CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "innovate.ieee.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92e11a410d9cd98b',cH: 'Af1AnTM47mcxUcjzR0E7qEkxUCioEBDGIZedKX1E6Ss-1744276137-1.2.1.1-h_vl8idLsJ7xgrMABIqvhvLsGXi.0_wlXmMTi7tIT2bvvsq2sKDPgsGggeF15Jc4',cUPMDTk: "\/techrxiv\/?__cf_chl_tk=FzoVGB3QPE5tHV_cKq94qeIeHPZNg.S34YmpJZK2hbQ-1744276137-1.0.1.1-zj3D4mR449vw1fjaCBLuObFhOTVMqBoGbumVOQt5mPw",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1744276137',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported_browser_beacon",fa: "\/techrxiv\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=FzoVGB3QPE5tHV_cKq94qeIeHPZNg.S34YmpJZK2hbQ-1744276137-1.0.1.1-zj3D4mR449vw1fjaCBLuObFhOTVMqBoGbumVOQt5mPw",md: "VXSMT26jHHi.k_YsfR30oUoz.028OUpFEemYYMkkn2E-1744276137-1.2.1.1-3EZaqxmAO0xw0PisOQ6EIxSB7zYgaI.S2ovMaRqP3PNJTeWiPJjfFKDNASefI6i2scEQA87mlEgfTfSakLe_.MkxeA0NECthdHZl4yGnH97wgO2aAXLGZgY3gCofp2RHKnSBtF44h8ZWc2LwVsjrn_W7nnfaTGgqUxZGoG5F_S57GrcLguVSinWXtN9ch3_nyW_lIazOkI7S4P09s31jW1J7ueOe.OmalGnZoqQTBh.KPqWZgOKGbRpnKTLGZV2weB5q9ROobiHDL7795fHQdg3XaYev6nbnTJs0TxdKv0zIM5nJ5wAnzklNujIgXT5ALEz9iLWywPVgiAXc7rqaXsAz1oTTZnV8muzDwffvLbDudvicGfBvCjWN.i3aWCoFHu7k4kcQoATtf8r23IU.gG1e7KGvfnQCJVxv8GG6ASOotP7ZafPW_eHqeSE6QEkooS4K7XtyWPF09i4wLVlEXmb4xcaevYSE9Mdz_5thjmE67Mtxai8VuPPFF2olvLDacVe1ihZiCHmcwXNB7CbjeG7TGBPCJj1IiMRKuIyXbRhriPv2NCkWeia81u2q2zx2OHK_jsQRquxE5bJkgk6QrEPDtUCvCDee4x0ZVD1Tkv5Dk7yatNPZCZlHPrMMfG8Klkxbv4WRZP9uB0pEwhMQ02V8d_mD25lf0uViFRRVX7bu3NO1_fb9O0a2v9GXKvOY1qbA5.AZKbLlyHzkilsoywTK2MFX7yRrYLOSuYl9eeQ_9aFw9xkzex_HLm_I2hdF0l6BEOLWAMvXhwWfPPciHIFYHgEHSmkKB559DKFl.aOifDRe9KTaTWh4_XTyzXspKAcAbwYEvOmKLgblLGVcNVvDDpN888rMrOLFE0IzUF9SWDFgyJSVtj0hcIYj_lxocweH25jTbZxuHTbKPxoVRukqp0IuUOPEme3.IVFJZvwnpeNEpuIo.aXr7VtEUwMATNR64L3_7vilmhgwsqEn2fv3HBZ4xpy27zUl_GlJzswTMtiBu_0ZBR5smFyrm.8hB5VUCcM.lyFVhp4GtGGp6VKrL7encbhq7.cAMGf7YEwBGYr4EPX5aUcFD1bXiPN2IA1RsM04PKErQlT0CvJh9PM5S.HMZfrq1tvC3.Ur4DbCTg2u5McbT8pBWtMvOMLYkoZPaWLTs2B4J2357xHiY2KnyQZpLQsCiCzBFbtv_9xhmT_8oGl31SBEjsX_0sBQLB8qdlktYAUM_wzMK.mrxTUJpVAXHrmnpFbCRjTFaKs",mdrd: "LoObsRCtvj.NlR48iqf06lVnhpgqymuHFnOZlhzTEs0-1744276137-1.2.1.1-h7h3vlVK8ItGKME.G7pAGy92MlZ._M5bDypOjpWIGP2gVsEfENM2TBRX8ymvk9E7DJPETeV4H.81Qpfk86WJBXK6ZAdWWG7xUQt0Bao_4O7vZ9pqJ0oKbQP7BhZL9OzfEjcTQnvzruuR8_jKAgolax91yuallJMudoFwQMwSMBHHD.IDWVOVpwgLDaPgYjoJ1fDaCQMCIvZLbrLAFau_tSnXJF6WeVN2RoDteku5oACe6MZM_yZi9tVmkZSuuVfNBF8qoB_N6GX9hkdyWRyMr_kjYFK0Bh_Jxwk1KGgvRe9EXycT7.eq67PouoSb2NaDPfFXDHwWMFnN66aOdujLbNXI7IiB9GujfpRg8qrF9FxKVKPIwzOrJKnzGaJ_oSV0x6uPDD9zau1hd5._RDLBF1C_iFfZCnlPbHOBDBXlasy3KCey0XklYQOgNBlKi8Pr3pfwdXb3MXVCZjqxs2l36UG5_sB8zXaVCbfqJDbxnXf4EeUn8QHfrgLK.ctndpoABkVfT6ReAJEi_FFljuRwlxA7zVzzDR_XXxKaKB7apm1k87YZLWwl7KH3xBSQGgwR61Cm_9Q4BtQe4t_wezfZZgGrno9FOSWbLtXZQ6HdmEpGnYuZ2wxN7KfpdGvpTeEnZAoFOAC4Yn9bGnUatuwLTJg1HuO8KYTSGJGLtoN0O6Cs7NNuNP6TLJWbvY9iRWBW9cqCtfabRZgQVBgM9ip7y8B5W4Cla48D2F682aTBJzus1gcuFzG5rNt9h.Rh_0SXm955w4Aq3NLk3cWRPktgPXdUCO5XlkSquYiewP8dk7u2B7w2JSmwwKjFY.sQTE8DcZvHgsg8IsDJ0jkTPyXT3RQVq6Fj4ZQQJZVnefUAwZOBWEix.rlf_37W5gVUey22gN8TDzI.B0ZX8mdeeAe.02d6gQBYdUDMppm7yvHPW3nOlm3sijfmN8DsoY0Oc5jqSmmE4aZFFIxSrLR_.urpRCOlr_jiu1Pb6sIimpE.YHizFgMY6JvZ2dsjQxiFpbQB8FD_fMPUDnOs.vVYG.DjO7RSeN5xt5XWrAoMy0P8d3APP19WvoM.CPIG_Qme5s8qlHf9Z7gGsYDndZr8gbbp_fI3yrudMlEyRRk97bw29o4OjvrfMr0ZLbpdTOIlomRyG7FsbaTfiCqnr3fSWO9OTpkN6MKCXn8dcK412GlUHHMdLCjWS5sjSA61JJr1SskKz_PjiVDcPtyNhdBGn4ZhfnXd.vyrvC5XHpPn3tuA1pVtUbBsJv2AmwnQ39ZB5RceEAXWZoN6IptaXvO1dmi1WJYY.TQjRg8qXqyP1BVc7lVHAWsRnkG5A3McEhh.LymAcV76zDTK3jYWOtc9AvecklfDxwJC3Fp8jZzLcs7sdXSzD10hjDSj0jV9g6zpjTf0SsEZWkDnQdkAmY2HEfMv8fJX_gyAZGWv5pXXZOVXM2kFaXopQehiX_79SvwiXX_1NT1LE9F7ersOpAuXy_inNsglsLLmhoKf4hQ5P105FAPfCmfmkpRNcJcsOcHUNk3_ptBXnfLnM01W_oK76.6nl3iQr4T6Om97a8nVAlkSa6DWuj.aDumYcaQQ6fYLGErp2jOZUGxqj6sT8gWLPYu3xEhQ5AH6oVNjuy7zMcMPzPt6TJhSBfH9W8Rs8vcv97sUdzXHG5bFJnEqPc2.DjyqZr.INIr8WhWrWhr9aCtxRm0jShCzWGXMTqxZyfovdA.S9NBer.ETySz0pJtCFRl3GDHdAgOe.KeuApGtz6z65XR88QMxJzSQQpnjJpbmuDpez2wvIvoeDMMj.f05L6FaaCCT86I4OrVe9dWSRNPKhl5DuRa7E.d0wRp630B595ydbun6BoXRz91YReyUsh1o.RZNRLqKcKCKGaErMRRqUb5jkamah7SK2AOe5VvGBLKbFezur.QPpVIShjwkh56u0_X0eMUyh9M6IKcFkmk2VaajvgtkA49dHHiuTDU.DiFTM3tw8Z3V8AXQfLPn2FmUJf3zLpEVAN0DW0U_qEwxcY3Y_oamDEuxXClJkzxqzGVXyyWzNXlqFfdDRGqCxSw3Rt__nyPaC2NzFlafQl01rB8"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92e11a410d9cd98b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/techrxiv\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=FzoVGB3QPE5tHV_cKq94qeIeHPZNg.S34YmpJZK2hbQ-1744276137-1.0.1.1-zj3D4mR449vw1fjaCBLuObFhOTVMqBoGbumVOQt5mPw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>