>The Big "C"</a> among other duties. The Rally Committee is also responsible for safekeeping of the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Axe" title="Stanford Axe">Stanford Axe</a> when it is in Cal's possession.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Overlooking the main Berkeley campus from the foothills in the east, The Big "C" is an important symbol of California school spirit. The Big "C" has its roots in an early 20th-century campus event called "Rush," which pitted the freshman and sophomore classes against each other in a race up Charter Hill that often developed into a wrestling match. It was eventually decided to discontinue Rush and, in 1905, the freshman and sophomore classes banded together in a show of unity to build "the Big C."<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Students invented the college football tradition of <a href="/wiki/Card_stunt" title="Card stunt">card stunts</a>. Then known as Bleacher Stunts, they were first performed during the 1910 <a href="/wiki/Big_Game_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Game (football)">Big Game</a> and consisted of two stunts: a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue "C" on a white background. The tradition is continued today by the Rally Committee in the Cal <a href="/wiki/Student_section" title="Student section">student section</a> and incorporates complicated motions, for example tracing the Cal script logo on a blue background with an imaginary yellow pen.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> The California Victory Cannon, placed on <a href="/wiki/Tightwad_Hill" title="Tightwad Hill">Tightwad Hill</a> overlooking the stadium, is fired before every football home game, after every score, and after every Cal victory. First used in the 1963 Big Game, it was originally placed on the sidelines before moving to Tightwad Hill in 1971. The only time the cannon ran out of ammunition was during a game against <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_(United_States)" title="University of the Pacific (United States)">Pacific</a> in 1991, when Cal scored 12 touchdowns.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> The Cal Mic Men, a standard at home football games, has recently expanded to involve basketball and volleyball. The traditional role comes from students holding megaphones and yelling, but now includes microphones, a dedicated platform during games, and the direction of the entire student section.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_housing">Student housing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Housing_at_the_University_of_California,_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing at the University of California, Berkeley">Housing at the University of California, Berkeley</a></div> Berkeley students are offered a variety of housing options, including university-owned or affiliated residences, private residences, fraternities and sororities, and cooperative housing (co-ops). Berkeley students, and those of other local schools, have the option of living in one of the twenty cooperative houses participating in the Berkeley Student Cooperative (BSC), a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofit">nonprofit</a> <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">housing cooperative</a> network consisting of 20 residences and 1250 member-owners.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fraternities_and_sororities">Fraternities and sororities</h4></div> About three percent of undergraduate men and nine percent of undergraduate women—or 3,400 of total undergraduates—are active in Berkeley's Greek system.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> University-sanctioned fraternities and sororities comprise over 60 houses affiliated with four Greek councils.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student-run_organizations">Student-run organizations</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Associated_Students_of_the_University_of_California_(ASUC)">Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Associated_Students_of_the_University_of_California" title="Associated Students of the University of California">Associated Students of the University of California</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellness_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Wellness_Room.jpg/220px-Wellness_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5521" data-file-height="3681"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Wellness_Room.jpg/220px-Wellness_Room.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Wellness_Room.jpg/330px-Wellness_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Wellness_Room.jpg/440px-Wellness_Room.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wellness Room sleep pods: part of a program created by the ASUC, UC Berkeley's official student association.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Students_of_the_University_of_California" title="Associated Students of the University of California">Associated Students of the University of California</a> (ASUC) is the official <a href="/wiki/Student_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Student association">student association</a> that controls funding for student groups and organizes on-campus student events. The two main political parties are "Student Action"<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> and "CalSERVE."<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> The organization was founded in 1887 and has an annual operating budget of $1.7 million (excluding the budget of the Graduate Assembly of the ASUC), in addition to various investment assets. Its alumni include multiple State Senators, Assemblymembers, and White House Administration officials.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Media_and_publications">Media and publications</h4></div> Berkeley's student-run online television station, <a href="/wiki/CalTV" title="CalTV">CalTV</a>, was formed in 2005 and broadcasts online. It is run by students with a variety of backgrounds and majors. Since the mid-2010s, it has been a program of the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Students_of_the_University_of_California" title="Associated Students of the University of California">ASUC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> Berkeley's independent student-run newspaper is <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Californian" title="The Daily Californian">The Daily Californian</a>. Founded in 1871, The Daily Cal became independent in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors for encouraging readers to take back <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Park_(Berkeley)" title="People's Park (Berkeley)">People's Park</a>. The Daily Californian has both a print and online edition. Berkeley's FM <a href="/wiki/Student_radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Student radio station">student radio station</a>, <a href="/wiki/KALX" title="KALX">KALX</a>, broadcasts on 90.7 MHz. It is run largely by volunteers, including both students and community members. Berkeley also features an assortment of student-run publications: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Law_Review" title="California Law Review">California Law Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Law journal">law journal</a> published by <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law" title="UC Berkeley School of Law">Berkeley Law</a>, est. 1912.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Poetry_Review" title="Berkeley Poetry Review">Berkeley Poetry Review</a>, national <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry journal</a>, est. 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Fiction_Review" title="Berkeley Fiction Review">Berkeley Fiction Review</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">literary magazine</a>, est. 1981.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuristic_Squelch" title="Heuristic Squelch">Heuristic Squelch</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_satire" title="News satire">satirical newspaper</a>, est. 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Patriot" title="California Patriot">California Patriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> political magazine, est. 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Political_Review" title="Berkeley Political Review">Berkeley Political Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a> political magazine, est. 2001.</li> <li>Caliber Magazine, an "everything magazine," featuring articles and blogs on a wide range of topics, est. 2008.</li> <li>B-Side, music magazine, est. 2013.</li> <li>Smart Ass, <a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">liberal</a> magazine, est. 2015.</li> <li>Berkeley Economic Review, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> journal, est. 2016.</li> <li>Business Berkeley, <a href="/wiki/Haas_School_of_Business" title="Haas School of Business">Haas</a> undergraduate journal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_groups">Student groups</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"DeCal" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/DeCal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="DeCal (disambiguation)">DeCal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkeley_DM_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Berkeley_DM_2009.JPG/220px-Berkeley_DM_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Berkeley_DM_2009.JPG/220px-Berkeley_DM_2009.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Berkeley_DM_2009.JPG/330px-Berkeley_DM_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Berkeley_DM_2009.JPG/440px-Berkeley_DM_2009.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Berkeley Dance <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zellerbach01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zellerbach01.jpg/220px-Zellerbach01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4194" data-file-height="2910"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zellerbach01.jpg/220px-Zellerbach01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zellerbach01.jpg/330px-Zellerbach01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zellerbach01.jpg/440px-Zellerbach01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Zellerbach Hall, home of the Cal Performances theater group</figcaption></figure> There are ninety-four political student groups on campus, including MEChXA de UC Berkeley, Berkeley <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a>, Berkeley Students for Life, Campus Greens, The Sustainability Team (STEAM), the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Student_Food_Collective" title="Berkeley Student Food Collective">Berkeley Student Food Collective</a>, Students for Sensible Drug Policy, Cal Berkeley Democrats, and the Berkeley College Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> The Residence Hall Assembly (RHA) is the student-led umbrella organization that oversees event planning, legislation, sponsorships and other activities for over 7,200 on-campus undergraduate residents.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> Berkeley students also run a number of consulting groups, including the Berkeley Group, founded in 2003 and affiliated with the Haas School.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> Students from various concentrations are recruited and trained to work on pro-bono consulting engagements with actual nonprofit clients. Berkeley Consulting, founded in 1996, has served over 140 companies across the high-tech, retail, banking, and non-profit sectors.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> ImagiCal has been the college chapter of the <a href="/wiki/American_Advertising_Federation" title="American Advertising Federation">American Advertising Federation</a> at Berkeley since the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> The team competes annually in the National Student Advertising Competition, with students from disparate majors working together on a marketing case underwritten by a corporate sponsor. The <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Forum" title="Berkeley Forum">Berkeley Forum</a> is a nonpartisan student organization that hosts panels, debates, and speeches across a variety of fields.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> Past speakers include <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a>, entrepreneur and venture capitalist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman Khan (educator)">Salman Khan</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UCSO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/UCSO.jpg/220px-UCSO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/UCSO.jpg/220px-UCSO.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/UCSO.jpg/330px-UCSO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/UCSO.jpg/440px-UCSO.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>UC Berkeley Symphony Orchestra</figcaption></figure> Democratic Education at Cal, or DeCal, is a program that promotes the creation of professor-sponsored, student-facilitated classes.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> DeCal arose out of the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Speech movement">Free Speech movement</a> and was officially established in 1981. The program offers around 150 courses on a vast range of subjects that appeal to the student community, including classes on the <a href="/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube" title="Rubik's Cube">Rubik's Cube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">web design</a>, metamodernism, <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, Jewish art, <a href="/wiki/3D_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="3D animation">3D animation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3D_bioprinting" title="3D bioprinting">bioprinting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> The campus is home to several <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> groups, including Drawn to Scale, Artists in Resonance, Berkeley Dil Se, the <a href="/wiki/UC_Men%27s_Octet" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Men's Octet">UC Men's Octet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/California_Golden_Overtones" title="California Golden Overtones">California Golden Overtones</a>, DeCadence, and Noteworthy. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Men%27s_Octet" title="University of California Men's Octet">University of California Men's Octet</a> was founded in 1948. Since 1967, students and staff jazz musicians have had an opportunity to perform and study with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Jazz_Ensembles" title="University of California Jazz Ensembles">University of California Jazz Ensembles</a>. For several decades it hosted the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival, part of the American Collegiate Jazz Festival, a competitive forum for student musicians. PCCJF brought jazz artists including <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Laws" title="Hubert Laws">Hubert Laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Hubbard" title="Freddie Hubbard">Freddie Hubbard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Shaughnessy" title="Ed Shaughnessy">Ed Shaughnessy</a> to the Berkeley campus as performers. Berkeley also hosts other performing arts groups in comedy, dance, acting and instrumental music. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Engineering_Student_Teams">Engineering Student Teams</h4></div> Given Berkeley's <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> education, there are a variety of student-run engineering teams that focus on winning design and engineering competitions. Berkeley has two prominent <a href="/wiki/Amateur_rocketry" title="Amateur rocketry">amateur rocketry</a> teams: Space Enterprise at Berkeley (SEB)<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> and Space Technologies and Rocketry (STAR).<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> Both have launched solid-fuel <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rockets</a> and are currently developing <a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">liquid propellant rockets</a>. The university also has two <a href="/wiki/Formula_SAE" title="Formula SAE">Formula SAE</a> teams: Berkeley Formula Racing<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> and Formula Electric Berkeley.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> Both of these teams participate in Formula SAE–run competitions, with the former focusing on internal combustion engines and the latter on electric motors. Berkeley has a number of other vehicle teams, including CalSol,<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> CalSMV,<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> and Human Powered Vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletics">Athletics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/California_Golden_Bears" title="California Golden Bears">California Golden Bears</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Memorial_Stadium_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/California_Memorial_Stadium_2015.jpg/220px-California_Memorial_Stadium_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6033" data-file-height="2813"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 103px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/California_Memorial_Stadium_2015.jpg/220px-California_Memorial_Stadium_2015.