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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festival_of_Lights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festival_of_Lights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Festival of Lights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festival_of_Lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Historical sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_of_Maccabees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_of_Maccabees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Books of Maccabees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_of_Maccabees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_rabbinic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_rabbinic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early rabbinic sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_rabbinic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrative_of_Josephus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrative_of_Josephus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Narrative of Josephus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative_of_Josephus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Other ancient sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Traditional view </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Academic sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles_of_the_Maccabean_Revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_of_the_Maccabean_Revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Battles of the Maccabean Revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_of_the_Maccabean_Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characters_and_heroes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters_and_heroes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Characters and heroes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characters_and_heroes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Rituals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rituals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rituals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kindling_the_Hanukkah_lights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kindling_the_Hanukkah_lights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Kindling the Hanukkah lights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kindling_the_Hanukkah_lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candle-lighting_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candle-lighting_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Candle-lighting time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candle-lighting_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blessings_over_the_candles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blessings_over_the_candles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Blessings over the candles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blessings_over_the_candles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blessing_for_lighting_the_candles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blessing_for_lighting_the_candles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Blessing for lighting the candles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blessing_for_lighting_the_candles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blessing_for_the_miracles_of_Hanukkah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blessing_for_the_miracles_of_Hanukkah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Blessing for the miracles of Hanukkah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blessing_for_the_miracles_of_Hanukkah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanerot_Halalu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanerot_Halalu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Hanerot Halalu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanerot_Halalu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maoz_Tzur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maoz_Tzur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Maoz Tzur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maoz_Tzur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Other customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_additions_to_daily_prayers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_additions_to_daily_prayers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Special additions to daily prayers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_additions_to_daily_prayers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zot_Hanukkah:_Hanukkah_as_the_end_of_the_High_Holy_Days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zot_Hanukkah:_Hanukkah_as_the_end_of_the_High_Holy_Days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Zot Hanukkah: Hanukkah as the end of the High Holy Days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zot_Hanukkah:_Hanukkah_as_the_end_of_the_High_Holy_Days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_related_laws_and_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_related_laws_and_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Other related laws and customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_related_laws_and_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Customs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Customs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Foods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dreidel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dreidel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Dreidel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dreidel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanukkah_gelt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanukkah_gelt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Hanukkah gelt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanukkah_gelt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanukkah_in_the_White_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanukkah_in_the_White_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Hanukkah in the White House </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanukkah_in_the_White_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Dates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Symbolic importance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Modern history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_Christmas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_Christmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Relationship to Christmas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_Christmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_Kwanzaa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_Kwanzaa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Relationship to Kwanzaa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_Kwanzaa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hanukkah</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanoeka" title="Chanoeka – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chanoeka" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukka" title="Chanukka – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chanukka" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7" title="حانوكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حانوكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukka" title="Hanukka – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hanukka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="হানুক্কা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হানুক্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0-%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Га-Нука – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Га-Нука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukka" title="Chanukka – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Chanukka" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanouka" title="Hanouka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hanouka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukk%C3%A0" title="Hanukkà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hanukkà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4anuka" title="Ḥanuka – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ḥanuka" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanuka" title="Chanuka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chanuka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukka" title="Chanukka – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chanukka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukka" title="Chanukka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chanukka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Χανουκά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χανουκά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januc%C3%A1" title="Janucá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Janucá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4anuko" title="Ĥanuko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥanuko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="حنوکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حنوکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoucca" title="Hanoucca – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hanoucca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9ile_an_Tiomnaithe" title="Féile an Tiomnaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Féile an Tiomnaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%88%84%EC%B9%B4" title="하누카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하누카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Խանուկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խանուկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="हनुका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हनुका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_raya_Pentahbisan" title="Hari raya Pentahbisan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hari raya Pentahbisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukkah" title="Chanukkah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chanukkah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94" title="חנוכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חנוכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaya_Pentahbisan" title="Riyaya Pentahbisan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Riyaya Pentahbisan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90" title="ხანუქა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხანუქა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C3%BBka" title="Hanûka – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hanûka" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukka" title="Hanukka – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hanukka" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encaenia" title="Encaenia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Encaenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanuka" title="Chanuka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chanuka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanok%C3%A0" title="Hanokà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hanokà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="ഹാനക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാനക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="खानुका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खानुका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7_(%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86_)" title="حانوكا (عيد التدشين ) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حانوكا (عيد التدشين )" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanoeka" title="Chanoeka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chanoeka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="हनुका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हनुका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="हानका – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हानका" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8C%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="ハヌカー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハヌカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukka" title="Hanukka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hanukka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukk%C3%A1" title="Hanukká – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hanukká" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanuka" title="Chanuka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chanuka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanuc%C3%A1" title="Chanucá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chanucá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB" title="Һануккаһ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Һануккаһ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanuka" title="Chanuka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chanuka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%95" title="خەنوکە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەنوکە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukka" title="Hanukka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hanukka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukka" title="Chanukka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chanukka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4anuka" title="Ḥanuka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ḥanuka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="அனுக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனுக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮานุกกะห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮานุกกะห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%81" title="حنوکاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حنوکاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E8%8A%82" title="光明节 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hanukkah (disambiguation)">Hanukkah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Hanukkah</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanukkah_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hanukkah_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.jpg/240px-Hanukkah_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hanukkah_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.jpg/360px-Hanukkah_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hanukkah_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.jpg/480px-Hanukkah_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3093" data-file-height="2320" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">Dreidels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sufganiyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufganiyot">sufganiyot</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>חֲנֻכָּה‎ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חֲנוּכָּה‎ English translation: 'Establishing' or 'Dedication' (of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Jewish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">The <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a> successfully <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">revolted</a> against <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, the Temple was purified and the <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">wicks of the menorah miraculously burned for eight days</a>, even though there was only enough sacred oil for one day's lighting.