PostgreSQL: The world's most advanced open source database

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>PostgreSQL: The world's most advanced open source database</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/xhtml; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="The official site for PostgreSQL, the world's most advanced open source database" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#336791"/> <meta name="copyright" content="The PostgreSQL Global Development Group" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.postgresql.org/" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="article:author" content="PostgreSQL Global Development Group" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2025-04-11T11:48:06.462055" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.postgresql.org/media/img/about/press/elephant.png" /> <meta property="og:title" content="PostgreSQL" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The world's most advanced open source database." /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="PostgreSQL" /> <link href="/media/css/fontawesome.css?c661a1d4" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/media/css/bootstrap-4.4.1.min.css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/dyncss/base.css?c661a1d4"> <script src="/media/js/theme.js?c661a1d4"></script> </head> <body> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row justify-content-md-center"> <div class="col">  <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light"> <a class="navbar-brand p-0" href="/"> <img class="logo" src="/media/img/about/press/elephant.png" alt="PostgreSQL Elephant Logo"> </a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#pgNavbar" aria-controls="pgNavbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="pgNavbar"> <ul class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/" title="Home">Home</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/about/" title="About">About</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/download/" title="Download">Download</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/docs/" title="Documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/community/" title="Community">Community</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/developer/" title="Developers">Developers</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/support/" title="Support">Support</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/about/donate/" title="Donate">Donate</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/account/" title="Your account">Your account</a></li> </ul> <form role="search" method="get" action="/search/"> <div class="input-group"> <input id="q" name="q" type="text" size="20" maxlength="255" accesskey="s" class="form-control" placeholder="Search for..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button class="btn btn-default" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </span> </div> </form> <form id="form-theme" class="form-inline d-none"> <button id="btn-theme" class="btn btn-default ml-1" type="button"></button> </form> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="row justify-content-center pg-shout-box"> <div class="col text-white text-center">February 20, 2025: <a href="/about/news/postgresql-174-168-1512-1417-and-1320-released-3018/"> PostgreSQL 17.4, 16.8, 15.12, 14.17, and 13.20 Released! </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jumbotron jumbotron-fluid pg-jumbotron"> <div class="container"> <h1 class="text-white pg-jumbotron-header">PostgreSQL: The World's Most Advanced Open Source Relational Database</h1> <div class="row"> <div class="col text-center"> <a class="btn btn-light btn-rounded" role="button" href="/download/">Download <i class="fa fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a class="btn btn-light btn-rounded" role="button" href="/about/">New to PostgreSQL?</a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container margin">  <div class="row">  <div class="col-lg-6 feature"> <img src="/media/img/about/press/elephant.png" alt="PostgreSQL Elephant Logo"> <h2>New to PostgreSQL?</h2> <div class="text"> <p> PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system with over 35 years of active development that has earned it a strong reputation for reliability, feature robustness, and performance. </p> <p> There is a wealth of information to be found describing how to <a href="/download/">install</a> and <a href="/docs/">use</a> PostgreSQL through the <a href="/docs/">official documentation</a>. The <a href="/community/">open source community</a> provides many helpful places to become familiar with PostgreSQL, discover how it works, and find career opportunities. Learn more on how to <a href="/community/">engage with the community</a>. </p> </div> <a href="/about/" title="Learn More"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Learn More</button></a> <a href="/about/featurematrix/" title="Feature Matrix"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Feature Matrix</button></a> <a href="/about/governance/" title="Governance"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Governance</button></a> </div>   <div class="col-lg-6 feature"> <i class="fas fa-download"></i> <h2>Latest Releases</h2> <div class="text"> <p> <strong> 