CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>    <html class="no-js" lang="en">  <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Universal Access to Knowledge</title> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://sloan.org/themes/sloan/assets/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://sloan.org/themes/sloan/assets/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#003c5b">  <meta name="twitter:title" content="Universal Access to Knowledge | Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" />  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://sloan.org/storage/app/media/Web-Meta-Default3.png" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Our mission is to make the world a better place through the advancement of scientific knowledge." />  <meta property="og:url" content="https://sloan.org/programs/completed-programs/universal-access-to-knowledge" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Universal Access to Knowledge | Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" />  <meta property="og:description" content="Our mission is to make the world a better place through the advancement of scientific knowledge." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://sloan.org/storage/app/media/Web-Meta-Default3.png" />  <meta name="description" content="Our mission is to make the world a better place through the advancement of scientific knowledge."> <script> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { function trackIt() { _gaq.push(['_trackEvent','Download','PDF',this.href]); } var anchors = document.getElementsByTagName("a"); for (var i=0; i < anchors.length; i++) { if (anchors[i].href.indexOf(".pdf") !== -1) { anchors[i].addEventListener('click', trackIt); } } }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://sloan.org/plugins/offline/gdpr/assets/cookieBanner/banner.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/sloan-theme.66fcb687.css"> </head> <body class="scheme-s8"> <div id="gdpr-reload"> </div> <header class="site-header "> <div class="container"> <button class="header-hamburger" data-toggle-trigger="hamburger"> <span>Menu</span> </button> <a class="logo-type logo-type--interior" href="/" aria-label="Back to home"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 696 154.842" width="348" height="77.41"> <defs> <style> .logo-type-center-horizontal-fill { fill: #fff } </style> </defs> <path class="logo-type-center-horizontal-fill" d="M18.375 143.682c-1.186-2.957-2.526-6.386-4.134-10.369-1.455 3.628-2.833 7.098-4.173 10.37zm11.256 10.568a91.997 91.997 0 0 0-5.015-.118c-1.952 0-3.483 0-4.633.118v-.197c1.111-.395 1.417-.907 1.417-1.696a7.203 7.203 0 0 0-.574-2.444c-.382-.947-.766-1.972-1.225-3.075H8.805c-.307.827-.65 1.615-.957 2.404a9.589 9.589 0 0 0-.805 2.997 1.676 1.676 0 0 0 1.455 1.814v.197c-1.455-.118-3.177-.118-4.44-.118-1.226 0-2.91.04-4.058.118v-.197c1.301-.553 1.875-1.144 3.406-4.692 6.74-15.338 8.27-18.886 10.031-23.264h3.331c1.11 3.156 3.904 9.938 9.84 24.012 1.147 2.722 1.607 3.432 3.023 3.944zM42.568 148.573c0 1.616.612 2.287 2.986 2.287 4.402 0 5.781-.947 7.657-4.18l.191.118a62.183 62.183 0 0 0-1.417 7.49c-3.444-.116-7.618-.155-10.604-.155-1.99 0-5.09.039-6.815.118v-.197c2.145-.75 2.49-1.301 2.49-8.557v-10.291c0-7.254-.345-7.807-2.49-8.516v-.197c1.724.079 3.255.118 5.245.118 1.991 0 3.56-.04 5.437-.118v.197c-2.373.709-2.68 1.064-2.68 7.57zM69.942 154.25a121.014 121.014 0 0 0-5.437-.118c-1.99 0-3.522.04-5.245.118v-.197c2.145-.749 2.489-1.3 2.489-8.557v-10.29c0-7.254-.344-7.807-2.49-8.517v-.196c1.724.078 3.906.117 5.897.117 5.398 0 8.652-.079 12.02-.276a61.07 61.07 0 0 0 .154 7.058l-.19.04c-1.111-2.918-2.451-3.589-7.198-3.589a17.658 17.658 0 0 0-2.68.12v8.871l3.599-.119c3.56-.157 4.287-.552 4.862-2.169h.23a36.258 36.258 0 0 0-.154 3.747 32.206 32.206 0 0 0 .154 3.705h-.23c-.575-1.656-1.341-2.01-4.862-2.128l-3.6-.119v4.692c0 6.506.308 6.861 2.68 7.61zM91.799 140.174h1.609c3.712 0 6.432-1.498 6.432-5.244 0-3.47-2.222-5.204-6.241-5.204a15.22 15.22 0 0 0-1.8.117zm2.719 14.076a121.492 121.492 0 0 0-5.475-.118c-1.991 0-3.484.04-5.207.118v-.197c2.145-.749 2.489-1.3 2.489-8.557v-10.29c0-7.254-.344-7.807-2.49-8.517v-.196c1.724.078 3.026.117 5.017.117 1.378 0 3.444-.158 5.78-.158 7.274 0 10.988 2.997 10.988 7.848 0 3.863-2.565 5.914-5.475 7.057 2.527 6.15 6.317 10.961 9.877 12.617l-.076.236c-6.241-.827-11.984-3.154-15.351-11.355a18.396 18.396 0 0 1-1.992.118h-.804v3.47c0 6.31.345 6.861 2.719 7.61zM131.536 154.289c-3.523-.118-8.423-.156-11.485-.156-2.03 0-4.517.038-6.241.117v-.196c2.145-.75 2.489-1.302 2.489-8.557v-10.291c0-7.254-.344-7.807-2.49-8.516v-.197c1.725.079 3.905.118 5.897.118 5.666 0 8.92-.08 12.405-.276a60.138 60.138 0 0 0 .19 7.057l-.19.041c-1.111-2.919-2.49-3.59-7.772-3.59a20.181 20.181 0 0 0-2.527.119v8.281l4.134-.118c3.56-.119 4.25-.513 4.862-2.13h.23a35.539 35.539 0 0 0-.153 3.707 33.97 33.97 0 0 0 .153 3.745h-.23c-.612-1.696-1.378-2.051-4.862-2.168l-4.134-.079v7.373c0 1.616.574 2.286 3.1 2.286 4.327 0 5.935-.946 7.81-3.982l.192.119a68.927 68.927 0 0 0-1.378 7.293M157.797 133.117a11.599 11.599 0 0 0-8.461-3.273 9.857 9.857 0 0 0-1.952.119v18.649c0 1.775.65 2.406 3.714 2.406 5.475 0 9.34-3.431 9.34-10.015 0-3.51-.956-6.112-2.641-7.886m-18.415 20.937c2.145-.75 2.489-1.301 2.489-8.557v-10.29c0-7.255-.344-7.808-2.49-8.517v-.197c1.725.079 3.217.118 4.596.118 1.837 0 3.598-.158 5.32-.158 5.744 0 10.338 1.499 13.554 4.81a13.12 13.12 0 0 1 3.522 9.385c0 8.004-5.514 13.76-16.003 13.76-2.183 0-4.403-.275-6.393-.275-1.456 0-2.871.039-4.595.118zM192.618 140.214h1.34c2.564 0 4.517-.513 5.59-1.656a5.066 5.066 0 0 0 1.224-3.589c0-3.705-2.45-5.243-6.087-5.243-.804 0-1.569.078-2.067.117zm2.68 14.036a121.014 121.014 0 0 0-5.437-.118c-1.99 0-3.522.04-5.245.118v-.197c2.145-.749 2.49-1.3 2.49-8.557v-10.29c0-7.254-.345-7.807-2.49-8.517v-.196c1.723.078 3.255.117 5.245.117 1.302 0 3.292-.158 5.321-.158 6.815 0 11.41 2.84 11.41 8.203a7.231 7.231 0 0 1-2.03 5.322c-2.143 2.248-5.819 3.312-10.106 3.312h-1.838v3.55c0 5.913.306 6.465 2.68 7.214zM210.525 154.644a3.233 3.233 0 1 1 3.216-3.233 3.183 3.183 0 0 1-3.216 3.233M241.29 154.802a17.987 17.987 0 0 1-8.385-2.01 54.751 54.751 0 0 0-.039-7.61l.192-.04c1.723 3.825 5.053 6.269 8.384 6.269 2.412 0 4.29-1.536 4.29-3.942 0-2.051-1.188-3.312-5.246-5.165-5.093-2.405-7.199-4.653-7.199-8.4 0-4.454 3.6-7.962 9.19-7.962a16.255 16.255 0 0 1 7.35 1.812 48.864 48.864 0 0 0 0 7.098l-.192.039c-1.838-3.548-4.555-5.56-7.389-5.56a3.376 3.376 0 0 0-3.522 3.43c0 1.933.995 2.918 4.94 4.732 5.206 2.485 7.503 4.77 7.503 8.713 0 5.087-3.982 8.596-9.878 8.596M265.712 148.573c0 1.616.612 2.287 2.986 2.287 4.402 0 5.782-.947 7.657-4.18l.19.118a62.378 62.378 0 0 0-1.416 7.49c-3.444-.116-7.618-.155-10.604-.155-1.991 0-5.091.039-6.815.118v-.197c2.145-.75 2.489-1.301 2.489-8.557v-10.291c0-7.254-.344-7.807-2.49-8.516v-.197c1.725.079 3.256.118 5.246.118 1.992 0 3.56-.04 5.437-.118v.197c-2.373.709-2.68 1.064-2.68 7.57zM287.953 140.016c0 6.427 3.37 11.237 8.69 11.237 5.055 0 8.424-4.534 8.424-10.528 0-6.425-3.37-11.236-8.691-11.236-5.091 0-8.423 4.495-8.423 10.527m-5.971.355a14.214 14.214 0 0 1 14.585-14.47c8.69 0 14.434 6.506 14.434 14.47a14.193 14.193 0 0 1-14.585 14.471c-8.653 0-14.434-6.506-14.434-14.47M332.324 143.682c-1.187-2.957-2.527-6.386-4.135-10.369-1.455 3.628-2.832 7.098-4.173 10.37zm11.255 10.568a91.997 91.997 0 0 0-5.015-.118c-1.952 0-3.483 0-4.632.118v-.197c1.11-.395 1.416-.907 1.416-1.696a7.203 7.203 0 0 0-.574-2.444c-.382-.947-.766-1.972-1.224-3.075h-10.797c-.307.827-.651 1.615-.957 2.404a9.581 9.581 0 0 0-.804 2.997 1.675 1.675 0 0 0 1.454 1.814v.197c-1.454-.118-3.177-.118-4.44-.118-1.226 0-2.91.04-4.058.118v-.197c1.3-.553 1.875-1.144 3.407-4.692 6.738-15.338 8.269-18.886 10.03-23.264h3.33c1.11 3.156 3.905 9.938 9.84 24.012 1.148 2.722 1.609 3.432 3.024 3.944zM373.4 154.447h-3.025a43.77 43.77 0 0 0-3.445-5.047l-11.831-15.179.04 11.709c0 6.861.38 7.413 2.64 8.124v.196a107.732 107.732 0 0 0-4.746-.117c-1.608 0-2.757.038-4.556.117v-.196c2.106-.711 2.45-1.421 