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="103" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/California_Memorial_Stadium_2015.jpg/330px-California_Memorial_Stadium_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/California_Memorial_Stadium_2015.jpg/440px-California_Memorial_Stadium_2015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The base of the <a href="/wiki/California_Memorial_Stadium" title="California Memorial Stadium">California Memorial Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haas_Pavilion_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Haas_Pavilion_Court.jpg/220px-Haas_Pavilion_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Haas_Pavilion_Court.jpg/220px-Haas_Pavilion_Court.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Haas_Pavilion_Court.jpg/330px-Haas_Pavilion_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Haas_Pavilion_Court.jpg/440px-Haas_Pavilion_Court.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The interior of <a href="/wiki/Haas_Pavilion" title="Haas Pavilion">Haas Pavilion</a> during a <a href="/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_men%27s_basketball" title="California Golden Bears men's basketball">Cal Basketball</a> game</figcaption></figure> The university's athletic teams are known as the <a href="/wiki/California_Golden_Bears" title="California Golden Bears">California Golden Bears</a>, often shortened to "Cal Bears" or just "Cal," and were historically members of the NCAA Division I <a href="/wiki/Pac-12_Conference" title="Pac-12 Conference">Pac-12 Conference</a> (Pac-12). Cal is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Pacific_Sports_Federation" title="Mountain Pacific Sports Federation">Mountain Pacific Sports Federation</a> in several sports not sponsored by the Pac-12 and the <a href="/wiki/America_East_Conference" title="America East Conference">America East Conference</a> in women's <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>. In 2024, Cal joined the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">Atlantic Coast Conference</a> (ACC).<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> The first school colors, established in 1873 by a committee of students, were <a href="/wiki/Yale_Blue" title="Yale Blue">Yale Blue</a> and gold.<a href="#cite_note-colors-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Resource_Guide:_Student_history-226">[223]</a> Yale Blue was originally chosen because many of the university's inaugural faculty were Yale graduates, including Henry Durant, its first president. Blue and gold were specified and made the official colors of the university and the state colors of California in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-colors-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> In 2014, the athletic department specified a darker blue.<a href="#cite_note-AthleticColors-228">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrandColors-229">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/California_Golden_Bears" title="California Golden Bears">California Golden Bears</a> have won national championships in baseball (2), men's basketball (2), men's crew (15), women's crew (3), football (5), men's golf (1), men's gymnastics (4), men's lacrosse (1), men's rugby (26), softball (1), men's swimming & diving (4), women's swimming & diving (3), men's tennis (1), men's track & field (1), and men's water polo (13). Students and alumni have also won <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American universities with Olympic medals">207 Olympic medals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> California finished in first place in the 2007–08 Fall U.S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup standings (now the <a href="/wiki/NACDA_Directors%27_Cup" title="NACDA Directors' Cup">NACDA Directors' Cup</a>), a competition measuring the best overall collegiate athletic programs in the country, with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> It finished the 2007–08 competition in seventh place with 1119 points.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> Most recently, California finished in third place in the 2010–11 NACDA Directors' Cup with 1219.50 points, finishing behind Stanford and Ohio State. This is California's highest ever finish in the Director's Cup.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> The Golden Bears' traditional arch-rival is the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal" title="Stanford Cardinal">Stanford Cardinal</a>, and the most anticipated sporting event between the two universities is the annual football match dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Big_Game_(American_football)" title="Big Game (American football)">Big Game</a>, celebrated with spirit events on both campuses. Since 1933, the winner of the Big Game has been awarded custody of <a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Axe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Stanford Axe">the Stanford Axe</a>. Other sporting games between these rivals have related names such as the Big Splash (water polo) or the Big Kick (soccer).<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notable_alumni,_faculty,_and_staff">Notable alumni, faculty, and staff</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty_and_staff">Faculty and staff</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_California,_Berkeley_faculty" title="List of University of California, Berkeley faculty">List of University of California, Berkeley faculty</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron,_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg/220px-University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5668" data-file-height="4472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg/220px-University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg/330px-University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg/440px-University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>University of California Radiation Laboratory staff on the magnet yoke for the 60-inch cyclotron, 1938; Nobel prize-winners <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> are shown, in addition to <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a>, a leading geometer of the 20th century, co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Sciences_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical Sciences Research Institute">Mathematical Sciences Research Institute</a> and served as its founding Director until 1984.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSRI_history-54">[54]</a></li> <li>Physicist <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> was scientific director of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> and was the founder of the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a></li> <li>Faculty member <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> was (together with <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanislaw Ulam</a>) the "father of the <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">hydrogen bomb</a>," who laid important foundations for the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Space_Sciences_Laboratory" title="Space Sciences Laboratory">Space Sciences Laboratory</a> at Berkeley.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>, a Nobel laureate in physics who invented the <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> at Berkeley, and founded the Radiation Laboratory on campus, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a>, former Dean of the College of Chemistry, was nominated 41 times for <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> He mentored and influenced numerous Berkeley Nobel laureates, including <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a> (1934 Nobel Prize), <a href="/wiki/William_F._Giauque" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Giauque">William F. Giauque</a> (1949 Nobel Prize), <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (1951 Nobel Prize), <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> (1960 Nobel Prize), and <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a> (1961 Nobel Prize).<a href="#cite_note-Lemelson-MIT-241">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, a Nobel laureate in chemistry who discovered or co-discovered ten chemical elements at Berkeley and served as Chancellor from 1958 to 1961.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Albert_Einstein" title="Hans Albert Einstein">Hans Albert Einstein</a>, the first son of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and a world's leading scholar in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">hydraulic engineering</a>, was a long-time faculty member at Berkeley.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> (PhD 1976), the 12th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a> and Nobel laureate in physics, was Director of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley Lab">Berkeley Lab</a> from 2004 to 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a>, 78th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Treasury">United States Secretary of Treasury</a> and the 15th <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair of the Federal Reserve</a>, is a professor emeritus at Berkeley <a href="/wiki/Haas_School_of_Business" title="Haas School of Business">Haas School of Business</a> and the Department of Economics.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni">Alumni</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_California,_Berkeley_alumni" title="List of University of California, Berkeley alumni">List of University of California, Berkeley alumni</a>.</div>Alumni have included 260 <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> Fellows,<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> 34 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winners, 25 <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">living billionaire alumni</a>,<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> 22 <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> members, 68 recipients of the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, 190 recipients of the <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> 144 members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> 139 <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellows" class="mw-redirect" title="Guggenheim Fellows">Guggenheim Fellows</a>, and 125 <a href="/wiki/Sloan_Fellows" title="Sloan Fellows">Sloan Fellows</a>, and 75 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Earl_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earl Warren, BA 1912, LLB 1914, 14th Chief Justice of the United States, 30th Governor of California"><noscript><img alt="Earl Warren, BA 1912, LLB 1914, 14th Chief Justice of the United States, 30th Governor of California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg/96px-Earl_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="773"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg/96px-Earl_Warren.jpg" data-alt="Earl Warren, BA 1912, LLB 1914, 14th Chief Justice of the United States, 30th Governor of California" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg/144px-Earl_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg/192px-Earl_Warren.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, BA 1912, LLB 1914, 14th <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>, 30th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steven Chu, PhD 1976, Nobel laureate, 12th United States Secretary of Energy"><noscript><img alt="Steven Chu, PhD 1976, Nobel laureate, 12th United States Secretary of Energy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait_crop.jpg/94px-Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1075"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait_crop.jpg/94px-Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait_crop.jpg" data-alt="Steven Chu, PhD 1976, Nobel laureate, 12th United States Secretary of Energy" data-width="94" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait_crop.jpg/142px-Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait_crop.jpg/189px-Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a>, PhD 1976, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> laureate, 12th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Jennifer_Granholm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jennifer Granholm, BA 1984, 16th United States Secretary of Energy, 47th Governor of Michigan"><noscript><img alt="Jennifer Granholm, BA 1984, 16th United States Secretary of Energy, 47th Governor of Michigan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Secretary_Jennifer_Granholm.jpg/96px-Secretary_Jennifer_Granholm.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3497" data-file-height="4371"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Secretary_Jennifer_Granholm.jpg/96px-Secretary_Jennifer_Granholm.jpg" data-alt="Jennifer Granholm, BA 1984, 16th United States Secretary of Energy, 47th Governor of Michigan" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Secretary_Jennifer_Granholm.jpg/144px-Secretary_Jennifer_Granholm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Secretary_Jennifer_Granholm.jpg/192px-Secretary_Jennifer_Granholm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a>, BA 1984, 16th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a>, 47th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">Governor of Michigan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Z_A_Bhutto_(President_of_Pakistan).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, BA 1950,[251] 4th President of Pakistan, 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan"><noscript><img alt="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, BA 1950,[251] 4th President of Pakistan, 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg/83px-Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="2018"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg/83px-Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg" data-alt="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, BA 1950,[251] 4th President of Pakistan, 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg/125px-Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg/167px-Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, BA 1950,<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> 4th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>, 9th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Reich,_Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Reich, Professor of Public Policy, 22nd United States Secretary of Labor"><noscript><img alt="Robert Reich, Professor of Public Policy, 22nd United States Secretary of Labor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Robert_Reich%2C_Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Robert_Reich%2C_Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="2614"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Robert_Reich%2C_Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Robert_Reich%2C_Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Robert Reich, Professor of Public Policy, 22nd United States Secretary of Labor" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Robert_Reich%2C_Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Robert_Reich%2C_Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Robert_Reich%2C_Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Robert_Reich%2C_Edmond_J._Safra_Center_for_Ethics_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Robert Reich</a>, Professor of Public Policy, 22nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">United States Secretary of Labor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Christina_Romer,_Commonwealth_Club_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christina Romer, Professor of Economics, 25th Chairperson of the President's Council of Economic Advisers"><noscript><img alt="Christina Romer, Professor of Economics, 25th Chairperson of the President's Council of Economic Advisers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Christina_Romer%2C_Commonwealth_Club_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Christina_Romer%2C_Commonwealth_Club_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2295"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Christina_Romer%2C_Commonwealth_Club_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Christina_Romer%2C_Commonwealth_Club_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Christina Romer, Professor of Economics, 25th Chairperson of the President's Council of Economic Advisers" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Christina_Romer%2C_Commonwealth_Club_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Christina_Romer%2C_Commonwealth_Club_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Christina_Romer%2C_Commonwealth_Club_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Christina_Romer%2C_Commonwealth_Club_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a>, Professor of Economics, 25th <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chairperson of the President's Council of Economic Advisers</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Wozniak_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steve Wozniak, BS 1986, cofounder of Apple Inc."