Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1739885660"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1739885660"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1739885660"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?6398b1425402cd8f?1739885660"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1739885660" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1739885660"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1739885660"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1739885660"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1739885660"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1739885660"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1739885660"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1739885660"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1739885660"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1739885660"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1739885660"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/animals-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/animals-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/animals-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1739885660"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1739885660"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/xml2html/article-html.css?230b005b39af4260?1739885660"> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(13,67,111,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(13,67,111,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(13,67,111,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(13,67,111,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(13,67,111,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1739885660"> <meta name="title" content="Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle"> <meta name="description" content="Pathological findings in individual classes of cattle were assessed from the viewpoint of their localization and category. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether there are differences in the range and number of findings made between the individual classes of cattle. The results of veterinary inspections on 2,514,666 head of cattle slaughtered in the Czech Republic in the period 2010–2019 were used for the assessment. In terms of localization, the most frequent findings in cows were in the liver and pancreas (46.13%), the urinary tract (40.76%) and the lungs (36.23%). These findings also predominated in heifers and bulls, though they were recorded at lower frequencies (p < 0.01) than in cows. The most frequent pathological changes in heifers and bulls were chronic findings in the lungs (16.09% and 12.27%, respectively). The range of findings in calves differed significantly from other classes of cattle, primarily as the result of respiratory and diarrheal syndrome being the most frequent diseases in calves. Calves were the class of cattle most frequently diagnosed with findings in the lungs (44.89%), as well as other unclassified changes (24.43%) and overall changes (21.55%), which point to a systemic disorder of the organism. The results of this study confirmed the differing states of health in the individual classes of cattle and the differing health issues to which treatment and the prevention of the most frequently occurring infectious and non-infectious diseases must be adapted. Cattle welfare is affected not only by the level of health but also by the herd management and economics. This is confirmed by the range of findings, and the deterioration of living conditions especially in cows, likely because of great intensity of farming, but also in calves which suffered from emaciation or stunted growth." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/animals-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Michal Kaluza"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Vladimir Vecerek"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Eva Voslarova"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Zbynek Semerad"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Annamaria Passantino"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Animals 2021, Vol. 11, Page 537"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2021-02-19"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/ani11020537"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Pathological findings in individual classes of cattle were assessed from the viewpoint of their localization and category. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether there are differences in the range and number of findings made between the individual classes of cattle. The results of veterinary inspections on 2,514,666 head of cattle slaughtered in the Czech Republic in the period 2010–2019 were used for the assessment. In terms of localization, the most frequent findings in cows were in the liver and pancreas (46.13%), the urinary tract (40.76%) and the lungs (36.23%). These findings also predominated in heifers and bulls, though they were recorded at lower frequencies (p < 0.01) than in cows. The most frequent pathological changes in heifers and bulls were chronic findings in the lungs (16.09% and 12.27%, respectively). The range of findings in calves differed significantly from other classes of cattle, primarily as the result of respiratory and diarrheal syndrome being the most frequent diseases in calves. Calves were the class of cattle most frequently diagnosed with findings in the lungs (44.89%), as well as other unclassified changes (24.43%) and overall changes (21.55%), which point to a systemic disorder of the organism. The results of this study confirmed the differing states of health in the individual classes of cattle and the differing health issues to which treatment and the prevention of the most frequently occurring infectious and non-infectious diseases must be adapted. Cattle welfare is affected not only by the level of health but also by the herd management and economics. This is confirmed by the range of findings, and the deterioration of living conditions especially in cows, likely because of great intensity of farming, but also in calves which suffered from emaciation or stunted growth." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="slaughter" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="veterinary inspection" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="pathological findings" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="health" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="welfare" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2076-2615"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Animals"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2021-02-19"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="11"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="2"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="537" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2076-2615"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Animals"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2021/2"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2021/02/19"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="11"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="537"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kaluza, Michal"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Vecerek, Vladimir"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Voslarova, Eva"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Semerad, Zbynek"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Passantino, Annamaria"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/ani11020537"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-ani11020537"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/pdf?version=1614303344"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/pdf?version=1614303344"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/pdf?version=1614303344"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/animals-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Pathological findings in individual classes of cattle were assessed from the viewpoint of their localization and category. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether there are differences in the range and number of findings made between the individual classes of cattle. The results of veterinary inspections on 2,514,666 head of cattle slaughtered in the Czech Republic in the period 2010–2019 were used for the assessment. In terms of localization, the most frequent findings in cows were in the liver and pancreas (46.13%), the urinary tract (40.76%) and the lungs (36.23%). These findings also predominated in heifers and bulls, though they were recorded at lower frequencies (p < 0.01) than in cows. The most frequent pathological changes in heifers and bulls were chronic findings in the lungs (16.09% and 12.27%, respectively). The range of findings in calves differed significantly from other classes of cattle, primarily as the result of respiratory and diarrheal syndrome being the most frequent diseases in calves. Calves were the class of cattle most frequently diagnosed with findings in the lungs (44.89%), as well as other unclassified changes (24.43%) and overall changes (21.55%), which point to a systemic disorder of the organism. The results of this study confirmed the differing states of health in the individual classes of cattle and the differing health issues to which treatment and the prevention of the most frequently occurring infectious and non-infectious diseases must be adapted. Cattle welfare is affected not only by the level of health but also by the herd management and economics. This is confirmed by the range of findings, and the deterioration of living conditions especially in cows, likely because of great intensity of farming, but also in calves which suffered from emaciation or stunted growth." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/animals-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2076-2615/11/2/538">Effects of Sedation with Medetomidine and Dexmedetomidine on Doppler Measurements of Ovarian Artery Blood Flow in Bitches</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2076-2615/11/2/536">Chylopericardium Effusion in a Lac Alaotra Bamboo Lemur (<i>Hapalemur alaotrensis</i>)</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Author Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1739885660" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1739885660" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Author Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=animals " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="adhesives" > Adhesives </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="aisens" > AI Sensors </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" selected='selected'> Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biosphere" > Biosphere </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C (Journal of Carbon Research) </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="cmtr" > Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction (CMTR) </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="eesp" > Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="greenhealth" > Green Health </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijom" > International Journal of Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy (IJOM) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jemr" > Journal of Eye Movement Research (JEMR) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmms" > Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences (JMMS) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="microwave" > Microwave </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="giants-in-urology">Giants in Urology</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="urology-around-the-world">Urology around the World</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="11" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="2" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/journal/animals">Animals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2076-2615/11">Volume 11</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2076-2615/11/2">Issue 2</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">10.3390/ani11020537</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width row-fixed-left-column"> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/animals"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/animals-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="animals-logo" title="Animals" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_ArticleSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form%5Bjournal_id%5D%3D74" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleEditIssueButton" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/animals" data-path="/2076-2615/11/2/537" data-disabledmessage="proposing new special issue is not possible."> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item link-article-menu show-for-small"> <a href="#" class="link-article-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Article Menu </a> </div> <div class="hide-small-down-initially UI_ArticleMenu"> <div class="generic-item"> <h2>Article Menu</h2> </div> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/2076-2615/11/2/537/scifeed_display" data-reveal-id="scifeed-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Subscribe SciFeed</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link js-article-similarity-container" style="display: none"> <a href="#" class="js-similarity-related-articles">Recommended Articles</a> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#related" class="accordion__title">Related Info Links</a> <div id="related" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_RelatedLinks"> <ul> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/33669575" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PubMed/Medline</a> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Incidence%20of%20Characteristic%20Findings%20during%20Veterinary%20Carcass%20Inspections%202010%E2%80%932019%20in%20the%20Czech%20Republic%20and%20the%20Relation%20to%20the%20Level%20of%20Health%20and%20Welfare%20of%20Individual%20Classes%20of%20Cattle" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Scholar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#authors" class="accordion__title">More by Authors Links</a> <div id="authors" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_AuthorsLinks"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on DOAJ</a> </li> <div id="AuthorDOAJExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Michal%20Kaluza%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kaluza, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Vladimir%20Vecerek%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vecerek, V.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Eva%20Voslarova%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Voslarova, E.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Zbynek%20Semerad%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Semerad, Z.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Annamaria%20Passantino%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Passantino, A.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on Google Scholar</a> </li> <div id="AuthorGoogleExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Michal%20Kaluza" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kaluza, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vladimir%20Vecerek" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vecerek, V.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Eva%20Voslarova" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Voslarova, E.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zbynek%20Semerad" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Semerad, Z.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Annamaria%20Passantino" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Passantino, A.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on PubMed</a> </li> <div id="AuthorPubMedExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Michal%20Kaluza" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kaluza, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Vladimir%20Vecerek" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vecerek, V.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Eva%20Voslarova" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Voslarova, E.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Zbynek%20Semerad" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Semerad, Z.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Annamaria%20Passantino" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Passantino, A.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_hidden_flag"></span> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_subscribe_url">/ajax/scifeed/subscribe</span> </div> </div> <div class="content__container responsive-moving-container large medium active hidden" data-id="article-counters"> <div id="counts-wrapper" class="row generic-item no-border" data-equalizer> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__views" class="small-12 hide columns count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Article Views</span> <span class="count view-number"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__citations" class="small-12 columns hide count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Citations</span> <span class="count citations-number Var_ArticleMaxCitations">-</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="hide-small-down-initially"> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#table_of_contents" class="accordion__title">Table of Contents</a> <div id="table_of_contents" class="content active"> <div class="menu-caption" id="html-quick-links-title"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="pbgrd-sky"></div> <script src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-mdpi.js"></script> <style>.content__container { min-width: 300px; }</style>  </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <span id="js-altmetrics-donut" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: none;"> <span data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='10.3390/ani11020537'></span> <span>Altmetric</span> </span> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> <span>Share</span> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> <span>Help</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="cite-modal" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/cite" > <i class="material-icons">format_quote</i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/discussion-groups/public/10.3390/ani11020537?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=publication&utm_campaign=discuss_in_sciprofiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Discuss in Sciprofiles"> <i class="material-icons">question_answer</i> <span>Discuss in SciProfiles</span> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <div class="page-highlight"> <style type="text/css"> img.review-status { width: 30px; } </style> <div id="jmolModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2>JSmol Viewer</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns text-center"> <iframe style="width: 520px; height: 520px;" frameborder="0" id="jsmol-content"></iframe> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/2076-2615/11/2/537/pdf?version=1614303344" data-name="Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle" data-journal="animals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/2076-2615/11/2/537/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div class='html-article-menu'> <div class='html-first-step row'> <div class='html-font-family large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'> Font Type: </div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Arial</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Georgia1, Georgia, serif;' data-fontfamily='Georgia1, Georgia, serif'>Georgia</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif' >Verdana</i></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-font-resize large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Font Size:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-percent="100">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-percent="120">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-percent="160">Aa</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-line-space large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Line Spacing:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-line-height="1.5em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-line-height="1.8em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-line-height="2.1em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-column-width large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Column Width:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-column-width="20%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-column-width="10%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-column-width="0%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-bg large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Background:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-bright" data-bg="bright"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-dark" data-bg="dark"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4360317' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Michal Kaluza</div><div id="profile-card-drop4360317" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Michal Kaluza</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1258984?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Michal%20Kaluza" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Michal%20Kaluza&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Michal%20Kaluza" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4360317" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#f5da969b91d896929cda99da9098949c99d885879a819096819c9a9bd6c5c5c594c397c5c2c490c4c4c594c5c3c797c491c591c490c1c0c5cdc4c4"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0169-4537" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739885660" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4360318' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Vladimir Vecerek</div><div id="profile-card-drop4360318" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Vladimir Vecerek</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3132185?