2025-02-20 - <a href="/about/news/postgresql-174-168-1512-1417-and-1320-released-3018/"> PostgreSQL 17.4, 16.8, 15.12, 14.17, and 13.20 Released! </a> </strong> </p> <p> The PostgreSQL Global Development Group has <a href="/download/">released an update</a> to all supported versions of PostgreSQL, including 17.4, 16.8, 15.12, 14.17, and 13.20. </p> <p> For the more information about this release, please review the <a href="/docs/release/">release notes</a>. You can download PostgreSQL from the <a href="/download/">download</a> page. </p> <ul> <li class=""><strong>17.4</strong> · 2025-02-20 · <a href="/docs/17/release-17-4.html">Notes</a></li> <li class="pg-bg-gray"><strong>16.8</strong> · 2025-02-20 · <a href="/docs/16/release-16-8.html">Notes</a></li> <li class=""><strong>15.12</strong> · 2025-02-20 · <a href="/docs/15/release-15-12.html">Notes</a></li> <li class="pg-bg-gray"><strong>14.17</strong> · 2025-02-20 · <a href="/docs/14/release-14-17.html">Notes</a></li> <li class=""><strong>13.20</strong> · 2025-02-20 · <a href="/docs/13/release-13-20.html">Notes</a></li> </ul> </div> <a href="/download/" title="Download"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary">Download</button></a> <a href="/support/versioning/" title="Why Upgrade?"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-outline-secondary btn-inline-block">Why Upgrade?</button></a> <a href="/support/security/" title="Security"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-outline-secondary btn-inline-block">Security</button></a> </div>  </div>   <div class="row">  <div class="col-lg-6 feature"> <i class="fas fa-calendar-alt"></i> <h2>Upcoming Events</h2> <div class="text"> <ul> <li class=" "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2025-04-25 · <a href="/about/event/pgday-chicago-2025-2526/">PGDay Chicago 2025</a> </li> <li class="pg-bg-gray "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2025-05-05 – 2025-05-06 · <a href="/about/event/pgconfnepal-2531/">PgConf.Nepal</a> </li> <li class=" "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2025-05-06 · <a href="/about/event/pgconfbe-2025-2529/">PGConf.BE 2025</a> </li> <li class="pg-bg-gray "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2025-05-08 – 2025-05-09 · <a href="/about/event/postgresql-conference-germany-2025-2523/">PostgreSQL Conference Germany 2025</a> </li> <li class=" "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2025-05-12 · <a href="/about/event/postgres-extensions-day-2025-2536/">Postgres Extensions Day 2025</a> </li> <li class="pg-bg-gray "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2025-05-13 – 2025-05-16 · <a href="/about/event/postgresql-development-conference-2025-pgconfdev-2516/">PostgreSQL Development Conference 2025 (pgconf.dev)</a> </li> <li class=" non-badged"> 2025-06-10 – 2025-06-12 · <a href="/about/event/posette-an-event-for-postgres-2025-2521/">POSETTE: An Event for Postgres 2025</a> </li> </ul> <p> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> indicates that an event is recognised under the <a href="/about/policies/conferences/">community event guidelines</a> and is directly helping the PostgreSQL community. </p> </div> <a href="/about/events/" title="Check Schedule"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Check Schedule</button></a> <a href="/account/events/new/" title="Add Your Event"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Add Your Event</button></a> </div>   <div class="col-lg-6 feature"> <i class="fas fa-envelope"></i> <h2>Mailing Lists</h2> <div class="text"> <p> The PostgreSQL <a href="https://lists.postgresql.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mailing lists</a> enable you to interact with active community participants on subjects related to the development of PostgreSQL, discovering how to use PostgreSQL, or learning about upcoming events and product releases. </p> <p> In order to manage your mailing list subscription, you need a <a href="/account/">PostgreSQL community account</a>. <a href="/account/">Signing up</a> is easy and gives you direct access to the <a href="/community/">global PostgreSQL community</a>. </p> </div> <a href="https://lists.postgresql.org" title="Subscribe"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Subscribe</button></a> <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/list/" title="View Archives"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-outline-secondary btn-inline-block">View Archives</button></a> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-6 cta cta-3"></div> <div class="col-lg-6 cta-text"> <h2>Learning Opportunities Ahead</h2> <p class="text-left"> Want to learn more about PostgreSQL and help build the community? Come to one of the many events, local user groups, & training sessions where you can meet experienced PostgreSQL users and enhance your database skills. </p> <a href="/about/events/" title="Browse Events"><button type="button" class="btn btn-light btn-rounded">Browse Events</button></a> <a href="/community/user-groups/" title="Browse User Groups"><button type="button" class="btn btn-light btn-rounded">Browse User Groups</button></a> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-7"> <h2 class="centered-lines">Latest News</h2>  <header> <h3> <a href="/about/news/postgresql-174-168-1512-1417-and-1320-released-3018/"> PostgreSQL 