><noscript><img alt="Steve Wozniak, BS 1986, cofounder of Apple Inc." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steve_Wozniak_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/90px-Steve_Wozniak_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="2764"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steve_Wozniak_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/90px-Steve_Wozniak_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" data-alt="Steve Wozniak, BS 1986, cofounder of Apple Inc." data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steve_Wozniak_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/135px-Steve_Wozniak_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steve_Wozniak_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/179px-Steve_Wozniak_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a>, BS 1986, cofounder of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajiv_L_Gupta_George_Barclay_Gordon_Moore_ID2004_(cropped,_Moore).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gordon Moore, BS 1950, cofounder of semiconductor company Intel"><noscript><img alt="Gordon Moore, BS 1950, cofounder of semiconductor company Intel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rajiv_L_Gupta_George_Barclay_Gordon_Moore_ID2004_%28cropped%2C_Moore%29.JPG/90px-Rajiv_L_Gupta_George_Barclay_Gordon_Moore_ID2004_%28cropped%2C_Moore%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="947"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rajiv_L_Gupta_George_Barclay_Gordon_Moore_ID2004_%28cropped%2C_Moore%29.JPG/90px-Rajiv_L_Gupta_George_Barclay_Gordon_Moore_ID2004_%28cropped%2C_Moore%29.JPG" data-alt="Gordon Moore, BS 1950, cofounder of semiconductor company Intel" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rajiv_L_Gupta_George_Barclay_Gordon_Moore_ID2004_%28cropped%2C_Moore%29.JPG/135px-Rajiv_L_Gupta_George_Barclay_Gordon_Moore_ID2004_%28cropped%2C_Moore%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rajiv_L_Gupta_George_Barclay_Gordon_Moore_ID2004_%28cropped%2C_Moore%29.JPG/180px-Rajiv_L_Gupta_George_Barclay_Gordon_Moore_ID2004_%28cropped%2C_Moore%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a>, BS 1950, cofounder of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> company <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_E_Schmidt,_2005_(looking_left).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eric Schmidt, MS 1979, PhD 1982, Executive Chairman of Alphabet"><noscript><img alt="Eric Schmidt, MS 1979, PhD 1982, Executive Chairman of Alphabet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Eric_E_Schmidt%2C_2005_%28looking_left%29.jpg/80px-Eric_E_Schmidt%2C_2005_%28looking_left%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Eric_E_Schmidt%2C_2005_%28looking_left%29.jpg/80px-Eric_E_Schmidt%2C_2005_%28looking_left%29.jpg" data-alt="Eric Schmidt, MS 1979, PhD 1982, Executive Chairman of Alphabet" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Eric_E_Schmidt%2C_2005_%28looking_left%29.jpg/120px-Eric_E_Schmidt%2C_2005_%28looking_left%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Eric_E_Schmidt%2C_2005_%28looking_left%29.jpg/160px-Eric_E_Schmidt%2C_2005_%28looking_left%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a>, MS 1979, PhD 1982, Executive Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabet Inc">Alphabet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JerryBrownByPhilKonstantin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown Jr., BA 1961, 34th & 39th Governor of California'><noscript><img alt='Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown Jr., BA 1961, 34th & 39th Governor of California' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/JerryBrownByPhilKonstantin.jpg/96px-JerryBrownByPhilKonstantin.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2075"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/JerryBrownByPhilKonstantin.jpg/96px-JerryBrownByPhilKonstantin.jpg" data-alt='Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown Jr., BA 1961, 34th & 39th Governor of California' data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/JerryBrownByPhilKonstantin.jpg/144px-JerryBrownByPhilKonstantin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/JerryBrownByPhilKonstantin.jpg/192px-JerryBrownByPhilKonstantin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown Jr.</a>, BA 1961, 34th & 39th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dean_Blake_Van_Leer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blake R. Van Leer, MS 1920, inventor, civil rights advocate, president of Georgia Tech"><noscript><img alt="Blake R. Van Leer, MS 1920, inventor, civil rights advocate, president of Georgia Tech" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dean_Blake_Van_Leer.jpg/70px-Dean_Blake_Van_Leer.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3372" data-file-height="5748"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dean_Blake_Van_Leer.jpg/70px-Dean_Blake_Van_Leer.jpg" data-alt="Blake R. Van Leer, MS 1920, inventor, civil rights advocate, president of Georgia Tech" data-width="70" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dean_Blake_Van_Leer.jpg/105px-Dean_Blake_Van_Leer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dean_Blake_Van_Leer.jpg/141px-Dean_Blake_Van_Leer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blake_R._Van_Leer" title="Blake R. Van Leer">Blake R. Van Leer</a>, MS 1920, inventor, civil rights advocate, president of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_Peck_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gregory Peck, BA 1939, Academy Award–winning actor"><noscript><img alt="Gregory Peck, BA 1939, Academy Award–winning actor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gregory_Peck_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer_cropped.jpg/88px-Gregory_Peck_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1074"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gregory_Peck_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer_cropped.jpg/88px-Gregory_Peck_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer_cropped.jpg" data-alt="Gregory Peck, BA 1939, Academy Award–winning actor" data-width="88" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gregory_Peck_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer_cropped.jpg/133px-Gregory_Peck_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gregory_Peck_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer_cropped.jpg/177px-Gregory_Peck_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a>, BA 1939, <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>–winning actor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Natalie_Coughlin,_2018_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Natalie Coughlin, BA 2005, multiple gold medal-winning Olympic swimmer"><noscript><img alt="Natalie Coughlin, BA 2005, multiple gold medal-winning Olympic swimmer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Natalie_Coughlin%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Natalie_Coughlin%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="2909"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Natalie_Coughlin%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Natalie_Coughlin%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Natalie Coughlin, BA 2005, multiple gold medal-winning Olympic swimmer" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Natalie_Coughlin%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Natalie_Coughlin%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Natalie_Coughlin%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Natalie_Coughlin%2C_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Coughlin" title="Natalie Coughlin">Natalie Coughlin</a>, BA 2005, multiple gold medal-winning Olympic swimmer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._Pedro_Nel_Ospina,_Pres._Colombia_(LOC).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez, BA 1878, President of Colombia 1922–1926"><noscript><img alt="Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez, BA 1878, President of Colombia 1922–1926" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gen._Pedro_Nel_Ospina%2C_Pres._Colombia_%28LOC%29.jpg/87px-Gen._Pedro_Nel_Ospina%2C_Pres._Colombia_%28LOC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="732"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 87px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gen._Pedro_Nel_Ospina%2C_Pres._Colombia_%28LOC%29.jpg/87px-Gen._Pedro_Nel_Ospina%2C_Pres._Colombia_%28LOC%29.jpg" data-alt="Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez, BA 1878, President of Colombia 1922–1926" data-width="87" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gen._Pedro_Nel_Ospina%2C_Pres._Colombia_%28LOC%29.jpg/130px-Gen._Pedro_Nel_Ospina%2C_Pres._Colombia_%28LOC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gen._Pedro_Nel_Ospina%2C_Pres._Colombia_%28LOC%29.jpg/173px-Gen._Pedro_Nel_Ospina%2C_Pres._Colombia_%28LOC%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nel_Ospina_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez">Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez</a>, BA 1878, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a> 1922–1926</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Prince_Haakon_of_Norway_2012-03-26_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway, heir apparent to the throne of Norway, BA 1999[252]"><noscript><img alt="Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway, heir apparent to the throne of Norway, BA 1999[252]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Crown_Prince_Haakon_of_Norway_2012-03-26_001.jpg/85px-Crown_Prince_Haakon_of_Norway_2012-03-26_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2328"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Crown_Prince_Haakon_of_Norway_2012-03-26_001.jpg/85px-Crown_Prince_Haakon_of_Norway_2012-03-26_001.jpg" data-alt="Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway, heir apparent to the throne of Norway, BA 1999[252]" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Crown_Prince_Haakon_of_Norway_2012-03-26_001.jpg/127px-Crown_Prince_Haakon_of_Norway_2012-03-26_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Crown_Prince_Haakon_of_Norway_2012-03-26_001.jpg/170px-Crown_Prince_Haakon_of_Norway_2012-03-26_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Haakon,_Crown_Prince_of_Norway" title="Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway">Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Throne of Norway">throne of Norway</a>, BA 1999<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_McNamara_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert McNamara, BA 1937, 5th President of World Bank, 8th United States Secretary of Defense, President of Ford Motor Company"><noscript><img alt="Robert McNamara, BA 1937, 5th President of World Bank, 8th United States Secretary of Defense, President of Ford Motor Company" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Robert_McNamara_official_portrait.jpg/96px-Robert_McNamara_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3050"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Robert_McNamara_official_portrait.jpg/96px-Robert_McNamara_official_portrait.jpg" data-alt="Robert McNamara, BA 1937, 5th President of World Bank, 8th United States Secretary of Defense, President of Ford Motor Company" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Robert_McNamara_official_portrait.jpg/144px-Robert_McNamara_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Robert_McNamara_official_portrait.jpg/192px-Robert_McNamara_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, BA 1937, 5th President of <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, 8th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a>, President of <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_Meese_publicity_shot_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ed Meese, LL.B. 1958, 75th United States Attorney General"><noscript><img alt="Ed Meese, LL.B. 1958, 75th United States Attorney General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Edwin_Meese_publicity_shot_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Edwin_Meese_publicity_shot_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="453"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Edwin_Meese_publicity_shot_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Edwin_Meese_publicity_shot_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Ed Meese, LL.B. 1958, 75th United States Attorney General" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Edwin_Meese_publicity_shot_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Edwin_Meese_publicity_shot_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Edwin_Meese_publicity_shot_%28cropped%29.jpg/179px-Edwin_Meese_publicity_shot_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Meese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Meese">Ed Meese</a>, LL.B. 1958, 75th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Kahneman_(3283955327)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daniel Kahneman, PhD 1961, awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory"><noscript><img alt="Daniel Kahneman, PhD 1961, awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/101px-Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="818"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 101px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/101px-Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Daniel Kahneman, PhD 1961, awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory" data-width="101" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/151px-Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/202px-Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a>, PhD 1961, awarded the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a> for his work in <a href="/wiki/Prospect_theory" title="Prospect theory">Prospect theory</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HD.3F.004_(11086396296).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harold Urey, PhD 1923, Nobel laureate and discoverer of deuterium"><noscript><img alt="Harold Urey, PhD 1923, Nobel laureate and discoverer of deuterium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HD.3F.004_%2811086396296%29.jpg/93px-HD.3F.004_%2811086396296%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="3200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HD.3F.004_%2811086396296%29.jpg/93px-HD.3F.004_%2811086396296%29.jpg" data-alt="Harold Urey, PhD 1923, Nobel laureate and discoverer of deuterium" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HD.3F.004_%2811086396296%29.jpg/139px-HD.3F.004_%2811086396296%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HD.3F.004_%2811086396296%29.jpg/185px-HD.3F.004_%2811086396296%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a>, PhD 1923, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> laureate and discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government">Government</h4></div> Berkeley alumni have served in a range of prominent government offices, both domestic and foreign, including <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court">Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court</a> (<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, BA, JD); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a> III, JD); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>, LLB); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> (<a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">W. Michael Blumenthal</a>, BA, and <a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a>, JD); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, BS); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franklin_Knight_Lane" title="Franklin Knight Lane">Franklin Knight Lane</a>, 1887); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">United States Secretary of Transportation</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a>, BS); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Ann Veneman</a>, MPP); <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._O%27Brien" title="Robert C. O'Brien">Robert C. O'Brien</a>, JD); scores of federal judges and members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">10 currently serving</a>) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service" title="United States Foreign Service">United States Foreign Service</a>; governors of California (<a href="/wiki/George_C._Pardee" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Pardee">George C. Pardee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hiram_W._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram W. Johnson">Hiram W. Johnson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, BA and LLB; <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a>, BA; and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Pete Wilson</a>, JD), Michigan (<a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a>, BA), and the United States Virgin Islands (<a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Gordon" title="Walter A. Gordon">Walter A. Gordon</a>, BA); Lieutenant