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Vladimir%20Vecerek" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Vladimir%20Vecerek&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vladimir%20Vecerek" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4360318" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#d7f8b4b9b3fab4b0bef8bbf8b2bab6bebbfaa7a5b8a3b2b4a3beb8b9f4e7e7e6e4e0e1e6e2e6e4e7e3e6e4e6b3e7e7e4e1e7e7e6e7e7e4e2efe6e2e7b4"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4360319' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Eva Voslarova</div><div id="profile-card-drop4360319" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Eva Voslarova</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/883529?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Eva%20Voslarova" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Eva%20Voslarova&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Eva%20Voslarova" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4360319" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#c5eaa6aba1e8a6a2aceaa9eaa0a8a4aca9e8b5b7aab1a0a6b1acaaabe6f5f5f4fcf2f3f5f0f4a4f4f2f5f1f4fcf5f5f4f2f4f6f6f3f5f5f4f5f5f6f0fdf4f0f5a6"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4334-2487" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739885660" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4360320' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Zbynek Semerad</div><div id="profile-card-drop4360320" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Zbynek Semerad</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/cFlFTW8yeEl6dllzcHZNanNycGo1SG93ZEI3ZTA0WjhKVlVIVG9HQ2praz0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Zbynek%20Semerad" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Zbynek%20Semerad&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zbynek%20Semerad" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4360320" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#bd92ded3d990dedad492d192d8d0dcd4d190cdcfd2c9d8dec9d4d2d39e8d8d88898adc8d848cdb8c8a8cdb8d858cdf8cd88edc8d848dde8d848c848d8588898c848d8d"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4360321' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Annamaria Passantino</div><div id="profile-card-drop4360321" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/685407/thumb/Annamaria_Passantino.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Annamaria Passantino</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/685407?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Annamaria%20Passantino" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Annamaria%20Passantino&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Annamaria%20Passantino" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 3</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4360321" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#7f501c111b521c18165013501a121e1613520f0d100b1a1c0b1610115c4f4f4e4e484f4f4c4f4c4e4e4e1a4e1a4e4e4c4f4f4a4e1a4e464e1b4e4a4a1a4e464f4b"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-3636" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1739885660" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Central Veterinary Administration of the State Veterinary Administration, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 981 68 Messina, Italy</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Animals</em> <b>2021</b>, <em>11</em>(2), 537; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020537">https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020537</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 4 January 2021</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 16 February 2021</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 17 February 2021</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 19 February 2021</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/animals/sections/Animal_Welfare">Animal Welfare</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-501874" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-501874" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-501874" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2076-2615/11/2/537/pdf?version=1614303344" data-name="Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle" data-journal="animals">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2076-2615/11/2/537/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2076-2615/11/2/537/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2076-2615/11/2/537/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2076-2615/11/2/537/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <section id="SimpleSummary" type=""><h2 data-nested="1"> Simple Summary</h2><div class="html-p">The data from a veterinary inspection is a valuable tool in monitoring the health and welfare of slaughtered animals and can provide information relevant to the assessment of their living conditions. In our study, the results of veterinary inspections of cattle slaughtered in the Czech Republic in the period 2010–2019 were analyzed. In terms of localization, the most frequent findings in cattle were in the liver and pancreas (26.36%), in the lungs (25.44%) and in the urinary tract (25.19%). Among adult cattle, according to these pathological findings, cows were numerically the most affected class. In contrast, bulls had very good levels of health. In calves, the most frequent were findings in the lungs, unclassified changes and overall changes. The results showed the different health issues and the different states of health in the individual classes of cattle, which demand a different approach to the treatment and prevention of the most frequent diseases. The spectrum of characteristic findings is also a reflection of the level of welfare. Deteriorated living conditions should be mentioned especially in cows but also in calves which often suffered from emaciation or stunted growth.</div></section><section id="Abstract" type=""><h2 data-nested="1"> Abstract</h2><div class="html-p">Pathological findings in individual classes of cattle were assessed from the viewpoint of their localization and category. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether there are differences in the range and number of findings made between the individual classes of cattle. The results of veterinary inspections on 2,514,666 head of cattle slaughtered in the Czech Republic in the period 2010–2019 were used for the assessment. In terms of localization, the most frequent findings in cows were in the liver and pancreas (46.13%), the urinary tract (40.76%) and the lungs (36.23%). These findings also predominated in heifers and bulls, though they were recorded at lower frequencies (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01) than in cows. The most frequent pathological changes in heifers and bulls were chronic findings in the lungs (16.09% and 12.27%, respectively). The range of findings in calves differed significantly from other classes of cattle, primarily as the result of respiratory and diarrheal syndrome being the most frequent diseases in calves. Calves were the class of cattle most frequently diagnosed with findings in the lungs (44.89%), as well as other unclassified changes (24.43%) and overall changes (21.55%), which point to a systemic disorder of the organism. The results of this study confirmed the differing states of health in the individual classes of cattle and the differing health issues to which treatment and the prevention of the most frequently occurring infectious and non-infectious diseases must be adapted. Cattle welfare is affected not only by the level of health but also by the herd management and economics. This is confirmed by the range of findings, and the deterioration of living conditions especially in cows, likely because of great intensity of farming, but also in calves which suffered from emaciation or stunted growth.</div></section> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=slaughter">slaughter</a>; <a href="/search?q=veterinary+inspection">veterinary inspection</a>; <a href="/search?q=pathological+findings">pathological findings</a>; <a href="/search?q=health">health</a>; <a href="/search?q=welfare">welfare</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-animals-11-00537' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Veterinary inspections of animals and animal products is one of the most widespread and longest-functioning surveillance systems [<a href="#B1-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. The data from veterinary inspection is a valuable tool in monitoring the health and welfare of slaughtered animals, and can provide information relevant to the assessment of their living conditions [<a href="#B2-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">2</a>,<a href="#B3-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. Serious violations of the level of welfare may lead to changes in the organism, which are then made evident by findings at the slaughterhouse [<a href="#B4-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. Assuring welfare is not merely important from the viewpoint of animal protection and the ethics of our treatment of animals, but also has an impact on the attainment of meat of high quality from slaughter animals. Inappropriate living conditions lead to chronic stress in animals and the possible development of medical problems. Assessing welfare is not merely a matter of the ethics of a farmer’s approach to animals, the elimination of welfare problems may lead to improved production on farms [<a href="#B6-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Livestock welfare has become a matter of public concern and consequently, animal production has become subject to a more rigorous scrutiny due to EU legislation [<a href="#B7-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. According to Velarde and Dalmau [<a href="#B8-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">8</a>], people are convinced of the importance of good living conditions for farm animals and are willing to consider this in their buying strategies with respect to animal products.</div><div class='html-p'>A carcass inspection not only provides an awareness of the quality and safety of animal products, but also gives a comprehensive overview of the slaughtered animal’s health [<a href="#B9-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">9</a>]. Klink et al. [<a href="#B10-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">10</a>] emphasized the huge amount of information that can be obtained at the slaughterhouse about the state of health of slaughtered animals and about findings that may be associated with the level of welfare of reared animals. Findings made at the slaughterhouse can be linked with the diagnostics of the herd and can be used to gain comprehensive information about medical problems on individual farms. Feedback from slaughterhouses is of indisputable importance to successful herd management [<a href="#B11-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">11</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The frequency and range of pathological changes in cattle are often different in different countries [<a href="#B9-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">9</a>]. Ceccarelli et al. [<a href="#B12-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">12</a>] performed retrospective analysis of the results of inspections on slaughter animals from the period 2010–2016. They analyzed the reasons for the condemnation of carcasses and organs at selected slaughterhouses in central Italy. The results of their study show that the most frequent findings leading to condemnation were lesions in the lungs (64.86% of cases), in the liver (31.20% of cases) and in the stomach (11.63% of cases). Cerchiaro et al. [<a href="#B13-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">13</a>] determined the reasons for culling beef bulls in Italy. They found the main reasons for culling to be disorders of the musculoskeletal system (42%) and respiratory system (24.3%). Tabaran et al. [<a href="#B14-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">14</a>] assessed findings at Romanian slaughterhouses in the years 2016–2017. The most frequent were findings of parasitic origin in the lungs. Another frequent finding in the lungs was pneumonia (23.2%). The liver was also an organ with the most frequent parasitic lesions. Dupuy et al. [<a href="#B15-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">15</a>] analyzed findings at slaughterhouses in France during 2005–2010. Their results showed that 68% of the cattle with at least one condemned portion were related to condemnation of the liver. Less frequent findings of the reason for condemnation were made in the kidneys (19.23%) and lungs (18.1%). Januskeviciene et al. [<a href="#B16-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">16</a>], who studied the incidence of pathological findings in cattle in Lithuania in 2000–2009, reached similar conclusions. The authors noted that most findings were made in the liver (25.09%) and the respiratory tract (20.44%). Less common were findings in the digestive system (10.49%), the kidneys (9.6%) and the heart (8.41%). Blanco-Penedo et al. [<a href="#B17-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">17</a>] compared organic farms with intensive and conventional beef farms in Spain in 2007. On the basis of their findings, they concluded that the level of health between these systems did not differ significantly. Results from slaughterhouses showed that a total of 26% of all animals had at least one pathological finding. Lesions were found most often in the lungs (25.71%), the liver (14.09%), the kidneys (11.31%) and the digestive tract (5.75%), regardless of the farming system. The health of the animals is influenced more by the management of the specific farm and the approach taken by the farmer than by the husbandry systems used [<a href="#B18-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">18</a>]. Other studies have been contradictory, indicating that mastitis, laminitis and lesions on the limbs are a less serious problem on organic farms than they are in conventional farming [<a href="#B19-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Some studies have focused on certain groups of findings that may point to problems with the living conditions of the animals on farms. Bethancourt-Garcia et al. [<a href="#B20-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">20</a>] studied the occurrence of bruises in bulls and cows. They found a far lower occurrence of bruising in bulls (17.2%) than in cows (38.6%). Brscic et al. [<a href="#B21-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">21</a>] studied the effect of housing systems on the health and welfare of bulls in Italy. They found bulls housed on slatted flooring to be culled earlier than bulls housed on deep litter as a result of the higher incidence of bursitis, swellings and alopecia. The results of their study confirmed that pathologies of the musculoskeletal system were a more frequent cause of culling on farms with slatted floors (87.8% of cases) than on farms using a deep litter system (75% of cases).</div><div class='html-p'>Assumedly, the different classes of cattle (calves, heifers, cows and bulls) slaughtered in the slaughterhouse will also differ in the incidence of pathological findings. This has, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, not been presented in the literature before.</div><div class='html-p'>The aim of this study was to assess the characteristic findings made during post-mortem veterinary examination of cattle slaughtered at slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic in the period from 2010 to 2019 according to their localization and category of lesions in individual classes of cattle. Furthermore, the study was to evaluate whether there are differences in the range and number of findings made between the individual classes of cattle. Findings that may be associated with violation of the welfare of slaughtered animals were also assessed.</div><div class='html-p'>Cattle farming in the Czech Republic has seen a significant declining trend in the last 30 years (from 3,506,222 cattle in 1990 to 1,404,117 in 2020). In 2019, about 17% of farmed cattle were kept for meat production. Average weight of bovine animals slaughtered in the Czech Republic is 680 kg for bulls, 540 kg for cows and 475 kg for heifers. Bulls and heifers in fattening systems are slaughtered under the age of two years (12–24 months depending on the breed). Young cattle (8–12 months) are slaughtered rarely [<a href="#B22-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. Male dairy calves are often sold for fattening abroad. Females are used for future dairy production. Most calves slaughtered in the Czech slaughterhouses originate from the dairy industry. Small farmers represent a majority of the Czech cattle farming sector [<a href="#B24-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. Beef cattle are reared mainly in extensive farming systems, in other words, kept on pastures for most of the year. Most Czech dairy cows are kept in barns with a capacity of 255 cows and above (the average herd size is 314 cows per farm) [<a href="#B22-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">22</a>].</div></section><section id='sec2-animals-11-00537' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Materials and Methods</h2><div class='html-p'>Data for analysis was obtained from the information system of the State Veterinary Administration of the Czech Republic, which contains information on the number of slaughtered animals and the results of veterinary inspections recorded by official veterinary inspectors of the Regional Veterinary Administrations of the State Veterinary Administration operating at slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic. Data on the results of veterinary inspections on cattle slaughtered at all slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic in the period from 2010 to 2019 was used for the evaluation. A total of 2,514,666 cattle (1,136,754 cows, 257,912 heifers, 1,015,541 bulls and 104,459 calves) transported from the Czech cattle farms were slaughtered at 226 Czech slaughterhouses in the monitored period (41.62% of animals were slaughtered in the six largest slaughterhouses each having capacities of more than 10,000 slaughtered bovine animals per year). Only animals considered fit to be transported to the slaughterhouse (according to the Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005 [<a href="#B25-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">25</a>] and slaughtered for human consumption were included in the analysis. Pathological changes were evaluated separately for individual cattle classes, namely, cows, heifers, bulls and calves, slaughtered at the slaughterhouses. The individual classes of cattle were defined as follows: calves (up to 6 months of age), heifers (females from 6 months of age to the first calving), cows (females after the first calving) and bulls (males over 6 months of age).</div><div class='html-p'>The spectrum and frequency of pathological findings were assessed for each class of cattle. Pathological changes were classified according to localization, in other words, the place of occurrence of findings. Groups of findings, according to their localization in cows, heifers, bulls and calves, were then specified according to the category of lesions.</div><div class='html-p'>Pathological findings on the organs were categorized either as acute, chronic or parasitic. Pathological changes in the body and limbs were categorized either as acute, chronic or traumatic.</div><div class='html-p'>Pathological changes caused by an inflammatory process lasting a short period before slaughter were classified among acute findings. These findings included marked hyperemia, the presence of hemorrhages, swelling, increased organ size, the presence of catarrhal, hemorrhagic, purulent or fibrinous exudates, et cetera.</div><div class='html-p'>Pathological changes caused by an inflammatory process lasting for a prolonged period before slaughter were classed as chronic findings. These findings included changes to the original structure of tissue parenchyma involving penetration of connective tissue, the formation of connective tissue scarring and the appearance of adhesions. The chronic findings were also indicated by reduction to the size of organs and their stiffness, change to the structure of the mucous and serous membrane surfaces in the sense of their roughening, the presence of post-inflammatory cavities, and the presence of cysts or calcifying abscesses, et cetera.</div><div class='html-p'>Changes that pointed to the invasion and migration of parasites and pathological processes caused by parasites in the host organism were classed as parasitic findings. Primarily, this involved cysticercosis and the presence of cysticerci at predilection sites—the heart, the esophagus, the diaphragm, the sublingual area and the masticatory muscles. <span class='html-italic'>Sarcocystis</span> and the occurrence of nematodes in the respiratory tract were other parasites monitored during veterinary inspection.</div><div class='html-p'>Traumatic changes were not included in acute or chronic changes but were recorded separately in order to determine the extent of the traumatic lesions as a part of animal welfare inspection. Findings of traumatic origin were considered to be changes (acute or chronic) represented by open wounds at various stages of healing, hematomas in the subcutaneous tissue and muscles, contusions, dislocations, fractures and other changes that could have been caused directly by husbandry technology, improper human handling or other animals on the farm, in transport or lairage. Post-mortem changes resulting from stunning were not included.</div><div class='html-p'>Overall changes included findings involving the whole organism of the animal, such as stunted growth, emaciation, ascites, occurrence of abscesses on many organs, tuberculous changes and others.</div><div class='html-p'>Other changes included other severe pathological changes in muscles and organs of acute, chronic or parasitic character (such as findings on pleura, peritoneum, diaphragm, hernia, etc.).</div><div class='html-p'>Unclassified changes included pathological findings which were not related to a specific organ or tissue, namely, unspecified morphological formations, tumors, color changes and other changes that could not be included in any other category.</div><div class='html-p'>The most frequent types of findings were determined in the individual classes of cattle and compared between classes. The results were evaluated statistically using the program Unistat 6.5 for Excel (Unistat Ltd., London, UK, 2013). For the purposes of statistical comparison of the frequency of findings in individual animal classes, a chi-square test was used to assess statistical significance in a 2 × 2 contingency table. Yates’ correction was used on frequencies exceeding 5, while Fisher’s exact test was used at frequencies less than 5. Spearman’s rank test was used to assess the trend between individual years of the monitored period in the number of selected findings (limbs). The result of testing was determination of rank correlation coefficients (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = rSp) used to assess a positive or negative trend in the numbers of findings.