17.4, 16.8, 15.12, 14.17, and 13.20 Released! </a> </h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-02-20</li>  </ul> </header> <p> The PostgreSQL Global Development Group has <a href="/download/">released an update</a> to all supported versions of PostgreSQL, including 17.4, 16.8, 15.12, 14.17, and 13.20. </p> <p> For the more information about this release, please review the <a href="/docs/release/">release notes</a>. You can download PostgreSQL from the <a href="/download/">download</a> page. </p> <ul class="bold"> <li><a href="/about/news/postgresql-174-168-1512-1417-and-1320-released-3018/">Release Announcement</a></li> <li><a href="/docs/release/">Release Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/about/press/">PostgreSQL 17 Press Kit & Translations</a></li> <li><a href="/support/versioning/">Versioning Policy</a> <li><a href="/download/">Download</a></li> </ul> <a href="/about/newsarchive/" title="Archives"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-center btn-inline-block">Browse Archives</button></a> <a href="/account/news/new/" title="Submit News"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-center btn-inline-block">Submit News</button></a> </div> <div class="col-lg-5"> <div class="sidebar">  <ul class="divided"> <li> <h3><a href="/about/news/pg_dumpbinary-v219-released-3054/">pg_dumpbinary v2.19 released</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-09 by Gilles Darold</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h3><a href="/about/news/pgconfbe-preliminary-schedule-and-speakers-online-3053/">PGConf.BE : Preliminary schedule and speakers online</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-08 by UCLL</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h3><a href="/about/news/pgconfnyc-2025-call-for-presentations-cfp-and-sponsors-3051/">PGConf.NYC 2025 - Call For Presentations (CFP) and Sponsors!</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-04 by United States PostgreSQL Association</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h3><a href="/about/news/pgadmin-4-v92-released-3050/">pgAdmin 4 v9.2 Released</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-04 by pgAdmin Development Team</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h3><a href="/about/news/pgday-uk-2025-september-9th-london-england-3049/">PGDay UK 2025, September 9th, London, England</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-02 by PostgreSQL Europe</li> </ul> </li> </ul>  </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container margin"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <h2 class="centered-lines"><span>PLANET POSTGRESQL</span></h2> <div class="feature"><i class="fas fa-globe"></i></div> </div> </div>  <div class="row">  <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/75r"> PgPedia Week, 2025-04-06</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Ian Barwick</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-11</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/75q"> A roadmap to scaling Postgres</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Kaarel Moppel</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-09</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/75p"> Introducing pgNow: Indexing</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Ryan Booz</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-09</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/75o"> Geopolitical Postgres</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Bruce Momjian</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-09</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/758"> pgai: Importing Wikipedia into PostgreSQL</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Hans-Juergen Schoenig</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-08</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/757"> Waiting for Postgres 18 – Docker Containers 34% Smaller</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Jeremy Schneider</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-08</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/756"> Mini Summit 3: APT Extension Packaging</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> David Wheeler</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-07</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/754"> Frédéric Delacourt</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Andreas 'ads' Scherbaum</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-07</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/752"> SELECT FOR UPDATE – Reduce Contention and Avoid Deadlocks to Improve Performance in Po</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Umair Shahid</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2025-04-07</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <a href="https://planet.postgresql.org" title="Browse Archives" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary">Browse Archives</button></a> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-6 cta-text"> <h2>Seeing unexpected behavior?</h2> <p> The PostgreSQL community takes pride in releasing software that reliably stores your data. 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PostgreSQL: The world's most advanced open source database