General of the United States Army (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle" title="Jimmy Doolittle">Jimmy Doolittle</a>, BA); Major General of the United States Marine Corps (<a href="/wiki/Oliver_Prince_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Prince Smith">Oliver Prince Smith</a>); Brigadier General of the United States Marine Corps (<a href="/wiki/Bertram_A._Bone" title="Bertram A. Bone">Bertram A. Bone</a>, BS); <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Director of the Central Intelligence Agency</a> and Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (<a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">John A. McCone</a>, BS); chair and members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Boskin" title="Michael Boskin">Michael Boskin</a>, BA, PhD.; Sandra Black, BA; Jesse Rothstein, PhD; Robert Seamans, PhD; Jay Shambaugh, PhD; James Stock, MA, PhD); Governor of the Federal Reserve System (<a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Heller" title="H. Robert Heller">H. Robert Heller</a>, PhD) and President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (<a href="/wiki/William_C._Dudley" title="William C. Dudley">William C. Dudley</a>, PhD); Commissioners of the <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">SEC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Troy_A._Paredes" title="Troy A. Paredes">Troy A. Paredes</a>, BA) and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> (Rachelle Chong, BA); and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Surgeon_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Surgeon General">United States Surgeon General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kenneth_P._Moritsugu" title="Kenneth P. Moritsugu">Kenneth P. Moritsugu</a>, MPH). Foreign alumni include the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a> 1922–1926, (<a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nel_Ospina_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez">Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez</a>, BA); the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a>, attended 1892–93); the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan; the Premier of the Republic of China (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun Fo</a>, BA); the President of Costa Rica (Miguel Angel Rodriguez, MA, PhD); and members of parliament of the United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Dunn,_Baroness_Dunn" title="Lydia Dunn, Baroness Dunn">Lydia Dunn, Baroness Dunn</a>, BS), India (<a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, the upper house, <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Chavan" title="Prithviraj Chavan">Prithviraj Chavan</a>, MS); Iran (<a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Larijani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Javad Larijani">Mohammad Javad Larijani</a>, PhD); Nigerian Minister of Science and Technology and first Executive Governor of Abia State (<a href="/wiki/Ogbonnaya_Onu" title="Ogbonnaya Onu">Ogbonnaya Onu</a>, PhD); Barbados' Ambassador to Brazil (<a href="/wiki/Tonika_Sealy-Thompson" title="Tonika Sealy-Thompson">Tonika Sealy-Thompson</a>, PhD). Alumni have also served in many supranational posts, notable among which are President of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, BS); Deputy Prime Minister of Spain and managing director of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Rato" title="Rodrigo Rato">Rodrigo Rato</a>, MBA); executive director of <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Ann Veneman</a>, MPP); member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bruno_Megret" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno Megret">Bruno Megret</a>, MS); and judge of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">World Court</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joan_Donoghue" title="Joan Donoghue">Joan Donoghue</a>, JD). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Science">Science</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/William_F._Giauque" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Giauque">William F. Giauque</a> (BS 1920, PhD 1922) investigated <a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">chemical thermodynamics</a>, Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> (BS 1931, PhD 1933) pioneered <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>, Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Willis Lamb</a> (BS 1934, PhD 1938) examined the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a>, Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a> (BA 1952) applied <a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Restriction enzymes">restriction enzymes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">molecular genetics</a>, Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Robert_Laughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Laughlin">Robert Laughlin</a> (BA 1972) explored the <a href="/wiki/Fractional_quantum_Hall_effect" title="Fractional quantum Hall effect">fractional quantum Hall effect</a>, and Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> (BA 1978) helped to discover <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gene_silencing" title="Gene silencing">gene silencing</a> by double-stranded <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>. Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (PhD 1937) collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a> (BS 1913) to discover twelve chemical elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a> (PhD 1943) discovered <a href="/wiki/Bohm_diffusion" title="Bohm diffusion">Bohm diffusion</a>. Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> (PhD 1965) developed the <a href="/wiki/Crossed_molecular_beam" title="Crossed molecular beam">crossed molecular beam</a> technique for studying chemical reactions. <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Greider">Carol Greider</a> (PhD 1987) was awarded the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in medicine">Nobel Prize in medicine</a> for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells. <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Itano" title="Harvey Itano">Harvey Itano</a> (BS 1942) conducted breakthrough work on <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle cell anemia">sickle cell anemia</a> that marked the first time a disease was linked to a molecular origin.<a href="#cite_note-maugh-256">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Karmarkar" title="Narendra Karmarkar">Narendra Karmarkar</a> (PhD 1983) is known for the interior point method, a polynomial algorithm for linear programming known as <a href="/wiki/Karmarkar%27s_algorithm" title="Karmarkar's algorithm">Karmarkar's algorithm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mg-257">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> (PhD 1940), often known as the "Chinese Madame Curie," disproved the Law of Conservation of <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">Parity</a> for which she was awarded the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> (PhD 1973) was awarded the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for his role in developing the <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> a method for amplifying <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> sequences. <a href="/wiki/Olga_Hartman" title="Olga Hartman">Olga Hartman</a> (MA 1933, PhD 1936) was a zoologist who described hundreds of species of <a href="/wiki/Polychaete_worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychaete worms">polychaete worms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Tryon" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward P. Tryon">Edward P. Tryon</a> (PhD 1967) is the physicist who first said our universe originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_N._Bahcall" title="John N. Bahcall">John N. Bahcall</a> (BS 1956) worked on the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Solar_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Solar Model">Standard Solar Model</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Times2005_09_01-266">[263]</a> resulting in a <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Times2005_09_01-266">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Smith_(physicist)" title="Peter Smith (physicist)">Peter Smith</a> (BS 1969) was the <a href="/wiki/Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigator</a> and project leader for the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> robotic explorer <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a>,<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> which physically confirmed the presence of water on the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> Astronauts <a href="/wiki/James_van_Hoften" title="James van Hoften">James van Hoften</a> (BS 1966), <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rhea_Seddon" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Rhea Seddon">Margaret Rhea Seddon</a> (BA 1970), <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Chiao" title="Leroy Chiao">Leroy Chiao</a> (BS 1983), and <a href="/wiki/Rex_Walheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex Walheim">Rex Walheim</a> (BS 1984) have orbited the Earth in NASA's fleet of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttles</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Computers">Computers</h4></div> Berkeley alumni have developed a number of key technologies associated with the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> and the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> was created by alumnus <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> (BS 1965, MS 1966) along with colleague <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>. Alumni such as <a href="/wiki/L._Peter_Deutsch" title="L. Peter Deutsch">L. Peter Deutsch</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> (PhD 1973), <a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> (PhD 1967), and <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker" title="Charles P. Thacker">Charles P. Thacker</a> (BS 1967)<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> worked with Ken Thompson on <a href="/wiki/Project_Genie" title="Project Genie">Project Genie</a> and then formed the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">US Department of Defense</a>-funded Berkeley Computer Corporation (BCC), which was scattered throughout the Berkeley campus in non-descript offices to avoid anti-war protestors.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> After BCC failed, Deutsch, Lampson, and Thacker joined <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a>, where they developed a number of pioneering computer technologies, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> that inspired the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a>. In particular, the Alto used a <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a>, which had been invented by <a href="/wiki/Doug_Engelbart" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Engelbart">Doug Engelbart</a> (BEng 1952, PhD 1955). Thompson, Lampson, Engelbart, and Thacker<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> all later received a Turing Award. Also at Xerox PARC was Ronald Schmidt (BS 1966, MS 1968, PhD 1971), who became known as "the man who brought <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> to the masses."<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> Another Xerox PARC researcher, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi">Charles Simonyi</a> (BS 1972), pioneered the first <a href="/wiki/WYSIWIG" class="mw-redirect" title="WYSIWIG">WYSIWIG</a> <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a> program and was recruited personally by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> to join the fledgling company known as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>. Simonyi later became the first repeat <a href="/wiki/Space_tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Space tourist">space tourist</a>, blasting off on Russian <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">Soyuz</a> rockets to work at the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> orbiting the Earth. In 1977, a graduate student in the computer science department named Bill Joy (MS 1982) assembled<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> the original <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a>, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/BSD_Unix" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD Unix">BSD Unix</a>. Joy, who went on to co-found Sun Microsystems, also developed the original version of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">terminal</a> console editor <a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Ken_Arnold" title="Ken Arnold">Ken Arnold</a> (BA 1985) created <a href="/wiki/Curses_(programming_library)" title="Curses (programming library)">Curses</a>, a terminal control <a href="/wiki/Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">library</a> for <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems that enables the construction of <a href="/wiki/Text_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Text user interface">text user interface (TUI)</a> applications. Working alongside Joy at Berkeley were undergraduates <a href="/wiki/William_Jolitz" title="William Jolitz">William Jolitz</a> (BS 1997) and his future wife <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jolitz" title="Lynne Jolitz">Lynne Jolitz</a> (BA 1989), who together created <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>, a version of BSD Unix that runs on Intel CPUs and evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems" title="Comparison of BSD operating systems">BSD family of free operating systems</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin operating system</a> underlying Apple <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allman" title="Eric Allman">Eric Allman</a> (BS 1977, MS 1980) created <a href="/wiki/SendMail" class="mw-redirect" title="SendMail">SendMail</a>, a Unix <a href="/wiki/Mail_transfer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail transfer agent">mail transfer agent</a> that delivers about twelve percent of the <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> The <a href="/wiki/EXperimental_Computing_Facility" title="EXperimental Computing Facility">XCF</a>, an undergraduate research group located in <a href="/wiki/Soda_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda Hall">Soda Hall</a>, has been responsible for a number of notable software projects, including <a href="/wiki/GTK%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="GTK+">GTK+</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Mattis" title="Peter Mattis">Peter Mattis</a>, BS 1997), <a href="/wiki/The_GIMP" class="mw-redirect" title="The GIMP">The GIMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spencer_Kimball_(computer_programmer)" title="Spencer Kimball (computer programmer)">Spencer Kimball</a>, BS 1996), and the initial diagnosis of the <a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Pei-Yuan_Wei" title="Pei-Yuan Wei">Pei-Yuan Wei</a> (BS 1990)<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> an undergraduate at the XCF, created <a href="/wiki/ViolaWWW" title="ViolaWWW">ViolaWWW</a>, one of the first graphical web browsers. ViolaWWW was the first browser to have embedded scriptable objects, stylesheets, and tables. He donated the code to Sun Microsystems, inspiring <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> applets. ViolaWWW also inspired researchers at the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applications" title="National Center for Supercomputing Applications">National Center for Supercomputing Applications</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_web_browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic web browser">Mosaic web browser</a>,<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> a pioneering <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> that became Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Billionaires">Billionaires</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">Billionaire alumni</a> include <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a> (Intel founder), <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_Simons" class="mw-redirect" title="James Harris Simons">James Harris Simons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Technologies" title="Renaissance Technologies">Renaissance Technologies</a>), <a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_Son" title="Masayoshi Son">Masayoshi Son</a> (SoftBank),<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> Jon Stryker (Stryker Medical Equipment),<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a> (former Google Chairman) and <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Schmidt" title="Wendy Schmidt">Wendy Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Milken" title="Michael Milken">Michael Milken</a>, Bassam Alghanim, Kutayba Alghanim,<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi">Charles Simonyi</a> (Microsoft), <a href="/wiki/Cher_Wang" title="Cher Wang">Cher Wang</a> (HTC), <a href="/wiki/Bob_Haas" title="Bob Haas">Robert Haas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co." title="Levi Strauss & Co.">Levi Strauss & Co.