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data">Lighting <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a> each night. Singing special songs, such as <a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a>. Reciting the <a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a> prayer. Eating food fried in oil, such as <a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">latkes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufganiyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufganiyot">sufganiyot</a>, and dairy foods. Playing the <a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">dreidel</a> game, and giving <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Hanukkah gelt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Begins</th><td class="infobox-data">25 <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ends</th><td class="infobox-data">2 <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a> or 3 Tevet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">25 Kislev, 26 Kislev, 27 Kislev, 28 Kislev, 29 Kislev, 30 Kislev, 1 Tevet, 2 Tevet, 3 Tevet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 25 December – nightfall, 2 January<a href="#cite_note-Hanukkah_dates-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2025 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 14 December – nightfall, 22 December<a href="#cite_note-Hanukkah_dates-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2026 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 4 December – nightfall, 12 December<a href="#cite_note-Hanukkah_dates-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2027 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 24 December – nightfall, 1 January<a href="#cite_note-Hanukkah_dates-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">rabbinically</a> decreed holiday.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1_Maccabees" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanukkah2007_pic_(1)c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chanukkah2007_pic_%281%29c.JPG/220px-Chanukkah2007_pic_%281%29c.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chanukkah2007_pic_%281%29c.JPG/330px-Chanukkah2007_pic_%281%29c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chanukkah2007_pic_%281%29c.JPG/440px-Chanukkah2007_pic_%281%29c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption>Hanukkah table</figcaption></figure> Hanukkah<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhænəkə/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɑːnəkə/</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חֲנֻכָּה‎ Ḥănukkā <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/99\/He-il-%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.ogg\/He-il-%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-il-\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d4.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/He-il-%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.ogg/He-il-%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:He-il-%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.ogg" title="File:He-il-חנוכה.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish festival</a> commemorating the recovery of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and subsequent rededication of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> in the 2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Hanukkah is observed for eight nights and days,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> starting on the 25th day of <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>, which may occur at any time from November 28 to December 27 in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. The festival is observed by lighting the candles of a <a href="/wiki/Candelabra" title="Candelabra">candelabrum</a> with nine <a href="/wiki/Branch" title="Branch">branches</a>, commonly called a <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">menorah</a> or hanukkiah. One branch is placed above or below the others and its candle is used to light the other eight candles. This unique candle is called the <a href="/wiki/Gabbai" title="Gabbai">shammash</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שַׁמָּשׁ‎, "attendant"). Each night, one additional candle is lit by the shammash until all eight candles are lit together on the final night of the festival.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Other Hanukkah festivities include singing <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Hanukkah songs</a>, playing the game of <a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">dreidel</a> and eating oil-based foods, such as <a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">latkes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">sufganiyot</a> (similar to jelly donuts), and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy foods">dairy foods</a>. Since the 1970s, the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> movement has initiated public <a href="/wiki/Menorah_center,_Dnipro" title="Menorah center, Dnipro">menorah</a> lightings in open public places in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Originally instituted as a feast "in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> (Booths)", it does not come with the corresponding obligations, and is therefore a relatively minor holiday in strictly religious terms. Nevertheless, Hanukkah has attained major cultural significance in North America and elsewhere, especially among secular <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, due to often occurring around the same time as <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">festive season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChristmasEffect-9">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name "Hanukkah" derives from the Hebrew verb "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חנך‎", meaning "to dedicate". On Hanukkah, the Maccabean Jews regained control of Jerusalem and rededicated the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">homiletical</a> explanations have been given for the name:<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <ul><li>The name can be broken down into <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חנו כ״ה‎, "[they] rested [on the] twenty-fifth", referring to the fact that the Jews ceased fighting on the 25th day of <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a>, the day on which the holiday begins.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חינוך‎ <a href="/wiki/Chinuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuch">Chinuch</a>, from the same root, is the name for Jewish education, emphasizing ethical training and discipline.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חנוכה‎ (Hanukkah) is also the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח נרות והלכה כבית הלל‎ – "Eight candles, and the <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> is according to the House of Hillel". This is a reference to the disagreement between two rabbinical schools of thought – the <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">House of Hillel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shammai" title="Shammai">House of Shammai</a> – on the proper order in which to light the Hanukkah flames. Shammai opined that eight candles should be lit on the first night, seven on the second night, and so on down to one on the last night (because the miracle was greatest on the first day). Hillel argued in favor of starting with one candle and lighting an additional one every night, up to eight on the eighth night (because the miracle grew in greatness each day). <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a> adopted the position of Hillel.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_30" title="Psalm 30">Psalm 30</a> is called <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שיר חנכת הבית‎ Shîr Ḥănukkāt HaBayit, "the Song of the 'Dedication' of the House", and is traditionally recited on Hanukkah. 25 (of Kislev) + 5 (Books of Torah) = 30, which is the number of the song.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_spellings">Alternative spellings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alternative spellings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanukkah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hanukkah.png/220px-Hanukkah.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hanukkah.png/330px-Hanukkah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hanukkah.png/440px-Hanukkah.png 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Spelling variations due to transliteration of Hebrew Ḥet Nun Vav Kaf Hey</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, the word Hanukkah is written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חֲנֻכָּה‎ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חֲנוּכָּה‎ (Ḥănukā). It is most commonly <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> to English as Hanukkah or Chanukah. The spelling Hanukkah, which is based on using characters of the English alphabet as symbols to re-create the word's correct spelling in Hebrew,<a href="#cite_note-forward-15">[14]</a> is the most common<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> and the preferred choice of <a href="/wiki/Merriam%E2%80%93Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam–Webster">Merriam–Webster</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_Rules" title="Hart's Rules">Oxford Style Manual</a>, and the style guides of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The sound represented by Ch ([<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>], similar to the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scottish</a> pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">loch</a>) is not native to the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Furthermore, the letter <a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḥeth</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח‎), which is the first letter in the Hebrew spelling, is pronounced differently in modern Hebrew (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a>) from in classical Hebrew (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">voiceless pharyngeal fricative</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]), and neither of those sounds is unambiguously representable in English spelling. However, its original sound is closer to the English H than to the Scottish Ch, and Hanukkah more accurately represents the spelling in the Hebrew alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-forward-15">[14]</a> Moreover, the 'kaf' consonant is <a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminate</a> in classical (but not modern) Hebrew. Adapting the classical Hebrew pronunciation with the geminate and pharyngeal Ḥeth can lead to the spelling Hanukkah, while adapting the modern Hebrew pronunciation with no gemination and uvular Ḥeth leads to the spelling Chanukah.