2.45-9.07l.038-9.423c0-7.491-.306-8.122-2.488-8.871v-.197c1.685.079 2.756.158 4.44.158a21.746 21.746 0 0 0 3.292-.198c.384.632 1.149 1.696 1.953 2.76 1.57 2.09 8.04 10.41 11.294 14.589l-.037-9.068c0-6.861-.384-7.335-2.643-8.044v-.197c1.953.079 3.332.118 4.9.118a88.63 88.63 0 0 0 4.403-.118v.197c-2.104.709-2.374 1.341-2.488 9.266zM408.086 154.233a121.014 121.014 0 0 0-5.437-.118c-1.99 0-3.522.04-5.245.118v-.197c2.145-.749 2.489-1.3 2.489-8.557v-10.29c0-7.255-.344-7.807-2.49-8.517v-.197c1.724.08 3.906.118 5.897.118 5.398 0 8.652-.079 12.02-.276a61.072 61.072 0 0 0 .154 7.058l-.19.04c-1.111-2.918-2.451-3.589-7.198-3.589a17.659 17.659 0 0 0-2.68.12v8.871l3.599-.119c3.56-.157 4.287-.552 4.862-2.169h.23a36.23 36.23 0 0 0-.154 3.745 32.222 32.222 0 0 0 .154 3.707h-.23c-.575-1.656-1.341-2.01-4.862-2.128l-3.6-.119v4.692c0 6.506.308 6.861 2.68 7.61zM427.882 139.999c0 6.428 3.369 11.237 8.69 11.237 5.055 0 8.424-4.534 8.424-10.527 0-6.426-3.37-11.237-8.691-11.237-5.091 0-8.423 4.495-8.423 10.527m-5.971.355a14.214 14.214 0 0 1 14.585-14.47c8.69 0 14.434 6.506 14.434 14.47a14.193 14.193 0 0 1-14.585 14.47c-8.653 0-14.434-6.505-14.434-14.47M481.093 143.39c0 6.9-3.484 11.435-11.332 11.435-7.388 0-11.065-4.258-11.065-11.08v-8.556c0-7.254-.344-7.807-2.45-8.516v-.197c1.724.079 3.216.117 5.207.117 1.992 0 3.6-.038 5.437-.117v.197c-2.374.709-2.679 1.025-2.679 7.215v9.423c0 5.047 2.143 7.216 6.163 7.216 4.134 0 6.47-2.326 6.47-7.492l-.038-8.517c0-6.662-.383-7.136-2.643-7.845v-.197c1.954.079 3.446.117 5.054.117 1.571 0 2.566-.038 4.365-.117v.197c-2.068.709-2.45 1.38-2.45 9.266zM514.363 154.43h-3.025a43.664 43.664 0 0 0-3.446-5.047l-11.829-15.179.04 11.709c0 6.861.381 7.413 2.64 8.123v.197c-1.915-.079-3.216-.118-4.747-.118-1.608 0-2.757.039-4.556.118v-.197c2.105-.71 2.45-1.42 2.45-9.069l.038-9.423c0-7.491-.306-8.122-2.488-8.872v-.196c1.684.079 2.755.158 4.44.158a21.737 21.737 0 0 0 3.292-.198c.384.631 1.15 1.696 1.953 2.76 1.57 2.09 8.041 10.41 11.294 14.589l-.037-9.068c0-6.861-.384-7.335-2.643-8.045v-.196c1.952.079 3.331.117 4.9.117 1.494 0 2.681-.038 4.403-.117v.196c-2.104.71-2.374 1.342-2.488 9.267zM542.587 133.1a11.592 11.592 0 0 0-8.46-3.273 9.857 9.857 0 0 0-1.953.119v18.649c0 1.774.651 2.406 3.714 2.406 5.475 0 9.34-3.431 9.34-10.015 0-3.51-.956-6.112-2.64-7.886m-18.416 20.937c2.145-.75 2.49-1.301 2.49-8.557v-10.29c0-7.255-.345-7.807-2.49-8.517v-.197c1.724.079 3.216.118 4.595.118 1.837 0 3.598-.158 5.322-.158 5.743 0 10.336 1.499 13.552 4.81a13.121 13.121 0 0 1 3.523 9.386c0 8.003-5.514 13.76-16.004 13.76-2.183 0-4.403-.276-6.393-.276-1.456 0-2.87.038-4.595.117zM572.016 143.665c-1.187-2.957-2.527-6.387-4.135-10.369-1.454 3.628-2.832 7.098-4.173 10.37zm11.255 10.568a91.999 91.999 0 0 0-5.015-.118c-1.952 0-3.483 0-4.632.118v-.197c1.11-.395 1.416-.908 1.416-1.696a7.198 7.198 0 0 0-.574-2.444c-.382-.947-.766-1.973-1.224-3.075h-10.797c-.307.827-.65 1.615-.957 2.404a9.602 9.602 0 0 0-.804 2.997 1.676 1.676 0 0 0 1.454 1.814v.197c-1.454-.118-3.177-.118-4.44-.118-1.226 0-2.91.04-4.058.118v-.197c1.301-.553 1.876-1.143 3.407-4.692 6.738-15.339 8.27-18.886 10.031-23.264h3.33c1.11 3.156 3.905 9.938 9.84 24.012 1.147 2.722 1.608 3.432 3.023 3.944zM603.498 154.233a142.616 142.616 0 0 0-5.666-.118c-1.99 0-3.484.04-5.666.118v-.197c2.68-.789 2.91-1.026 2.91-8.004v-16.324h-1.15c-4.9.08-6.584 1.853-7.885 5.6l-.191-.04a77.057 77.057 0 0 0 .077-8.872c3.483.118 7.31.197 11.905.197s8.462-.079 11.946-.197a76.83 76.83 0 0 0 .076 8.872l-.192.04c-1.301-3.747-2.986-5.52-7.886-5.6h-1.187v16.324c0 6.978.268 7.215 2.909 8.004zM621.632 154.115c-1.99 0-3.598.04-5.283.118v-.197c2.22-.749 2.565-1.3 2.565-8.557v-10.29c0-7.255-.344-7.807-2.565-8.517v-.197c1.685.08 3.293.118 5.283.118 1.952 0 3.522-.039 5.36-.118v.197c-2.221.71-2.565 1.262-2.565 8.517v10.29c0 7.256.344 7.808 2.566 8.557v.197a117.638 117.638 0 0 0-5.361-.118M639.112 139.999c0 6.428 3.37 11.237 8.691 11.237 5.054 0 8.423-4.534 8.423-10.527 0-6.426-3.369-11.237-8.69-11.237-5.092 0-8.424 4.495-8.424 10.527m-5.97.355a14.214 14.214 0 0 1 14.585-14.47c8.69 0 14.433 6.506 14.433 14.47a14.192 14.192 0 0 1-14.585 14.47c-8.653 0-14.434-6.505-14.434-14.47M693.321 154.43h-3.025a43.8 43.8 0 0 0-3.446-5.047l-11.83-15.179.04 11.709c0 6.861.381 7.413 2.641 8.123v.197c-1.915-.079-3.216-.118-4.748-.118-1.607 0-2.757.039-4.555.118v-.197c2.105-.71 2.45-1.42 2.45-9.069l.037-9.423c0-7.491-.305-8.122-2.487-8.872v-.196c1.684.079 2.755.158 4.44.158a21.76 21.76 0 0 0 3.292-.198c.384.631 1.15 1.696 1.952 2.76 1.571 2.09 8.041 10.41 11.295 14.589l-.038-9.068c0-6.861-.383-7.335-2.642-8.045v-.196c1.952.079 3.331.117 4.9.117 1.494 0 2.681-.038 4.403-.117v.196c-2.105.71-2.374 1.342-2.488 9.267z" /> <path d="M373.981 70.447a36.762 36.762 0 0 1-2.894 2.576L319.44 21.377a35.779 35.779 0 0 1 2.57-2.9 37.007 37.007 0 0 1 2.882-2.59l51.66 51.66a36.152 36.152 0 0 1-2.57 2.9m-52.124 5.319a3.654 3.654 0 1 1 0-5.167 3.635 3.635 0 0 1 0 5.167m52.275-62.608a3.654 3.654 0 1 1 0 5.167 3.629 3.629 0 0 1 0-5.167m-42.568-1.538a36.655 36.655 0 0 1 35.836 1.67 9.78 9.78 0 1 0 4.886-6.095 44.467 44.467 0 0 0-62.86 15.11l55 54.999a36.876 36.876 0 0 1-35.837-1.672 9.78 9.78 0 1 0-4.886 6.097 44.516 44.516 0 0 0 62.87-15.101z" fill="#ad976e" /> </svg> </a> <button class="header-magnify" data-toggle-trigger="site-search"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to search the website </span> </button> </div> </header> <header class="page-header"> <div class="container"> <h1 class="page-title"> Universal Access to Knowledge </h1> </div> <nav class="page-navigation"> <ul> <li> <a href="#strategy"> Strategy </a> </li> <li> <a href="#news"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="#grants"> Grants </a> </li> <li> <a href="#resources"> Resources </a> </li> <li> <a href="#staff"> Staff </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </header> <nav class="hamburger-overlay" data-toggle-el="hamburger"> <button class="close-flush" data-toggle-trigger="hamburger"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Close site map</span> </button> <div class="container"> <nav class="site-map"> <div class="col"> <span id="list-1-label" class="list-heading"> <a href="/programs">Programs</a> </span> <ul aria-labelledby="list-1-label"> <li class="scheme-s1"> <button class="sub-nav-button" data-height-toggle="program-1-footer-nav"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to expand this navigation menu </span> </button> <a href="/programs/research">Research</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-1-footer-nav"> <li> <a href="/programs/research/economics-2">Economics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/research/energy-and-environment">Energy and Environment</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/research/history-of-science-and-tech">History of Science & Technology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/research/matter-to-life">Matter-to-Life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/research/sloan-digital-sky-survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/research/small-scale-fundamental-physics">Small-Scale Fundamental Physics</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="scheme-s3"> <a href="/programs/higher-education">Higher Education</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-12-footer-nav"> </ul> </li> <li class="scheme-s4"> <button class="sub-nav-button" data-height-toggle="program-4-footer-nav"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to expand this navigation menu </span> </button> <a href="/programs/digital-technology">Technology</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-4-footer-nav"> <li> <a href="/programs/digital-technology/better-software-for-science">Better Software for Science</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/digital-technology/exploratory-grantmaking-in-technology">Exploratory Grantmaking in Technology</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="scheme-s5"> <button class="sub-nav-button" data-height-toggle="program-5-footer-nav"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to