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Rodriguez-Pastor" title="Carlos Rodriguez-Pastor">Carlos Rodriguez-Pastor</a> (Interbank, Peru),<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sarofim" title="Fayez Sarofim">Fayez Sarofim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Loeb" title="Daniel S. Loeb">Daniel S. Loeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Merage" title="Paul Merage">Paul Merage</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hindawi" title="David Hindawi">David Hindawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orion_Hindawi" title="Orion Hindawi">Orion Hindawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a> (Sun Microsystems founder), <a href="/wiki/Victor_Koo" title="Victor Koo">Victor Koo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Xu" title="Tony Xu">Tony Xu</a> (DoorDash), <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Milken" title="Lowell Milken">Lowell Milken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Simons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Simons">Nathaniel Simons</a> and Laura Baxter-Simons, Liong Tek Kwee and Liong Seen Kwee,<a href="#cite_note-Forbes_Kwee-287">[284]</a> Elizabeth Simons and Mark Heising,<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Tinkov" title="Oleg Tinkov">Oleg Tinkov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Schwartz" title="Alice Schwartz">Alice Schwartz</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pulitzer_Prize_winners">Pulitzer Prize winners</h4></div> Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Higgins" title="Marguerite Higgins">Marguerite Higgins</a> (BA 1941) was a pioneering female war correspondent<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> who covered World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> Novelist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a> (MA 1927) won three Pulitzer Prizes,<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> including one for his novel <a href="/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men" title="All the King's Men">All the King's Men</a>, which was later made into an Academy Award-winning<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men_(1949_film)" title="All the King's Men (1949 film)">movie</a>. Pulitzer Prize–winning cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Rube_Goldberg" title="Rube Goldberg">Rube Goldberg</a> (BS 1904) invented the comically complex—yet ultimately trivial—contraptions known as <a href="/wiki/Rube_Goldberg_machine" title="Rube Goldberg machine">Rube Goldberg machines</a>. Journalist Alexandra Berzon (MA 2006) won a Pulitzer Prize in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> and journalist <a href="/wiki/Matt_Richtel" title="Matt Richtel">Matt Richtel</a> (BA 1989), who also coauthors the comic strip <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Park" title="Rudy Park">Rudy Park</a> under the pen name of "Theron Heir,"<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> won the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_National_Reporting" title="Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting">Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> Pulitzer Prize–winning historian <a href="/wiki/Leon_Litwack" title="Leon Litwack">Leon Litwack</a> (BA<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> 1951, PhD 1958) taught as a professor at UC Berkeley for 43 years;<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_California,_Berkeley_faculty#Pulitzer_Prize" title="List of University of California, Berkeley faculty">three other</a> UC Berkeley professors have also received the Pulitzer Prize. Alumna and professor <a href="/wiki/Susan_Rasky" title="Susan Rasky">Susan Rasky</a> (BA 1974) won the <a href="/wiki/George_Polk_Awards" title="George Polk Awards">Polk Award</a> for journalism in 1991. USC Professor and Berkeley alumnus <a href="/wiki/Viet_Thanh_Nguyen" title="Viet Thanh Nguyen">Viet Thanh Nguyen</a>'s (PhD 1997) first novel <a href="/wiki/The_Sympathizer" title="The Sympathizer">The Sympathizer</a> won the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiction_and_screenwriters">Fiction and screenwriters</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Irving_Stone" title="Irving Stone">Irving Stone</a> (BA 1923) wrote the novel <a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(novel)" title="Lust for Life (novel)">Lust for Life</a>, which was later made into an Academy Award-winning <a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(1956_film)" title="Lust for Life (1956 film)">film of the same name</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>. Stone also wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_(novel)" title="The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)">The Agony and the Ecstasy</a>, which was later made into a <a href="/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_(film)" title="The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)">film of the same name</a> starring Oscar winner <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mona_Simpson_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mona Simpson (novelist)">Mona Simpson</a> (BA 1979) wrote the novel <a href="/wiki/Anywhere_But_Here_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anywhere But Here (film)">Anywhere But Here</a>, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-winning actress <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Terry_McMillan" title="Terry McMillan">Terry McMillan</a> (BA 1986) wrote <a href="/wiki/How_Stella_Got_Her_Groove_Back" title="How Stella Got Her Groove Back">How Stella Got Her Groove Back</a>, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-nominated actress <a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a>. <a href="/wiki/Randi_Mayem_Singer" title="Randi Mayem Singer">Randi Mayem Singer</a> (BA 1979) wrote the screenplay for <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Doubtfire" title="Mrs. Doubtfire">Mrs. Doubtfire</a>, which starred Oscar-winning actor <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> and Oscar-winning actress <a href="/wiki/Sally_Field" title="Sally Field">Sally Field</a>. <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Wells" title="Audrey Wells">Audrey Wells</a> (BA 1981) wrote the screenplay <a href="/wiki/The_Truth_About_Cats_%26_Dogs" title="The Truth About Cats & Dogs">The Truth About Cats & Dogs</a>, which starred Oscar-nominated actress <a href="/wiki/Uma_Thurman" title="Uma Thurman">Uma Thurman</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Schamus" title="James Schamus">James Schamus</a> (BA 1982, MA 1987, PhD 2003) has collaborated on screenplays with Oscar-winning director <a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> on the Academy Award-winning movies <a href="/wiki/Crouching_Tiger,_Hidden_Dragon" title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon">Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain" title="Brokeback Mountain">Brokeback Mountain</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academy_and_Emmy_Award_winners">Academy and Emmy Award winners</h4></div> Berkeley alumni have won 20 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> and 25 <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> (BA 1939), nominated for four Oscars during his career, won an Oscar for acting in <a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_(film)" title="To Kill a Mockingbird (film)">To Kill a Mockingbird</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chris_Innis" title="Chris Innis">Chris Innis</a> (BA 1991) won the 2010 Oscar for film editing for her work on best picture winner, <a href="/wiki/The_Hurt_Locker" title="The Hurt Locker">The Hurt Locker</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Plunkett" title="Walter Plunkett">Walter Plunkett</a> (BA 1923) won an Oscar for costume design (for <a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris" title="An American in Paris">An American in Paris</a>). <a href="/wiki/Freida_Lee_Mock" title="Freida Lee Mock">Freida Lee Mock</a> (BA 1961) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Ferguson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles H. Ferguson">Charles H. Ferguson</a> (BA 1978) have each<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> won an Oscar for documentary filmmaking. Mark Berger (BA 1964) has won four Oscars for sound mixing and is an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Head" title="Edith Head">Edith Head</a> (BA 1918), who was nominated for 34 Oscars during her career, won eight Oscars for costume design. <a href="/wiki/Joe_Letteri" title="Joe Letteri">Joe Letteri</a> (BA 1981<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a>) has won four Oscars for Best Visual Effects in the <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> film <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a> films <a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)" title="King Kong (2005 film)">King Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Award</a> winners include Jon Else (BA 1968) for cinematography; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schneider" title="Andrew Schneider">Andrew Schneider</a> (BA 1973) for screenwriting; Linda Schacht (BA 1966, MA 1981), two for broadcast journalism;<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> Christine Chen (dual-BA's 1990), two for broadcast journalism;<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Baker" title="Kathy Baker">Kathy Baker</a> (BA 1977), three for acting; Ken Milnes (BS 1977), four for broadcasting technology; and <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Sievers" title="Leroy Sievers">Leroy Sievers</a> (BA 1977),<a href="#cite_note-ABCNews_Sievers_2008_08_16-308">[305]</a> twelve for production. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Leamy" title="Elisabeth Leamy">Elisabeth Leamy</a> (BA 1989) is the recipient of thirteen <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_and_entertainment">Music and entertainment</h4></div> Former undergraduates have participated in the contemporary music industry, such as <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> bass guitarist <a href="/wiki/Phil_Lesh" title="Phil Lesh">Phil Lesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">the Police</a> drummer <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Copeland" title="Stewart Copeland">Stewart Copeland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stone Magazine">Rolling Stone Magazine</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Jann_Wenner" title="Jann Wenner">Jann Wenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bangles" title="The Bangles">the Bangles</a> lead singer <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Hoffs" title="Susanna Hoffs">Susanna Hoffs</a> (BA 1980), <a href="/wiki/Counting_Crows" title="Counting Crows">Counting Crows</a> lead singer <a href="/wiki/Adam_Duritz" title="Adam Duritz">Adam Duritz</a>, electronic music producer <a href="/wiki/Giraffage" title="Giraffage">Giraffage</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> correspondent <a href="/wiki/Suchin_Pak" class="mw-redirect" title="Suchin Pak">Suchin Pak</a> (BA 1997),<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/AFI_(band)" title="AFI (band)">AFI</a> musicians <a href="/wiki/Davey_Havok" title="Davey Havok">Davey Havok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jade_Puget" title="Jade Puget">Jade Puget</a> (BA 1996), and solo artist <a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A9_Digby" title="Marié Digby">Marié Digby</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Say_It_Again_(Digby_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Say It Again (Digby song)">Say It Again</a>"). <a href="/wiki/People_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="People Magazine">People Magazine</a> included <a href="/wiki/Third_Eye_Blind" title="Third Eye Blind">Third Eye Blind</a> lead singer and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Jenkins" title="Stephan Jenkins">Stephan Jenkins</a> (BA 1987) in the magazine's list of 50 Most Beautiful People.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> Alumni have also acted in classic television series such as <a href="/wiki/Karen_Grassle" title="Karen Grassle">Karen Grassle</a> (BA 1965) who played <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Ingalls" title="Caroline Ingalls">Caroline Ingalls</a> in <a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)" title="Little House on the Prairie (TV series)">Little House on the Prairie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Mathers" title="Jerry Mathers">Jerry Mathers</a> (BA 1974) who starred in <a href="/wiki/Leave_it_to_Beaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Leave it to Beaver">Leave it to Beaver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roxann_Dawson" title="Roxann Dawson">Roxann Dawson</a> (BA 1980) who portrayed <a href="/wiki/B%27Elanna_Torres" title="B'Elanna Torres">B'Elanna Torres</a> on <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager">Star Trek: Voyager</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports">Sports</h4></div> Sport alumni include tennis athlete <a href="/wiki/Helen_Wills_Moody" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Wills Moody">Helen Wills Moody</a> (BA 1925) won 31 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> titles, including eight singles titles at <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tarik_Glenn" title="Tarik Glenn">Tarik Glenn</a> (BA 1999) is a <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLI" title="Super Bowl XLI">Super Bowl XLI</a> champion. <a href="/wiki/Michele_Tafoya" title="Michele Tafoya">Michele Tafoya</a> (BA 1988) is a sports television reporter for <a href="/wiki/ABC_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Sports">ABC Sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Sports agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Steinberg" title="Leigh Steinberg">Leigh Steinberg</a> (BA 1970, JD 1973) has represented professional athletes such as <a href="/wiki/Steve_Young_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Young (American football)">Steve Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troy_Aikman" title="Troy Aikman">Troy Aikman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_De_La_Hoya" title="Oscar De La Hoya">Oscar De La Hoya</a>; Steinberg has been called the real-life inspiration<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> for the title character in the Oscar-winning<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> film <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Maguire" title="Jerry Maguire">Jerry Maguire</a> (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a>). <a href="/wiki/Matt_Biondi" title="Matt Biondi">Matt Biondi</a> (BA 1988) won eight Olympic gold medals during his swimming career, in which he participated in three different Olympics. At the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">Beijing Olympics</a> in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Coughlin" title="Natalie Coughlin">Natalie Coughlin</a> (BA 2005) became the first American female athlete in modern Olympic history to win six medals in one Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-Aron2008_08_18-318">[315]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1885"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/48px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/64px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockeley" title="Blockeley">Blockeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Recruitment_Consortium" title="Higher Education Recruitment Consortium">Higher Education Recruitment Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua-Berkeley_Shenzhen_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute">Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Community_Grid" title="World Community Grid">World Community Grid</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Consists of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> and those who prefer to not say. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> The percentage of students who received an income-based federal <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grant</a> intended for low-income students. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> The percentage of students who are a part of the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a> at the bare minimum. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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This is not an easy topic to talk about for a number of reasons, not the least of which is the fact that those of us in "systems" of higher education are frequently actively discouraged from using the term "flagship" to refer to our campuses because it is seen as hurtful to the self-esteem of colleagues at other institutions in our systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Flagship+Universities&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1998-10-08&rft.aulast=Berdahl&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcio.chance.berkeley.edu%2Fchancellor%2Fsp%2Fflagship.