</div></section><section id='sec3-animals-11-00537' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results</h2><div class='html-p'>During the period 2010–2019, 1,136,754 cows, 257,912 heifers, 1,015,541 bulls and 104,459 calves were slaughtered at slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic. A comparison of the number of pathological findings according to their localization in individual classes of cattle is given in <a href="#animals-11-00537-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>The results show that, from the viewpoint of the localization of findings, the most frequent findings in cattle were in the liver and pancreas (26.36% of all animals), in the lungs (25.44% of all animals) and in the urinary tract (25.19% of all animals). The most frequent findings in cows were in the liver and pancreas (46.13%), the urinary tract (40.76%) and the lungs (36.23%). Findings in the liver, lungs and urinary tract also predominated among heifers and bulls, though they were less frequent than in cows. The most frequent pathological changes in heifers were in the lungs (17.61%), less frequent were findings in the urinary tract (16.25%) and liver (14.79%). The most frequent pathological changes in bulls were findings in the lungs (13.34%), in the urinary tract (10.87%) and in the liver (8.12%). The range of findings in calves differed markedly from the other classes. The findings most frequently diagnosed were in the lungs (44.89%). In contrast to other classes of cattle, unclassified changes (24.43%) and overall changes (21.55%), including emaciation, stunted growth, abscesses, ascites and tuberculous changes, were often recorded in calves. Differences in the frequency of individual findings were statistically highly significant (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01) between classes of cattle with the exception of findings in the central nervous system (CNS). Statistically significant (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> = 0.02) differences were found between cows and heifers in the case of findings in the CNS while no statistically significant differences (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> > 0.05) were found in findings in the CNS between cows and calves and between heifers and calves.</div><div class='html-p'>A comparison of the frequency of pathological findings in the liver according to the category of lesions in individual cattle classes is given in <a href="#animals-11-00537-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>. In cows, the most frequent pathological findings in the liver were chronic findings (38.66%). Chronic findings in the liver also predominated in the other classes of cattle, though the recorded frequencies were not as high as in cows. The fewest chronic findings in the liver were seen in bulls (7.12%). Differences in the frequencies of the individual types of findings in the liver were statistically highly significant (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01) with the exception of comparison between parasitic findings and icterus in calves where no significant (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> > 0.05) difference was found. Classes of cattle also differed (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01) from one another in the frequency of individual types of findings in the liver. Exceptions to this were acute findings in the liver, for which no significant differences (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> > 0.05) were found between cows and calves. No statistically significant differences between heifers and calves were demonstrated when chronic findings and findings of icterus were compared (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> > 0.05).</div><div class='html-p'>A comparison of the occurrence of pathological findings in the lungs according to the category of lesions in cattle is given in <a href="#animals-11-00537-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>. The results show that chronic findings predominated in all classes of cattle. The most affected were calves (35.63%), in which acute changes in the lungs (9.22%) were also detected most frequently of all the cattle classes. Frequent chronic changes in the lungs were also recorded in cows (29.92%). The lowest number of chronic findings in the lungs was in bulls (12.27%), in which the fewest acute findings were also recorded (1.05%). Parasitic findings in the lungs were detected to only a small extent in all classes of cattle. Differences in the frequencies of acute, chronic and parasitic findings in the lungs were statistically highly significant (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01). Classes of cattle also differed (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.05) from one another in the frequency of individual types of findings in the lungs except that no statistically significant (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> > 0.05) differences were found between heifers and bulls in parasitic findings.</div><div class='html-p'>A comparison of the occurrence of pathological findings in the kidneys between individual classes of cattle is shown in <a href="#animals-11-00537-t004" class="html-table">Table 4</a>. Chronic findings predominated in the kidneys in all classes of cattle. The largest number of chronic findings in the kidneys was seen in cows (36.76%). The lowest number of chronic findings was recorded in bulls (10.42%). Differences in the frequency of acute, chronic and parasitic findings in the kidneys were statistically highly significant (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01). Individual cattle classes also differed (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.05) from one another in the frequency of individual types of kidney findings with the exception of heifers and bulls in the case of parasitic findings.</div><div class='html-p'>A comparison of the incidence of pathological findings in the limbs in individual classes of cattle is given in <a href="#animals-11-00537-t005" class="html-table">Table 5</a>. Chronic findings predominated in all classes of cattle. The highest frequency of chronic findings in the limbs was recorded in cows (7.18%). Calves were another group affected by chronic changes in the limbs (4.16%). The lowest number of all pathological findings in the limbs was recorded in bulls. Differences in the frequency of acute, chronic and traumatic findings in the limbs were statistically highly significant (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01). All classes of cattle also differed (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01) from one another in the frequency of individual types of findings in the limbs.</div><div class='html-p'>The trend in the numbers of findings in limbs was also monitored in the individual classes of cattle. A negative correlation was found in cows (rSp = −0.806, <span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01), calves (rSp = −0.685, <span class='html-italic'>p</span> = 0.03) and heifers (rSp = −0.673, <span class='html-italic'>p</span> = 0.03). Bulls were the only class without a statistically confirmed declining trend of numbers of findings in the limbs.</div><div class='html-p'>Among the findings associated with overall changes on the body, emaciation, stunted growth and abscesses were studied. A comparison of the occurrence of these changes between individual classes of cattle is given in <a href="#animals-11-00537-t006" class="html-table">Table 6</a>. Emaciation was found most frequently in calves (17.04% of animals). Other classes of cattle did not show signs of emaciation at such high frequencies. Stunted growth was also noted in connection with emaciation, and was likewise detected most frequently in calves (3.49%). Abscesses were only recorded at low frequencies. They were detected most often in cows (1.85%), and least often in heifers (0.70%). Differences in the frequency of findings of abscesses, emaciation and stunted growth were statistically highly significant (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01). Individual cattle classes also differed (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01) from one another in the frequency of individual types of findings categorized as overall changes with the exception of heifers and bulls in case of abscesses.</div></section><section id='sec4-animals-11-00537' type='discussion'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Discussion</h2><div class='html-p'>Each farmer should devote attention to the possible interaction between animal health and the need for assuring good living conditions [<a href="#B6-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. An inadequate level of welfare may weaken the immune system of the individual and thereby increase the risk of occurrence of diseases, which is then manifested in the presence of characteristic findings during veterinary inspections. The results of the studies published by Lis [<a href="#B26-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B27-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">28</a>] and other authors point to the fact that pathological findings occur in a large number of the organs of the carcass. The results of our study show that differences exist between the individual classes of cattle in the spectrum and frequency of these findings, which points to different health issues and a different level of health in the individual classes of cattle. Overall, however, the most common in all classes of cattle were findings in the liver and pancreas (26.36% of all animals), the lungs (25.44% of all animals) and the urinary tract (25.19% of all animals). Similar conclusions were also reached by Januskeviciene et al. [<a href="#B16-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">16</a>], who detected the largest number of findings in the liver (25.09%) and respiratory tract (20.44%). Findings in the kidneys (9.6%) in their study were not as frequent as in our study. Findings in the liver and lungs were also reported by Ceccarelli et al. [<a href="#B12-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">12</a>] and Dupuy et al. [<a href="#B15-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">15</a>] as the most frequent reasons for condemnation.</div><div class='html-p'>Findings in the liver and pancreas in all classes of cattle were predominately chronic. The group most affected by the occurrence of chronic findings in the liver and pancreas were cows (<a href="#animals-11-00537-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>). Such high frequencies were not recorded in other classes of cattle, which points to the high intensity of exploitation of cows on farms which has an impact on the organisms’ metabolic centers. Dairy cows, in particular, are exposed to considerable metabolic burden. A negative energy balance occurs in high-yielding dairy cows within two weeks of calving. If they are fed improper rations (overfeeding) during the dry period, they are under a considerable risk of lipomobilization syndrome and hepatic steatosis after calving. Gonzalez et al. [<a href="#B29-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">29</a>], who studied the connection between the blood indicators of lipomobilization and hepatic function in high-yielding dairy cows found that 30% of cows suffered from hepatic steatosis during early lactation. Liver damage and impaired hepatic function were confirmed in the results of laboratory tests by high levels of the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and low levels of glucose, total protein and urea. Raoofi et al. [<a href="#B30-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">30</a>], who assessed fatty liver in Holstein dairy cattle at slaughterhouses in Tehran, also pointed out the development of hepatic steatosis after calving. Postparturient cows had the highest concentration of fat in the liver of all studied classes (65% of animals had hepatic steatosis). Only around 20% of pregnant cows, cows in the dry period and cows that were not pregnant had hepatic steatosis. High milk production is thus reflected in typical findings in the carcass, particularly in the liver, though also in the kidney, and the results of our study support this.</div><div class='html-p'>Findings in the kidneys were most frequently chronic in all classes of cattle. Cows were most affected, with a high frequency of chronic findings recorded (<a href="#animals-11-00537-t004" class="html-table">Table 4</a>), which is connected with the substantial metabolic burden on dairy cows in particular, as mentioned above. The fewest chronic findings in the kidneys were recorded in bulls (10.42%). Findings in the kidneys are often linked with the intensity of fattening, when the formation of uroliths and bladder infections may occur in young animals during fattening to the age of two years, as reported by Herenda et al. [<a href="#B31-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">31</a>]. The frequency of incidence of chronic findings in the kidneys, both in bulls and in other classes of cattle in our study, supports their claim.</div><div class='html-p'>Findings in the lungs were most frequently detected in calves (<a href="#animals-11-00537-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>) and chronic findings predominated in this class of cattle (35.63% of calves). Chronic findings also predominated in the lungs in other classes (<a href="#animals-11-00537-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>). In calves, however, acute changes in the lungs were also detected more frequently than in any other class (9.22% of calves). The high frequency of pathological findings in the lungs is the result of the occurrence of respiratory syndrome which, along with diarrheal syndrome, is one of the most frequent diseases in calves. Secondary pneumonia occurs in calves as a sequel to, or simultaneously with infectious diarrhea [<a href="#B32-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">32</a>]. Respiratory diseases in calves generally appear in group housing, to which the calves are relocated from individual boxes. The same scenario may occur when calves are housed under a common roof, in other words, in calf sheds. Bojkovski et al. [<a href="#B33-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">33</a>] reported that the crowded spaces with little ventilation in which calves are housed are, along with weakened immunity, substantial factors in the development of respiratory symptoms.</div><div class='html-p'>Findings in the lungs in calves are more frequent in intensive farming than in extensive farming. Taylor et al. [<a href="#B34-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">34</a>] mentioned the purchase of calves from herds with a different epidemiological situation as one of the risk factors. Some other risk factors they mentioned include low weight, compromised immunity and the transport of animals, which can lead to an outbreak of symptoms of respiratory disease following arrival at the herd or collection center or after transport to the slaughterhouse. If treatment is not commenced in time, the calves do not thrive and become emaciated, which may be reason for their being discarded from the herd and taken to the slaughterhouse, where both changes in the lungs and emaciation or stunted growth are then determined. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are also a big problem in calves. The results of this study show, however, that in comparison with respiratory diseases they are not the primary reason for culling calves. Findings in the stomach and intestines in calves were recorded in only low numbers (1.26%; 2.30%). Clean and dry bedding is of great importance in preventing these diseases [<a href="#B35-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Frequent chronic changes in the lungs were also recorded in cows and heifers (<a href="#animals-11-00537-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>). This indicates a problem with the treatment of respiratory disease which, if not rigorous, may lead to the chronic expression of the disease. Such disease is then manifested in characteristic findings in the lungs. Another reason for the occurrence of respiratory diseases in older classes of cattle may be unsuitable animal hygiene conditions in stalls, which are substantial predisposing factors for the development of symptoms of respiratory diseases.</div><div class='html-p'>The fewest chronic findings in the lungs were detected in bulls (12.27%), as were the fewest acute findings (1.05%), which confirms the fact that housing on pastures, which predominates in the extensive farming of fattening bulls in the Czech Republic [<a href="#B24-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">24</a>], is appropriate from the viewpoint of prevention of respiratory diseases. The risk of respiratory diseases increases during housing on deep litter, which is used primarily in the winter, as was also confirmed by Brscic et al. [<a href="#B21-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. While housing on deep litter is far more favorable than housing on slatted floors from the viewpoint of prevention of lameness, it is essential to maintain the appropriate level of hygiene and cleanliness to avoid the risk of respiratory diseases. The results of their study focusing on the causes for the culling of bulls indicate that respiratory symptoms were a more frequent reason for culling on deep litter (25% of cases) than in herds housed on slatted floors (2.4% of cases). High atmospheric humidity or high dustiness levels may also be a cause of pulmonary emphysema [<a href="#B15-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. Respiratory diseases in bulls have also been studied by Cerchiaro et al. [<a href="#B13-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">13</a>], who investigated the reasons for culling in herds of beef cattle in Italy. The authors state that, along with musculoskeletal problems (42% of cases), respiratory diseases (24.3% of cases) were the main reason for the culling of fattening bulls on 29 farms. These results were corroborated by our study, where the most frequent findings in bulls according to localization were lesions in the lungs (14.26%). It can, then, be assumed that if bulls were culled at lower weight than their standard slaughter weight, the reason for culling may have been respiratory diseases. It must be stated here that bulls are in very good health from the point of view of the types and frequency of other findings in comparison with other classes of cattle.</div><div class='html-p'>Findings on the limbs may be associated with the possible welfare problems. Inadequate flooring [<a href="#B36-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">36</a>] or housing system [<a href="#B37-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">37</a>] may result in injuries. Any injuries causing acute or chronic pain negatively affect the welfare of animals [<a href="#B8-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. Furthermore, traumatic findings not only point to an impaired welfare of animals but also present significant economic losses for farmers [<a href="#B38-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">38</a>]. Such findings reduce the quality and thus the value of the carcass [<a href="#B39-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. According to Weary and Taszkun [<a href="#B37-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">37</a>], lesions on cattle are most likely to occur near areas of the body where there is some protrusion, such as at the joints, including carpal, fetlock, tarsal and hip. Their findings are in agreement with our results as traumatic findings were more frequently recorded on the limbs than on the body in all classes of cattle.</div><div class='html-p'>Uneven load on the limbs also poses the risk of traumatic changes such as pressure sores and bruises, and not merely on the limbs. The risk of occurrence of lesions on the limbs also depends on the quality of bedding. High humidity, muddy areas and insufficient bedding may lead to hoof diseases in cattle [<a href="#B40-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">40</a>]. According to Bergsten [<a href="#B41-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">41</a>], the risk of hoof diseases and the risk of lameness are related to the intensity of milk production and the farm management. The occurrence of limb diseases is greatly affected not only by genetics, but also nutrition, animal hygiene and herd management [<a href="#B41-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">41</a>]. Jewell et al. [<a href="#B42-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">42</a>] found knee (carpus) lesions to be more frequent in tiestalls (17% of animals) than in freestalls (14% of animals). In general, older cows have a higher occurrence of lesions on the knees and neck.</div><div class='html-p'>Musculoskeletal problems were also studied by Brscic et al. [<a href="#B21-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">21</a>] who found that they were a less frequent reason for culling in deep litter systems (75.0% of cases) than in slatted floor systems (87.8% of cases). Schulze Westerath et al. [<a href="#B43-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">43</a>] reported that deep litter provides a soft and more comfortable surface for cattle, which was also confirmed by Wechsler [<a href="#B44-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">44</a>]. It also offers better traction, which prevents lesions and swellings caused by slipping [<a href="#B45-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">45</a>]. Housing on deep litter is recommended as a preventative measure of limb damage in heavy breeds [<a href="#B46-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">46</a>]. It is, however, necessary to maintain the corresponding animal hygiene as part of the prevention of respiratory diseases, as has been stated above.</div><div class='html-p'>Chronic findings in limbs predominated among all classes of cattle, which confirms that musculoskeletal problems result from the conditions on the farm. The highest frequency of chronic findings in the limbs was recorded in cows, which may be the result of high production in dairy cows. Furthermore, Nash et al. [<a href="#B47-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">47</a>] confirmed that limb lesions are a serious problem from the viewpoint of welfare on dairy farms.