expand this navigation menu </span> </button> <a href="/programs/public-understanding">Public Understanding</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-5-footer-nav"> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/books">Books</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/film">Film</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/new-media">New Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/radio">Radio</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/special-initiatives">Special Initiatives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/television">Television</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/theater">Theater</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="scheme-s8"> <button class="sub-nav-button" data-height-toggle="program-9-footer-nav"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to expand this navigation menu </span> </button> <a href="/programs/completed-programs">Completed Programs</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-9-footer-nav"> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/anytime-anyplace-learning">Anytime, Anyplace Learning</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/barcode-of-life">Barcode of Life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/biosecurity">Biosecurity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/census-of-marine-life">Census of Marine Life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/chemistry-of-indoor-environments">Chemistry of Indoor Environments</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/data-and-computational-research">Data & Computational Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/deep-carbon-observatory">Deep Carbon Observatory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/encyclopedia-of-life">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/industry-studies">Industry Studies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/information-about-careers-in-science-and-technology">Information about Careers in Science and Technology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/municipal-governments">Making Municipal Governments More Responsive</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/microbiology-of-the-built-environment">Microbiology of the Built Environment</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/outsourcing">Outsourcing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/professional-science-masters-degree">Professional Science Master's Degree</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/scholarly-communication">Scholarly Communication</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/synthetic-biology">Synthetic Biology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/universal-access-to-knowledge">Universal Access to Knowledge</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/working-longer">Working Longer</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/workplace-workforce-working-families">Workplace, Workforce, and Working Families</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="scheme-s7"> <a href="/programs/new-york-city-program">New York City Program</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-11-footer-nav"> </ul> </li> </ul> <span class="list-heading"> <a href="https://impact.sloan.org">Impact</a> </span> </div> <div class="col"> <span id="list-2-label" class="list-heading"> <a href="/grants/apply">Grants</a> </span> <ul aria-labelledby="list-2-label"> <li> <a href="/grants/apply">Apply</a> </li> <li> <a href="/grants/open-calls">Open Calls</a> </li> <li> <a href="/grants/grantees">For Grantees</a> </li> <li> <a href="/grants-database">Grants Database</a> </li> </ul> <span id="list-3-label" class="list-heading"> <a href="/fellowships">Sloan Research Fellowships</a> </span> <ul aria-labelledby="list-3-label"> <li> <a href="https://sloan.org/fellowships">About</a> </li> <li> <a href="/fellowships/apply-2">Apply</a> </li> <li> <a href="/fellowships/faq">FAQ</a> </li> <li> <a href="/fellowships/current-fellows">For Current Fellows</a> </li> <li> <a href="/fellows-database">Fellows Database</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col"> <span id="list-4-label" class="list-heading"> <a href="/about">About</a> </span> <ul aria-labelledby="list-4-label"> <li> <a href="/about">Mission</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/our-commitment-to-diversity-equity-inclusion">Commitment to Diversity, Equity & Inclusion</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/who-was-alfred-p-sloan-jr">Alfred P. Sloan Jr.</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/trustees">Trustees</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/staff">Staff</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/careers">Careers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/documents">Documents</a> </li> <li class="scheme-s0"> <button class="sub-nav-button" data-height-toggle="press-room-footer-nav"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to expand this navigation menu </span> </button> <a href="/about/press">Press Room</a> <ul data-height-reveal="press-room-footer-nav"> <li> <a href="/about/press/press-releases">Press Releases</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press/grantee-news">Grantee News</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press#tab-logos">Logos</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> <span class="list-heading"> <a href="/">Home</a> </span> </div> </nav> </div> </nav> <section class="search-overlay" data-toggle-el="site-search"> <button class="close-flush" data-toggle-trigger="site-search"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Close search</span> </button> <div class="container"> <form class="search-form" action="/search"> <label for="search" class="screen-reader-text"> <span>Search</span> </label> <input type="text" id="search" name="q" data-autoselect-all tabindex="-1" placeholder="Search the Sloan Foundation Website" autocomplete="off" /> <input type="submit" value="Hit enter to search"> </form> </div> </section> <header class="header-fixed " data-header-fixed> <div class="container"> <button class="header-hamburger" data-toggle-trigger="hamburger"> <span>Menu</span> </button> <h1 class="page-title"> Universal Access to Knowledge </h1> <button class="header-magnify" data-toggle-trigger="site-search"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to search the website </span> </button> </div> <nav class="page-navigation"> <ul> <li> <a href="#strategy"> Strategy </a> </li> <li> <a href="#news"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="#grants"> Grants </a> </li> <li> <a href="#resources"> Resources </a> </li> <li> <a href="#staff"> Staff </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </header> <main> <section class="first-ribbon"> <div class="container"> <div class="disclaimer-ribbon"></div> <div class="disclaimer"> <strong>PLEASE NOTE:</strong> New grant proposals are no longer being accepted in this program. </div> </div> </section> <div class="hero" data-qq-ignore> <div class="hero-ribbon"></div> <figure> <div class="completed">Completed</div> <img src="/storage/app/media/programs/digital_technology/universal_access_to_knowledge/cropped-images/hero_image_ wikimedia_conference_2015_group_photo-0-0-950-500-1462478721.jpg"/> <div class="info-pop"> <span class="badge" data-height-toggle="i-232">info</span> <div class="description-container" data-height-reveal="i-232"> <div class="description scheme-light"> <p>Wikipedians from all over the world gather at the 2015 Wikipedia Convention in Berlin. The Foundation has supported Wikipedia since 2008.</p> </div> </div> </div> </figure> </div> <section class="scheme-dark"> <div class="container"> <header class="section-header"> <h2>Note</h2> </header> <div class="content-container rte-content"> <p>Some grantees and grant projects originally funded through this program continue to be supported through the <a href="https://sloan.org/programs/public-understanding/special-initiatives">Public Understanding - Special Initiatives</a> program.