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festival_of_Lights">Festival of Lights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Festival of Lights">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, Hanukkah may also be called the Festival of Lights (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חַג הַאוּרִים‎, Ḥag HaUrim), based on a comment by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>, καὶ ἐξ ἐκείνου μέχρι τοῦ δεῦρο τὴν ἑορτὴν ἄγομεν καλοῦντες αὐτὴν φῶτα "And from then on we celebrate this festival, and we call it Lights". The first Hebrew translation of Antiquities (1864) used (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חַג הַמְּאֹרוֹת‎) "Festival of Lamps", but the translation "Festival of Lights" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חַג הַאוּרִים‎) appeared by the end of the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_of_Maccabees">Books of Maccabees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books of Maccabees">edit</a>]</div> The story of Hanukkah is told in the books of the <a href="/wiki/First_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="First Maccabees">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Maccabees">Second Maccabees</a>, which describe in detail the rededication of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple in Jerusalem</a> and the lighting of the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">menorah</a>. These books, however, are not a part of the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">canonized</a> <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (Hebrew and Aramaic language Jewish Bible) used and accepted by normative <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical Judaism">Rabbinical Judaism</a> and therefore modern Jews (as copied, edited and distributed by a group of Jews known as the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a> between the 7th and 10th centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>). However, the books of Maccabees were included among the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> added to the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, a Jewish scholarly Greek-language translation of the Hebrew Bible originally compiled in the mid-<a href="/wiki/3rd_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd century BCE">3rd century BCE</a>. The Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches consider the books of Maccabees as a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> part of the Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The eight-day rededication of the temple is described in 1 Maccabees,<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> though the miracle of the oil does not appear here. A story similar in character, and older in date, is the one alluded to in 2 Maccabees<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> according to which the relighting of the altar fire by <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> was due to a miracle which occurred on the 25th of Kislev, and which appears to be given as the reason for the selection of the same date for the rededication of the altar by Judah Maccabee.<a href="#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-27">[26]</a> The above account in 1 Maccabees, as well as 2 Maccabees<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> portrays the feast as a delayed observation of the eight-day Feast of Booths (<a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>); similarly 2 Maccabees explains the length of the feast as "in the manner of the Feast of Booths".<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_rabbinic_sources">Early rabbinic sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early rabbinic sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mishnah#Omissions" title="Mishnah">Mishnah § Omissions</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Megillat_Taanit" title="Megillat Taanit">Megillat Taanit</a> (1st century) contains a list of festive days on which fasting or eulogizing is forbidden. It specifies, "On the 25th of [Kislev] is Hanukkah of eight days, and one is not to eulogize". The <a href="/wiki/Megillat_Taanit#The_scholion" title="Megillat Taanit">scholion</a> (9th-10th century) then references the story of the rededication of the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a> (late 2nd century) mentions Hanukkah in several places,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> but never describes its laws in detail and never mentions any aspect of the history behind it. To explain the Mishna's lack of a systematic discussion of Hanukkah, <a href="/wiki/Nissim_ben_Jacob" title="Nissim ben Jacob">Nissim ben Jacob</a> postulated that information on the holiday was so commonplace that the Mishna felt no need to explain it.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Modern scholar <a href="/wiki/Reuvein_Margolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuvein Margolies">Reuvein Margolies</a> suggests that as the Mishnah was redacted after the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kochba_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kochba revolt">Bar Kochba revolt</a>, its editors were reluctant to include explicit discussion of a holiday celebrating another relatively recent revolt against a foreign ruler, for fear of antagonizing the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanukkah2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hanukkah2.jpg/170px-Hanukkah2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hanukkah2.jpg/255px-Hanukkah2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Hanukkah2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Hanukkah lamp unearthed near Jerusalem about 1900</figcaption></figure> The miracle of the one-day supply of oil miraculously lasting eight days is described in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, committed to writing about 600 years after the events described in the books of Maccabees.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The Talmud says that after the forces of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus IV">Antiochus IV</a> had been driven from the Temple, the Maccabees discovered that almost all of the ritual olive oil had been profaned. They found only a single container that was still <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">sealed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kohen_Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohen Gadol">High Priest</a>, with enough oil to keep the menorah in the Temple lit for a single day. They used this, yet it burned for eight days (the time it took to have new oil pressed and made ready).<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The Talmud presents three options:<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <ol><li>The law requires only one light each night per household,</li> <li>A better practice is to light one light each night for each member of the household</li> <li>The most preferred practice is to vary the number of lights each night.</li></ol> Except in times of danger, the lights were to be placed outside one's door, on the opposite side of the <a href="/wiki/Mezuza" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezuza">mezuza</a>, or in the window closest to the street. <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, in a note to Shabbat 21b, says their purpose is to publicize the miracle. The blessings for Hanukkah lights are discussed in tractate Succah, p. 46a.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Section_from_Aramaic_Scroll_of_Antiochus,_April_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Section_from_Aramaic_Scroll_of_Antiochus%2C_April_2015.jpg/220px-Section_from_Aramaic_Scroll_of_Antiochus%2C_April_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Section_from_Aramaic_Scroll_of_Antiochus%2C_April_2015.jpg/330px-Section_from_Aramaic_Scroll_of_Antiochus%2C_April_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Section_from_Aramaic_Scroll_of_Antiochus%2C_April_2015.jpg/440px-Section_from_Aramaic_Scroll_of_Antiochus%2C_April_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1451" /></a><figcaption>Section from the Aramaic Scroll of Antiochus in <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_supralinear_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian supralinear punctuation">Babylonian supralinear punctuation</a>, with an Arabic translation</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Megillat_Antiochus" title="Megillat Antiochus">Megillat Antiochus</a> (probably composed in the 2nd century<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a>) concludes with the following words: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...After this, the sons of Israel went up to the Temple and rebuilt its gates and purified the Temple from the dead bodies and from the defilement. And they sought after pure <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> to light the lamps therewith, but could not find any, except one bowl that was sealed with the signet ring of the High Priest from the days of Samuel the prophet and they knew that it was pure. There was in it [enough oil] to light [the lamps therewith] for one day, but the God of heaven whose name dwells there put therein his blessing and they were able to light from it eight days. Therefore, the sons of Ḥashmonai made this covenant and took upon themselves a solemn vow, they and the sons of Israel, all of them, to publish amongst the sons of Israel, [to the end] that they might observe these eight days of joy and honour, as the days of the feasts written in [the book of] the Law; [even] to light in them so as to make known to those who come after them that their God wrought for them salvation from heaven. In them, it is not permitted to mourn, neither to decree a fast [on those days], and anyone who has a vow to perform, let him perform it.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Al_HaNissim" title="Al HaNissim">Al HaNissim</a> prayer is recited on Hanukkah as an addition to the <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a> prayer, which was formalized in the late 1st century.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Al HaNissim describes the history of the holiday as follows: <dl><dd>In the days of <a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattiyahu</a> ben Yohanan, high priest, the <a href="/wiki/Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Hasmonean</a> and his sons, when the evil Greek kingdom stood up against Your people Israel, to cause them to forget Your Torah and abandon the ways You desire – You, in Your great mercy, stood up for them in their time of trouble; You fought their fight, You judged their judgment, You took their revenge; You delivered the mighty into the hands of the weak, the many into the hands of the few, the impure into the hands of the pure, the evil into the hands of the righteous, the sinners into the hands of those who engaged in Your Torah; You made yourself a great and holy name in Your world, and for Your people Israel You made great redemption and salvation as this very day. And then Your sons came to the inner chamber of Your house, and cleared Your Temple, and purified Your sanctuary, and lit candles in Your holy courtyards, and established eight days of Hanukkah for thanksgiving and praise to Your holy name.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrative_of_Josephus">Narrative of Josephus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Narrative of Josephus">edit</a>]</div> The Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Titus Flavius Josephus</a> narrates in his book, <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Jewish Antiquities</a> XII, how the victorious <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> ordered lavish yearly eight-day festivities after rededicating the Temple in Jerusalem that had been profaned by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Josephus does not say the festival was called Hanukkah but rather the "Festival of Lights": <dl><dd>Now Judas celebrated the festival of the restoration of the sacrifices of the temple for eight days, and omitted no sort of pleasures thereon; but he feasted them upon very rich and splendid sacrifices; and he honored God, and delighted them by hymns and psalms. Nay, they were so very glad at the revival of their customs, when, after a long time of intermission, they unexpectedly had regained the freedom of their worship, that they made it a law for their posterity, that they should keep a festival, on account of the restoration of their temple worship, for eight days. And from that time to this we celebrate this festival, and call it Lights. I suppose the reason was because this liberty beyond our hopes appeared to us; and that thence was the name given to that festival. Judas also rebuilt the walls round about the city, and reared towers of great height against the incursions of enemies, and set guards therein. He also fortified the city <a href="/wiki/Beth-zur" title="Beth-zur">Bethsura</a>, that it might serve as a citadel against any distresses that might come from our enemies.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ancient_sources">Other ancient sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other ancient sources">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> 10:22–23 says, "Then came the Festival of Dedication at Jerusalem. It was winter, and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">temple</a> courts walking in <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Colonnade</a>" (NIV). The Greek noun used appears in the neuter plural as "the renewals" or "the consecrations" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: τὰ ἐγκαίνια; ta enkaínia).<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The same root appears in 2 Esdras 6:16 in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> to refer specifically to Hanukkah. This Greek word was chosen because the Hebrew word for 'consecration' or 'dedication' is Hanukkah (חנכה). The Aramaic New Testament uses the Aramaic word hawdata (a close synonym), which literally means 'renewal' or 'to make new'.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG/220px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG/330px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG/440px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3867" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">A model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period</a></figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Death of Alexander the Great">death of Alexander the Great</a> in 323 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> of Egypt until 200 BCE, when King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Syria</a> defeated King <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> of Egypt at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panium" title="Battle of Panium">Battle of Panium</a>. Judea then became part of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-auto-45">[44]</a> King Antiochus III the Great, wanting to conciliate his new Jewish subjects, guaranteed their right to "live according to their ancestral customs" and to continue to practice their religion in the Temple of Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The Seleucids, like the Ptolemies before them, held a <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over Judea, where they respected Jewish culture and protected Jewish institutions. This policy was drastically reversed by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>, the son of Antiochus III, seemingly after what was either a dispute over leadership of the Temple in Jerusalem and the office of <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a>, or possibly a revolt whose nature was lost to time after being crushed.