</div><div class='html-p'>Calves were another group affected by chronic changes in the limbs (4.16%). Disease of the limbs is a frequent reason for culling animals. Cerchiaro et al. [<a href="#B13-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">13</a>] found damage to the musculoskeletal system to be the reason for culling of fattening bulls in 42% of cases. This figure was not corroborated in our study where bulls were the class in which pathological findings in the limbs were detected least frequently. Furthermore, the relatively low frequency of chronic findings in the limbs and their falling trend in cows, calves and heifers can be considered positive. This finding is favorable from the welfare point of view and reflects an increasing level of care for limbs on intensive cattle farms.</div><div class='html-p'>It is essential to farmers that animals are not only in good health but also in adequate body condition. The overall changes determined in our study were, first and foremost, emaciation, stunted growth and abscesses. Cachexia and stunted growth are reasons for the culling of animals. Ceccarelli et al. [<a href="#B12-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">12</a>] recorded cachexia in 12.08% of slaughtered animals. Our results showed that emaciation was detected most often in calves (17.04%). It was recorded only at low frequencies in other classes. The reasons for emaciation are diarrheal and respiratory diseases which are not treated early enough or not at all. Calves are emaciated and their growth is stunted. Keeping such animals in the herd is economically disadvantageous for farmers. However, at the slaughterhouse, pronounced emaciation in calves is generally a reason for condemnation of the entire carcass [<a href="#B32-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">32</a>]. Cachectic animals suffer from systemic diseases that manifest themselves during veterinary inspection in sensory abnormalities, icterus and septicemia. Farmers are aware of the implications and would rather discard such affected calves than keep them in the herd. Stunted growth is not detected very often at slaughterhouses, and this was confirmed by the results of our study, in which stunted growth was recorded in 3.49% of calves. In contrast, it was found at only a minimal level in other classes of cattle in comparison with calves (in less than 0.1%). Emaciation and stunted growth are closely associated with one another and point to the level of health of reared calves which is unfavorable over the long term from the viewpoint of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections and leads to these characteristic overall changes.</div><div class='html-p'>Abscesses, which arise as the result of the accumulation of pus in tissues largely due to bacterial infection, must also be stated among overall changes. Abscesses were recorded in only small numbers in our study. They were detected most often in cows (1.85%), and least often in heifers (0.70%). Different conclusions have been reached by foreign authors. According to Ceccarelli et al. [<a href="#B12-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">12</a>], abscesses were a frequent finding, particularly in the liver (23.2% of cases) although their occurrence is variable and ranges between 10% and 20% of cases [<a href="#B48-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">48</a>]. Amachawadi and Nagaraja [<a href="#B48-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">48</a>] found abscesses to be a problem not only in beef cattle but also in dairy cows, which is due primarily to high-energy rations, rumen acidosis and excessive abundance of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, Dupuy et al. [<a href="#B15-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">15</a>] also considered abscesses to be a frequent finding, not merely in the liver, but also in other organs (lungs, kidneys etc.). According to Nagaraja and Lechtenberg [<a href="#B49-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">49</a>], the prevalence of liver abscesses is linked to feeding practices. It is well known that concentrated feed increases the risk of liver abscesses compared to feed rich in fiber. Liver abscesses mainly affect feedlot cattle [<a href="#B50-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">50</a>]. Most bulls slaughtered in the Czech Republic were animals aged between 12 and 24 months kept in extensive farming systems. The results showed that access to pasture and sufficient fiber reduces the risk of abscesses and liver findings, which were the least common in bulls compared to other classes. Changes in the liver were also mentioned by the European Commission [<a href="#B32-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">32</a>], which described the formation of abscesses in calves. Biss et al. [<a href="#B51-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">51</a>] monitored such findings in calves in New Zealand, where they recorded only a low incidence of liver abscesses. Although the previously published results indicate that abscesses, particularly in the liver, are a common finding at slaughterhouses, our results do not support this and ranks abscesses among isolated findings in all classes of cattle. The results indicate an improvement in the level of cattle welfare in relation to feed management.</div><div class='html-p'>The health of cattle can also be directly or indirectly affected by parasites. The developmental stages of some parasites and the pathological changes caused by them can be detected in infected animals during slaughterhouse veterinary inspection. However, reports on parasitic infection detected at slaughterhouses come mainly from non-EU countries [<a href="#B52-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">53</a>]. The presence of parasitic findings may be related to the effectiveness of deworming programs on farms [<a href="#B54-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">54</a>]. In our study, parasitic findings were detected only at low frequencies which is a positive finding. However, the low frequency of parasitic findings may result from the limited sensitivity of macroscopic veterinary inspections at slaughterhouses [<a href="#B55-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. Slaughterhouse inspections can reveal flukes, tapeworms or gastrointestinal helminthes [<a href="#B54-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">54</a>]. Our study confirmed that of all the organs monitored, liver and pancreas in heifers were most affected by parasitic changes. Before slaughter, heifers are often kept on pastures where they can become infected with parasites [<a href="#B56-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">56</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>A very specific category of findings is tuberculoid changes, which may be related to the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis. Czech Republic was officially declared free of bovine tuberculosis in cattle on 31 March 2004 (Commission Decision No. 2004/320/EC) [<a href="#B57-animals-11-00537" class="html-bibr">57</a>]. Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis is currently carried out on farms by a tuberculin test. In suspected cases, samples are taken after slaughter for examination in the laboratory. During the monitored period (2010–2019), tuberculoid changes were recorded in 8 cows and 2 bulls. However, bovine tuberculosis was not confirmed by laboratory methods (histology, direct microscopy of homogenized tissue and culture) in the National Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis.</div><div class='html-p'>Prospering and healthy animals are the precondition to successful cattle farming, the desired efficiency and, thereby, economic profit for farmers. A responsible approach to the treatment and prevention of health problems taken by farmers is critical. Not only are initiatives essential, but also practical implementation of adequate living conditions. The level of animal health and welfare is a reflection of the responsible work of every farmer.</div></section><section id='sec5-animals-11-00537' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>The results of the study show differences in the spectrum and frequency of pathological findings between calves, heifers, cows and bulls. Detected findings also point to the differing health issues and differing state of health in the individual classes of cattle, which demand differing approaches to the treatment and prevention of the most frequent diseases. In cows, heifers and bulls, the most frequent chronic findings were made in the liver and pancreas, the lungs and the urinary tract. According to these pathological findings, it was confirmed that within adult cattle, cows were the most affected class because of great intensity of farming. Particularly dairy cows are at risk to a substantial metabolic burden. In contrast, the bulls had very good levels of the health. The smallest number of chronic and acute findings in the lungs was seen in bulls which confirms the fact that housing on pastures is highly beneficial. In calves, the most frequent findings were in the lungs, unclassified changes and overall changes, which point to the respiratory and diarrheal syndrome. These diseases can lead to loss of condition and emaciation which were detected in calves. Both chronic and acute findings in the lungs were recorded most often in calves at levels higher than those detected in adult cattle. The health problems of calves increase the costs of treatment and cause losses of animals as a result of culling. In addition, they present economic losses due to condemnations at the slaughterhouses. The spectrum of characteristic findings made in cows, heifers, bulls and calves is also a reflection of the level of welfare.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, V.V. and Z.S.; methodology, V.V. and E.V.; validation, V.V.; formal analysis, V.V., A.P. and E.V.; investigation, V.V. and Z.S.; data curation, M.K. and E.V.; writing—original draft preparation, M.K.; writing—review and editing, M.K., E.V. and A.P.; visualization, M.K.; supervision, V.V.; funding acquisition, V.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research was funded by ITA VFU Brno (Project No. FVHE/Vecerek/ITA2019).</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Institutional Review Board Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Data for analysis was obtained from the information system of the State Veterinary Administration of the Czech Republic. The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-animals-11-00537' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Stark, K.; Alonso, S.; Dadios, N.; Dupuy, C.; Ellerbroek, L.; Georgiev, M.; Hardstaff, J.; Huneau-Salaun, A.; Laugier, C.; Mateus, A.; et al. Strengths and weaknesses of meat inspection as a contribution to animal health and welfare surveillance. <span class='html-italic'>Food Control</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>39</span>, 154–162. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Strengths+and+weaknesses+of+meat+inspection+as+a+contribution+to+animal+health+and+welfare+surveillance&author=Stark,+K.&author=Alonso,+S.&author=Dadios,+N.&author=Dupuy,+C.&author=Ellerbroek,+L.&author=Georgiev,+M.&author=Hardstaff,+J.&author=Huneau-Salaun,+A.&author=Laugier,+C.&author=Mateus,+A.&publication_year=2014&journal=Food+Control&volume=39&pages=154%E2%80%93162&doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.11.009" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.11.009" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B2-animals-11-00537' class='html-x' data-content='2.'>MacGillivray, F.; de Waal, T.; Maguire, D.; Taylor, M.A.; Boughtflower, V.; Daniel, R.; Jenkins, T.; Rice, B.; Forbese, A.B. An abattoir survey to determine the population profile in the autumn of Fasciola hepatica in condemned bovine livers from Ireland and the United Kingdom. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 1–6. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An+abattoir+survey+to+determine+the+population+profile+in+the+autumn+of+Fasciola+hepatica+in+condemned+bovine+livers+from+Ireland+and+the+United+Kingdom&author=MacGillivray,+F.&author=de+Waal,+T.&author=Maguire,+D.&author=Taylor,+M.A.&author=Boughtflower,+V.&author=Daniel,+R.&author=Jenkins,+T.&author=Rice,+B.&author=Forbese,+A.B.&publication_year=2013&journal=Int.+J.+Appl.+Res.+Vet.+Med.&volume=11&pages=1%E2%80%936" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B3-animals-11-00537' class='html-x' data-content='3.'>Ezatpour, B.; Hasanvand, A.; Azami, M.; Mahmoudvand, H.; Anbari, K. A slaughterhouse study on prevalence of some helminths of cattle in Lorestan provience, west Iran. <span class='html-italic'>Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 416–420. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+slaughterhouse+study+on+prevalence+of+some+helminths+of+cattle+in+Lorestan+provience,+west+Iran&author=Ezatpour,+B.&author=Hasanvand,+A.&author=Azami,+M.&author=Mahmoudvand,+H.&author=Anbari,+K.&publication_year=2014&journal=Asian+Pac.+J.+Trop.+Dis.&volume=4&pages=416%E2%80%93420&doi=10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60599-5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60599-5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B4-animals-11-00537' class='html-x' data-content='4.'>Vecerkova, L.; Voslarova, E.; Vecerek, V. Comparison of the welfare of laying hens, broiler chickens and turkeys in terms of bird health as surveyed during inspection in slaughterhouses. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Vet. Brno</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>88</span>, 243–248. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparison+of+the+welfare+of+laying+hens,+broiler+chickens+and+turkeys+in+terms+of+bird+health+as+surveyed+during+inspection+in+slaughterhouses&author=Vecerkova,+L.&author=Voslarova,+E.&author=Vecerek,+V.&publication_year=2019&journal=Acta+Vet.+Brno&volume=88&pages=243%E2%80%93248&doi=10.2754/avb201988020243" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201988020243" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B5-animals-11-00537' class='html-x' data-content='5.'>Vecerek, V.; Voslarova, E.; Semerad, Z.; Passantino, A. The health and welfare of pigs from the perspective of post mortem findings in slaughterhouses. <span class='html-italic'>Animals</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 825. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+health+and+welfare+of+pigs+from+the+perspective+of+post+mortem+findings+in+slaughterhouses&author=Vecerek,+V.&author=Voslarova,+E.&author=Semerad,+Z.&author=Passantino,+A.&publication_year=2020&journal=Animals&volume=10&pages=825&doi=10.3390/ani10050825" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050825" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B6-animals-11-00537' class='html-x' data-content='6.'>Abeni, F.; Bertoni, G. Main causes of poor welfare in intensively reared dairy cows. <span class='html-italic'>Ital. J. Anim. Sci.</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 45–66. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Main+causes+of+poor+welfare+in+intensively+reared+dairy+cows&author=Abeni,+F.&author=Bertoni,+G.&publication_year=2009&journal=Ital.+J.+Anim.+Sci.&volume=8&pages=45%E2%80%9366&doi=10.4081/ijas.2009.s1.45" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2009.s1.45" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4081/ijas.2009.s1.45?needAccess=true" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B7-animals-11-00537' class='html-x' data-content='7.'>Verdes, S.; Trillo, Y.; Pena, A.I.; Herradon, P.G.; Becerra, J.J.; Quintela, L.A. Relationship between quality of facilities, animal-based welfare indicators and measures of reproductive and productive performances on dairy farms in the northwest of Spain. <span class='html-italic'>Ital. J. Anim. Sci.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>19</span>, 319–329. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Relationship+between+quality+of+facilities,+animal-based+welfare+indicators+and+measures+of+reproductive+and+productive+performances+on+dairy+farms+in+the+northwest+of+Spain&author=Verdes,+S.&author=Trillo,+Y.&author=Pena,+A.I.&author=Herradon,+P.G.&author=Becerra,+J.J.&author=Quintela,+L.A.&publication_year=2020&journal=Ital.+J.+Anim.+Sci.&volume=19&pages=319%E2%80%93329&doi=10.1080/1828051X.2020.1743784" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2020.1743784" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B8-animals-11-00537' class='html-x' data-content='8.'>Velarde, A.; Dalmau, A. Animal welfare assessment at slaughter in Europe: Moving from inputs to outputs. <span class='html-italic'>Meat Sci.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>92</span>, 244–251. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Animal+welfare+assessment+at+slaughter+in+Europe:+Moving+from+inputs+to+outputs&author=Velarde,+A.&author=Dalmau,+A.&publication_year=2012&journal=Meat+Sci.&volume=92&pages=244%E2%80%93251&doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.04.009" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.04.009" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B9-animals-11-00537' class='html-x' data-content='9.'>Hansson, I.; Hamilton, C.; Ekman, T.; Forslund, K. Carcass quality in certified organic production compared with conventional livestock production. <span class='html-italic'>J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health</span> <b>2000</b>, <span class='html-italic'>47</span>, 111–120. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Carcass+quality+in+certified+organic+production+compared+with+conventional+livestock+production&author=Hansson,+I.&author=Hamilton,+C.&author=Ekman,+T.&author=Forslund,+K.&publication_year=2000&journal=J.+Vet.+Med.+B+Infect.+Dis.+Vet.+Public+Health&volume=47&pages=111%E2%80%93120&doi=10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00313.x" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00313.x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B10-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='10.'>Van Klink, E.G.; Prestmo, P.G.; Grist, A. Animal health and disease monitoring in the abattoir. <span class='html-italic'>Livestock</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 330–335. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Animal+health+and+disease+monitoring+in+the+abattoir&author=Van+Klink,+E.G.&author=Prestmo,+P.G.&author=Grist,+A.&publication_year=2015&journal=Livestock&volume=20&pages=330%E2%80%93335&doi=10.12968/live.2015.20.6.330" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2015.20.6.330" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/files/70386203/Animal_Health_and_Disease_Monitoring_in_the_Abattoir_version_26_8.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B11-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='11.'>Petersen, B.; Knura-Deszczka, S.; Ponsgen-Schmidt, E.; Gymnich, S. Computerised food safety monitoring in animal production. <span class='html-italic'>Livest. Prod. Sci.</span> <b>2002</b>, <span class='html-italic'>76</span>, 207–213. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Computerised+food+safety+monitoring+in+animal+production&author=Petersen,+B.&author=Knura-Deszczka,+S.&author=Ponsgen-Schmidt,+E.&author=Gymnich,+S.&publication_year=2002&journal=Livest.+Prod.+Sci.&volume=76&pages=207%E2%80%93213&doi=10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00120-3" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00120-3" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B12-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='12.'>Ceccarelli, M.; Leprini, E.; Sechi, P.; Iulietto, M.F.; Grispoldi, L.; Goretti, E.; Cenci-Goga, B.T. Analysis of the causes of the seizure and destruction of carcasses and organs in a slaughterhouse in central Italy in the 2010-2016 period. <span class='html-italic'>Ital. J. Food Saf.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis+of+the+causes+of+the+seizure+and+destruction+of+carcasses+and+organs+in+a+slaughterhouse+in+central+Italy+in+the+2010-2016+period&author=Ceccarelli,+M.&author=Leprini,+E.&author=Sechi,+P.&author=Iulietto,+M.F.&author=Grispoldi,+L.&author=Goretti,+E.&author=Cenci-Goga,+B.T.&publication_year=2018&journal=Ital.+J.+Food+Saf.&volume=7&doi=10.4081/ijfs.2018.6899&pmid=29732323" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2018.6899" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29732323" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B13-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='13.'>Cerchiaro, I.; Contiero, B.; Mantovani, R. Analysis of factors affecting health status of animals under intensive beef production systems. <span class='html-italic'>Ital. J. Anim. Sci.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 122–124. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis+of+factors+affecting+health+status+of+animals+under+intensive+beef+production+systems&author=Cerchiaro,+I.&author=Contiero,+B.&author=Mantovani,+R.&publication_year=2010&journal=Ital.+J.+Anim.+Sci.&volume=4&pages=122%E2%80%93124&doi=10.4081/ijas.2005.3s.122" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2005.3s.122" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B14-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='14.'>Tabaran, A.; Dan, S.D.; Reget, O.; Tabaran, A.F.; Mihaiu, M. Slaughterhouse survey on the frequency of pathologies found in bovine post-mortem inspections. <span class='html-italic'>Bull. UASVM Vet. Med.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>75</span>, 251–255. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Slaughterhouse+survey+on+the+frequency+of+pathologies+found+in+bovine+post-mortem+inspections&author=Tabaran,+A.&author=Dan,+S.D.&author=Reget,+O.&author=Tabaran,+A.F.&author=Mihaiu,+M.&publication_year=2018&journal=Bull.+UASVM+Vet.+Med.&volume=75&pages=251%E2%80%93255&doi=10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:2018.0036" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:2018.0036" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B15-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='15.'>Dupuy, C.; Morignat, E.; Maugey, X.; Vinard, J.-L.; Hendrikx, P.; Ducrot, C.; Calavas, D.; Gay, E. Defining syndromes using cattle meat inspection data for syndromic surveillance purposes: A statistical approach with the 2005–2010 data from ten French slaughterhouses. <span class='html-italic'>BMC Vet. Res.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 88. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Defining+syndromes+using+cattle+meat+inspection+data+for+syndromic+surveillance+purposes:+A+statistical+approach+with+the+2005%E2%80%932010+data+from+ten+French+slaughterhouses&author=Dupuy,+C.&author=Morignat,+E.&author=Maugey,+X.&author=Vinard,+J.-L.&author=Hendrikx,+P.&author=Ducrot,+C.&author=Calavas,+D.&author=Gay,+E.&publication_year=2013&journal=BMC+Vet.+Res.