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="lead-secondary"> <div class="container"> <header> <h4 class="label"> Program Goal </h4> <h2 class="title" data-qq="lead_title"> To harness advances in digital information technology to facilitate the openness and accessibility of all knowledge in the digital age for the widest public benefit under fair and secure conditions. </h2> </header> </div> </section> <a name="strategy"></a> <section class="scheme-gray"> <div class="container"> <header class="section-header"> <h2>Strategy</h2> </header> <div class="content-grid-newspaper-layout"> <div class="rte-content"> <ul> <li><span>Early grantmaking in this program focused on support of institutions鈥攎ost notably the Library of Congress but also other major libraries, archives, and museums鈥攄igitizing collections affordably and under high-quality standards</span></li> <li><span><p>Focus then shifted to pooling collections, interoperability, access, and finding a way to get these digitized materials to the public, primarily through the establishment of the first-ever nonprofit, professionally curated national digital library, an alternative to commercial enterprises. Initial grants focused on the Internet Archive, the Open Content Alliance, and Open Knowledge Commons as public consortia that could oversee these efforts.</p></span></li> <li> <p>Beginning in 2008, a series of major grants to the Wikimedia Foundation has helped Wikipedia scale up, improve accuracy, and enhance credibility as it became the largest encyclopedia in human history and one of the top 10 web sites in the world with over half-a-billion visitors monthly. The Foundation continues to help Wikipedia, a model of open, collaborative text production available in over 290 languages, fulfil the original ideals of the World Wide Web to democratize knowledge and education for the benefit of all. </p> </li> <li> <p>Beginning in October 2010 and culminating in April 2013, a series of pioneering grants to the Berkman Center at Harvard supported the successful creation, development, and launch of the Digital Public Library of America (DPLA), named one of the 50 Best Web sites of the year by <em>Time</em> magazine in its first month. DPLA now has over 15 million items from 2,000 contributing institutions across the country as well as links with Europeanna and other national collections. Grants now support its continued improvement, expansion, and progress toward financial independence.</p> </li> <li> <p>Other grants in this program support research on copyright obstacles and working with publishers and author groups to make digital material available to the largest number of people under reasonable terms and conditions.</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section> <div class="container"> <div class="callout-grid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <a class="image" href="https://www.knowablemagazine.org/"> <figure style="background-image: url(/storage/app/media%2Fprograms%2Fdigital_technology%2Funiversal_access_to_knowledge%2Fknowable-logo.png);" data-mh="callout"> </span> <span class="overlay"></span> <figcaption class="image-heading"> Knowable Magazine from Annual Reviews </figcaption> <span class="arrow-link"> Learn More </span> </figure> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <a class="image" href="https://dp.la/info/get-involved/dplafest/april-2017/"> <figure style="background-image: url(/storage/app/media%2Fprograms%2Fdigital_technology%2Funiversal_access_to_knowledge%2Fcropped-images%2Fhost_the_dpla_conference-0-0-0-0-1462479329.jpg);" data-mh="callout"> </span> <span class="overlay"></span> <figcaption class="image-heading"> DPLAFest 2017 </figcaption> <span class="arrow-link"> Learn More </span> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <a name="news"></a> <section class="scheme-none"> <div class="container"> <div data-qq-ignore> <header class="section-header"> <h2>News</h2> <a href="/about/press/grantee-news?subprogram=10" class="arrow-link">See All</a> </header> <ul class="blurb-grid"> <li class="col"> <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/12/31/business/libraries-demand-new-deal-ebooks/"> <div class="source"> The Boston Globe </div> <h3 class="title"> Libraries demand a new deal on ebooks </h3> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uq2tovXeC8k"> <div class="source"> Stanford University </div> <h3 class="title"> First Workshop on the World Wide Voice Web </h3> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/events/public-libraries-and-the-pandemic/?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Follow%20Up%20Public%20Libraries%20and%20the%20Pandemic&utm_content=Follow%20Up%20Public%20Libraries%20and%20the%20Pandemic+CID_ece0409bd99"> <div class="source"> New America </div> <h3 class="title"> Public Libraries and the Pandemic: Digital Shifts and Disparities to Overcome </h3> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="https://dp.la/news/dpla-wikimedia-one-year-in"> <div class="source"> DPLA </div> <h3 class="title"> DPLA + Wikimedia: One Year In </h3> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="https://knowablemagazine.org/article/health-disease/2021/how-has-pandemic-influenced-public-attitudes-toward-science"> <div class="source"> Knowable Magazine </div> <h3 class="title"> How has the pandemic influenced public attitudes toward science? </h3> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="https://dp.la/news/dpla-now-offering-ebook-creation-service"> <div class="source"> DPLA </div> <h3 class="title"> DPLA now offering ebook creation service </h3> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <a name="grants"></a> <section class="scheme-none"> <div class="container"> <header class="section-header"> <h2>Recent Grants</h2> <a href="/grants-database?setsubprogram=10" class="arrow-link">See All</a> </header> <nav class="summary-grid" data-qq-ignore> <ul class="grid"> <li class="col"> <a href="/grant-detail/G-2021-17127" data-mh="1"> <h5 class="summary-header"> Digital Public Library of America, Inc. </h5> <p class="summary-meta"> $50,000 </p> <p class="hide-on-hover"> To support the creation of a digital archive of social media data available to researchers, policy makers, and the general public </p> <span class="arrow-link show-on-hover"> Learn More </span> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="/grant-detail/G-2021-17093" data-mh="1"> <h5 class="summary-header"> Wichita State University Foundation </h5> <p class="summary-meta"> $243,922 </p> <p class="hide-on-hover"> To support the completion of an app to allow blind and visually impaired (BVI) users to read, explore, and research digitized, archived accessible graphic narratives </p> <span class="arrow-link show-on-hover"> Learn More </span> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="/grant-detail/G-2021-17047" data-mh="1"> <h5 class="summary-header"> University of Michigan </h5> <p class="summary-meta"> $249,866 </p> <p class="hide-on-hover"> To develop a software system to identify broken external links in Wikipedia articles and augment a subset of these links with the predicted new locations of the linked pages </p> <span class="arrow-link show-on-hover"> Learn More </span> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="/grant-detail/G-2021-17070" data-mh="1"> <h5 class="summary-header"> Stanford University </h5> <p class="summary-meta"> $250,000 </p> <p class="hide-on-hover"> To continue work on the first open-source, privacy-protecting virtual assistant and an open voice web, and to roll out a pilot with 1000 users </p> <span class="arrow-link show-on-hover"> Learn More </span> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="/grant-detail/G-2021-16874" data-mh="1"> <h5 class="summary-header"> Wesleyan University </h5> <p class="summary-meta"> $34,856 </p> <p class="hide-on-hover"> To support the design, development, and testing of a generalizable active privacy choice mechanism </p> <span class="arrow-link show-on-hover"> Learn More </span> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="/grant-detail/G-2020-13938" data-mh="1"> <h5 class="summary-header"> Stanford University </h5> <p class="summary-meta"> $1,000,000 </p> <p class="hide-on-hover"> To pilot a prototype for the first open-source, privacy-protecting virtual assistant and an open voice web that will keep knowledge open </p> <span class="arrow-link show-on-hover"> Learn More </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </section> <a name="resources"></a> <section class="scheme-none"> <div class="container"> <header class="section-header"> <h2>Resources</h2> </header> <nav class="summary-grid"> <ul class="grid"> <li class="col"> <a href="https://dp.la/" data-mh="238"> <h5 class="summary-header"> The Digital Public Library of America </h5> <p> The nation's first digital library. </p> <span class="arrow-link"> Visit Site </span> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="http://openebooks.net" data-mh="238"> <h5 class="summary-header"> Open eBooks Initiative </h5> <p> The DPLA, Publishers, and the White House come together to bring free literature to children in need. </p> <span class="arrow-link"> Visit Site </span> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Welcoming_committee/Welcome_to_Wikipedia" data-mh="238"> <h5 class="summary-header"> Be a Wikipedia Editor </h5> <p> The fifth largest website in the world needs women and minority voices. </p> <span class="arrow-link"> Visit Site </span> </a> </li> <li class="col"> <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/en/" data-mh="238"> <h5 class="summary-header"> RightsStatements.org </h5> <p> A guide to help share the world's cultural heritage. </p> <span class="arrow-link"> Visit Site </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </section> <a name="staff"></a> <section class="scheme-none"> <div class="container"> <div> <header class="section-header"> <h2>Staff</h2> </header> <nav class="image-grid-staff"> <ul class="grid"> <li class="col"> <a href="/about/staff/shriya-bhindwale"> <figure> <div class="background-image" style="background-image: url('/storage/app/media//staff/2022 Headshot refresh/2022-shriya-bhindwale.jpg');"></div> <figcaption data-mh="staff-name"> <span data-qq="staff-">Shriya Bhindwale</span> <div class="subcaption">Program Associate</div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </section> <section class="scheme-base"> <div class="container"> <div class="newsletter-signup"> <header class="section-header"> <h2>Join Our Newsletter</h2> <p>Stay up to date on all the latest Sloan news and events.</p> </header> <div class="newsletter-link"> <a href="" class="arrow-link">Join the Mailing List</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="invisible"> <div data-qq="title">Universal Access to Knowledge</div> <div data-qq="local_uri">/programs/completed-programs/universal-access-to-knowledge</div> <div data-qq="description"> Completed info Wikipedians from all over the world gather at the 2015 Wikipedia Convention in Berlin. The Foundation has supported Wikipedia since 2008. Note Some grantees and grant projects originally funded through this program continue to be supported through the Public Understanding - Special Initiatives program. Program Goal To harness advances in digital information te… </div> </div> </main> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="container">  <div class="footer-grid"> <div class="col-third"> <a class="logo-type-left" href="/" aria-label="Back to home"> <svg id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 402.636 108.373" width="217.25" height="58.47"><defs><style>.logo-type-center-footer-fill{fill:#003a5d}</style></defs><path d="M19.167 10.06a31.733 31.733 0 0 1 31.025 1.447 8.467 8.467 0 1 0 4.23-5.278A38.5 38.5 0 0 0 0 19.31l47.616 47.615a31.928 31.928 0 0 1-31.025-1.447 8.344 8.344 0 1 0-8.065 6.251 8.357 8.357 0 0 0 3.836-.973A38.54 38.54 0 0 0 66.79 57.682zm36.853 1.332a3.163 3.163 0 1 1 0 4.473 3.142 3.142 0 0 1 0-4.473zM10.763 65.593a3.163 3.163 0 0 1-4.473 0 3.163 3.163 0 1 1 4.473 0zm45.125-4.604a31.812 31.812 0 0 1-2.505 2.23L8.67 18.508a30.941 30.941 0 0 1 2.224-2.51 32.015 32.015 0 0 1 2.496-2.242l44.723 44.723a31.111 31.111 0 0 1-2.225 2.51z" fill="#ad976e"/><path class="logo-type-center-footer-fill" d="M115.88 32.55a78.436 78.436 0 0 0-4.15-.095c-1.617 0-2.884 0-3.835.095v-.158c.918-.318 1.172-.73 1.172-1.363a5.65 5.65 0 0 0-.475-1.965c-.316-.76-.634-1.585-1.014-2.471h-8.936c-.254.665-.54 1.298-.792 1.932a7.53 7.53 0 0 0-.666 2.409 1.356 1.356 0 0 0 1.204 1.458v.158c-1.204-.095-2.63-.095-3.675-.095a57.65 57.65 0 0 0-3.359.095v-.158c1.077-.445 1.552-.92 2.82-3.771 5.577-12.328 6.845-15.179 8.303-18.697h2.756c.919 2.536 3.232 7.986 8.144 19.298.95 2.187 1.331 2.758 2.503 3.17zm-9.316-8.493c-.983-2.377-2.092-5.133-3.423-8.334-1.204 2.916-2.344 5.704-3.453 8.334zM126.588 27.987c0 1.299.507 1.838 2.471 1.838 3.644 0 4.786-.761 6.338-3.36l.158.095a48.629 48.629 0 0 0-1.172 6.021 287.686 287.686 0 0 0-8.777-.126c-1.649 0-4.215.031-5.641.095v-.158c1.775-.603 2.06-1.046 2.06-6.877v-8.27c0-5.831-.285-6.275-2.06-6.846v-.158c1.426.064 2.694.095 4.34.095 1.65 0 2.948-.031 4.501-.095v.158c-1.964.57-2.218.856-2.218 6.085zM149.245 32.55a103.165 103.165 0 0 0-4.5-.095c-1.648 0-2.915.031-4.342.095v-.158c1.776-.603 2.06-1.046 2.06-6.877v-8.27c0-5.831-.284-6.275-2.06-6.846v-.158c1.427.064 3.232.095 4.88.095 4.469 0 7.162-.064 9.95-.222a47.528 47.528 0 0 0 .127 5.672l-.158.033c-.918-2.346-2.028-2.885-5.957-2.885a15.047 15.047 0 0 0-2.218.096v7.13l2.979-.096c2.947-.126 3.548-.443 4.024-1.743h.19a28.362 28.362 0 0 0-.127 3.012 25.206 25.206 0 0 0 .127 2.978h-.19c-.476-1.331-1.11-1.616-4.024-1.711l-2.98-.096v3.771c0 5.229.255 5.514 2.22 6.117zM169.587 32.55a103.57 103.57 0 0 0-4.532-.095c-1.648 0-2.883.031-4.31.095v-.158c1.775-.603 2.06-1.046 2.06-6.877v-8.27c0-5.831-.285-6.275-2.06-6.846v-.158c1.427.064 2.504.095 4.152.095 1.14 0 2.851-.127 4.784-.127 6.021 0 9.095 2.409 9.095 6.307 0 3.105-2.123 4.753-4.532 5.672 2.092 4.943 5.23 8.81 8.176 10.14l-.064.19c-5.165-.665-9.918-2.535-12.706-9.126a15.674 15.674 0 0 1-1.648.094h-.666v2.79c0 5.07.286 5.513 2.25 6.116zm-2.251-11.313h1.332c3.073 0 5.324-1.204 5.324-4.214 0-2.79-1.84-4.183-5.166-4.183a13.006 13.006 0 0 0-1.49.094zM200.227 32.581c-2.916-.095-6.972-.126-9.507-.126-1.68 0-3.738.031-5.165.095v-.158c1.775-.603 2.06-1.046 2.06-6.877v-8.27c0-5.831-.285-6.275-2.06-6.846v-.158c1.427.064 3.232.095 4.88.095 4.69 0 7.384-.064 10.267-.222a47.08 47.08 0 0 0 .159 5.672l-.159.033c-.918-2.346-2.06-2.885-6.432-2.885a17.026 17.026 0 0 0-2.092.096v6.654l3.423-.094c2.946-.096 3.517-.412 4.023-1.712h.19a27.66 27.66 0 0 0-.126 2.98 26.44 26.44 0 0 0 .127 3.01h-.19c-.507-1.364-1.141-1.649-4.024-1.744l-3.423-.063v5.926c0 1.299.476 1.838 2.567 1.838 3.58 0 4.912-.761 6.464-3.201l.158.096a53.926 53.926 0 0 0-1.14 5.861zM206.72 32.392c1.776-.603 2.061-1.046 2.061-6.877v-8.27c0-5.831-.285-6.275-2.06-6.846v-.158c1.426.064 2.661.095 3.803.095 1.52 0 2.978-.127 4.405-.127 4.753 0 8.555 1.205 11.217 3.867a10.374 10.374 0 0 1 2.916 7.542c0 6.432-4.564 11.059-13.247 11.059-1.806 0-3.644-.222-5.291-.222-1.205 0-2.377.031-3.803.095zm15.243-16.827a9.757 9.757 0 0 0-7.003-2.63 8.397 8.397 0 0 0-1.616.095v14.988c0 1.427.539 1.934 3.074 1.934 4.531 0 7.731-2.758 7.731-8.05a8.71 8.71 0 0 0-2.186-6.337zM253.003 32.55a103.165 103.165 0 0 0-4.5-.095c-1.647 0-2.915.031-4.341.095v-.158c1.775-.603 2.06-1.046 2.06-6.877v-8.27c0-5.831-.285-6.275-2.06-6.846v-.158c1.426.064 2.694.095 4.34.095 1.079 0 2.726-.127 4.406-.127 5.64 0 9.443 2.282 9.443 6.592a5.722 5.722 0 0 1-1.68 4.278c-1.774 1.806-4.817 2.661-8.365 2.661h-1.521v2.853c0 4.753.254 5.196 2.218 5.799zm-2.218-11.28h1.11c2.122 0 3.738-.413 4.625-1.332a4 4 0 0 0 1.014-2.884c0-2.978-2.028-4.214-5.039-4.214-.664 0-1.298.063-1.71.094zM265.607 32.866a2.599 