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In 175 BCE, Antiochus IV invaded Judea at the request of the sons of Tobias.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tobiads" title="Tobiads">Tobiads</a>, who led the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenizing Jewish faction</a> in Jerusalem, were expelled to Syria around 170 BCE when the high priest <a href="/wiki/Menelaus_(High_Priest)" title="Menelaus (High Priest)">Onias</a> and his pro-Egyptian faction wrested control from them. The exiled Tobiads lobbied Antiochus IV Epiphanes to recapture Jerusalem. As Flavius Josephus relates: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The king being thereto disposed beforehand, complied with them, and came upon the Jews with a great army, and took their city by force, and slew a great multitude of those that favored Ptolemy, and sent out his soldiers to plunder them without mercy. He also spoiled the temple, and put a stop to the constant practice of offering a daily sacrifice of expiation for three years and six months.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_view">Traditional view</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Traditional view">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">Miracle of the cruse of oil</a></div> When the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in Jerusalem was looted and services stopped, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> was outlawed. In 167 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus</a> ordered an altar to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> erected in the Temple. He banned <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">brit milah</a> (circumcision) and ordered pigs to be sacrificed at the altar of the temple.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Antiochus's actions provoked a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">revolt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a> (Mattityahu), a <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Jewish priest</a>, and his five sons <a href="/wiki/Johanan_Maccabeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanan Maccabeus">Jochanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Maccabaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Maccabaeus">Simeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Maccabeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar Maccabeus">Eleazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Maccabaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Maccabaeus">Jonathan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judah</a> led a rebellion against Antiochus. It started with Mattathias killing first a Jew who wanted to comply with Antiochus's order to sacrifice to Zeus, and then a Greek official who was to enforce the government's behest (1 Mac. 2, 24–25<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a>). Judah became known as Yehuda HaMakabi ("Judah the Hammer"). By 166 BCE, Mattathias had died, and Judah took his place as leader. By 164 BCE, the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid monarchy was successful. The Temple was liberated and rededicated. The festival of Hanukkah was instituted to celebrate this event.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Judah ordered the Temple to be cleansed, a new altar to be built in place of the polluted one and new holy vessels to be made.<a href="#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-27">[26]</a> According to the Talmud,<blockquote>"For when the Greeks entered the Sanctuary, they defiled all the oils therein, and when the Hasmonean dynasty prevailed against and defeated them, they made search and found only one cruse of oil which lay with the seal of the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Priest (Judaism)">kohen gadol</a> (high priest), but which contained sufficient [oil] for one day's lighting only; yet a miracle was wrought therein, and they lit [the lamp] therewith for eight days. The following year these [days] were appointed a Festival with [the recital of] Hallel and thanksgiving." —Shabbat 21b </blockquote> Tertiary sources in the Jewish tradition make reference to this account.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (12th century) described Hanukkah as follows: <blockquote> When, on the twenty-fifth of Kislev, the Jews had emerged victorious over their foes and destroyed them, they re-entered the Temple where they found only one jar of pure oil, enough to be lit for only a single day; yet they used it for lighting the required set of lamps for eight days, until they managed to press olives and produce pure oil. Because of this, the sages of that generation ruled that the eight days beginning with the twenty-fifth of Kislev should be observed as days of rejoicing and praising the Lord. Lamps are lit in the evening over the doors of the homes, on each of the eight nights, so as to display the miracle. These days are called Hanukkah, when it is forbidden to lament or to fast, just as it is on the days of Purim. Lighting the lamps during the eight days of Hanukkah is a religious duty imposed by the sages.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_sources">Academic sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Academic sources">edit</a>]</div> Some modern scholars, following the account in 2 Maccabees, observe that the king was intervening in an internal <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> between the Maccabean Jews and the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenized Jews</a> in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> These competed violently over who would be the High Priest, with traditionalists with Hebrew/Aramaic names like <a href="/wiki/Onias_III" title="Onias III">Onias</a> contesting with Hellenizing High Priests with Greek names like <a href="/wiki/Jason_(high_priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason (high priest)">Jason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menelaus_(High_Priest)" title="Menelaus (High Priest)">Menelaus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In particular, Jason's Hellenistic reforms would prove to be a decisive factor leading to eventual conflict within the ranks of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Other authors point to possible socioeconomic reasons in addition to the religious reasons behind the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_10_Agorot_1985_Edge,_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Israel_10_Agorot_1985_Edge%2C_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg/200px-Israel_10_Agorot_1985_Edge%2C_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Israel_10_Agorot_1985_Edge%2C_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg/300px-Israel_10_Agorot_1985_Edge%2C_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Israel_10_Agorot_1985_Edge%2C_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg/400px-Israel_10_Agorot_1985_Edge%2C_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption>Modern Israeli 10 agorot coin, reproducing the menorah image from a coin issued by <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Mattathias Antigonus</a></figcaption></figure> What began in many respects as a civil war escalated when the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria sided with the Hellenizing Jews in their conflict with the traditionalists.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> As the conflict escalated, Antiochus took the side of the Hellenizers by prohibiting the religious practices the traditionalists had rallied around. This may explain why the king, in a total departure from Seleucid practice in all other places and times, banned a traditional religion.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The miracle of the oil is widely regarded as a legend and its authenticity has been questioned since the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> However, given the famous question <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karo" title="Joseph Karo">Joseph Karo</a> (1488–1575) posed concerning why Hanukkah is celebrated for eight days when the miracle was only for seven days (since there was enough oil for one day),<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> it was clear that writing in the 16th century CE, he believed it to be a historical event. This belief has been adopted by most of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>, in as much as Karo's <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a> is a main code of Jewish Law. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG/220px-Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG/330px-Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG/440px-Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Kingdom">Hasmonean Kingdom</a>, 143 BCE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%27%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D%27.jpg/220px-%27%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%27%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D%27.jpg/330px-%27%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%27%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D%27.jpg/440px-%27%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Tombs of the Maccabees, <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Modi'in">Modi'in</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>198 BCE: Armies of the Seleucid King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus III">Antiochus III</a> (Antiochus the Great) oust <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V</a> from <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-45">[44]</a></li> <li>175 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus IV">Antiochus IV</a> (Epiphanes) ascends the Seleucid throne.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></li> <li>168 BCE: Under the reign of Antiochus IV, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">second Temple</a> is looted, Jews are massacred, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> is outlawed.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></li> <li>167 BCE: Antiochus orders an altar to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> erected in the Temple. <a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a> and his five sons John, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Maccabeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Maccabeus">Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Maccabeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar Maccabeus">Eleazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judah</a> lead <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">a rebellion</a> against Antiochus. Judah becomes known as Judah Maccabee ("Judah the Hammer").</li> <li>166 BCE: Mattathias dies, and Judah takes his place as leader. The <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom</a> begins; It lasts until 63 BCE.</li> <li>164 BCE: The Jewish revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> monarchy is successful in recapturing the Temple, which is liberated and rededicated (Hanukkah).</li> <li>142 BCE: Re-establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Jewish Commonwealth</a>. The Seleucids recognize Jewish autonomy. The Seleucid kings have a formal overlordship, which the Hasmoneans acknowledge. This inaugurates a period of population growth and religious, cultural and social development. This includes the conquest of the areas now covered by <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idumea" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumea">Idumea</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>), and the forced conversion of Idumeans to the Jewish religion, including circumcision.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></li> <li>139 BCE: The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> recognizes Jewish autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></li> <li>134 BCE: <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> besieges <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. The Jews under <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> become Seleucid vassals but retain religious autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></li> <li>129 BCE: Antiochus VII dies.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> Jewish Kingdom throws off Syrian rule completely.</li> <li>96 BCE: Beginning of an eight-year civil war between <a href="/wiki/Sadducee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadducee">Sadducee</a> king <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Yanai">Alexander Yanai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></li> <li>85–82 BCE: Consolidation of the Kingdom in territory east of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></li> <li>63 BCE: The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom comes to an end because of a rivalry between the brothers <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a>, both of whom appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> to intervene and settle the power struggle on their behalf. The Roman general <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a> (Pompey the Great) is dispatched to the area. Twelve thousand Jews are massacred in the Roman <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)">Siege of Jerusalem</a>. The Priests of the Temple are struck down at the Altar. Rome annexes Judea.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles_of_the_Maccabean_Revolt">Battles of the Maccabean Revolt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battles of the Maccabean Revolt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Mac.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Mac.JPG/170px-Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Mac.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Mac.JPG/255px-Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Mac.