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021131936/https://www.ucop.edu/academic-personnel-programs//programs-and-initiatives/faculty-resources-advancement/faculty-handbook-sections/brief-history.html">"A brief history of the University of California"</a>. 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Retrieved November 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+California+History+Digital+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunsite.berkeley.edu%2Fuchistory%2Fgeneral_history%2Fcampuses%2Fucb%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Mackenzie (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nature.berkeley.edu/150/celebrating-cnr-women">"Celebrating Women at Rausser College, Past & Present"</a>. College of Natural Resources, University of California Berkeley. Retrieved March 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+of+Natural+Resources%2C+University+of+California+Berkeley&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Women+at+Rausser+College%2C+Past+%26+Present&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnature.berkeley.edu%2F150%2Fcelebrating-cnr-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/28/the-top-50-us-colleges-that-pay-off-the-most-in-2020.html">"The top 50 US colleges that pay off the most in 2020"</a>. CNBC. July 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=The+top+50+US+colleges+that+pay+off+the+most+in+2020&rft.date=2020-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F07%2F28%2Fthe-top-50-us-colleges-that-pay-off-the-most-in-2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina2018" class="citation news cs1">Medina, Jennifer (July 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/us/university-california-merced-latino-students.html">"You've Heard of Berkeley. Is Merced the Future of the University of California?"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2020. <q>The disparity between the state's population and its university enrollment is most stark at the state's flagship campuses: at University of California, Los Angeles, Latinos make up about 21 percent of all students; at Berkeley, they account for less than 13 percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=You%27ve+Heard+of+Berkeley.+Is+Merced+the+Future+of+the+University+of+California%3F&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F19%2Fus%2Funiversity-california-merced-latino-students.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/01/23/gov-brown-says-normal-californians-cant-get-berkeley-problem-some-californians-blame">"Gov. Brown says 'normal' Californians can't get into Berkeley, a problem some Californians blame on Brown"</a>. www.insidehighered.com. January 23, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.insidehighered.com&rft.atitle=Gov.+Brown+says+%27normal%27+Californians+can%27t+get+into+Berkeley%2C+a+problem+some+Californians+blame+on+Brown&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F01%2F23%2Fgov-brown-says-normal-californians-cant-get-berkeley-problem-some-californians-blame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED495096.pdf">"Engines of Inequality: Diminishing Equity in the Nation's Premier Public Universities"</a> (PDF). 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engines+of+Inequality%3A+Diminishing+Equity+in+the+Nation%27s+Premier+Public+Universities&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED495096.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> See, for example: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2020" class="citation web cs1">Hess, Abigail Johnson (July 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/28/the-top-50-us-colleges-that-pay-off-the-most-in-2020.html">"The top 50 U.S. colleges that pay off the most in 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <q>University of California, Berkeley, is the flagship school of the University of California system. Located in Berkeley, California, near San Francisco, the university enrolls some 31,348 undergraduate students.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=The+top+50+U.S.+colleges+that+pay+off+the+most+in+2020&rft.date=2020-07-28&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Abigail+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F07%2F28%2Fthe-top-50-us-colleges-that-pay-off-the-most-in-2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina2018" class="citation news cs1">Medina, Jennifer (July 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/us/university-california-merced-latino-students.html">"You've Heard of Berkeley. Is Merced the Future of the University of California?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <q>The disparity between the state's population and its university enrollment is most stark at the state's flagship campuses: at University of California, Los Angeles, Latinos make up about 21 percent of all students; at Berkeley, they account for less than 13 percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=You%27ve+Heard+of+Berkeley.+Is+Merced+the+Future+of+the+University+of+California%3F&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F19%2Fus%2Funiversity-california-merced-latino-students.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivard2015" class="citation web cs1">Rivard, Ry (January 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/01/23/gov-brown-says-normal-californians-cant-get-berkeley-problem-some-californians-blame">"The New Normal at Berkeley"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a>. <q>California Governor Jerry Brown this week said the state's flagship – the University of California at Berkeley – has closed its doors to "normal" people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=The+New+Normal+at+Berkeley&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft.aulast=Rivard&rft.aufirst=Ry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F01%2F23%2Fgov-brown-says-normal-californians-cant-get-berkeley-problem-some-californians-blame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeraldHaycock2006" class="citation web cs1">Gerald, Danette; Haycock, Kati (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED495096">"Engines of Inequality: Diminishing Equity in the Nation's Premier Public Universities"</a>. 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University of California at Berkeley Public Information Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intel+chairman+awarded+UC+Berkeley%27s+highest+honor+at+Silicon+Valley+tribute&rft.pub=University+of+California+at+Berkeley+Public+Information+Office&rft.date=1996-07-17&rft.au=Jose+Rodriguez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F96legacy%2FMoore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSIByWalker-172"><a href="#cite_ref-LSIByWalker_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Contributors (August 1970)". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 5 (4): 168–169. August 1970. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970IJSSC...5..168.">1970IJSSC...5..168.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSSC.1970.1050102">10.1109/JSSC.1970.1050102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9200">0018-9200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Journal+of+Solid-State+Circuits&rft.atitle=Contributors+%28August+1970%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.date=1970-08&rft.issn=0018-9200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJSSC.1970.1050102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970IJSSC...5..168.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Yang2009" class="citation web cs1">Sarah Yang (February 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/02/27_citris.shtml">"Dedication of new CITRIS headquarters marks new stage of innovation to help fuel economic growth"</a>. University of California, Berkeley and the UC Regents.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dedication+of+new+CITRIS+headquarters+marks+new+stage+of+innovation+to+help+fuel+economic+growth&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley+and+the+UC+Regents&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft.au=Sarah+Yang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2009%2F02%2F27_citris.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MySpaceByAnderson-174"><a href="#cite_ref-MySpaceByAnderson_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Gibson2008" class="citation news cs1">Owen Gibson (June 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/jun/23/myspace.tomanderson">"200 million friends and counting"</a>. 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SanDisk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sandisk.com/about-sandisk/management">the original</a> on December 30, 2010. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailycal.org/article/104091/berkeley_scharffen_berger_factory_to_close">the original</a> on May 13, 2011. 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October 16, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engin.umich.edu/newscenter/feature/goffsmith/">the original</a> on October 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2009+Goff+Smith+Lecture%3A+Bill+Joy%2C+The+Promise+of+Green+Technologies&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+College+of+Engineering&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engin.umich.edu%2Fnewscenter%2Ffeature%2Fgoffsmith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuekesRobinettWilliams2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kuekes, P. J.; Robinett, W.; Williams, R. S. (September 2006). "Effect of Conductance Variability on Resistor-Logic Demultiplexers for Nanoelectronics". IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology. 5 (5): 446–454. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ITNan...5..446K">2006ITNan...5..446K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTNANO.2006.880405">10.1109/TNANO.2006.880405</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1536-125X">1536-125X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26435923">26435923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Nanotechnology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Conductance+Variability+on+Resistor-Logic+Demultiplexers+for+Nanoelectronics&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E446-%3C%2Fspan%3E454&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTNANO.2006.880405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26435923%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1536-125X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ITNan...5..446K&rft.aulast=Kuekes&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Robinett%2C+W.&rft.au=Williams%2C+R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VMwareByWangEtAl-182"><a href="#cite_ref-VMwareByWangEtAl_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041229221751/http://www.vmware.com/company/leadership.html">"VMware Leadership"</a>. 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The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Business+People%3A+Ungermann-Bass+Chairman+Finds+a+Merger+He+Likes&rft.date=1988-02-19&rft.au=Lawrence+M.+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F02%2F19%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-people-ungermann-bass-chairman-finds-a-merger-he-likes.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st06_ca/place/p0606000_berkeley/DC20BLK_P0606000.pdf">"2020 CENSUS – CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Berkeley city, CA"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. pp. 4 (PDF p. 5/5). Retrieved July 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+CENSUS+%E2%80%93+CENSUS+BLOCK+MAP%3A+Berkeley+city%2C+CA&rft.pages=4+%28PDF+p.+5%2F5%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fmaps%2FDC2020%2FDC20BLK%2Fst06_ca%2Fplace%2Fp0606000_berkeley%2FDC20BLK_P0606000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> – Compare to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berkeley.edu/map-pdf/campusmap.pdf">the campus map here</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2833530#map=15/37.8758/-122.2443">"OpenStreetMap Oakland"</a>. openstreetmap.org. 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San Francisco Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sigrun+Corrigan%2C+Bay+Area+arts+patron%2C+dies&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft.au=Carolyne+Zinko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FSigrun-Corrigan-Bay-Area-arts-patron-dies-3206173.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maugh-256"><a href="#cite_ref-maugh_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaugh" class="citation news cs1">Maugh, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-me-harvey-itano-20100612-story.html">"Harvey Itano dies at 89; researcher whose studies provided a breakthrough on sickle cell disease"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Harvey+Itano+dies+at+89%3B+researcher+whose+studies+provided+a+breakthrough+on+sickle+cell+disease&rft.aulast=Maugh&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Ffeatures%2Fhealth%2Fla-me-harvey-itano-20100612-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mg-257"><a href="#cite_ref-mg_257-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=106239">University of California, Berkeley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstock" class="citation magazine cs1">Weinstock, Maia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2013/10/15/channeling-ada-lovelace-chien-shiung-wu-courageous-hero-of-physics/">"Channeling Ada Lovelace: Chien-Shiung Wu, Courageous Hero of Physics"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved May 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Channeling+Ada+Lovelace%3A+Chien-Shiung+Wu%2C+Courageous+Hero+of+Physics&rft.aulast=Weinstock&rft.aufirst=Maia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fguest-blog%2F2013%2F10%2F15%2Fchanneling-ada-lovelace-chien-shiung-wu-courageous-hero-of-physics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShampo2002" class="citation journal cs1">Shampo, MA (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4065%2F77.7.606">"Kary Mullis—Nobel Laureate for Procedure to Replicate DNA"</a>. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 77 (7): 606. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4065%2F77.7.606">10.4065/77.7.606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12108595">12108595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Kary+Mullis%E2%80%94Nobel+Laureate+for+Procedure+to+Replicate+DNA&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=606&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4065%2F77.7.606&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12108595&rft.aulast=Shampo&rft.aufirst=MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4065%252F77.7.606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Böggemann, Markus; Purschke, G.; Westheide, Wilfried (2019). 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M.A. University of California. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25496285">25496285</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Hartman, Olga (1936). "Polychaetous annelids of the littoral zone of California". Ph. D. University of California. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18237529">18237529</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTryon1973" class="citation journal cs1">Tryon, Edward P. (1973). 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Nature. 246 (5433): 396–397. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Natur.246..396T">1973Natur.246..396T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F246396a0">10.1038/246396a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4166499">4166499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Is+the+Universe+a+Vacuum+Fluctuation%3F&rft.volume=246&rft.issue=5433&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E396-%3C%2Fspan%3E397&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4166499%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F246396a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973Natur.246..396T&rft.aulast=Tryon&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImpey2012" class="citation book cs1">Impey, Chris (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howitbegantimetr0000impe/page/411">How It Began: A Time-Travelers Guide To the Universe</a> (First ed.). 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Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howitbegantimetr0000impe/page/411">411</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08002-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08002-5"><bdi>978-0-393-08002-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+It+Began%3A+A+Time-Travelers+Guide+To+the+Universe&rft.place=New+York%2C+United+States&rft.pages=411&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08002-5&rft.aulast=Impey&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowitbegantimetr0000impe%2Fpage%2F411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2001" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Paul (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigbang00pars/page/36">The Big Bang: The Birth of Our Universe</a>. London: DK Publishing, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigbang00pars/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-8161-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-8161-8"><bdi>0-7894-8161-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Bang%3A+The+Birth+of+Our+Universe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=DK+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7894-8161-8&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigbang00pars%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times2005_09_01-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times2005_09_01_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times2005_09_01_266-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHipwell2005" class="citation news cs1">Hipwell, Deirdre (September 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060113233000/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1758833,00.html">"Obituaries – Professor John Bahcall"</a>. London: The Times(United Kingdom). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1758833,00.html">the original</a> on January 13, 2006. Retrieved May 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obituaries+%E2%80%93+Professor+John+Bahcall&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft.aulast=Hipwell&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C60-1758833%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203162358/http://uanews.org/node/19742">"Peter Smith Named Thomas R. Brown Distinguished Chair in Integrative Science"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> (Press release). University Communications. March 15, 2008. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peter+Smith+Named+Thomas+R.+Brown+Distinguished+Chair+in+Integrative+Science&rft.pub=University+Communications&rft.date=2008-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuanews.org%2Fnode%2F19742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418005710/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080731.html">"NASA Spacecraft Confirms Martian Water, Mission Extended"</a>. NASA. July 31, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080731.html">the original</a> on April 18, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Spacecraft+Confirms+Martian+Water%2C+Mission+Extended&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fphoenix%2Fnews%2Fphoenix-20080731.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> "Berkeley Unix worked so well that <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> chose it for the preferred 'universal computing environment' to link <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> research nodes, thus setting in place an essential piece of infrastructure for the later growth of the Internet. An entire generation of computer scientists cut their teeth on Berkeley Unix. Without it, the Net might well have evolved into a shape similar to what it is today, but with it, the Net exploded." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Leonard2000" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Leonard (May 16, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051204135210/http://www.salon.com/tech/fsp/2000/05/16/chapter_2_part_one/print.html">"BSD Unix: Power to the people, from the code"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/tech/fsp/2000/05/16/chapter_2_part_one/print.html">the original</a> on December 4, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=BSD+Unix%3A+Power+to+the+people%2C+from+the+code&rft.date=2000-05-16&rft.au=Andrew+Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Ftech%2Ffsp%2F2000%2F05%2F16%2Fchapter_2_part_one%2Fprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Deutsch was awarded a 1992 citation by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> for his work on <a href="/wiki/Interlisp" title="Interlisp">Interlisp</a>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504100004/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2925352&srt=all&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS">"ACM Award Citation – L. Peter Deutsch"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2925352&srt=all&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS">the original</a> on May 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACM+Award+Citation+%E2%80%93+L.+Peter+Deutsch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D2925352%26srt%3Dall%26aw%3D149%26ao%3DSOFTWSYS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> L. Peter Deutsch is profiled on pages 30, 31, 43, 53, 54, 66 (which mentions Deutsch beginning his freshman year at Berkeley), and page 87 in the following book: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Levy2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levy" title="Steven Levy">Steven Levy</a> (January 2, 2001). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-19195-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-19195-2"><bdi>0-385-19195-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hackers%3A+Heroes+of+the+Computer+Revolution&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001-01-02&rft.isbn=0-385-19195-2&rft.au=Steven+Levy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> L. Peter Deutsch is profiled in pages 69, 70–72, 118, 146, 227, 230, 280, 399 of the following book: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Hiltzik1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Hiltzik (March 3, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dealersoflightni00hilt">Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age</a>. Collins Business. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-891-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88730-891-0"><bdi>0-88730-891-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dealers+of+Lightning%3A+Xerox+PARC+and+the+Dawn+of+the+Computer+Age&rft.pub=Collins+Business&rft.date=1999-03-03&rft.isbn=0-88730-891-0&rft.au=Michael+A.+Hiltzik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdealersoflightni00hilt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/index.php?id=112">"Fellow Awards – Charles Thacker"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellow+Awards+%E2%80%93+Charles+Thacker&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Ffellowawards%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Hiltzik1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Hiltzik (March 3, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dealersoflightni00hilt/page/70">Dealers of Lightning: Xerox Parc and the Dawn of the Computer Age</a>. Collins Business. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dealersoflightni00hilt/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-891-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88730-891-0"><bdi>0-88730-891-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dealers+of+Lightning%3A+Xerox+Parc+and+the+Dawn+of+the+Computer+Age&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Collins+Business&rft.date=1999-03-03&rft.isbn=0-88730-891-0&rft.au=Michael+A.+Hiltzik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdealersoflightni00hilt%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Weise2010" class="citation news cs1">Elizabeth Weise (March 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/sciencefair/post/2010/03/charles-thacker-wins-turing-award-computings-nobel-prize/1">"Charles Thacker wins Turing Award, computing's 'Nobel prize'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Charles+Thacker+wins+Turing+Award%2C+computing%27s+%27Nobel+prize%27&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft.au=Elizabeth+Weise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Fsciencefair%2Fpost%2F2010%2F03%2Fcharles-thacker-wins-turing-award-computings-nobel-prize%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_M._Fisher1994" class="citation news cs1">Lawrence M. 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The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sound+Bytes%3B+On+Building+a+Better+Highway&rft.date=1994-02-27&rft.au=Lawrence+M.+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C01E2DE163AF934A15751C0A962958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Leonard2000" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Leonard (May 16, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051204135210/http://www.salon.com/tech/fsp/2000/05/16/chapter_2_part_one/print.html">"BSD Unix: Power to the people, from the code"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/tech/fsp/2000/05/16/chapter_2_part_one/print.html">the original</a> on December 4, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=BSD+Unix%3A+Power+to+the+people%2C+from+the+code&rft.date=2000-05-16&rft.au=Andrew+Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Ftech%2Ffsp%2F2000%2F05%2F16%2Fchapter_2_part_one%2Fprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Chalmers2000" class="citation news cs1">Rachel Chalmers (May 17, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109065644/http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/05/17/386bsd/print.html">"The unknown hackers – Open-source pioneers Bill and Lynne Jolitz may be the most famous programmers you've never heard of"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>. 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Security Space.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mail+%28MX%29+Server+Survey&rft.pub=Security+Space&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.au=E-Soft+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.securityspace.com%2Fs_survey%2Fdata%2Fman.201112%2Fmxsurvey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517144203/http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/engnews/spring03/4S/XCF.html">"eXperimental Computer Facility's proud present and impressive past"</a>. Engineering News. February 10, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/engnews/spring03/4S/XCF.html">the original</a> on May 17, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eXperimental+Computer+Facility%27s+proud+present+and+impressive+past&rft.pub=Engineering+News&rft.date=2003-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.berkeley.edu%2Fengnews%2Fspring03%2F4S%2FXCF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Pei-Yuan Wei's contributions are profiled on pages 56, 64, 68, and 83, in the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> creator's autobiography (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Berners-Lee2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> (November 7, 2001). Weaving the Web. 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The Berkeleyan and the UC Berkeley NewsCenter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leon+Litwack+Rocks&rft.pub=The+Berkeleyan+and+the+UC+Berkeley+NewsCenter&rft.date=2005-09-14&rft.au=Cathy+Cockrell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fberkeleyan%2F2005%2F09%2F14_litwack.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathy_Cockrell2007" class="citation web cs1">Cathy Cockrell (May 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/05/08_litwack.shtml">"Leon Litwack's last stand"</a>. 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Retrieved April 16, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asian+Hall+of+Fame+%E2%80%93+Induction+Ceremony&rft.pub=Robert+Chinn+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianhalloffame.org%2Fceremony.htm%23christinechen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABCNews_Sievers_2008_08_16-308"><a href="#cite_ref-ABCNews_Sievers_2008_08_16_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abcnews.go.com/print?id=5197492">"Colon Cancer Claims Veteran Journalist Leroy Sievers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. August 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Colon+Cancer+Claims+Veteran+Journalist+Leroy+Sievers&rft.date=2008-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abcnews.go.com%2Fprint%3Fid%3D5197492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.ws/dcbaltotvnews/newsarchives/062000archives.htm">"MegaMetro NewsCenter Story Archives June–August 2000"</a>. MegaMetro TV NewsCenter. Retrieved November 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MegaMetro+TV+NewsCenter&rft.atitle=MegaMetro+NewsCenter+Story+Archives+June%E2%80%93August+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.ws%2Fdcbaltotvnews%2Fnewsarchives%2F062000archives.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard2005" class="citation news cs1">Maynard, John (June 19, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/18/AR2005061801146.html">"Youth Is Served At Local Emmys"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Youth+Is+Served+At+Local+Emmys&rft.date=2005-06-19&rft.aulast=Maynard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F06%2F18%2FAR2005061801146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/News/elisabeth-leamy-abc-news-official-biography/story?id=1026778">"Elisabeth Leamy Bio"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved November 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Elisabeth+Leamy+Bio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FNews%2Felisabeth-leamy-abc-news-official-biography%2Fstory%3Fid%3D1026778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112204119/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/85855/Stewart-Copeland/biography">"Stewart Copeland"</a>. Movies & TV Dept. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/person/85855/Stewart-Copeland/biography">the original</a> on January 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stewart+Copeland&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fperson%2F85855%2FStewart-Copeland%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504024706/http://www.mtv.com/news/correspondents/pak/bio.jhtml">"SuChin Pak Biography – Reporter, Host and Interviewer – MTV News"</a>. MTV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/correspondents/pak/bio.jhtml">the original</a> on May 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SuChin+Pak+Biography+%E2%80%93+Reporter%2C+Host+and+Interviewer+%E2%80%93+MTV+News&rft.pub=MTV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2Fcorrespondents%2Fpak%2Fbio.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20128175,00.html">"Stephan Jenkins: Musician"</a>. <a href="/wiki/People_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="People Magazine">People Magazine</a>. May 10, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People+Magazine&rft.atitle=Stephan+Jenkins%3A+Musician&rft.date=1999-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com%2Fpeople%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C20128175%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705094754/http://www.espnmediazone.com/bios/Talent/Tafoya_Michele.htm">"Michele Tafoya 's Monday Night Football Sideline Reporter; Play-By-Play and Sideline Commentator"</a>. ESPN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espnmediazone.com/bios/Talent/Tafoya_Michele.htm">the original</a> on July 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=Michele+Tafoya+%27s+Monday+Night+Football+Sideline+Reporter%3B+Play-By-Play+and+Sideline+Commentator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espnmediazone.com%2Fbios%2FTalent%2FTafoya_Michele.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Roberts_and_Pablo_S._Torre2012" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Roberts and Pablo S. Torre (April 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413172211/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/magazine/04/10/steinberg/index.html">"Jerry Maguire aspires to be you"</a>. Sports illustrated. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/magazine/04/10/steinberg/index.html">the original</a> on April 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jerry+Maguire+aspires+to+be+you&rft.date=2012-04-11&rft.au=Daniel+Roberts+and+Pablo+S.+Torre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsportsillustrated.cnn.com%2F2012%2Fmagazine%2F04%2F10%2Fsteinberg%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Jerry Maguire was nominated for 5 Academy Awards, and won for Best Supporting Actor (<a href="/wiki/Cuba_Gooding,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Cuba Gooding, Jr.">Cuba Gooding, Jr.</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Aron2008_08_18-318"><a href="#cite_ref-Aron2008_08_18_318-0">^</a> "The six medals she won are the most by an American woman in any sport, breaking the record she tied four years ago. Her career total matches the third-most by any U.S. athlete." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaime_Aron2008" class="citation news cs1">Jaime Aron (August 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511093814/http://stats.cbc.ca/olympics/story.asp?i=20080817063823933328708&%20ref=rec&tm=&src=OLYMPICS_DOLY_SWM">"Coughlin's 6 medals most by a US woman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.cbc.ca/olympics/story.asp?i=20080817063823933328708&%20ref=rec&tm=&src=OLYMPICS_DOLY_SWM">the original</a> on May 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coughlin%27s+6+medals+most+by+a+US+woman&rft.date=2008-08-17&rft.au=Jaime+Aron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.cbc.ca%2Folympics%2Fstory.asp%3Fi%3D20080817063823933328708%26%2520ref%3Drec%26tm%3D%26src%3DOLYMPICS_DOLY_SWM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRorabaugh1990" class="citation book cs1">Rorabaugh, W. J. (1990). Berkeley at War: The 1960s. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506667-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506667-7"><bdi>0-19-506667-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berkeley+at+War%3A+The+1960s&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-506667-7&rft.aulast=Rorabaugh&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrechin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gray_Brechin" title="Gray Brechin">Brechin, Gray</a> (1999). Imperial San Francisco. UC Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21568-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21568-0"><bdi>0-520-21568-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+San+Francisco&rft.pub=UC+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-21568-0&rft.aulast=Brechin&rft.aufirst=Gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerny2001" class="citation book cs1">Cerny, Susan Dinkelspiel (2001). Berkeley Landmarks: An Illustrated Guide to Berkeley, California's Architectural Heritage. Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9706676-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9706676-0-4"><bdi>0-9706676-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berkeley+Landmarks%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide+to+Berkeley%2C+California%27s+Architectural+Heritage&rft.pub=Berkeley+Architectural+Heritage+Association&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-9706676-0-4&rft.aulast=Cerny&rft.aufirst=Susan+Dinkelspiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelfand2001" class="citation book cs1">Helfand, Harvey (2001). University of California, Berkeley. Princeton Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56898-293-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56898-293-3"><bdi>1-56898-293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56898-293-3&rft.aulast=Helfand&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2001" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Geoffrey (May 2001). A Golden State of Mind. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55212-635-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55212-635-8"><bdi>1-55212-635-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Golden+State+of+Mind&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2001-05&rft.isbn=1-55212-635-8&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2003" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Jo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atberkeleyinsixt00free">At Berkeley in the Sixties: The Education of an Activist, 1961–1965</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21622-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21622-2"><bdi>0-253-21622-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Berkeley+in+the+Sixties%3A+The+Education+of+an+Activist%2C+1961%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-253-21622-2&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatberkeleyinsixt00free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wiseman" title="Frederick Wiseman">Wiseman, Frederick</a> (Director) (2013). At Berkeley (Motion picture). Zipporah Films.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+Berkeley&rft.pub=Zipporah+Films&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+California%2C+Berkeley" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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</main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California,_Berkeley&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 4 January 2025, at 20:01 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_van_Kaliforni%C3%AB,_Berkeley" title="Universiteit van Kalifornië, Berkeley – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Universiteit van Kalifornië, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A)" title="جامعة كاليفورنيا (بركلي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة كاليفورنيا (بركلي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_California_en_Berkeley" title="Universidá de California en Berkeley – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá de California en Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkli_Kaliforniya_Universiteti" title="Berkli Kaliforniya Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Berkli Kaliforniya Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="کالیفورنیا، برکلی بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کالیفورنیا، برکلی بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC,_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, বার্কলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, বার্কলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Каліфарнійскі ўніверсітэт у Берклі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каліфарнійскі ўніверсітэт у Берклі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%E2%80%93_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Калифорнийски университет – Бъркли – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калифорнийски университет – Бъркли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Kalifornije_(Berkeley)" title="Univerzitet Kalifornije (Berkeley) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Univerzitet Kalifornije (Berkeley)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Calif%C3%B2rnia_a_Berkeley" title="Universitat de Califòrnia a Berkeley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de Califòrnia a Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="University of California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornsk%C3%A1_univerzita_v_Berkeley" title="Kalifornská univerzita v Berkeley – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalifornská univerzita v Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Califfornia,_Berkeley" title="Prifysgol Califfornia, Berkeley – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol Califfornia, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="University of California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="University of California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_%C3%9Clikool_Berkeleys" title="California Ülikool Berkeleys – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="California Ülikool Berkeleys" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1_(%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8B)" title="Πανεπιστήμιο της Καλιφόρνια (Μπέρκλεϋ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο της Καλιφόρνια (Μπέρκλεϋ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_California_en_Berkeley" title="Universidad de California en Berkeley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de California en Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_de_Kalifornio_en_Berkelio" title="Universitato de Kalifornio en Berkelio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato de Kalifornio en Berkelio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniako_Unibertsitatea_Berkeleyn" title="Kaliforniako Unibertsitatea Berkeleyn – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaliforniako Unibertsitatea Berkeleyn" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C)" title="دانشگاه کالیفرنیا (برکلی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه کالیفرنیا (برکلی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Californie_%C3%A0_Berkeley" title="Université de Californie à Berkeley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université de Californie à Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_California,_Berkeley" title="Universidade de California, Berkeley – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade de California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90_%EB%B2%84%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="캘리포니아 대학교 버클리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캘리포니아 대학교 버클리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Բերքլիի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բերքլիի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87" title="कैलिफोर्निया विश्वविद्यालय, बर्कले – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैलिफोर्निया विश्वविद्यालय, बर्कले" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_u_Berkeleyju" title="Sveučilište u Berkeleyju – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveučilište u Berkeleyju" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_California,_Berkeley" title="Universitas California, Berkeley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforn%C3%ADuh%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li_%C3%AD_Berkeley" title="Kaliforníuháskóli í Berkeley – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kaliforníuháskóli í Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_della_California_-_Berkeley" title="Università della California - Berkeley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università della California - Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99" title="אוניברסיטת קליפורניה בברקלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת קליפורניה בברקלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Берклиде Калифорнияны университети – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Берклиде Калифорнияны университети" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="კალიფორნიის უნივერსიტეტი (ბერკლი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალიფორნიის უნივერსიტეტი (ბერკლი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Калифорния университеті, Беркли – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калифорния университеті, Беркли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Калифорния Университети (Беркли) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калифорния Университети (Беркли)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Californiensis_Berkeleiensis" title="Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijas_Universit%C4%81te_(B%C4%93rkli)" title="Kalifornijas Universitāte (Bērkli) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalifornijas Universitāte (Bērkli)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijos_universitetas_Berklyje" title="Kalifornijos universitetas Berklyje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalifornijos universitetas Berklyje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniai_Egyetem_(Berkeley)" title="Kaliforniai Egyetem (Berkeley) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaliforniai Egyetem (Berkeley)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%E2%80%93_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Калифорниски универзитет – Беркли – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калифорниски универзитет – Беркли" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF,_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="യൂണിവേർസിറ്റി ഓഫ് കാലിഫോർണിയ, ബെർക്കിലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂണിവേർസിറ്റി ഓഫ് കാലിഫോർണിയ, ബെർക്കിലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="კალიფორნიაშ უნივერსიტეტი (ბერკლი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კალიფორნიაშ უნივერსიტეტი (ბერკლი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89)" title="جامعة كاليفورنيا (بيركيلى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة كاليفورنيا (بيركيلى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_California,_Berkeley" title="Universiti California, Berkeley – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Калифорнийн Их Сургууль (Беркли) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Калифорнийн Их Сургууль (Беркли)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_van_Californi%C3%AB_-_Berkeley" title="Universiteit van Californië - Berkeley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universiteit van Californië - Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E6%A0%A1" title="カリフォルニア大学バークレー校 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリフォルニア大学バークレー校" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="University of California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeleydagi_Kaliforniya_universiteti" title="Berkeleydagi Kaliforniya universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Berkeleydagi Kaliforniya universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80,_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੈਲੀਫ਼ੋਰਨੀਆ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ, ਬਰਕਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਲੀਫ਼ੋਰਨੀਆ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ, ਬਰਕਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%92" title="کیلیفورنیا یونیورسٹی، برکلے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیلیفورنیا یونیورسٹی، برکلے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_%C3%ABd_Berkeley" title="Università ëd Berkeley – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Università ëd Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="University of California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Kalifornijski_w_Berkeley" title="Uniwersytet Kalifornijski w Berkeley – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet Kalifornijski w Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_da_Calif%C3%B3rnia_em_Berkeley" title="Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_Berkeley_din_California" title="Universitatea Berkeley din California – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea Berkeley din California" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/California,_Berkeley_Yachay_Suntur" title="California, Berkeley Yachay Suntur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="California, Berkeley Yachay Suntur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Калифорнийский университет в Беркли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калифорнийский университет в Беркли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_i_Kalifornis%C3%AB,_Berkeley" title="Universiteti i Kalifornisë, Berkeley – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti i Kalifornisë, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="University of California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="University of California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_Kalifornije,_Berkeley" title="Univerza Kalifornije, Berkeley – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza Kalifornije, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C)" title="زانکۆی کالیفۆرنیا (بێرکلی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆی کالیفۆرنیا (بێرکلی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Универзитет Калифорније (Беркли) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет Калифорније (Беркли)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_u_Kaliforniji,_Berkeley" title="Univerzitet u Kaliforniji, Berkeley – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet u Kaliforniji, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornian_yliopisto_(Berkeley)" title="Kalifornian yliopisto (Berkeley) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalifornian yliopisto (Berkeley)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="University of California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF)" title="கலிபோர்னியா பல்கலைக்கழகம் (பெர்க்லி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலிபோர்னியா பல்கலைக்கழகம் (பெர்க்லி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="มหาวิทยาลัยแคลิฟอร์เนีย เบิร์กลีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยแคลิฟอร์เนีย เบิร์กลีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Донишгоҳи Калифорния дар Берклӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Калифорния дар Берклӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniya_%C3%9Cniversitesi_(Berkeley)" title="Kaliforniya Üniversitesi (Berkeley) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaliforniya Üniversitesi (Berkeley)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96)" title="Університет Каліфорнії (Берклі) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Університет Каліфорнії (Берклі)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جامعہ کیلیفورنیا، برکلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جامعہ کیلیفورنیا، برکلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_California_t%E1%BA%A1i_Berkeley" title="Đại học California tại Berkeley – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học California tại Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_han_California,_Berkeley" title="Unibersidad han California, Berkeley – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unibersidad han California, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" title="加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="柏克萊加州大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="柏克萊加州大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers%C4%B1tey_Kaliforniya,_Berkeley" title="Universıtey Kaliforniya, Berkeley – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Universıtey Kaliforniya, Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%9F%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" title="加州大學柏克萊分校 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加州大學柏克萊分校" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersit%C3%A8t_Kaliporni_di_B%C3%A8rkeli" title="Uniwersitèt Kaliporni di Bèrkeli – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Uniwersitèt Kaliporni di Bèrkeli" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 January 2025, at 20:01 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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