&volume=9&pages=88&doi=10.1186/1746-6148-9-88" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-88" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-88" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B16-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='16.'>Januskeviciene, G.; Paulauskas, V.; Dailidaviciene, J.; Juozaitiene, V. Analysis of pathologic lesions in the livestock and poultry slaughtered in the meat establishments of Lithuania. <span class='html-italic'>Vet. Med. Zoot.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>52</span>, 33–42. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis+of+pathologic+lesions+in+the+livestock+and+poultry+slaughtered+in+the+meat+establishments+of+Lithuania&author=Januskeviciene,+G.&author=Paulauskas,+V.&author=Dailidaviciene,+J.&author=Juozaitiene,+V.&publication_year=2010&journal=Vet.+Med.+Zoot.&volume=52&pages=33%E2%80%9342" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B17-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='17.'>Blanco-Penedo, I.; Lopez-Alonso, M.; Shore, R.F.; Miranda, M.; Castillo, C.; Hernandez, J.; Benedito, J.L. Evaluation of organic, conventional and intensive beef farm systems: Health, management and animal production. <span class='html-italic'>Animal</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 1503–1511. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+organic,+conventional+and+intensive+beef+farm+systems:+Health,+management+and+animal+production&author=Blanco-Penedo,+I.&author=Lopez-Alonso,+M.&author=Shore,+R.F.&author=Miranda,+M.&author=Castillo,+C.&author=Hernandez,+J.&author=Benedito,+J.L.&publication_year=2012&journal=Animal&volume=6&pages=1503%E2%80%931511&doi=10.1017/S1751731112000298&pmid=23031524" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112000298" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23031524" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d840/6722101286f70909f993946f5297501dcce1.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B18-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='18.'>Vaarst, M.; Bennedsgaard, T.; Klaas, I.; Nissen, T.; Thamsborg, S.; Østergaard, S. Development and daily management of an explicit strategy of nonuse of antimicrobial drugs in twelve danish organic dairy herds. <span class='html-italic'>J. Dairy Sci.</span> <b>2006</b>, <span class='html-italic'>89</span>, 1842–1853. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Development+and+daily+management+of+an+explicit+strategy+of+nonuse+of+antimicrobial+drugs+in+twelve+danish+organic+dairy+herds&author=Vaarst,+M.&author=Bennedsgaard,+T.&author=Klaas,+I.&author=Nissen,+T.&author=Thamsborg,+S.&author=%C3%98stergaard,+S.&publication_year=2006&journal=J.+Dairy+Sci.&volume=89&pages=1842%E2%80%931853&doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72253-6" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72253-6" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022030206722536/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B19-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='19.'>Barkema, H.; Von Keyserlingk, M.; Kastelic, J.; Lam, T.; Luby, C.D.; Roy, J.; Leblanc, S.; Keefe, G.; Kelton, D. Invited review: Changes in the dairy industry affecting dairy cattle health and welfare. <span class='html-italic'>J. Dairy Sci.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>98</span>, 7426–7445. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Invited+review:+Changes+in+the+dairy+industry+affecting+dairy+cattle+health+and+welfare&author=Barkema,+H.&author=Von+Keyserlingk,+M.&author=Kastelic,+J.&author=Lam,+T.&author=Luby,+C.D.&author=Roy,+J.&author=Leblanc,+S.&author=Keefe,+G.&author=Kelton,+D.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Dairy+Sci.&volume=98&pages=7426%E2%80%937445&doi=10.3168/jds.2015-9377" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9377" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022030215006177/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B20-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='20.'>Bethancourt-Garcia, J.A.; Vaz, R.Z.; Vaz, F.N.; Silva, W.B.; Pascoal, L.L.; Mendonça, F.S.; Da Vara, C.C.; Nunez, A.J.C.; Restle, J. Pre-slaughter factors affecting the incidence of severe bruising in cattle carcasses. <span class='html-italic'>Livest. Sci.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>222</span>, 41–48. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Pre-slaughter+factors+affecting+the+incidence+of+severe+bruising+in+cattle+carcasses&author=Bethancourt-Garcia,+J.A.&author=Vaz,+R.Z.&author=Vaz,+F.N.&author=Silva,+W.B.&author=Pascoal,+L.L.&author=Mendon%C3%A7a,+F.S.&author=Da+Vara,+C.C.&author=Nunez,+A.J.C.&author=Restle,+J.&publication_year=2019&journal=Livest.+Sci.&volume=222&pages=41%E2%80%9348&doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2019.02.009" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.02.009" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B21-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='21.'>Brscic, M.; Gottardo, F.; Tessitore, E.; Guzzo, L.; Ricci, R.; Cozzi, G. Assessment of welfare of finishing beef cattle kept on different types of floor after short- or long-term housing. <span class='html-italic'>Animal</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 1053–1058. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Assessment+of+welfare+of+finishing+beef+cattle+kept+on+different+types+of+floor+after+short-+or+long-term+housing&author=Brscic,+M.&author=Gottardo,+F.&author=Tessitore,+E.&author=Guzzo,+L.&author=Ricci,+R.&author=Cozzi,+G.&publication_year=2015&journal=Animal&volume=9&pages=1053%E2%80%931058&doi=10.1017/S1751731115000245" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115000245" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B22-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='22.'>Czech Statistical Office. Livestock Slaughtering and Meat Production. Available online: <a href='https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&pvo=ZEM13A&katalog=30840&sp=A&skupId=1913&pvokc=&z=T' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&pvo=ZEM13A&katalog=30840&sp=A&skupId=1913&pvokc=&z=T</a> (accessed on 5 February 2021).</li><li id='B23-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='23.'>Czech Statistical Office. Cattle Production—2nd Half of 2019. Available online: <a href='https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/cattle-production-2nd-half-of-2019' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/cattle-production-2nd-half-of-2019</a> (accessed on 5 February 2021).</li><li id='B24-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='24.'>Krejci, I.; Moulis, P.; Pitrova, J.; Ticha, I.; Pilar, L.; Rydval, J. Traps and opportunities of Czech small-scale beef cattle farming. <span class='html-italic'>Sustainability</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 4245. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Traps+and+opportunities+of+Czech+small-scale+beef+cattle+farming&author=Krejci,+I.&author=Moulis,+P.&author=Pitrova,+J.&author=Ticha,+I.&author=Pilar,+L.&author=Rydval,+J.&publication_year=2019&journal=Sustainability&volume=11&pages=4245&doi=10.3390/su11154245" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154245" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/15/4245/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B25-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='25.'>European Union. Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations and amending Directives 64/432/EEC and 93/119/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1255/97. <span class='html-italic'>Off. J. Eur. Union</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>L3</span>, 1–44. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Council+Regulation+(EC)+No+1/2005+of+22+December+2004+on+the+protection+of+animals+during+transport+and+related+operations+and+amending+Directives+64/432/EEC+and+93/119/EC+and+Regulation+(EC)+No+1255/97&author=European+Union&publication_year=2005&journal=Off.+J.+Eur.+Union&volume=L3&pages=1%E2%80%9344" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B26-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='26.'>Lis, H. An evaluation of veterinary inspection of slaughtered animals and meat in Poland between 1987–1997. <span class='html-italic'>Med. Weter.</span> <b>1999</b>, <span class='html-italic'>55</span>, 243–246. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An+evaluation+of+veterinary+inspection+of+slaughtered+animals+and+meat+in+Poland+between+1987%E2%80%931997&author=Lis,+H.&publication_year=1999&journal=Med.+Weter.&volume=55&pages=243%E2%80%93246" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B27-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='27.'>Lis, H. Results of veterinary inspection of slaughtered animals and meat in Poland in 2000. <span class='html-italic'>Med. Weter.</span> <b>2002</b>, <span class='html-italic'>58</span>, 267–269. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Results+of+veterinary+inspection+of+slaughtered+animals+and+meat+in+Poland+in+2000&author=Lis,+H.&publication_year=2002&journal=Med.+Weter.&volume=58&pages=267%E2%80%93269" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B28-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='28.'>Lis, H. Results of veterinary inspection of slaughter animals and meat in Poland in 2003. <span class='html-italic'>Med. Weter.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>61</span>, 1160–1161. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Results+of+veterinary+inspection+of+slaughter+animals+and+meat+in+Poland+in+2003&author=Lis,+H.&publication_year=2005&journal=Med.+Weter.&volume=61&pages=1160%E2%80%931161" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B29-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='29.'>Gonzalez, F.D.; Muino, R.; Pereira, V.; Campos, R.; Benedito, J.L. Relationship among blood indicators of lipomobilization and hepatic function during early lactation in high-yielding dairy cows. <span class='html-italic'>J. Vet. Sci.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 251–255. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Relationship+among+blood+indicators+of+lipomobilization+and+hepatic+function+during+early+lactation+in+high-yielding+dairy+cows&author=Gonzalez,+F.D.&author=Muino,+R.&author=Pereira,+V.&author=Campos,+R.&author=Benedito,+J.L.&publication_year=2011&journal=J.+Vet.+Sci.&volume=12&pages=251%E2%80%93255&doi=10.4142/jvs.2011.12.3.251&pmid=21897097" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2011.12.3.251" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21897097" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="http://synapse.koreamed.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0118JVS/jvs-12-251.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B30-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='30.'>Raoofi, A.; Bazargani, T.; Tabatabayi, A. An abattoir survey on the frequency of fatty liver syndrome in dairy cows from the suburbs of Tehran. <span class='html-italic'>Trop. Anim. Health Prod.</span> <b>2001</b>, <span class='html-italic'>33</span>, 15–19. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An+abattoir+survey+on+the+frequency+of+fatty+liver+syndrome+in+dairy+cows+from+the+suburbs+of+Tehran&author=Raoofi,+A.&author=Bazargani,+T.&author=Tabatabayi,+A.&publication_year=2001&journal=Trop.+Anim.+Health+Prod.&volume=33&pages=15%E2%80%9319&doi=10.1023/A:1010325208728" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010325208728" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B31-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='31.'>Herenda, D.; Dukes, T.W.; Feltmate, T.E. An abattoir survey of urinary bladder lesions in cattle. <span class='html-italic'>Can. Vet. J.</span> <b>1990</b>, <span class='html-italic'>31</span>, 515–518. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An+abattoir+survey+of+urinary+bladder+lesions+in+cattle&author=Herenda,+D.&author=Dukes,+T.W.&author=Feltmate,+T.E.&publication_year=1990&journal=Can.+Vet.+J.&volume=31&pages=515%E2%80%93518" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B32-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='32.'>European Commission. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health on Revision of Meat Inspection in Veal Calves. Available online: <a href='https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/sci-com_scv_out65_en.pdf' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/sci-com_scv_out65_en.pdf</a> (accessed on 4 January 2021).</li><li id='B33-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='33.'>Bojkovski, J.A.; Milanov, D.; Savic, S.; Vasic, A.; Zdravkovic, N.; Rogozarski, D.; Prokic, N.; Korica, S. Respiratory diseases of calves on dairy cow farm. <span class='html-italic'>Bull. UASVM Vet. Med.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>71</span>, 313–320. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Respiratory+diseases+of+calves+on+dairy+cow+farm&author=Bojkovski,+J.A.&author=Milanov,+D.&author=Savic,+S.&author=Vasic,+A.&author=Zdravkovic,+N.&author=Rogozarski,+D.&author=Prokic,+N.&author=Korica,+S.&publication_year=2014&journal=Bull.+UASVM+Vet.+Med.&volume=71&pages=313%E2%80%93320&doi=10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:10325" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:10325" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://journals.usamvcluj.ro/index.php/veterinary/article/download/10325/8827" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B34-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='34.'>Taylor, J.D.; Fulton, R.W.; Lehenbauer, T.W.; Step, D.L.; Confer, A.W. The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: What is the evidence for predisposing factors? <span class='html-italic'>Can. Vet. J.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>51</span>, 1095–1102. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+epidemiology+of+bovine+respiratory+disease:+What+is+the+evidence+for+predisposing+factors?&author=Taylor,+J.D.&author=Fulton,+R.W.&author=Lehenbauer,+T.W.&author=Step,+D.L.&author=Confer,+A.W.&publication_year=2010&journal=Can.+Vet.+J.&volume=51&pages=1095%E2%80%931102" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B35-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='35.'>Relic, R.; Bojkovski, J. Housing conditions in calves welfare risk assessment. <span class='html-italic'>J. Agric. Sci. Belgrade</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>55</span>, 283–292. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Housing+conditions+in+calves+welfare+risk+assessment&author=Relic,+R.&author=Bojkovski,+J.&publication_year=2010&journal=J.+Agric.+Sci.+Belgrade&volume=55&pages=283%E2%80%93292&doi=10.2298/JAS1003283R" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2298/JAS1003283R" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B36-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='36.'>Rushen, J.; De Passille, A.M. Effects of roughness and compressibility of flooring on cow locomotion. <span class='html-italic'>J. Dairy Sci.</span> <b>2006</b>, <span class='html-italic'>89</span>, 2965–2972. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects+of+roughness+and+compressibility+of+flooring+on+cow+locomotion&author=Rushen,+J.&author=De+Passille,+A.M.&publication_year=2006&journal=J.+Dairy+Sci.&volume=89&pages=2965%E2%80%932972&doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72568-1" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72568-1" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022030206725681/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B37-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='37.'>Weary, D.; Taszkun, I. Hock lesions and free-stall design. <span class='html-italic'>J. Dairy Sci.</span> <b>2000</b>, <span class='html-italic'>83</span>, 697–702. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Hock+lesions+and+free-stall+design&author=Weary,+D.&author=Taszkun,+I.&publication_year=2000&journal=J.+Dairy+Sci.&volume=83&pages=697%E2%80%93702&doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74931-9" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74931-9" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B38-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='38.'>Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.; Faucitano, L.; Dadgar, S.; Shand, P.; Gonzalez, L.; Crowe, T. Road transport of cattle, swine and poultry in North America and its impact on animal welfare, carcass and meat quality: A review. <span class='html-italic'>Meat Sci.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>92</span>, 227–243. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Road+transport+of+cattle,+swine+and+poultry+in+North+America+and+its+impact+on+animal+welfare,+carcass+and+meat+quality:+A+review&author=Schwartzkopf-Genswein,+K.&author=Faucitano,+L.&author=Dadgar,+S.&author=Shand,+P.&author=Gonzalez,+L.&author=Crowe,+T.&publication_year=2012&journal=Meat+Sci.&volume=92&pages=227%E2%80%93243&doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.04.010&pmid=22608833" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.04.010" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608833" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B39-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='39.'>Grandin, T. Auditing animal welfare at slaughter plants. <span class='html-italic'>Meat Sci.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>86</span>, 56–65. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Auditing+animal+welfare+at+slaughter+plants&author=Grandin,+T.&publication_year=2010&journal=Meat+Sci.&volume=86&pages=56%E2%80%9365&doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.022" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.022" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B40-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='40.'>Magrin, L.; Brscic, M.; Armato, L.; Contiero, B.; Cozzi, G.; Gottardo, F. An overview of claw disorders at slaughter in finishing beef cattle reared in intensive indoor systems through a cross-sectional study. <span class='html-italic'>Prev. Vet. Med.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>161</span>, 83–89. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An+overview+of+claw+disorders+at+slaughter+in+finishing+beef+cattle+reared+in+intensive+indoor+systems+through+a+cross-sectional+study&author=Magrin,+L.&author=Brscic,+M.&author=Armato,+L.&author=Contiero,+B.&author=Cozzi,+G.&author=Gottardo,+F.&publication_year=2018&journal=Prev.+Vet.+Med.&volume=161&pages=83%E2%80%9389&doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.018" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.018" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B41-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='41.'>Bergsten, C. Effects of conformation and management system on hoof and leg diseases and lameness in dairy cows. <span class='html-italic'>Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract.</span> <b>2001</b>, <span class='html-italic'>17</span>, 1–23. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects+of+conformation+and+management+system+on+hoof+and+leg+diseases+and+lameness+in+dairy+cows&author=Bergsten,+C.&publication_year=2001&journal=Vet.+Clin.+N.+Am.+Food+Anim.+Pract.&volume=17&pages=1%E2%80%9323&doi=10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30051-7" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30051-7" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B42-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='42.'>Jewell, M.; Cameron, M.; Spears, J.; McKenna, S.; Cockram, M.; Sanchez, J.; Keefe, G. Prevalence of hock, knee, and neck skin lesions and associated risk factors in dairy herds in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. <span class='html-italic'>J. Dairy Sci.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>102</span>, 3376–3391. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Prevalence+of+hock,+knee,+and+neck+skin+lesions+and+associated+risk+factors+in+dairy+herds+in+the+Maritime+Provinces+of+Canada&author=Jewell,+M.&author=Cameron,+M.&author=Spears,+J.&author=McKenna,+S.&author=Cockram,+M.&author=Sanchez,+J.&author=Keefe,+G.&publication_year=2019&journal=J.+Dairy+Sci.&volume=102&pages=3376%E2%80%933391&doi=10.3168/jds.2018-15080" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15080" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022030219301146/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B43-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='43.'>Schulze Westerath, H.; Gygax, L.; Mayer, C.; Wechsler, B. Leg lesions and cleanliness of finishing bulls kept in housing systems with different lying area surfaces. <span class='html-italic'>Vet. J.</span> <b>2007</b>, <span class='html-italic'>174</span>, 77–85. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Leg+lesions+and+cleanliness+of+finishing+bulls+kept+in+housing+systems+with+different+lying+area+surfaces&author=Schulze+Westerath,+H.&author=Gygax,+L.&author=Mayer,+C.&author=Wechsler,+B.&publication_year=2007&journal=Vet.+J.&volume=174&pages=77%E2%80%9385&doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.05.010" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.05.010" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B44-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='44.'>Wechsler, B. Floor quality and space allowance in intensive beef production: A review. <span class='html-italic'>Anim. Welf.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 497–503. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Floor+quality+and+space+allowance+in+intensive+beef+production:+A+review&author=Wechsler,+B.&publication_year=2011&journal=Anim.+Welf.&volume=20&pages=497%E2%80%93503" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B45-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='45.'>Platz, S.; Ahrens, F.; Bahrs, E.; Nuske, S.; Erhard, M.H. Association between floor type and behaviour, skin lesions, and claw dimensions in group-housed fattening bulls. <span class='html-italic'>Prev. Vet. Med.</span> <b>2007</b>, <span class='html-italic'>80</span>, 209–221. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Association+between+floor+type+and+behaviour,+skin+lesions,+and+claw+dimensions+in+group-housed+fattening+bulls&author=Platz,+S.&author=Ahrens,+F.&author=Bahrs,+E.&author=Nuske,+S.&author=Erhard,+M.H.&publication_year=2007&journal=Prev.+Vet.+Med.&volume=80&pages=209%E2%80%93221&doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.02.007&pmid=17383035" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.02.007" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17383035" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B46-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='46.'>Cozzi, G.; Ricci, R.; Dorigo, M.; Zanet, D. Growth performance, cleanliness and lameness of finishing Charolais bulls housed in littered pens of different design. <span class='html-italic'>Ital. J. Anim. Sci.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 251–253. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Growth+performance,+cleanliness+and+lameness+of+finishing+Charolais+bulls+housed+in+littered+pens+of+different+design&author=Cozzi,+G.&author=Ricci,+R.&author=Dorigo,+M.&author=Zanet,+D.&publication_year=2005&journal=Ital.+J.+Anim.+Sci.&volume=4&pages=251%E2%80%93253&doi=10.4081/ijas.2005.2s.251" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2005.2s.251" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B47-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='47.'>Nash, C.; Kelton, D.; Devries, T.; Vasseur, E.; Coe, J.; Heyerhoff, J.Z.; Bouffard, V.; Pellerin, D.; Rushen, J.; De Passillé, A.; et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for hock and knee injuries on dairy cows in tiestall housing in Canada. <span class='html-italic'>J. Dairy Sci.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>99</span>, 6494–6506. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Prevalence+of+and+risk+factors+for+hock+and+knee+injuries+on+dairy+cows+in+tiestall+housing+in+Canada&author=Nash,+C.&author=Kelton,+D.&author=Devries,+T.&author=Vasseur,+E.&author=Coe,+J.&author=Heyerhoff,+J.Z.&author=Bouffard,+V.&author=Pellerin,+D.&author=Rushen,+J.&author=De+Passill%C3%A9,+A.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Dairy+Sci.&volume=99&pages=6494%E2%80%936506&doi=10.3168/jds.2015-10676" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10676" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B48-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='48.'>Amachawadi, R.G.; Nagaraja, T.G. Liver abscesses in cattle: A review of incidence in Holsteins and of bacteriology and vaccine approaches to control in feedlot cattle. <span class='html-italic'>J. Anim. Sci.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>94</span>, 1620–1632. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Liver+abscesses+in+cattle:+A+review+of+incidence+in+Holsteins+and+of+bacteriology+and+vaccine+approaches+to+control+in+feedlot+cattle&author=Amachawadi,+R.G.&author=Nagaraja,+T.G.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Anim.+Sci.&volume=94&pages=1620%E2%80%931632&doi=10.2527/jas.2015-0261&pmid=27136021" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-0261" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27136021" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="https://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/2097/34081/1/jas-94-4-1620.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B49-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='49.'>Nagaraja, T.; Lechtenberg, K.F. Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. <span class='html-italic'>Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract.</span> <b>2007</b>, <span class='html-italic'>23</span>, 351–369. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Liver+abscesses+in+feedlot+cattle&author=Nagaraja,+T.&author=Lechtenberg,+K.F.&publication_year=2007&journal=Vet.+Clin.+N.+Am.+Food+Anim.+Pract.&volume=23&pages=351%E2%80%93369&doi=10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.05.002" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.05.002" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B50-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='50.'>Nagaraja, T.G.; Chengappa, M.M. Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle: A review. <span class='html-italic'>J. Anim. Sci.</span> <b>1998</b>, <span class='html-italic'>76</span>, 287–298. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Liver+abscesses+in+feedlot+cattle:+A+review&author=Nagaraja,+T.G.&author=Chengappa,+M.M.&publication_year=1998&journal=J.+Anim.+Sci.&volume=76&pages=287%E2%80%93298&doi=10.2527/1998.761287x&pmid=9464910" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2527/1998.761287x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464910" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8a61/a58560cd24f4e9d5f15d1f552b9ce22aac2c.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B51-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='51.'>Biss, M.; Alley, M.; Madie, P.; Hathaway, S. Lesions in the carcasses and viscera of very young slaughter calves condemned at post-mortem meat inspection. <span class='html-italic'>N. Z. Vet. J.</span> <b>1994</b>, <span class='html-italic'>42</span>, 121–127. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Lesions+in+the+carcasses+and+viscera+of+very+young+slaughter+calves+condemned+at+post-mortem+meat+inspection&author=Biss,+M.&author=Alley,+M.&author=Madie,+P.&author=Hathaway,+S.&publication_year=1994&journal=N.+Z.+Vet.+J.&volume=42&pages=121%E2%80%93127&doi=10.1080/00480169.1994.35801" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1994.35801" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B52-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='52.'>Lemy, E.; Egwunyenga, A. Epidemiological study on some parasitic helminths of cattle in Delta North, Delta State, Nigeria. <span class='html-italic'>J. Anim. Health Behav. Sci.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2</span>, 113. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Epidemiological+study+on+some+parasitic+helminths+of+cattle+in+Delta+North,+Delta+State,+Nigeria&author=Lemy,+E.&author=Egwunyenga,+A.&publication_year=2018&journal=J.+Anim.+Health+Behav.+Sci.&volume=2&pages=113&doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.34632.26884" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34632.26884" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B53-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='53.'>Hezam, K.; Morshed, A.F.; Hassan, A.N.; Abbas, A.B.; Ghaleb, H.; Zhang, J.; Qahtan, A.S.A. Prevalence of parasitic helminthes among slaughtered animals in slaughterhouses in Taiz, Yemen. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>5</span>, 80–88. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Prevalence+of+parasitic+helminthes+among+slaughtered+animals+in+slaughterhouses+in+Taiz,+Yemen&author=Hezam,+K.&author=Morshed,+A.F.&author=Hassan,+A.N.&author=Abbas,+A.B.&author=Ghaleb,+H.&author=Zhang,+J.&author=Qahtan,+A.S.A.&publication_year=2016&journal=Int.+J.+Curr.+Microbiol.+Appl.+Sci.&volume=5&pages=80%E2%80%9388&doi=10.20546/ijcmas.2016.508.010" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.508.010" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ijcmas.com/5-8-2016/Kamal Hezam, et al.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B54-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='54.'>Yassien, M.A.; Ahmed, A.; Soliman, S.; Youssef, A. Prevalence of parasitic infection of slaughtered cattle and buffalo in Municipal Abattoir at Ismailia, Egypt. In <span class='html-italic'>Parasitic Zoonoses in Asian-Pacific Region</span>, 1st ed.; Tokoro, M., Uga, S., Eds.; Sankeisha Publishing Agent: Nagoya, Japan, 2013; pp. 19–24. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Prevalence+of+parasitic+infection+of+slaughtered+cattle+and+buffalo+in+Municipal+Abattoir+at+Ismailia,+Egypt&author=Yassien,+M.A.&author=Ahmed,+A.&author=Soliman,+S.&author=Youssef,+A.&publication_year=2013&pages=19%E2%80%9324" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B55-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='55.'>Dorny, P.; Vercammen, F.; Brandt, J.; Vansteenkiste, W.; Berkvens, D.; Geerts, S. Sero-epidemiological study of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Belgian cattle. <span class='html-italic'>Vet. Parasitol.</span> <b>2000</b>, <span class='html-italic'>88</span>, 43–49. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sero-epidemiological+study+of+Taenia+saginata+cysticercosis+in+Belgian+cattle&author=Dorny,+P.&author=Vercammen,+F.&author=Brandt,+J.&author=Vansteenkiste,+W.&author=Berkvens,+D.&author=Geerts,+S.&publication_year=2000&journal=Vet.+Parasitol.&volume=88&pages=43%E2%80%9349&doi=10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00196-X" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00196-X" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B56-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='56.'>Kaluza, M.; Vecerek, V.; Voslarova, E.; Semerad, Z.; Passantino, A. Assessing the standard of health and welfare in individual categories of cattle from the viewpoint of intravital pathological changes. <span class='html-italic'>Agriculture</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 619. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Assessing+the+standard+of+health+and+welfare+in+individual+categories+of+cattle+from+the+viewpoint+of+intravital+pathological+changes&author=Kaluza,+M.&author=Vecerek,+V.&author=Voslarova,+E.&author=Semerad,+Z.&author=Passantino,+A.&publication_year=2020&journal=Agriculture&volume=10&pages=619&doi=10.3390/agriculture10120619" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120619" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B57-animals-11-00537' class='html-xx' data-content='57.'>European Union. Commission Decision of 31 March 2004 amending Decisions 93/52/EEC, 2001/618/EC and 2003/467/EC as regards the status of accedingcountries with regard to brucellosis (B. melitensis), Aujeszky’s disease, enzootic bovine leukosis, bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis and of France with regard to Aujeszky’s disease. <span class='html-italic'>Off. J. Eur. Union</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>L102/75</span>, 1–6. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Commission+Decision+of+31+March+2004+amending+Decisions+93/52/EEC,+2001/618/EC+and+2003/467/EC+as+regards+the+status+of+accedingcountries+with+regard+to+brucellosis+(B.+melitensis),+Aujeszky%E2%80%99s+disease,+enzootic+bovine+leukosis,+bovine+brucellosis+and+tuberculosis+and+of+France+with+regard+to+Aujeszky%E2%80%99s+disease&author=European+Union&publication_year=2004&journal=Off.+J.+Eur.+Union&volume=L102/75&pages=1%E2%80%936" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='Tables' type='display-objects'><div class="html-table-wrap" id="animals-11-00537-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href='#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t001'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href="#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> Number of pathological findings according to their localization in individual classes of cattle. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t001" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 1.</b> Number of pathological findings according to their localization in individual classes of cattle.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cows<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,136,754)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Heifers<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 257,912)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Bulls<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,015,541)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Calves<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 104,459)</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Finding</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >liver and pancreas</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >524,348</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >46.13 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >38,136</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14.79 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >82,440</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.12 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17,880</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17.12 <sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >S and FS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >91,642</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.06 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5141</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.99 <sup>b</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14,016</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.38 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1311</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.26 <sup>d</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >intestines</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >31,740</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.79 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2419</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.94 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6880</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.68 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2406</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.30 <sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >lungs</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >411,842</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >36.23 <sup>b</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >45,407</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17.61 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >135,489</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13.34 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >46,894</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >44.89 <sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >heart</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >104,919</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9.23 <sup>b</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6719</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.61 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13,982</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.38 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10,524</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10.07 <sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >spleen</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >205,526</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >18.08 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20,144</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.81 <sup>b</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >50,925</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.01 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6889</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.59 <sup>c</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >reproductive organs</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >150,504</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13.24 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >684</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.27 <sup>b</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >412</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.04 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00 <sup>d</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >PAG and CD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1865</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.16 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >319</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.12 <sup>b</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00 <sup>c</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >urinary tract</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >463,365</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40.76 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >41,905</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.25 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >110,432</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10.87 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17,774</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17.02 <sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CNS</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >21</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00 <sup>b</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.00 <sup>a,b</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >skin</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >214</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.02 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >192</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.07 <sup>b</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >64</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.01 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >109</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.10 <sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >head</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3087</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.27 <sup>b</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >444</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.17 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4680</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.46 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >86</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.08 <sup>d</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >trunk</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >42,507</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.74 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3579</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.39 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4934</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.49 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3331</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.19 <sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >limbs</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >130,594</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.49 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12,513</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.85 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >26,368</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.60 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7218</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.91 <sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >overall changes</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >49,725</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.37 <sup>b</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4718</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.83 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9453</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.93 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >22,509</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >21.55 <sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >other changes</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >62,012</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.46 <sup>b</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4358</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.69 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6225</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.61 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6539</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.26 <sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >unclassified changes</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >307,575</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >27.06 <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >19,591</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.60 <sup>c</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >20,610</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.03 <sup>d</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >25,515</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24.43 <sup>b</sup></td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'><sup>a,b,c,d</sup> percentages in the same row with different superscripts differ (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.05); S and FS = stomach and forestomach; PAG = pathological gestation; CD = congenital defects; CNS = central nervous system; n = number of slaughtered animals.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="animals-11-00537-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href='#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t002'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href="#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> Comparison of the occurrence of pathological findings in the livers of cows, heifers, bulls and calves slaughtered in slaughterhouses. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t002" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 2.</b> Comparison of the occurrence of pathological findings in the livers of cows, heifers, bulls and calves slaughtered in slaughterhouses.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cows<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,136,754)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Heifers<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 257,912)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Bulls<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,015,541)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Calves<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 104,459)</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Findings</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >acute</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >59,195</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.21 <sup>a,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3488</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.35 <sup>b,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4343</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.43 <sup>c,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5379</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.15 <sup>a,w</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >chronic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >439,464</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >38.66 <sup>a,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30,474</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.82 <sup>b,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >72,256</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.12 <sup>c,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12,242</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.72 <sup>b,v</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >icterus</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17,259</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.52 <sup>a,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >299</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.12 <sup>b,y</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >147</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.01 <sup>c,y</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.11 <sup>b,x</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >parasitic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8430</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.74 <sup>b,y</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3875</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.50 <sup>a,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5694</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.56 <sup>c,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >139</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.13 <sup>d,x</sup></td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'><span class='html-italic'>n</span> = number of slaughtered animals. <sup>a,b,c,d</sup> percentages in the same row with different superscripts differ (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.01), <sup>v,w,x,y</sup> percentages in the same column with different superscripts differ (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01).