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Mac.JPG/340px-Knesset_Menorah_P5200009_Mac.JPG 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Knesset_Menorah" title="Knesset Menorah">Knesset Menorah</a></figcaption></figure> Selected battles between the Maccabees and the Seleucid Syrian-Greeks: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_with_Apollonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle with Apollonius">Battle with Apollonius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(166_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Beth Horon (166 BCE)">Battle with Seron</a>: <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> defeats two smaller Seleucid detachments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Battle of Emmaus</a>: Judas Maccabeus performs a daring night march to make a surprise attack on the Seleucid camp while the Seleucid forces are split.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Battle of Beth Zur</a>: Judas Maccabeus defeats the army of <a href="/wiki/Lysias_(Syrian_chancellor)" title="Lysias (Syrian chancellor)">Lysias</a>, and captures Jerusalem soon after. Lysias relents and repeals Antiochus IV's anti-Jewish decrees.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Battle of Beth Zechariah</a>: The Seleucids defeat the Maccabees. <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar Avaran</a>, another of Mattathias's sons, is killed in battle by a war elephant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Battle of Adasa</a>: Judas defeats the forces of Nicanor after killing him early in the battle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Battle of Elasa</a>: Judas dies in battle against the army of <a href="/wiki/Bacchides_(general)" title="Bacchides (general)">Bacchides</a>. He is succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a>, and eventually their other brother <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a>, as leader of the rebellion. The Seleucids re-establish control of the cities for 8 years, but eventually make deals with the Maccabees and appoint their leaders as official Seleucid governors and generals in a vassal-like status before eventual independence.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characters_and_heroes">Characters and heroes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Characters and heroes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg/170px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg/255px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg/340px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Triumph of <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>, 1634–1636</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Matityahu the Priest</a>, also referred to as Mattathias and Mattathias ben Johanan. Matityahu was a Jewish priest who, together with his five sons, played a central role in the story of Hanukkah.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judah the Maccabee</a>, also referred to as Judas Maccabeus and Y'hudhah HaMakabi. Judah was the eldest son of Matityahu and is acclaimed as one of the greatest warriors in Jewish history alongside <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar the Maccabee</a>, also referred to as Eleazar Avaran, Eleazar Maccabeus and Eleazar Hachorani/Choran.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon the Maccabee</a>, also referred to as Simon Maccabeus and Simon Thassi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaddi" title="John Gaddi">Johanan the Maccabee</a>, also referred to as Johanan Maccabeus and John Gaddi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan the Maccabee</a>, also referred to as Jonathan Apphus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>. Seleucid king controlling the region during this period.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a>. Acclaimed for her heroism in the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Holofernes" title="Holofernes">Holofernes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-women-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Hannah and her seven sons</a>. Arrested, tortured and killed one by one, by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> for refusing to bow to an idol.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rituals">Rituals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rituals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_pull_strings_at_Center_to_retell_story_of_Hanukah,_circa_1940_(4182471822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Children_pull_strings_at_Center_to_retell_story_of_Hanukah%2C_circa_1940_%284182471822%29.jpg/220px-Children_pull_strings_at_Center_to_retell_story_of_Hanukah%2C_circa_1940_%284182471822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Children_pull_strings_at_Center_to_retell_story_of_Hanukah%2C_circa_1940_%284182471822%29.jpg/330px-Children_pull_strings_at_Center_to_retell_story_of_Hanukah%2C_circa_1940_%284182471822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Children_pull_strings_at_Center_to_retell_story_of_Hanukah%2C_circa_1940_%284182471822%29.jpg/440px-Children_pull_strings_at_Center_to_retell_story_of_Hanukah%2C_circa_1940_%284182471822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Children pull strings to tell story of Hanukah, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1940</figcaption></figure> Hanukkah is celebrated with a series of rituals that are performed every day throughout the eight-day holiday, some are family-based and others communal. There are special additions to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings#Hanukkah" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">daily prayer service</a>, and a section is added to the <a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">blessing after meals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Hanukkah is not a "Sabbath-like" holiday, and there is no obligation to refrain from <a href="/wiki/39_categories_of_activity_prohibited_on_Shabbat" class="mw-redirect" title="39 categories of activity prohibited on Shabbat">activities that are forbidden on the Sabbath</a>, as specified in the <a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Arukh">Shulkhan Arukh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChanukahLaws-82">[81]</a> Adherents go to work as usual but may leave early in order to be home to kindle the lights at nightfall. There is no religious reason for schools to be closed, although in Israel schools close from the second day for the whole week of Hanukkah.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Many families exchange gifts each night, such as books or games, and "Hanukkah Gelt" is often given to children. Fried foods—such as <a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">latkes</a> (potato pancakes), jelly doughnuts (<a href="/wiki/Sufganiyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufganiyot">sufganiyot</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bimuelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimuelos">bimuelos</a>—are eaten to commemorate the importance of oil during the celebration of Hanukkah. Some also have a custom of eating dairy products to remember <a href="/wiki/Judith" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith">Judith</a> and how she overcame <a href="/wiki/Holofernes" title="Holofernes">Holofernes</a> by feeding him cheese, which made him thirsty, and giving him wine to drink. When Holofernes became very drunk, Judith <a href="/wiki/Judith_beheading_Holofernes" title="Judith beheading Holofernes">cut off his head</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kindling_the_Hanukkah_lights">Kindling the Hanukkah lights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kindling the Hanukkah lights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">Menorah (Hanukkah)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">Miracle of the cruse of oil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_menorah_defies_the_Nazi_flag_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_menorah_defies_the_Nazi_flag_1931.jpg/220px-A_menorah_defies_the_Nazi_flag_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_menorah_defies_the_Nazi_flag_1931.jpg/330px-A_menorah_defies_the_Nazi_flag_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A_menorah_defies_the_Nazi_flag_1931.jpg/440px-A_menorah_defies_the_Nazi_flag_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Chanukah Menorah opposite Nazi building in Kiel, Germany, December 1931.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanukkah,_Brandenburg_Gate_(Berlin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hanukkah%2C_Brandenburg_Gate_%28Berlin%29.jpg/220px-Hanukkah%2C_Brandenburg_Gate_%28Berlin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hanukkah%2C_Brandenburg_Gate_%28Berlin%29.jpg/330px-Hanukkah%2C_Brandenburg_Gate_%28Berlin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hanukkah%2C_Brandenburg_Gate_%28Berlin%29.jpg/440px-Hanukkah%2C_Brandenburg_Gate_%28Berlin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Hanukkah festival at <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, December 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoukkia_Bruxelles_rondpoint_Schuman_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hanoukkia_Bruxelles_rondpoint_Schuman_2020.jpg/220px-Hanoukkia_Bruxelles_rondpoint_Schuman_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hanoukkia_Bruxelles_rondpoint_Schuman_2020.jpg/330px-Hanoukkia_Bruxelles_rondpoint_Schuman_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hanoukkia_Bruxelles_rondpoint_Schuman_2020.jpg/440px-Hanoukkia_Bruxelles_rondpoint_Schuman_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Public Hanukkiah lighting in Brussels next to the <a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont building</a>, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_146_Hanukka_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.Jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PikiWiki_Israel_146_Hanukka_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.Jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_146_Hanukka_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.Jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PikiWiki_Israel_146_Hanukka_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.Jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_146_Hanukka_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.Jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PikiWiki_Israel_146_Hanukka_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.Jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_146_Hanukka_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94.Jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Boy in front of a menorah</figcaption></figure> Each night throughout the eight-day holiday, a candle or oil-based light is lit. As a universally practiced "beautification" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bethelbalto.shulcloud.com/blog/hiddur-mitzvah-torah-breastplate-choshen#:~:text=Hiddur%20Mitzvah%20is%20the%20Jewish,textures%2C%20colors%2C%20and%20artistry.">hiddur mitzvah</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a>, the number of lights lit is increased by one each night.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> An extra light called a shammash, meaning "attendant" or "sexton",<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> is also lit each night, and is given a distinct location, usually higher, lower, or to the side of the others.<a href="#cite_note-ChanukahLaws-82">[81]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazic">Ashkenazim</a> the tendency is for every male member of the household (and in many families, girls as well) to light a full set of lights each night,<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> while among <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardim</a> the prevalent custom is to have one set of lights for the entire household.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The purpose of the shammash is to adhere to the prohibition, specified in the Talmud,<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> against using the Hanukkah lights for anything other than publicizing and meditating on the Hanukkah miracle. This differs from <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> candles which are meant to be used for illumination and lighting. Hence, if one were to need extra illumination on Hanukkah, the shammash candle would be available, and one would avoid using the prohibited lights. Some, especially Ashkenazim, light the shammash candle first and then use it to light the others.<a href="#cite_note-lonorw-92">[91]</a> So altogether, including the shammash, two lights are lit on the first night, three on the second and so on, ending with nine on the last night, for a total of 44 (36, excluding the shammash). It is Sephardic custom not to light the shammash first and use it to light the rest. Instead, the shammash candle is the last to be lit, and a different candle or a match is used to light all the candles. Some Hasidic Jews follow this Sephardic custom as well.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The lights can be candles or oil lamps.<a href="#cite_note-lonorw-92">[91]</a> Electric lights are sometimes used and are acceptable in places where open flame is not permitted, such as a hospital room, or for the very elderly and infirm; however, those who permit reciting a blessing over electric lamps only allow it if it is incandescent and battery operated (an incandescent flashlight would be acceptable for this purpose), while a blessing may not be recited over a plug-in menorah or lamp. Most Jewish homes have a special <a href="/wiki/Candelabrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Candelabrum">candelabrum</a> referred to as either a Hanukkah menorah (the traditional name, menorah being Hebrew for 'lamp') or a Chanukiah (the modern Israeli term). Some families use an oil lamp menorah (traditionally filled with olive oil) for Hanukkah; like the candle version, it has eight wicks to light plus the additional shammash light.