2.599 0 1 1 2.661-2.598 2.596 2.596 0 0 1-2.661 2.598zM291.07 32.993a15.24 15.24 0 0 1-6.94-1.616 42.623 42.623 0 0 0-.032-6.115l.16-.033c1.425 3.074 4.181 5.039 6.94 5.039a3.24 3.24 0 0 0 3.548-3.169c0-1.648-.982-2.661-4.34-4.15-4.216-1.934-5.96-3.74-5.96-6.75 0-3.581 2.98-6.401 7.606-6.401a13.778 13.778 0 0 1 6.085 1.457 38.082 38.082 0 0 0 0 5.704l-.159.031c-1.52-2.85-3.77-4.467-6.116-4.467a2.757 2.757 0 0 0-2.915 2.757c0 1.552.823 2.344 4.088 3.802 4.31 1.997 6.21 3.834 6.21 7.003 0 4.088-3.295 6.908-8.175 6.908zM311.285 27.987c0 1.299.506 1.838 2.471 1.838 3.644 0 4.786-.761 6.338-3.36l.158.095a48.627 48.627 0 0 0-1.172 6.021 287.686 287.686 0 0 0-8.778-.126c-1.648 0-4.214.031-5.64.095v-.158c1.775-.603 2.06-1.046 2.06-6.877v-8.27c0-5.831-.285-6.275-2.06-6.846v-.158a91.93 91.93 0 0 0 4.34.095c1.65 0 2.948-.031 4.501-.095v.158c-1.964.57-2.218.856-2.218 6.085zM324.752 21.395c0-6.781 5.354-11.63 12.072-11.63 7.194 0 11.947 5.23 11.947 11.63 0 6.781-5.324 11.63-12.073 11.63-7.162 0-11.946-5.228-11.946-11.63zm4.942-.285c0 5.165 2.789 9.03 7.194 9.03 4.183 0 6.971-3.643 6.971-8.46 0-5.164-2.788-9.03-7.193-9.03-4.214-.001-6.972 3.612-6.972 8.46zM375.736 32.55a78.436 78.436 0 0 0-4.151-.095c-1.616 0-2.883 0-3.835.095v-.158c.92-.318 1.173-.73 1.173-1.363a5.65 5.65 0 0 0-.475-1.965c-.317-.76-.634-1.585-1.014-2.471h-8.936c-.254.665-.54 1.298-.792 1.932a7.53 7.53 0 0 0-.666 2.409 1.356 1.356 0 0 0 1.204 1.458v.158c-1.204-.095-2.63-.095-3.675-.095-1.015 0-2.41.031-3.36.095v-.158c1.078-.445 1.553-.92 2.82-3.771 5.578-12.328 6.846-15.179 8.303-18.697h2.757c.919 2.536 3.232 7.986 8.144 19.298.95 2.187 1.331 2.758 2.503 3.17zm-9.316-8.493c-.983-2.377-2.092-5.133-3.423-8.334-1.204 2.916-2.344 5.704-3.453 8.334zM400.419 32.708h-2.504a35.14 35.14 0 0 0-2.852-4.056l-9.792-12.2.032 9.411c0 5.514.317 5.957 2.187 6.529v.158a91.898 91.898 0 0 0-3.93-.095c-1.33 0-2.282.031-3.77.095v-.158c1.742-.572 2.028-1.142 2.028-7.29l.03-7.573c0-6.02-.252-6.527-2.059-7.13v-.158c1.395.064 2.281.127 3.676.127a18.504 18.504 0 0 0 2.725-.159c.317.508.951 1.363 1.616 2.218 1.3 1.68 6.655 8.367 9.348 11.726l-.03-7.288c0-5.514-.318-5.895-2.188-6.466v-.158c1.616.064 2.757.095 4.056.095 1.236 0 2.218-.031 3.644-.095v.158c-1.742.57-1.965 1.079-2.06 7.448zM101.21 70.573a103.166 103.166 0 0 0-4.501-.095 91.93 91.93 0 0 0-4.342.095v-.159c1.776-.602 2.06-1.045 2.06-6.877v-8.27c0-5.83-.284-6.275-2.06-6.845v-.158c1.427.063 3.232.095 4.88.095 4.469 0 7.162-.064 9.95-.222a47.528 47.528 0 0 0 .127 5.672l-.158.032c-.919-2.345-2.028-2.884-5.957-2.884a15.047 15.047 0 0 0-2.218.096v7.13l2.979-.096c2.947-.126 3.548-.443 4.024-1.743h.19a28.353 28.353 0 0 0-.127 3.01 25.216 25.216 0 0 0 .127 2.98h-.19c-.476-1.332-1.11-1.617-4.024-1.711l-2.98-.096v3.77c0 5.23.255 5.515 2.22 6.117zM112.652 59.418c0-6.782 5.355-11.63 12.072-11.63 7.194 0 11.947 5.23 11.947 11.63 0 6.781-5.323 11.63-12.072 11.63-7.163 0-11.947-5.229-11.947-11.63zm4.942-.285c0 5.165 2.79 9.03 7.194 9.03 4.183 0 6.972-3.643 6.972-8.46 0-5.164-2.789-9.031-7.194-9.031-4.214 0-6.972 3.613-6.972 8.46zM161.637 61.858c0 5.546-2.883 9.19-9.38 9.19-6.115 0-9.157-3.422-9.157-8.905v-6.876c0-5.83-.285-6.275-2.028-6.845v-.158c1.426.063 2.661.095 4.31.095s2.979-.032 4.5-.095v.158c-1.965.57-2.218.824-2.218 5.8v7.572c0 4.056 1.774 5.8 5.102 5.8 3.42 0 5.354-1.87 5.354-6.021l-.03-6.845c0-5.355-.318-5.736-2.188-6.306v-.158c1.617.063 2.852.095 4.183.095 1.3 0 2.124-.032 3.613-.095v.158c-1.712.57-2.028 1.11-2.028 7.448zM189.175 70.73h-2.503a35.14 35.14 0 0 0-2.852-4.055l-9.792-12.2.032 9.41c0 5.515.317 5.958 2.187 6.53v.158a91.898 91.898 0 0 0-3.93-.095c-1.33 0-2.282.031-3.77.095v-.159c1.742-.571 2.027-1.141 2.027-7.289l.032-7.573c0-6.02-.253-6.527-2.06-7.13v-.158c1.395.063 2.281.127 3.676.127a18.502 18.502 0 0 0 2.725-.16c.317.509.951 1.364 1.616 2.22 1.3 1.679 6.655 8.365 9.348 11.724l-.03-7.288c0-5.514-.318-5.895-2.188-6.465v-.158c1.616.063 2.757.095 4.056.095 1.236 0 2.218-.032 3.644-.095v.158c-1.742.57-1.965 1.078-2.06 7.448zM197.294 70.414c1.776-.602 2.06-1.045 2.06-6.877v-8.27c0-5.83-.284-6.275-2.06-6.845v-.158c1.427.063 2.662.095 3.804.095 1.52 0 2.978-.127 4.404-.127 4.754 0 8.556 1.205 11.218 3.866a10.374 10.374 0 0 1 2.915 7.542c0 6.433-4.564 11.06-13.246 11.06-1.807 0-3.644-.222-5.291-.222-1.205 0-2.377.031-3.804.095zm15.242-16.827a9.757 9.757 0 0 0-7.003-2.63 8.397 8.397 0 0 0-1.616.096V66.04c0 1.425.54 1.933 3.074 1.933 4.532 0 7.732-2.757 7.732-8.048a8.71 8.71 0 0 0-2.187-6.339zM246.21 70.573a78.436 78.436 0 0 0-4.15-.095c-1.616 0-2.883 0-3.834.095v-.159c.918-.317 1.172-.73 1.172-1.363a5.65 5.65 0 0 0-.475-1.964c-.316-.761-.634-1.585-1.014-2.472h-8.936c-.254.665-.539 1.299-.792 1.933a7.53 7.53 0 0 0-.666 2.409 1.356 1.356 0 0 0 1.204 1.457v.159c-1.204-.095-2.63-.095-3.675-.095a57.65 57.65 0 0 0-3.359.095v-.159c1.077-.444 1.553-.918 2.82-3.77 5.577-12.328 6.845-15.18 8.303-18.697h2.756c.919 2.536 3.232 7.986 8.145 19.298.95 2.187 1.33 2.757 2.502 3.17zm-9.315-8.494c-.982-2.376-2.092-5.133-3.423-8.333-1.204 2.915-2.344 5.704-3.453 8.333zM262.952 70.573a121.542 121.542 0 0 0-4.69-.095c-1.647 0-2.883.031-4.69.095v-.159c2.22-.633 2.41-.824 2.41-6.432v-13.12h-.952c-4.056.064-5.45 1.49-6.527 4.5l-.158-.032a60.132 60.132 0 0 0 .063-7.13c2.884.095 6.052.159 9.854.159 3.804 0 7.005-.064 9.888-.159a59.875 59.875 0 0 0 .063 7.13l-.159.032c-1.077-3.01-2.471-4.436-6.527-4.5h-.983v13.12c0 5.608.222 5.799 2.408 6.432zM277.962 70.478c-1.647 0-2.978.031-4.372.095v-.159c1.837-.602 2.122-1.045 2.122-6.877v-8.27c0-5.83-.285-6.275-2.122-6.845v-.158c1.394.063 2.725.095 4.372.095 1.616 0 2.916-.032 4.437-.095v.158c-1.839.57-2.124 1.015-2.124 6.845v8.27c0 5.832.285 6.275 2.124 6.877v.159a100.181 100.181 0 0 0-4.437-.095zM287.488 59.418c0-6.782 5.355-11.63 12.073-11.63 7.193 0 11.947 5.23 11.947 11.63 0 6.781-5.324 11.63-12.073 11.63-7.162 0-11.947-5.229-11.947-11.63zm4.943-.285c0 5.165 2.789 9.03 7.193 9.03 4.183 0 6.972-3.643 6.972-8.46 0-5.164-2.789-9.031-7.193-9.031-4.215 0-6.972 3.613-6.972 8.46zM337.3 70.73h-2.504a35.14 35.14 0 0 0-2.852-4.055l-9.792-12.2.033 9.41c0 5.515.316 5.958 2.186 6.53v.158a91.898 91.898 0 0 0-3.93-.095c-1.33 0-2.281.031-3.77.095v-.159c1.743-.571 2.028-1.141 2.028-7.289l.03-7.573c0-6.02-.252-6.527-2.058-7.13v-.158c1.394.063 2.28.127 3.675.127a18.502 18.502 0 0 0 2.725-.16c.317.509.951 1.364 1.616 2.22 1.3 1.679 6.656 8.365 9.348 11.724l-.03-7.288c0-5.514-.318-5.895-2.188-6.465v-.158c1.616.063 2.757.095 4.056.095 1.236 0 2.219-.032 3.644-.095v.158c-1.742.57-1.965 1.078-2.06 7.448zM94.029 91.224h4.357c3.816 0 6.302 2.673 6.302 6.62 0 3.87-2.468 6.657-6.338 6.657h-4.321zm4.283 11.78c2.861 0 4.487-2.318 4.487-5.16 0-2.954-1.59-5.125-4.45-5.125h-2.543v10.285zM111.623 94.926a2.063 2.063 0 0 1 .336.018v1.554h-.073a2.728 2.728 0 0 0-2.058.729 4.343 4.343 0 0 0-.935 3.272v4.002h-1.59v-9.35h1.478v2.132a3.092 3.092 0 0 1 2.842-2.357zM113.998 91.41h1.813v2.001h-1.813zm.112 3.74h1.59v9.35h-1.59zM117.662 95.15h1.72l2.095 6.303a13.73 13.73 0 0 1 .393 1.421h.056a13.73 13.73 0 0 1 .393-1.421l2.094-6.302h1.721l-3.385 9.35h-1.701zM135.39 100.293h-6.64a2.762 2.762 0 0 0 2.786 3.03 2.512 2.512 0 0 0 2.488-1.777l1.309.58a3.888 3.888 0 0 1-3.909 2.6c-2.675 0-4.263-1.703-4.263-4.788 0-3.122 1.57-5.012 4.245-5.012 2.523 0 3.983 1.44 3.983 4.245zm-1.609-1.495c0-1.721-.879-2.618-2.413-2.618-1.645 0-2.58 1.065-2.619 2.823h5.032zM138.097 95.15h1.497v1.852a3.157 3.157 0 0 1 3.122-2.076c2.058 0 3.123 1.272 3.123 3.759v5.816h-1.59v-5.723c0-1.645-.69-2.487-2.057-2.487-1.551 0-2.505 1.254-2.505 3.33v4.88h-1.59zM155.562 102.893l-.28 1.608h-1.217V90.943h1.59v5.834a3.17 3.17 0 0 1 2.973-1.85c2.282 0 3.76 2.038 3.76 4.898 0 2.918-1.515 4.9-3.853 4.9a3.136 3.136 0 0 1-2.973-1.832zm5.141-3.068c0-2.094-.915-3.496-2.58-3.496-1.571 0-2.505 1.252-2.505 3.291v.486c0 1.944.916 3.216 2.487 3.216 1.626 0 2.598-1.365 2.598-3.497zM164.087 108.166v-1.403a4.183 4.183 0 0 0 .673.038c1.122 0 1.703-.506 2.132-1.721l.243-.69-3.722-9.24h1.778l2.394 6.508a8.616 8.616 0 0 1 .318 1.103h.036c.057-.261.168-.636.318-1.103l2.169-6.507h1.721l-3.647 