</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="animals-11-00537-t003"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href='#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t003'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href="#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 3.</b> Comparison of the incidence of pathological lung findings in cows, heifers, bulls and calves slaughtered in slaughterhouses. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t003" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 3.</b> Comparison of the incidence of pathological lung findings in cows, heifers, bulls and calves slaughtered in slaughterhouses.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cows<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,136,754)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Heifers<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 257,912)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Bulls<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,015,541)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Calves<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 104,459)</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Findings</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >acute</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >71,379</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.28 <sup>b,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3874</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.50 <sup>c,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10,690</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.05 <sup>d,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9635</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9.22 <sup>a,w</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >chronic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >340,156</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >29.92 <sup>b,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >41,503</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16.09 <sup>c,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >124,632</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12.27 <sup>d,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >37,219</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35.63 <sup>a,v</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >parasitic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >307</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.03 <sup>b,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.01 <sup>c,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >167</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.02 <sup>c,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.04 <sup>a,x</sup></td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'><span class='html-italic'>n</span> = number of slaughtered animals. <sup>a,b,c,d</sup> percentages in the same row with different superscripts differ (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05), <sup>v,w,x</sup> percentages in the same column with different superscripts differ (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01).</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="animals-11-00537-t004"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href='#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t004'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href="#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 4.</b> Comparison of the occurrence of pathological findings in the kidneys in cows, heifers, bulls and calves slaughtered in slaughterhouses. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t004" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 4.</b> Comparison of the occurrence of pathological findings in the kidneys in cows, heifers, bulls and calves slaughtered in slaughterhouses.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cows<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,136,754)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Heifers<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 257,912)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Bulls<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,015,541)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Calves<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 104,459)</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Findings</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >acute</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >45,185</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.97 <sup>a,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2868</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.11 <sup>c,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4470</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.44 <sup>d,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3588</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.43 <sup>b,w</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >chronic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >417,875</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >36.76 <sup>a,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >39,001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15.12 <sup>b,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >105,841</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10.42 <sup>d,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14,182</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13.58 <sup>c,v</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >parasitic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >305</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.03 <sup>a,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.01 <sup>b,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >121</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.01 <sup>b,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.00 <sup>c,x</sup></td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'><span class='html-italic'>n</span> = number of slaughtered animals. <sup>a,b,c,d</sup> percentages in the same row with different superscripts differ (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.05), <sup>v,w,x</sup> percentages in the same column with different superscripts differ (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01).</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="animals-11-00537-t005"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href='#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t005'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href="#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 5.</b> Comparison of the occurrence of pathological findings in the limbs in cows, heifers, bulls and calves slaughtered in slaughterhouses. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t005" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 5.</b> Comparison of the occurrence of pathological findings in the limbs in cows, heifers, bulls and calves slaughtered in slaughterhouses.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cows<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,136,754)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Heifers<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 257,912)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Bulls<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,015,541)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Calves<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 104,459)</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Findings</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >acute</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35,257</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.10 <sup>a,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3601</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.40 <sup>c,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6860</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.68 <sup>d,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2486</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.38 <sup>b,w</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >chronic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >81,621</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.18 <sup>a,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7464</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.89 <sup>c,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17,239</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.70 <sup>d,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4341</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.16 <sup>b,v</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >traumatic</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >13,716</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.21 <sup>a,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1448</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.56 <sup>b,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2269</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.22 <sup>d,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >391</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.37 <sup>c,x</sup></td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'><span class='html-italic'>n</span> = number of slaughtered animals. <sup>a,b,c,d</sup> percentages in the same row with different superscripts differ (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01), <sup>v,w,x</sup> percentages in the same column with different superscripts differ (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01).</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="animals-11-00537-t006"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href='#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t006'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/537/display" href="#table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t006"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 6.</b> Comparison of the incidence of overall changes in cows, heifers, bulls and calves slaughtered in slaughterhouses. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_animals-11-00537-t006" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 6.</b> Comparison of the incidence of overall changes in cows, heifers, bulls and calves slaughtered in slaughterhouses.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cows<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,136,754)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Heifers<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 257,912)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Bulls<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 1,015,541)</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Calves<br>(<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 104,459)</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Finding</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >%</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >abscesses</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >21,000</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.85 <sup>a,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.70 <sup>c,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7309</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.72 <sup>c,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1032</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.99 <sup>b,x</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >emaciation</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >28,035</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.47 <sup>b,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2627</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.02 <sup>c,v</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1773</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.17 <sup>d,w</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17,800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17.04 <sup>a,v</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >stunted growth</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.00 <sup>d,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >235</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.09 <sup>b,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >249</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.02 <sup>c,x</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3647</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.49 <sup>a,w</sup></td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'><span class='html-italic'>n</span> = number of slaughtered animals. <sup>a,b,c,d</sup> percentages in the same row with different superscripts differ (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01), <sup>v,w,x</sup> percentages in the same column with different superscripts differ (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01).</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div></section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Publisher’s Note:</b> MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<a href='http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</section> </div> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Incidence+of+Characteristic+Findings+during+Veterinary+Carcass+Inspections+2010%E2%80%932019+in+the+Czech+Republic+and+the+Relation+to+the+Level+of+Health+and+Welfare+of+Individual+Classes+of+Cattle&hashtags=mdpianimals&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1003748&via=Animals_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1003748&title=Incidence%20of%20Characteristic%20Findings%20during%20Veterinary%20Carcass%20Inspections%202010%E2%80%932019%20in%20the%20Czech%20Republic%20and%20the%20Relation%20to%20the%20Level%20of%20Health%20and%20Welfare%20of%20Individual%20Classes%20of%20Cattle%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DPathological%20findings%20in%20individual%20classes%20of%20cattle%20were%20assessed%20from%20the%20viewpoint%20of%20their%20localization%20and%20category.%20The%20objective%20of%20the%20study%20was%20to%20evaluate%20whether%20there%20are%20differences%20in%20the%20range%20and%20number%20of%20findings%20made%20between%20the%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/1003748" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/1003748" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/1003748" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="in-tab" style="padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Kaluza, M.; Vecerek, V.; Voslarova, E.; Semerad, Z.; Passantino, A. Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle. <em>Animals</em> <b>2021</b>, <em>11</em>, 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020537 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Kaluza M, Vecerek V, Voslarova E, Semerad Z, Passantino A. Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle. <em>Animals</em>. 2021; 11(2):537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020537 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Kaluza, Michal, Vladimir Vecerek, Eva Voslarova, Zbynek Semerad, and Annamaria Passantino. 2021. "Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle" <em>Animals</em> 11, no. 2: 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020537 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Kaluza, M., Vecerek, V., Voslarova, E., Semerad, Z., & Passantino, A. (2021). Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle. <em>Animals</em>, <em>11</em>(2), 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020537 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> For more information on the journal statistics, click <a href="/journal/animals/stats">here</a>. <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="501874"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="501874"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="501874"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Kaluza, M.; Vecerek, V.; Voslarova, E.; Semerad, Z.; Passantino, A. Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle. <em>Animals</em> <b>2021</b>, <em>11</em>, 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020537 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Kaluza M, Vecerek V, Voslarova E, Semerad Z, Passantino A. Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle. <em>Animals</em>. 2021; 11(2):537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020537 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Kaluza, Michal, Vladimir Vecerek, Eva Voslarova, Zbynek Semerad, and Annamaria Passantino. 2021. "Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle" <em>Animals</em> 11, no. 2: 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020537 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Kaluza, M., Vecerek, V., Voslarova, E., Semerad, Z., & Passantino, A. (2021). Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle. <em>Animals</em>, <em>11</em>(2), 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020537 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/animals">Animals</a></em>, EISSN 2076-2615, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/animals" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/animals/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1739885660" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="adhesives">Adhesives</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="aisens">AI Sensors</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biosphere">Biosphere</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="cmtr">Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="eesp">Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="greenhealth">Green Health</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijom">International Journal of Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jemr">Journal of Eye Movement Research</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmms">Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="microwave">Microwave</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2025 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#f0cfd6919d80cb8385929a959384cdb6829f9dd5c2c0bdb4a0b9d5c3b1d5c2c0d5c2c2b99e939994959e9395d5c2c09f96d5c2c0b398918291938495829983849993d5c2c0b6999e94999e9783d5c2c0948582999e97d5c2c0a695849582999e918289d5c2c0b3918293918383d5c2c0b99e8380959384999f9e83d5c2c0c2c0c1c0d5b5c2d5c8c0d5c9c3c2c0c1c9d5c2c0999ed5c2c0849895d5c2c0b38a959398d5c2c0a2958085929c9993d5c2c0919e94d5c2c0849895d5c2c0a2959c9184999f9ed5c2c0849fd5c2c0849895d5c2c0bc9586959cd5c2c09f96d5c2c0b895919c8498d5c2c0919e94d5c2c0a7959c96918295d5c2c09f96d5c2c0b99e949986999485919cd5c2c0b39c9183839583d5c2c09f96d5c2c0b39184849c95d681859f84cbd6919d80cb929f9489cd9884848083cadfdf878787de9d948099de939f9ddfc1c0c0c3c7c4c8d5c3b1d5c0b1d5c0b1b99e939994959e9395d5c2c09f96d5c2c0b398918291938495829983849993d5c2c0b6999e94999e9783d5c2c0948582999e97d5c2c0a695849582999e918289d5c2c0b3918293918383d5c2c0b99e8380959384999f9e83d5c2c0c2c0c1c0d5b5c2d5c8c0d5c9c3c2c0c1c9d5c2c0999ed5c2c0849895d5c2c0b38a959398d5c2c0a2958085929c9993d5c2c0919e94d5c2c0849895d5c2c0a2959c9184999f9ed5c2c0849fd5c2c0849895d5c2c0bc9586959cd5c2c09f96d5c2c0b895919c8498d5c2c0919e94d5c2c0a7959c96918295d5c2c09f96d5c2c0b99e949986999485919cd5c2c0b39c9183839583d5c2c09f96d5c2c0b39184849c95fafaa09184989f9c9f979993919cd5c2c096999e94999e9783d5c2c0999ed5c2c0999e949986999485919cd5c2c0939c9183839583d5c2c09f96d5c2c0939184849c95d5c2c087958295d5c2c09183839583839594d5c2c096829f9dd5c2c0849895d5c2c086999587809f999e84d5c2c09f96d5c2c08498959982d5c2c09c9f93919c998a9184999f9ed5c2c0919e94d5c2c093918495979f8289ded5c2c0a49895d5c2c09f929a959384998695d5c2c09f96d5c2c0849895d5c2c08384859489d5c2c0879183d5c2c0849fd5c2c09586919c85918495d5c2c087989584989582d5c2c08498958295d5c2c0918295d5c2c0949996969582959e939583d5c2c0999ed5c2c0849895d5c2c082919e9795d5c2c0919e94d5c2c09e859d929582d5c2c09f96d5c2c096999e94999e9783d5c2c09d919495d5c2c09295848795959ed5c2c0849895d5c2c0999e949986999485919cd5c2c0939c9183839583d5c2c09f96d5c2c0939184849c95ded5c2c0a49895d5c2c0829583859c8483d5c2c09f96d5c2c08695849582999e918289d5c2c0999e8380959384999f9e83d5c2c09f9ed5c2c0c2d5c2b3c5c1c4d5c2b3c6c6c6d5c2c098959194d5c2c09f96d5c2c0939184849c95d5c2c0839c918597988495829594d5c2c0999ed5c2c0849895d5c2c0b38a959398d5c2c0a2958085929c9993d5c2c0999ed5c2c0849895d5c2c0809582999f94d5c2c0c2c0c1c0d5b5c2d5c8c0d5c9c3c2c0c1c9d5c2c087958295d5c2c085839594d5c2c0969f82d5c2c0849895d5c2c09183839583839d959e84ded5c2c0b99ed5c2c08495829d83d5c2c09f96d5c2c09c9f93919c998a9184999f9ed5c2b3d5c2c0849895d5c2c09d9f8384d5c2c09682958185959e84d5c2c096999e94999e9783d5c2c0999ed5c2c0939f8783d5c2c087958295d5c2c0999ed5c2c0849895d5c2c09c99869582d5c2c0919e94d5c2c080919e9382959183d5c2c0d5c2c8c4c6dec1c3d5c2c5d5c2c9d5c2b3d5c2c0849895d5c2c08582999e918289d5c2c08482919384d5c2c0d5c2c8c4c0dec7c6d5c2c5d5c2c9d5c2c0919e94d5c2c0849895d5c2c09c859e9783d5c2c0d5c2c8c3c6dec2c3d5c2c5d5c2c9ded5c2c0a498958395d5c2c096999e94999e9783d5c2c0919c839fd5c2c0808295949f9d999e91849594d5c2c0999ed5c2c098959996958283d5c2c0919e94d5c2c092859c9c83d5c2b3d5c2c084989f859798d5c2c084989589d5c2c087958295d5c2c08295939f82949594d5c2c09184d5c2c09c9f879582d5c2c09682958185959e93999583d5c2c0d5c2c880d5c2c0d5c3b3d5c2c0c0dec0c1d5c2c9d5c2c08498919ed5c2c0999ed5c2c0939f8783ded5c2c0a49895d5c2c09d9f8384d5c2c09682958185959e84d5c2c0809184989f9c9f979993919cd5c2c09398919e979583d5c2c0999ed5c2c098959996958283d5c2c0919e94d5c2c092859c9c83d5c2c087958295d5c2c09398829f9e9993d5c2c096999e94999e9783d5c2c0999ed5c2c0849895d5c2c09c859e9783d5c2c0d5c2c8c1c6dec0c9d5c2c5d5c2c0919e94d5c2c0c1c2dec2c7d5c2c5d5c2b3d5c2c0829583809593849986959c89d5c2c9ded5c2c0a49895d5c2c082919e9795d5c2c09f96d5c2c096999e94999e9783d5c2c0999ed5c2c093919c869583d5c2c09499969695829594d5c2c08399979e99969993919e849c89d5c2c096829f9dd5c2c09f84989582d5c2c0939c9183839583d5c2c09f96d5c2c0939184849c95d5c2b3d5c2c08082999d9182999c89d5c2c09183d5c2c0849895d5c2c0829583859c84d5c2c09f96d5c2c082958380998291849f8289d5c2c0919e94d5c2c094999182829895919cd5c2c083899e94829f9d95abdededead" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Incidence+of+Characteristic+Findings+during+Veterinary+Carcass+Inspections+2010%E2%80%932019+in+the+Czech+Republic+and+the+Relation+to+the+Level+of+Health+and+Welfare+of+Individual+Classes+of+Cattle&hashtags=mdpianimals&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1003748&via=Animals_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1003748&title=Incidence%20of%20Characteristic%20Findings%20during%20Veterinary%20Carcass%20Inspections%202010%E2%80%932019%20in%20the%20Czech%20Republic%20and%20the%20Relation%20to%20the%20Level%20of%20Health%20and%20Welfare%20of%20Individual%20Classes%20of%20Cattle%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DPathological%20findings%20in%20individual%20classes%20of%20cattle%20were%20assessed%20from%20the%20viewpoint%20of%20their%20localization%20and%20category.