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In the United States, Hanukkah became a more visible festival in the <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a> from the 1970s when Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_M._Schneerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem M. Schneerson">Menachem M. Schneerson</a> called for public awareness and observance of the festival and encouraged the lighting of <a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">public menorahs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The reason for the Hanukkah lights is not for the "lighting of the house within", but rather for the "illumination of the house without", so that passersby should see it and be reminded of the holiday's miracle (i.e. that the sole cruse of pure oil found which held enough oil to burn for one night actually burned for eight nights). Accordingly, lamps are set up at a prominent window or near the door leading to the street. It is customary amongst some <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> to have a separate menorah for each family member (customs vary), whereas most <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> light one for the whole household. Only when there was danger of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic persecution</a> were lamps supposed to be hidden from public view, as was the case in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-27">[26]</a> or in parts of Europe before and during World War II. However, most <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> groups light lamps near an inside doorway, not necessarily in public view. According to this tradition, the lamps are placed on the opposite side from the <a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">mezuzah</a>, so people passing through the door are surrounded by the holiness of <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a> (the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">commandments</a>).<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Generally, women are exempt in Jewish law from time-bound positive commandments, although the Talmud requires that women engage in the mitzvah of lighting Hanukkah candles "for they too were involved in the miracle."<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Some Jews in North America and Israel have taken up environmental concerns in relation to Hanukkah's "miracle of the oil", emphasizing reflection on <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_energy_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="North American energy independence">energy independence</a>. An example of this is the Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life's renewable energy campaign.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candle-lighting_time">Candle-lighting time</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Candle-lighting time">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bialahanukabp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bialahanukabp.JPG/170px-Bialahanukabp.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bialahanukabp.JPG/255px-Bialahanukabp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Bialahanukabp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biala_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Biala (Hasidic dynasty)">Biala</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebbe#The_Ḥasidic_Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a> lights the menorah</figcaption></figure> Hanukkah lights should usually burn for at least half an hour after it gets dark.<a href="#cite_note-ChabadHowTo-105">[104]</a> Many light at sundown, while most Hasidim and many other communities light later, generally around nightfall.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Many Hasidic <a href="/wiki/Rebbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebbes">Rebbes</a> light much later to fulfill the obligation of publicizing the miracle by the presence of their Hasidim when they kindle the lights.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Inexpensive small wax candles sold for Hanukkah burn for approximately half an hour so should be lit no earlier than nightfall.<a href="#cite_note-ChabadHowTo-105">[104]</a> Friday night presents a problem, however. Since candles may not be lit on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> itself, the candles must be lit before sunset.<a href="#cite_note-ChabadHowTo-105">[104]</a> However, they must remain lit through the lighting of the Shabbat candles. Therefore, the Hanukkah menorah is lit first with larger candles than usual,<a href="#cite_note-ChabadHowTo-105">[104]</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_candles" title="Shabbat candles">Shabbat candles</a>. At the end of the Shabbat, there are those who light the Hanukkah lights before <a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a> and those who make Havdalah before the lighting Hanukkah lights.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> If for whatever reason one didn't light at sunset or nightfall, the lights should be kindled later, as long as there are people in the streets.<a href="#cite_note-ChabadHowTo-105">[104]</a> Later than that, the lights should still be kindled, but the blessings should be recited only if there is at least somebody else awake in the house and present at the lighting of the Hannukah lights.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blessings_over_the_candles">Blessings over the candles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Blessings over the candles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings#Hanukkah" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">List of Jewish prayers and blessings § Hanukkah</a></div> Typically two blessings (brachot; singular: brachah) are recited during this eight-day festival when lighting the candles. On the first night only, the <a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">shehecheyanu</a> blessing is added, making a total of three blessings.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The first blessing is recited before the candles are lit, and while most recite the other blessing(s) beforehand as well, some have the custom to recite them after. On the first night of Hanukkah one light (candle or oil) is lit on the right side of the menorah, on the following night a second light is placed to the left of the first but it is lit first, and so on, proceeding from placing candles right to left but lighting them from left to right over the eight nights.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blessing_for_lighting_the_candles">Blessing for lighting the candles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Blessing for lighting the candles">edit</a>]</div> <div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה', אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם, אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו, וְצִוָּנוּ לְהַדְלִיק נֵר חֲנֻכָּה.<a href="#cite_note-Celebrate-112">[111]</a></div> Transliteration: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner Hanukkah. Translation: "Blessed are You, LORD our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to kindle the Hanukkah light[s]." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blessing_for_the_miracles_of_Hanukkah">Blessing for the miracles of Hanukkah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Blessing for the miracles of Hanukkah">edit</a>]</div> <div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה' אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁעָשָׂה נִסִּים לַאֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה.<a href="#cite_note-Celebrate-112">[111]</a></div> Transliteration: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, she'asa nisim la'avoteinu ba'yamim ha'heim ba'z'man ha'ze. Translation: "Blessed are You, LORD our God, King of the universe, Who performed miracles for our ancestors in those days at this time..." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hanerot_Halalu">Hanerot Halalu</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hanerot Halalu">edit</a>]</div> After the lights are kindled the hymn Hanerot Halalu is recited. There are several different versions; the version presented here is recited in many Ashkenazic communities:<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ashkenazi version: </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hebrew </th> <th scope="col">Transliteration </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td lang="he" dir="rtl">הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ שֶׁאָנוּ מַדְלִיקִין, עַל הַנִּסִּים וְעַל הַנִּפְלָאוֹת וְעַל הַתְּשׁוּעוֹת וְעַל הַמִּלְחָמוֹת, שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה, עַל יְדֵי כֹּהֲנֶיךָ הַקְּדוֹשִׁים. וְכָל שְׁמוֹנַת יְמֵי הַחֲנֻכָּה הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ קֹדֶשׁ הֵם וְאֵין לָנוּ רְשׁוּת לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶם, אֶלָּא לִרְאוֹתָם בִּלְבָד, כְּדֵי לְהוֹדוֹת וּלְהַלֵּל לְשִׁמְךָ הַגָּדוֹל עַל נִסֶּיךָ וְעַל נִפְלְאוֹתֶיךָ וְעַל יְשׁוּעָתֶךָ. </td> <td lang="he-Latn" style="font-style:italic;">Hanneirot hallalu anu madlikin 'al hannissim ve'al hanniflaot 'al hatteshu'ot ve'al hammilchamot she'asita laavoteinu bayyamim haheim, (u)bazzeman hazeh 'al yedei kohanekha hakkedoshim. Vekhol-shemonat yemei Hanukkah hanneirot hallalu kodesh heim, ve-ein lanu reshut lehishtammesh baheim ella lir'otam bilvad kedei lehodot ul'halleil leshimcha haggadol 'al nissekha ve'al nifleotekha ve'al yeshu'otekha. </td> <td>We kindle these lights for the miracles and the wonders, for the redemption and the battles that you made for our forefathers, in those days at this season, through your <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">holy priests</a>. During all eight days of Hanukkah these lights are <a href="/wiki/Q-D-%C5%A0" title="Q-D-Š">sacred</a>, and we are not permitted to make ordinary use of them except for to look at them in order to express thanks and praise to Your great Name for Your miracles, Your wonders and Your salvations. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maoz_Tzur">Maoz Tzur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Maoz Tzur">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a></div> In the Ashkenazi tradition, each night after the lighting of the candles, the hymn <a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a> is sung. The song contains six stanzas. The first and last deal with general themes of divine salvation, and the middle four deal with events of persecution in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>, praising God for survival despite these tragedies (<a href="/wiki/The_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="The exodus">the exodus</a> from Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, the miracle of the holiday of <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> victory) and expressing a longing for the days when Judea will finally triumph over <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The song was composed in the thirteenth century by a poet only known through the acrostic found in the first letters of the original five stanzas of the song: Mordechai. The familiar tune is most probably a derivation of a German Protestant church hymn or a popular folk song.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_customs">Other customs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other customs">edit</a>]</div> After lighting the candles and Ma'oz Tzur, singing other Hanukkah songs is customary in many Jewish homes. Some <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a> Jews recite <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>, such as Psalm 30, Psalm 67, and Psalm 91. In North America and in Israel it is common to exchange presents or give children presents at this time. In addition, many families encourage their children to give <a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">tzedakah</a> (charity) in lieu of presents for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_additions_to_daily_prayers">Special additions to daily prayers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Special additions to daily prayers">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "We thank You also for the miraculous deeds and for the redemption and for the mighty deeds and the saving acts wrought by You, as well as for the wars which You waged for our ancestors in ancient days at this season. In the days of the Hasmonean Mattathias, son of Johanan the high priest, and his sons, when the iniquitous Greco-Syrian kingdom rose up against Your people Israel, to make them forget Your Torah and to turn them away from the ordinances of Your will, then You in your abundant mercy rose up for them in the time of their trouble, pled their cause, executed judgment, avenged their wrong, and delivered the strong into the hands of the weak, the many into the hands of few, the impure into the hands of the pure, the wicked into the hands of the righteous, and insolent ones into the hands of those occupied with Your Torah. Both unto Yourself did you make a great and holy name in Thy world, and unto Your people did You achieve a great deliverance and redemption. Whereupon your children entered the sanctuary of Your house, cleansed Your temple, purified Your sanctuary, kindled lights in Your holy courts, and appointed these eight days of Hanukkah in order to give thanks and praises unto Your holy name." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Translation of Al ha-Nissim<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></cite></div> </div> An addition is made to the "hoda'ah" (thanksgiving) benediction in the <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a> (thrice-daily prayers), called <a href="/wiki/Al_HaNissim" title="Al HaNissim">Al HaNissim</a> ("On/about the Miracles").<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> This addition refers to the victory achieved over the Syrians by the Hasmonean Mattathias and his sons.