9.95c-.86 2.354-1.982 3.14-3.552 3.14a4.544 4.544 0 0 1-.86-.075zM177.662 95.15h1.737V92.7l1.59-.672v3.123h2.339v1.308h-2.339v5.18c0 1.067.411 1.533 1.365 1.533a3.708 3.708 0 0 0 .974-.13v1.459a4.859 4.859 0 0 1-1.385.168c-2.02 0-2.544-1.234-2.544-2.973v-5.237h-1.737zM185.85 90.943h1.59v5.966a3.098 3.098 0 0 1 3.067-1.983c2.02 0 3.084 1.29 3.084 3.759v5.816h-1.59v-5.703c0-1.646-.69-2.507-2.037-2.507-1.608 0-2.525 1.215-2.525 3.33v4.88h-1.59zM204.156 100.293h-6.64a2.762 2.762 0 0 0 2.787 3.03 2.512 2.512 0 0 0 2.488-1.777l1.309.58a3.888 3.888 0 0 1-3.909 2.6c-2.675 0-4.263-1.703-4.263-4.788 0-3.122 1.57-5.012 4.245-5.012 2.523 0 3.983 1.44 3.983 4.245zm-1.608-1.495c0-1.721-.88-2.618-2.413-2.618-1.645 0-2.58 1.065-2.619 2.823h5.032zM211.82 95.15h1.496v1.74a3.2 3.2 0 0 1 3.048-1.964c2.262 0 3.777 1.944 3.777 4.899 0 2.993-1.608 4.9-3.87 4.9a3.038 3.038 0 0 1-2.862-1.702v5.125h-1.59zm6.638 4.675c0-2.206-.934-3.496-2.505-3.496s-2.58 1.234-2.58 3.253v.45c0 2.018.972 3.29 2.523 3.29 1.59 0 2.562-1.308 2.562-3.497zM227.077 94.926a2.063 2.063 0 0 1 .336.018v1.554h-.073a2.728 2.728 0 0 0-2.058.729 4.343 4.343 0 0 0-.935 3.272v4.002h-1.59v-9.35h1.479v2.132a3.092 3.092 0 0 1 2.84-2.357zM228.628 99.825c0-3.048 1.72-4.899 4.356-4.899s4.358 1.851 4.358 4.899c0 3.05-1.721 4.9-4.358 4.9s-4.356-1.85-4.356-4.9zm7.031 0c0-2.319-.992-3.516-2.675-3.516s-2.673 1.197-2.673 3.516.99 3.515 2.673 3.515 2.675-1.196 2.675-3.515zM241.455 95.15v1.627a2.733 2.733 0 0 1 2.673-1.85 2.642 2.642 0 0 1 2.657 1.868 3.003 3.003 0 0 1 2.841-1.869c1.797 0 2.844 1.272 2.844 3.44v6.135h-1.59v-6.003c0-1.46-.6-2.207-1.776-2.207-1.329 0-2.096.972-2.096 2.675v5.535h-1.588v-6.078c0-1.364-.636-2.132-1.76-2.132-1.308 0-2.112 1.047-2.112 2.75v5.46h-1.59v-9.35zM255.534 91.41h1.812v2.001h-1.812zm.111 3.74h1.59v9.35h-1.59zM259.853 101.846l1.608-.282a2.252 2.252 0 0 0 2.469 1.851c1.251 0 1.944-.615 1.944-1.42 0-.823-.504-1.16-1.347-1.31l-1.832-.336c-1.59-.3-2.487-1.196-2.487-2.618 0-1.608 1.346-2.805 3.554-2.805 2.094 0 3.515.954 3.702 2.525l-1.572.355a2.03 2.03 0 0 0-2.205-1.59c-1.197 0-1.928.525-1.928 1.44 0 .786.525 1.16 1.442 1.328l1.812.337c1.683.318 2.432 1.178 2.432 2.543 0 1.683-1.29 2.862-3.572 2.862-2.207 0-3.702-1.03-4.02-2.88zM277.56 100.293h-6.64a2.762 2.762 0 0 0 2.787 3.03 2.512 2.512 0 0 0 2.489-1.777l1.308.58a3.888 3.888 0 0 1-3.908 2.6c-2.675 0-4.263-1.703-4.263-4.788 0-3.122 1.57-5.012 4.244-5.012 2.524 0 3.984 1.44 3.984 4.245zm-1.607-1.495c0-1.721-.879-2.618-2.414-2.618-1.644 0-2.58 1.065-2.618 2.823h5.032zM284.384 99.825c0-3.048 1.719-4.899 4.356-4.899s4.358 1.851 4.358 4.899c0 3.05-1.722 4.9-4.358 4.9s-4.356-1.85-4.356-4.9zm7.03 0c0-2.319-.991-3.516-2.674-3.516s-2.674 1.197-2.674 3.516.99 3.515 2.674 3.515 2.675-1.196 2.675-3.515zM300.05 96.46h-2.337v8.04h-1.59v-8.04h-1.719v-1.31h1.72v-1.477a2.622 2.622 0 0 1 2.73-2.842 4.702 4.702 0 0 1 1.196.13v1.365a6.45 6.45 0 0 0-.99-.093c-.954 0-1.347.524-1.347 1.664v1.254h2.337zM313.12 95.88a3.048 3.048 0 0 1 .859 2.207 3.158 3.158 0 0 1-3.459 3.198 4.091 4.091 0 0 1-1.794-.393 1.002 1.002 0 0 0-.675.915c0 .525.393.954 1.554.954h2.28c2.114 0 3.18.954 3.18 2.637 0 1.758-1.384 2.975-4.638 2.975-3.291 0-4.208-1.236-4.208-2.564a2.006 2.006 0 0 1 1.515-1.944 1.684 1.684 0 0 1-1.084-1.626 1.927 1.927 0 0 1 1.327-1.871 3.086 3.086 0 0 1-.916-2.28 3.13 3.13 0 0 1 3.459-3.162 4.267 4.267 0 0 1 1.833.393 2.189 2.189 0 0 1 2.225-1.701 2.305 2.305 0 0 1 .618.075v1.383a3.294 3.294 0 0 0-.674-.075 1.331 1.331 0 0 0-1.402.879zm-3.572 8.285a9.39 9.39 0 0 1-.786-.039 1.53 1.53 0 0 0-.99 1.403c0 1.159 1.158 1.533 2.841 1.533 2.282 0 2.862-.71 2.862-1.55 0-.88-.655-1.347-1.945-1.347zm2.936-6.06a1.964 1.964 0 1 0-1.964 1.963 1.866 1.866 0 0 0 1.964-1.962zM321.664 94.926a2.062 2.062 0 0 1 .336.018v1.554h-.073a2.728 2.728 0 0 0-2.057.729 4.343 4.343 0 0 0-.936 3.272v4.002h-1.59v-9.35h1.479v2.132a3.092 3.092 0 0 1 2.841-2.357zM331.443 100.293h-6.64a2.762 2.762 0 0 0 2.787 3.03 2.512 2.512 0 0 0 2.488-1.777l1.309.58a3.888 3.888 0 0 1-3.909 2.6c-2.675 0-4.263-1.703-4.263-4.788 0-3.122 1.57-5.012 4.245-5.012 2.523 0 3.983 1.44 3.983 4.245zm-1.608-1.495c0-1.721-.88-2.618-2.413-2.618-1.645 0-2.58 1.065-2.619 2.823h5.032zM333.313 101.976a2.458 2.458 0 0 1 1.308-2.206 9.446 9.446 0 0 1 3.14-.767l1.74-.205v-.15c0-1.721-.617-2.414-2.057-2.414a1.9 1.9 0 0 0-2.13 1.853h-1.704c.132-1.907 1.628-3.16 3.816-3.16 2.561 0 3.683 1.16 3.683 3.89v2.523a11.175 11.175 0 0 0 .318 3.16h-1.664a14.685 14.685 0 0 1-.148-1.7 3.127 3.127 0 0 1-3.143 1.926c-1.908 0-3.16-1.086-3.16-2.75zm6.207-1.552v-.468l-2.544.375c-1.383.205-1.98.69-1.98 1.608 0 .915.69 1.476 1.832 1.476a2.679 2.679 0 0 0 2.692-2.99zM342.922 95.15h1.738V92.7l1.59-.672v3.123h2.338v1.308h-2.339v5.18c0 1.067.411 1.533 1.365 1.533a3.708 3.708 0 0 0 .974-.13v1.459a4.859 4.859 0 0 1-1.385.168c-2.019 0-2.543-1.234-2.543-2.973v-5.237h-1.738zM355.86 91.41h1.813v2.001h-1.813zm.112 3.74h1.59v9.35h-1.59zM360.18 99.825c0-2.88 1.644-4.899 3.981-4.899a2.895 2.895 0 0 1 2.75 1.608v-5.591h1.59V104.5h-1.496v-1.74a3.11 3.11 0 0 1-3.03 1.965c-2.262 0-3.795-1.965-3.795-4.901zm6.768.225v-.43c0-2.039-.972-3.29-2.542-3.29-1.59 0-2.543 1.29-2.543 3.495 0 2.189.954 3.497 2.543 3.497 1.552 0 2.542-1.272 2.542-3.272zM379.439 100.293h-6.64a2.762 2.762 0 0 0 2.786 3.03 2.512 2.512 0 0 0 2.489-1.777l1.308.58a3.888 3.888 0 0 1-3.908 2.6c-2.675 0-4.263-1.703-4.263-4.788 0-3.122 1.57-5.012 4.244-5.012 2.524 0 3.984 1.44 3.984 4.245zm-1.608-1.495c0-1.721-.88-2.618-2.414-2.618-1.644 0-2.58 1.065-2.618 2.823h5.032zM381.306 101.976a2.458 2.458 0 0 1 1.308-2.206 9.446 9.446 0 0 1 3.141-.767l1.74-.205v-.15c0-1.721-.618-2.414-2.058-2.414a1.9 1.9 0 0 0-2.13 1.853h-1.703c.131-1.907 1.628-3.16 3.815-3.16 2.562 0 3.684 1.16 3.684 3.89v2.523a11.175 11.175 0 0 0 .318 3.16h-1.665a14.687 14.687 0 0 1-.148-1.7 3.127 3.127 0 0 1-3.143 1.926c-1.907 0-3.159-1.086-3.159-2.75zm6.207-1.552v-.468l-2.543.375c-1.384.205-1.981.69-1.981 1.608 0 .915.69 1.476 1.833 1.476a2.679 2.679 0 0 0 2.691-2.99zM391.478 101.846l1.608-.282a2.252 2.252 0 0 0 2.469 1.851c1.251 0 1.944-.615 1.944-1.42 0-.823-.504-1.16-1.347-1.31l-1.833-.336c-1.59-.3-2.486-1.196-2.486-2.618 0-1.608 1.346-2.805 3.554-2.805 2.094 0 3.515.954 3.702 2.525l-1.572.355a2.03 2.03 0 0 0-2.205-1.59c-1.197 0-1.928.525-1.928 1.44 0 .786.524 1.16 1.442 1.328l1.812.337c1.683.318 2.432 1.178 2.432 2.543 0 1.683-1.29 2.862-3.572 2.862-2.207 0-3.702-1.03-4.02-2.88z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="col-two-thirds"> <nav class="site-map"> <div class="col"> <span id="list-1-label" class="list-heading"> <a href="/programs">Programs</a> </span> <ul aria-labelledby="list-1-label"> <li class="scheme-s1"> <button class="sub-nav-button" data-height-toggle="program-1-footer-nav"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to expand this navigation menu </span> </button> <a href="/programs/research">Research</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-1-footer-nav"> <li> <a href="/programs/research/economics-2">Economics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/research/energy-and-environment">Energy and Environment</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/research/history-of-science-and-tech">History of Science & Technology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/research/matter-to-life">Matter-to-Life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/research/sloan-digital-sky-survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/research/small-scale-fundamental-physics">Small-Scale Fundamental Physics</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="scheme-s3"> <a href="/programs/higher-education">Higher Education</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-12-footer-nav"> </ul> </li> <li class="scheme-s4"> <button class="sub-nav-button" data-height-toggle="program-4-footer-nav"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to expand this navigation menu </span> </button> <a href="/programs/digital-technology">Technology</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-4-footer-nav"> <li> <a