%20The%20objective%20of%20the%20study%20was%20to%20evaluate%20whether%20there%20are%20differences%20in%20the%20range%20and%20number%20of%20findings%20made%20between%20the%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/1003748" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/1003748" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/1003748" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/1003748" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/1003748" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/1003748</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1739885660"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "animals"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?b86ef680a60436c6?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1739885660"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1739885660'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1739885660"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/slick.min.js?d5a61c749e44e471?1739885660"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(".link-article-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass("active"); }); $(".js-similarity-related-articles").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if ('' !== $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open', $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')); } }); $.ajax({ url: "/article/501874/similarity-related/show-link", success: function(result) { if (result.show) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url', result.link); $('.js-article-similarity-container').show(); } } }); $("#recommended-articles-modal").on("click", ".ga-title-link-recommended-article", function(e) { var clickEventUrl = $(this).data("click-event-url"); if (typeof clickEventUrl !== "undefined") { fetch(clickEventUrl, { method: "GET", mode: "no-cors" }); } }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { var modal = $(this); if (modal.attr('id') === "author-biographies-modal") { modal.find('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, draggable: false, }); modal.find('.multiple-items').slick('refresh'); } }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (-1 !== window.location.href.indexOf("?src=")) { window.history.replaceState({}, '', `${location.pathname}`); } $(document).ready(function() { var scifeedCounter = 0; var search = window.location.search; var mathjaxReady = false; // late image file loading $("img[data-lsrc]").each(function() { $(this).attr("src", $(this).data("lsrc")); }); // late mathjax initialization var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/x-mathjax-config"; script[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.processSectionDelay = 0;\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Config({\n" + " \"menuSettings\": {\n" + " CHTMLpreview: false\n" + " },\n" + " \"CHTML-preview\":{\n" + " disabled: true\n" + " },\n" + " \"HTML-CSS\": {\n" + " scale: 90,\n" + " availableFonts: [],\n" + " preferredFont: null,\n" + " preferredFonts: null,\n" + " webFont:\"Gyre-Pagella\",\n" + " imageFont:'TeX',\n" + " undefinedFamily:\"'Arial Unicode MS',serif\",\n" + " linebreaks: { automatic: false }\n" + " },\n" + " \"TeX\": {\n" + " extensions: ['noErrors.js'],\n" + " noErrors: {\n" + " inlineDelimiters: [\"\",\"\"],\n" + " multiLine: true,\n" + " style: {\n" + " 'font-size': '90%',\n" + " 'text-align': 'left',\n" + " 'color': 'black',\n" + " 'padding': '1px 3px',\n" + " 'border': '1px solid'\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {\n" + " refreshMathjaxWidths();\n" + " mathjaxReady = true;\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Startup.signal.Interest(function (message) {\n" + " if (message == 'End') {\n" + " var hypoLink = document.getElementById('hypothesis_frame');\n" + " if (null !== hypoLink) {\n" + " hypoLink.setAttribute('src', 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/embed.js');\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});"; head.appendChild(script); script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.src = "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"; head.appendChild(script); // article version checker if (0 === search.indexOf('?type=check_update&version=')) { $.ajax({ url: "/2076-2615/11/2/537" + "/versioncheck" + search, success: function(result) { $(".js-check-update-container").html(result); } }); } $('#feed_option').click(function() { // tracker if ($('#scifeed_clicked').length<1) { $(this).append('<span style="display:none" id="scifeed_clicked">done</span>'); } $('#feed_data').toggle('slide', { direction: 'up'}, '1000'); // slideToggle(700); OR toggle(700) $("#scifeed_error_msg").html('').hide(); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html('').hide(); }); $('#feed_option').click(function(event) { setTimeout(function(){ var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); // var img = captchaSection.find('img'); // img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); // $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); var img = document.getElementById('gregwar_captcha_scifeed'); img.src = '/generate-captcha/gcb_captcha?n=' + (new Date()).getTime(); },800); }); $(document).on('click', '.split_feeds', function() { var name = $( this ).attr('name'); var flag = 1 - ($(this).is(":checked")*1); $('.split_feeds').each(function (index) { if ($( this ).attr('name') !== name) { $(this)[0].checked = flag; } }); }); $(document).on('click', '#scifeed_submit, #scifeed_submit1', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); $("#scifeed_error_msg").html(""); $("#scifeed_error_msg").hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.subscription_toggle', function(event) { if ($(this).val() === 'Create SciFeed' && $('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0) { event.preventDefault(); // alert('Here there would be a captcha because user is not logged in'); var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); if (captchaSection.hasClass('ui-helper-hidden')) { captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); var img = captchaSection.find('img'); img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); $("#reloadCaptcha").trigger("click"); } } }); $(document).on('click', '.scifeed_msg', function(){ $(this).hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.article-scilit-search', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(".article-scilit-search-data").val(); var dataArray = data.split(';').map(function(keyword) { return "(\"" + keyword.trim() + "\")"; }); var searchQuery = dataArray.join(" OR "); var searchUrl = encodeURI("https://www.scilit.com/articles/search?q="+ searchQuery + "&advanced=1&highlight=1"); var win = window.open(searchUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { win.focus(); } else { window.location(searchUrl); } }); display_stats(); citedCount(); follow_goto(); // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const targetNodes = document.getElementsByClassName('hypothesis-count-container'); // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: false }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callback = function(mutationList, observer) { for(const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === 'childList') { let node = $(mutation.target); if (parseInt(node.html()) > 0) { node.show(); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations for(const targetNode of targetNodes) { observer.observe(targetNode, config); } // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const mathjaxTargetNode = document.getElementById('middle-column'); // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mathjaxCallback = function(mutationList, observer) { if (mathjaxReady && typeof(MathJax) !== 'undefined') { refreshMathjaxWidths(); } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mathjaxObserver = new ResizeObserver(mathjaxCallback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mathjaxObserver.observe(mathjaxTargetNode); }); /* END $(document).ready */ function refreshMathjaxWidths() { let width = ($('.html-body').width()*0.9) + "px"; $('.MathJax_Display').css('max-width', width); $('.MJXc-display').css('max-width', width); } function sendScifeedFrom(form) { if (!$('#scifeed_email').val().trim()) { // empty email alert('Please, provide an email for subscribe to this scifeed'); return false; } else if (!$('#captchaSection').hasClass('ui-helper-hidden') && !$('#captchaSection').find('input').val().trim()) { // empty captcha alert('Please, fill the captcha field.'); return false; } else if( ((($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds:checked').length))<1) || ($('#scifeed_kwd_txt').length < 0 && !$('#scifeed_kwd_txt').val().trim()) || ($('#scifeed_author_txt').length<0 &&!$('#scifeed_author_txt').val().trim()) ) { alert('You did not select anything to subscribe'); return false; } else if(($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds2:checked').length)<1){ alert("You did not select anything to subscribe"); return false; } else { var url = $('#scifeed_subscribe_url').html(); var formData = $(form).serializeArray(); $.post(url, formData).done(function (data) { if (JSON.parse(data)) { $('.scifeed_msg').hide(); var res = JSON.parse(data); var successFeeds = 0; var errorFeeds = 0; if (res) { $('.scifeed_msg').html(''); $.each(res, function (index, val) { if (val) { if (val.error) { errorFeeds++; $("#scifeed_error_msg").append(index+' - '+val.error+'<br>'); } if (val.notice) // for successful feed creation { successFeeds++; // $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append(index+' - '+val.notice+'<br>'); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append('<li>'+index+'</li>'); } } }); if (successFeeds>0) { text = $('#scifeed_notice_msg').html(); text = 'The following feed'+(successFeeds>1?'s have':' has')+ ' been sucessfully created:<br><ul>'+ text + '</ul>' +($('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0 ? 'You are not logged in, so you probably need to validate '+ (successFeeds>1?'them':' it')+'.<br>' :'' ) +'Please check your email'+(successFeeds>1?'s':'')+' for more details.'; //(successFeeds>1?' for each of them':'')+'.<br>'; $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html(text); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").show(); } if (errorFeeds>0) { $("#scifeed_error_msg").show();; } } $("#feed_data").hide(); } }); } } function follow_goto() { var hashStr = location.hash.replace("#",""); if(typeof hashStr !== 'undefined') { if( hashStr == 'supplementary') { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); } if( hashStr == 'citedby') { document.getElementById('cited_id').scrollIntoView(); } } } function cited() { $("#framed_div").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded"); if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var container = document.getElementById("framed_div"); // This replace the content container.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1739885660\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; var url = "/citedby/10.3390%252Fani11020537/74"; $.post(url, function(result) { if (result.success) { container.innerHTML = result.view; } loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; }); } } return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } function detect_device() { // Added by Bastien (18/08/2014): based on the http://detectmobilebrowsers.com/ detector var check = false; (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows (ce|phone)|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4)))check = true})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera); return check; } function display_stats(){ $("#article_stats_div").toggle(); return false; } /* * Cited By Scopus */ function citedCount(){ $("#framed_div_cited_count").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded_cite_count"); // to load only once the result! if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var d = document.getElementById("framed_div_cited_count"); // This replace the content d.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1739885660\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; $.ajax({ method : "POST", url : "/cite-count/10.3390%252Fani11020537", success : function(data) { if (data.succ) { d.innerHTML = data.view; loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; follow_goto(); } } }); } } // end else return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1739885660"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1739885660"></script><script type="text/javascript" defer="defer"> var advancedStatsData; var selectedStatsType = "abstract"; $(function(){ var countWrapper = $('#counts-wrapper'); $('#author_stats_id #type_links a').on('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); selectedStatsType = $(this).data('type'); $('#article_advanced_stats').vectorMap('set', 'values', advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType]); $('#advanced_stats_max').html(advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType].max); $('#type_links a').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); }); $.get('/2076-2615/11/2/537/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } // process article metrics part in left column var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".view-number"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); viewNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.views == 0); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".download-number"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); downloadNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.downloads == 0); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".citations-number"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); citationsNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.citations == 0); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__views, #js-counts-wrapper__downloads").addClass("visible").show(); if (result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find('.citations-number').html(result.metrics.citations).show(); countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").addClass("visible").show(); } else { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").remove(); } $("[data-id='article-counters']").removeClass("hidden"); } if (result.metrics.altmetrics_score > 0) { $("#js-altmetrics-donut").show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#article_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); }); $('#supplement_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); }); $('#stats_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('stats_id').scrollIntoView(); }); // open mol viewer for molbank special supplementary files $('.showJmol').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var jmolModal = $("#jmolModal"); var url = "/article/501874/jsmol_viewer/__supplementary_id__"; url = url.replace(/__supplementary_id__/g, $(this).data('index')); $('#jsmol-content').attr('src', url); jmolModal.find(".content").html($(this).data('description')); jmolModal.foundation("reveal", "open"); }); }); !function() { "use strict"; function e(e) { try { if ("undefined" == typeof console) return; "error"in console ? console.error(e) : console.log(e) } catch (e) {} } function t(e) { return d.innerHTML = '<a href="' + e.replace(/"/g, """) + '"></a>', d.childNodes[0].getAttribute("href") || "" } function n(n, c) { var o = ""; var k = parseInt(n.substr(c + 4, 2), 16); for (var i = c; i < n.length; i += 2) { if (i != c + 4) { var s = parseInt(n.substr(i, 2), 16) ^ k; o += String.fromCharCode(s); } } try { o = decodeURIComponent(escape(o)); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } return t(o); } function c(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("a"), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.href.indexOf(l); a > -1 && (o.href = "mailto:" + n(o.href, a + l.length)) } catch (i) { e(i) } } function o(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll(u), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.parentNode , i = o.getAttribute(f); if (i) { var l = n(i, 0) , d = document.createTextNode(l); a.replaceChild(d, o) } } catch (h) { e(h) } } function a(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("template"), n = 0; n < r.length; n++) try { i(r[n].content) } catch (c) { e(c) } } function i(t) { try { c(t), o(t), a(t) } catch (r) { e(r) } } var l = "/cnd-cgi/l/email-protection#" , u = ".__cf_email__" , f = "data-cfemail" , d = document.createElement("div"); i(document), function() { var e = document.currentScript || document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; e.parentNode.removeChild(e) }() }(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> function setCookie(cname, cvalue, ctime) { ctime = (typeof ctime === 'undefined') ? 10*365*24*60*60*1000 : ctime; // default => 10 years var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + ctime); // ==> 1 hour = 60*60*1000 var expires = "expires="+d.toUTCString(); document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires +"; path=/"; } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i<ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } return ""; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function() { if ($("#js-similarity-related-data").length > 0) { $.ajax({ url: '/article/501874/similarity-related', success: function(response) { $("#js-similarity-related-data").html(response); $("#js-related-articles-menu").show(); $(document).foundation('tab', 'reflow'); MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub]); } }); } }); </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1739885660"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1739885660"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1739885660"></script><script> $(function() { $(".js-show-more-academic-editors").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).hide(); $(".academic-editor-container").removeClass("hidden"); }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/vmap/jqvmap.min.css?126a06688aa11c13?1739885660"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.min.js?935f68d33bdd88a1?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.world.js?16677403c0e1bef1?1739885660"></script> <script> function updateSlick() { $('.multiple-items').slick('setPosition'); } $(document).ready(function() { $('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1024, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 600, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 480, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } } ] }); $('.multiple-items').show(); $(document).on('click', '.reviewReportSelector', function(e) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, $(this)); }); $(document).on('click', '.viewReviewReports', function(e) { let versionOne = $('#versionTab_1'); if (!versionOne.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, versionOne); } location.href = "#reviewReports"; }); $(document).on('click', '.reviewersResponse, .authorResponse', function(e) { let version = $(this).attr('data-version'); let targetVersion = $('#versionTab_' + version); if (!targetVersion.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = targetVersion.attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, targetVersion); } location.href = $(this).attr('data-link'); }); $(document).on('click', '.tab', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $('.tab').removeClass('activeTab'); $(this).addClass('activeTab') $('.tab').each(function() { $(this).closest('.tab-title').removeClass('active'); }); $(this).closest('.tab-title').addClass('active') }); }); function handleReviews(path, target) { $.ajax({ url: path, context: this, success: function (data) { $('.activeTab').removeClass('activeTab'); target.addClass('activeTab'); $('#reviewSection').html(data.view); }, error: function (xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) { console.log(xhr.status); console.log(thrownError); } }); } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?v1?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/storage.js?e9b262d3a3476d25?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/jquery-scrollspy.js?09cbaec0dbb35a67?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/magnific-popup.js?4a09c18460afb26c?1739885660"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/underscore.js?f893e294cde60c24?1739885660"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('document').ready(function(){ $("#left-column").addClass("show-for-large-up"); $("#middle-column").removeClass("medium-9").removeClass("left-bordered").addClass("medium-12"); $(window).on('resize scroll', function() { /* if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport($(".top-bar").outerHeight())) { */ if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport()) { $("#js-button-download").hide(); } else { $("#js-button-download").show(); } }); }); $(document).on('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { var element = $(e.target); if (element.hasClass('menu') && element.hasClass('html-nav') ) { element.addClass("side-menu-ul"); } }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/articles.js?5118449d9ad8913a?1739885660"></script> <script> repositionOpenSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').addClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").show(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-12').removeClass('medium-12'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-9'); } repositionCloseSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').removeClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").hide(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-9'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-12').addClass('medium-12'); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'914032d2a8f8fe1a',t:'MTczOTkwNDU4Mi4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Incidence of Characteristic Findings during Veterinary Carcass Inspections 2010–2019 in the Czech Republic and the Relation to the Level of Health and Welfare of Individual Classes of Cattle