<a href="#cite_note-ou.org-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-27">[26]</a> The same prayer is added to the grace after meals. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a> (praise) Psalms<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> are sung during each morning service and the <a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a> penitential prayers are omitted.<a href="#cite_note-ou.org-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The Torah is read every day in the <a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">shacharit</a> morning services in <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, on the first day beginning from Numbers 6:22 (according to some customs, Numbers 7:1), and the last day ending with Numbers 8:4. Since Hanukkah lasts eight days it includes at least one, and sometimes two, <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Jewish Sabbaths</a> (Saturdays). The weekly <a href="/wiki/Parsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsha">Torah portion</a> for the first Sabbath is almost always <a href="/wiki/Miketz" title="Miketz">Miketz</a>, telling of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Hebrew_Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (Hebrew Bible)">Joseph</a>'s dream and his enslavement in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarah</a> reading for the first Sabbath Hanukkah is Zechariah 2:14 – Zechariah 4:7. When there is a second Sabbath on Hanukkah, the Haftarah reading is from 1 Kings 7:40–50. The Hanukkah menorah is also kindled daily in the synagogue, at night with the blessings and in the morning without the blessings.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The menorah is not lit during Shabbat, but rather prior to the beginning of Shabbat as described above and not at all during the day. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> "<a href="/wiki/Megillat_Antiochus" title="Megillat Antiochus">Megillat Antiochus</a>" was read in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_rite_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian rite Jews">Italian</a> synagogues on Hanukkah just as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> is read on <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>. It still forms part of the liturgy of the <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pvgsyw-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zot_Hanukkah:_Hanukkah_as_the_end_of_the_High_Holy_Days">Zot Hanukkah: Hanukkah as the end of the High Holy Days</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Zot Hanukkah: Hanukkah as the end of the High Holy Days">edit</a>]</div> The last day of Hanukkah is known by some as Zot Hanukkah and by others as Chanukat HaMizbeach, from the verse read on this day in the synagogue Numbers 7:84, Zot Hanukkat Hamizbe'ach: "This was the dedication of the altar". According to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a>, this day is the final "seal" of the High Holiday season of <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> and is considered a time to repent out of love for God. In this spirit, many Hasidic Jews wish each other Gmar chatimah tovah ("may you be sealed totally for good"), a traditional greeting for the Yom Kippur season. It is taught in Hasidic and Kabbalistic literature that this day is particularly auspicious for the fulfillment of prayers.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> scholars teach that the Hanukkah is in fact the final conclusion of God's judgment extending <a href="/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">High Holy Days</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashana" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh Hashana">Rosh Hashana</a> when humanity is judged and <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> when the judgment is sealed: <dl><dd>Hassidic masters quote from Kabbalistic sources that the God's mercy extends even further, giving the Children of Israel till the final day of Chanukah (known as "Zot Chanukah" based on words which appear in the Torah reading of that day), to return to Him and receive a favorable judgment. They see several hints to this in different verses. One is Isaiah 27:9: "Through this (zot) will Jacob's sin be forgiven" – i.e., on account of the holiness of Zot Chanukah.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_related_laws_and_customs">Other related laws and customs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other related laws and customs">edit</a>]</div> It is customary for women not to work for at least the first half-hour of the candles' burning, and some have the custom not to work for the entire time of burning. It is also forbidden to fast or to eulogize during Hanukkah.<a href="#cite_note-ChanukahLaws-82">[81]</a> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs">Customs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Customs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Hanukkah music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_hanukkah_songs_maoz_tzur_yeshuati.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_hanukkah_songs_maoz_tzur_yeshuati.pdf/page1-170px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_hanukkah_songs_maoz_tzur_yeshuati.pdf/page1-255px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_hanukkah_songs_maoz_tzur_yeshuati.pdf/page1-340px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radomsk" title="Radomsk">Radomsk</a> Hasidic <a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a>.</figcaption></figure> Hanukkah songs (in Hebrew except where indicated) include "<a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a>" (Rock of Ages), "Latke'le Latke'le" (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>: "Little <a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a>, Little Latke"), "Hanukkiah Li Yesh" ("I Have a Hanukkah Menorah"), "<a href="/wiki/Ocho_Kandelikas" title="Ocho Kandelikas">Ocho Kandelikas</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a>: "Eight Little Candles"), "Kad Katan" ("A Small Jug"), "S'vivon Sov Sov Sov" ("Dreidel, Spin and Spin"), "Haneirot Halolu" ("These Candles Which We Light"), "Mi Yimalel" ("Who Can Retell") and "Ner Li, Ner Li" ("I have a Candle"). Among the best known songs in English-speaking countries are "<a href="/wiki/Dreidel,_Dreidel,_Dreidel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreidel, Dreidel, Dreidel">Dreidel, Dreidel, Dreidel</a>"<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Oh_Chanukah" title="Oh Chanukah">Oh Chanukah</a>".<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Nadvorna_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Nadvorna (Hasidic dynasty)">Nadvorna</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic">Hasidic</a> dynasty, it is customary for the rebbes to play violin after the menorah is lit.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Penina_Moise" class="mw-redirect" title="Penina Moise">Penina Moise</a>'s Hannukah Hymn published in the 1842 Hymns Written for the Use of Hebrew Congregations was instrumental in the beginning of Americanization of Hanukkah.<a href="#cite_note-Ashton-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foods">Foods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Foods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG/220px-Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG/330px-Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG/440px-Classic_Hanukkah_sufganiyot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufganiyot">Sufganiyot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">doughnuts</a> filled with strawberry jelly</figcaption></figure> There is a custom of eating foods fried or baked in oil (preferably <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>) to commemorate the miracle of a small flask of oil keeping the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah</a> alight for eight days.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Traditional foods include <a href="/wiki/Potato_pancake" title="Potato pancake">potato pancakes</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">latkes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>, especially among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> families. Sephardi, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Poland">Polish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli</a> families eat jam-filled <a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">doughnuts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: פּאָנטשקעס <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pontshkes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Buñuelos">bimuelos</a> (fritters) and <a href="/wiki/Sufganiyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufganiyot">sufganiyot</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">deep-fried</a> in oil. <a href="/wiki/Italkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Italkim">Italkim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Jews">Hungarian Jews</a> traditionally eat cheese pancakes known as "cassola" or "<a href="/wiki/Cheese_latkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese latkes">cheese latkes</a>".<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Latkes are not popular in Israel, having been largely replaced by sufganiyot due to local economic factors, convenience and the influence of trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Bakeries in Israel have popularized many new types of fillings for sufganiyot besides the traditional strawberry jelly filling, including chocolate cream, vanilla cream, caramel, cappuccino and others.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> In recent years, downsized, "mini" sufganiyot containing half the calories of the regular, 400-to-600-calorie version, have become popular.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LatkeFry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/LatkeFry.JPG/220px-LatkeFry.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/LatkeFry.JPG/330px-LatkeFry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/LatkeFry.JPG/440px-LatkeFry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1483" /></a><figcaption>Potato <a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">latke</a> frying in hot <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>.</figcaption></figure> Rabbinic literature also records a tradition of eating cheese and other dairy products during Hanukkah.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> This custom, as mentioned above, commemorates the heroism of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a> during the Babylonian captivity of the Jews and reminds us that women also played an important role in the events of Hanukkah.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</a> book of Judith (Yehudit or Yehudis in Hebrew), which is not part of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, records that <a href="/wiki/Holofernes" title="Holofernes">Holofernes</a>, an Assyrian general, had surrounded the village of Bethulia as part of his campaign to conquer Judea. After intense fighting, the water supply of the Jews was cut off and the situation became desperate. Judith, a pious widow, told the city leaders that she had a plan to save the city. Judith went to the Assyrian camps and pretended to surrender. She met Holofernes, who was smitten by her beauty. She went back to his tent with him, where she plied him with cheese and wine. When he fell into a drunken sleep, Judith beheaded him and escaped from the camp, taking the severed head with her (the <a href="/wiki/Judith_Beheading_Holofernes" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith Beheading Holofernes">beheading of Holofernes by Judith</a> has historically been a popular theme in art). When Holofernes' soldiers found his corpse, they were overcome with fear; the Jews, on the other hand, were emboldened and launched a successful counterattack. The town was saved, and the Assyrians defeated.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a> has historically been a traditional Hanukkah food among Eastern European and American Jews, although the custom has declined in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Jews">Indian Jews</a> traditionally consume <a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">gulab jamun</a>, fried dough balls soaked in a sweet syrup, similar to <a href="/wiki/Teiglach" title="Teiglach">teiglach</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bimuelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimuelos">bimuelos</a>, as part of their Hanukkah celebrations. <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a> eat fried chicken, cassola (a ricotta cheese latke almost similar to a cheesecake), and fritelle de riso par Hanukkah (a fried sweet rice pancake). <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Jews">Romanian Jews</a> eat <a href="/wiki/Pasta_latke" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasta latke">pasta latkes</a> as a traditional Hanukkah dish. <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian Jews</a> consume <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kibbet_Yatkeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kibbet Yatkeen (page does not exist)">Kibbet Yatkeen</a>, a dish made with pumpkin and bulgur wheat similar to <a href="/wiki/Latkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Latkes">latkes</a>, as well as their own version of <a href="/wiki/Keftes_de_prasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Keftes de prasa">keftes de prasa</a> spiced with allspice and cinnamon.