href="/programs/digital-technology/better-software-for-science">Better Software for Science</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/digital-technology/exploratory-grantmaking-in-technology">Exploratory Grantmaking in Technology</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="scheme-s5"> <button class="sub-nav-button" data-height-toggle="program-5-footer-nav"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to expand this navigation menu </span> </button> <a href="/programs/public-understanding">Public Understanding</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-5-footer-nav"> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/books">Books</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/film">Film</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/new-media">New Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/radio">Radio</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/special-initiatives">Special Initiatives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/television">Television</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/public-understanding/theater">Theater</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="scheme-s8"> <button class="sub-nav-button" data-height-toggle="program-9-footer-nav"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to expand this navigation menu </span> </button> <a href="/programs/completed-programs">Completed Programs</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-9-footer-nav"> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/anytime-anyplace-learning">Anytime, Anyplace Learning</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/barcode-of-life">Barcode of Life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/biosecurity">Biosecurity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/census-of-marine-life">Census of Marine Life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/chemistry-of-indoor-environments">Chemistry of Indoor Environments</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/data-and-computational-research">Data & Computational Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/deep-carbon-observatory">Deep Carbon Observatory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/encyclopedia-of-life">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/industry-studies">Industry Studies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/information-about-careers-in-science-and-technology">Information about Careers in Science and Technology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/municipal-governments">Making Municipal Governments More Responsive</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/microbiology-of-the-built-environment">Microbiology of the Built Environment</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/outsourcing">Outsourcing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/professional-science-masters-degree">Professional Science Master's Degree</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/scholarly-communication">Scholarly Communication</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/synthetic-biology">Synthetic Biology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/universal-access-to-knowledge">Universal Access to Knowledge</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/working-longer">Working Longer</a> </li> <li> <a href="/programs/completed-programs/workplace-workforce-working-families">Workplace, Workforce, and Working Families</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="scheme-s7"> <a href="/programs/new-york-city-program">New York City Program</a> <ul data-height-reveal="program-11-footer-nav"> </ul> </li> </ul> <span class="list-heading"> <a href="https://impact.sloan.org">Impact</a> </span> </div> <div class="col"> <span id="list-2-label" class="list-heading"> <a href="/grants/apply">Grants</a> </span> <ul aria-labelledby="list-2-label"> <li> <a href="/grants/apply">Apply</a> </li> <li> <a href="/grants/open-calls">Open Calls</a> </li> <li> <a href="/grants/grantees">For Grantees</a> </li> <li> <a href="/grants-database">Grants Database</a> </li> </ul> <span id="list-3-label" class="list-heading"> <a href="/fellowships">Sloan Research Fellowships</a> </span> <ul aria-labelledby="list-3-label"> <li> <a href="https://sloan.org/fellowships">About</a> </li> <li> <a href="/fellowships/apply-2">Apply</a> </li> <li> <a href="/fellowships/faq">FAQ</a> </li> <li> <a href="/fellowships/current-fellows">For Current Fellows</a> </li> <li> <a href="/fellows-database">Fellows Database</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col"> <span id="list-4-label" class="list-heading"> <a href="/about">About</a> </span> <ul aria-labelledby="list-4-label"> <li> <a href="/about">Mission</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/our-commitment-to-diversity-equity-inclusion">Commitment to Diversity, Equity & Inclusion</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/who-was-alfred-p-sloan-jr">Alfred P. Sloan Jr.</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/trustees">Trustees</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/staff">Staff</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/careers">Careers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/documents">Documents</a> </li> <li class="scheme-s0"> <button class="sub-nav-button" data-height-toggle="press-room-footer-nav"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Click to expand this navigation menu </span> </button> <a href="/about/press">Press Room</a> <ul data-height-reveal="press-room-footer-nav"> <li> <a href="/about/press/press-releases">Press Releases</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press/grantee-news">Grantee News</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press#tab-logos">Logos</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> <span class="list-heading"> <a href="/">Home</a> </span> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="footer-top-link"> <a href="#" class="arrow-link-up">Back Up</a> </div> </div> <section class="colophon"> <div class="container"> <nav class="external-links"> Follow Us <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sloanfoundation"> Facebook </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://impact.sloan.org"> Medium </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/SloanFoundation"> Twitter </a> </li> </ul> </nav> © 2024 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation </div> </section> </footer> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://sloan.org/combine/574a5a3b7ff84bb789981333969bc037-1645322080.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/sloan-theme-bundle-ee4dfe9e.js"></script> <div class="gdpr-banner"> <div class="gdpr-banner__wrapper"> <div class="gdpr-banner__column gdpr-banner__column--1"> <div class="gdpr-banner__row"> <div class="gdpr-banner__message"> We use cookies to analyze our traffic. Please decide if you are willing to accept cookies from our website. </div> </div> </div> <div class="gdpr-banner__column gdpr-banner__column--2"> <div class="gdpr-banner__opt-out"> <button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-pressed="false" class="gdpr-banner__button gdpr-banner__button--opt-out" data-request="onDecline" data-request-success="document.querySelector('.gdpr-banner').remove()" > Decline </button> </div> <div class="gdpr-banner__opt-in"> <button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-pressed="false" class="gdpr-banner__button gdpr-banner__button--opt-in" data-request="onAccept" data-request-success="$('.gdpr-banner').remove()" data-request-update="'gdpr' : '#gdpr-reload'" > Accept </button> </div> <div class="gdpr-banner__dismiss"> <button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-pressed="false" class="gdpr-banner__button--dismiss" onclick="document.querySelector('.gdpr-banner').remove()">×</button> </div></div> </div> </div> </body> </html>