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dreidel">Dreidel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Dreidel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">Dreidel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorful_dreidels2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Colorful_dreidels2.JPG/220px-Colorful_dreidels2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Colorful_dreidels2.JPG/330px-Colorful_dreidels2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Colorful_dreidels2.JPG/440px-Colorful_dreidels2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">Dreidels</a> in a Jerusalem market</figcaption></figure> After lighting the candles, it is customary to play (or spin) the <a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">dreidel</a>. The dreidel, or sevivon in Hebrew, is a four-sided spinning top that children play with during Hanukkah. Each side is imprinted with a Hebrew letter which is an abbreviation for the Hebrew words נס גדול היה שם (Nes Gadol Haya Sham, "A great miracle happened there"), referring to the miracle of the oil that took place in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Beit Hamikdash</a>. The fourth side of some dreidels sold in Israel are inscribed with the letter פ (<a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pe</a>), rendering the acronym נס גדול היה פה (Nes Gadol Haya Po, "A great miracle happened here"), referring to the fact that the miracle occurred in the land of Israel, although this is a relatively recent[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] innovation. Stores in <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> neighborhoods sell the traditional Shin dreidels as well, because they understand "there" to refer to the Temple and not the entire Land of Israel, and because the Hasidic Masters ascribe significance to the traditional letters.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanukkah_gelt">Hanukkah gelt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hanukkah gelt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Hanukkah gelt</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg/220px-Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg/330px-Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg/440px-Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Chocolate gelt</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chanukkah_gelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanukkah gelt">Chanukkah gelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> for "Chanukkah money"), known in Israel by the Hebrew translation <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: דְּמֵי חֲנֻכָּה, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: dmei Hanukkah, is often distributed to children during the festival of Hanukkah. The giving of Hanukkah gelt also adds to the holiday excitement. The amount is usually in small coins, although grandparents or relatives may give larger sums. The tradition of giving Chanukah gelt dates back to a long-standing East European custom of children presenting their teachers with a small sum of money at this time of year as a token of gratitude. One <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">minhag</a> favors the fifth night of Hanukkah for giving Hanukkah gelt.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Unlike the other nights of Hanukkah, the fifth does not ever fall on the Shabbat, hence never conflicting with the <a href="/wiki/Halachic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halachic">Halachic</a> injunction against handling money on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanukkah_in_the_White_House">Hanukkah in the White House</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hanukkah in the White House">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_House_Hanukkah_Party" title="White House Hanukkah Party">White House Hanukkah Party</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truman_receives_menorah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Truman_receives_menorah.jpg/220px-Truman_receives_menorah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Truman_receives_menorah.jpg/330px-Truman_receives_menorah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Truman_receives_menorah.jpg/440px-Truman_receives_menorah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a> (center) gives President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (left) a Hanukkah menorah as ambassador <a href="/wiki/Abba_Eban" title="Abba Eban">Abba Eban</a> watches in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest Hanukkah link with the White House occurred in 1951 when Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> presented United States President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> with a Hanukkah menorah. In 1979 President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> took part in the first public Hanukkah candle-lighting ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/National_Menorah" title="National Menorah">National Menorah</a> held across the White House lawn. In 1989, President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> displayed a menorah in the White House. In 1993, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> invited a group of schoolchildren to the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> for a small ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-96">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> has released several <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanukkah stamps">Hanukkah-themed</a> postage stamps. In 1996, the United States Postal Service (USPS) issued a 32 cent Hanukkah stamp as a <a href="/wiki/Joint_issue" title="Joint issue">joint issue</a> with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> In 2004, after eight years of reissuing the menorah design, the USPS issued a dreidel design for the Hanukkah stamp. The dreidel design was used through 2008. In 2009 a Hanukkah stamp was issued with a design featured a photograph of a menorah with nine lit candles.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> In 2008, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> held an official Hanukkah reception in the White House where he linked the occasion to the 1951 gift by using that menorah for the ceremony, with a grandson of Ben-Gurion and a grandson of Truman lighting the candles.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> In December 2014, two Hanukkah celebrations were held at the White House. The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> commissioned a menorah made by students at the Max Rayne school in Israel and invited two of its students to join U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> as they welcomed over 500 guests to the celebration. The students' school in Israel had been subjected to arson by extremists. President Obama said these "students teach us an important lesson for this time in our history. The light of hope must outlast the fires of hate. That's what the Hanukkah story teaches us. It's what our young people can teach us – that one act of faith can make a miracle, that love is stronger than hate, that peace can triumph over conflict."<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Angela_Warnick_Buchdahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela Warnick Buchdahl">Angela Warnick Buchdahl</a>, in leading prayers at the ceremony commented on the how special the scene was, asking the President if he believed America's founding fathers could possibly have pictured that a female Asian-American rabbi would one day be at the White House leading Jewish prayers in front of the African-American president.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates">Dates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_2000%E2%80%932050" title="Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050">Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050</a></div> The dates of Hanukkah are determined by the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>. Hanukkah begins at the 25th day of <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a> and concludes on the second or third day of <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a> (Kislev can have 29 or 30 days). The Jewish day begins at sunset. Hanukkah dates for recent and upcoming: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Sunset, 18 December 2022 – nightfall, 26 December 2022<a href="#cite_note-Hanukkah_dates-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Sunset, 7 December 2023 – nightfall, 15 December 2023</li> <li>Sunset, 25 December 2024 – nightfall, 2 January 2025</li> <li>Sunset, 14 December 2025 – nightfall, 22 December 2025</li> <li>Sunset, 4 December 2026 – nightfall, 12 December 2026</li> <li>Sunset, 24 December 2027 – nightfall, 1 January 2028</li> <li>Sunset, 12 December 2028 – nightfall, 20 December 2028</li> <li>Sunset, 1 December 2029 – nightfall, 9 December 2029</li></ul> </div> In 2013, on 28 November, the American holiday of <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> fell during Hanukkah for only the third time since Thanksgiving was declared a national holiday by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. The last time was 1899, and due to the nature of the Gregorian and Jewish calendars being slightly out of sync with each other, it will not happen again in the foreseeable future.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> This rare convergence prompted the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> <a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jpost-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolic_importance">Symbolic importance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Symbolic importance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Hannukah_021210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jerusalem_Hannukah_021210.jpg/170px-Jerusalem_Hannukah_021210.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jerusalem_Hannukah_021210.jpg/255px-Jerusalem_Hannukah_021210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jerusalem_Hannukah_021210.jpg/340px-Jerusalem_Hannukah_021210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Second night of Hannukah at Jerusalem's <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></figcaption></figure> Major Jewish holidays are those when all forms of work are forbidden, and that feature traditional holiday meals, kiddush, holiday candle-lighting, etc. Only biblical holidays fit these criteria, and Chanukah was instituted some two centuries after the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a> was completed. Nevertheless, though Chanukah is of rabbinic origin, it is traditionally celebrated in a major and very public fashion. The requirement to position the menorah, or Chanukiah, at the door or window, symbolizes the desire to give the Chanukah miracle a high-profile.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Moreover, Hallel (a set of Psalms expressing praise that is recited on significant Jewish holidays) is recited on all eight days of Hanukkah, which signifies Hanukkah's importance on the Jewish calendar. While not considered the most significant holiday, the recitation of Hallel on Hanukkah highlights its importance in Jewish tradition.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Some Jewish historians suggest a different explanation for the rabbinic reluctance to laud the militarism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] First, the rabbis wrote after Hasmonean leaders had led Judea into Rome's grip and so may not have wanted to offer the family much praise. Second, they clearly wanted to promote a sense of dependence on God, urging Jews to look toward the divine for protection. They likely feared inciting Jews to another revolt that might end in disaster, as the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kochba_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kochba revolt">Bar Kochba revolt</a> did.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionism">Zionism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Zionism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:256px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Hanukkah is an ancient holiday, but a modest one. The holiday of the Hasmoneans is new, yet it is full of spiritual exaltation and national joy. What was Hanukkah forty years ago? 'Al ha-nissim' and Hallel; a short reading in the synagogue; lighting the tiny, slender wax candles or oil lights; at home, levivot [latkes-potato pancakes], cards for the older children, and sevivonim [dreidels-spinning tops] for the little ones. But what is Hanukkah today? The holiday of the Hasmoneans. A holiday of salvation. A great national holiday, celebrated in all the countries of the Diaspora with dances and speeches, melody and song, outings and parades, as if a new soul has been breathed into the ancient holiday, another spirit renewed within it. One thing is clear: if those tiny, modest candles had been extinguished in Diaspora times, if our grandparents had not preserved the traditions of Hanukkah in the synagogue and at home . .., the holiday of the Hasmoneans could never have been created. There would have been nothing to change, nothing to renew. The new soul of our times would not have found a body in which to envelop itself." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Klausner" title="Joseph Klausner">Joseph Klausner</a>, 1938, in <a href="/wiki/Haim_Harari_(educator)" title="Haim Harari (educator)">Haim Harari</a>'s Sefer Hanukkah<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConforti2012159-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZionSpectre200013-161">[160]</a></cite></div> </div> The emergence of Jewish nationalism and the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries had a profound impact on the celebration and reinterpretation of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish holidays</a>. These developments resulted in increased emphasis on certain Jewish celebrations, of which Hanukkah and <a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu BiShvat</a> are prominent examples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConforti2012p._158-159,_"Jewish_nationalism_and_Zionism_breathed_new_life_into_the_Jewish_holidays._The_traditional_Jewish_calendar_is_full_of_holidays_and_days_of_commemoration,_which_served_as_a_basis_for_the_revival_of_modern_Jewish_nationalism._From_its_inception,_Zionism_made_broad_use_of_the_reserve_of_Jewish_memories_and_myths_from_biblical_times_and_from_the_Second_Temple_period._This_was_the_case_for_the_renewal_of_biblical_names_and_symbols_as_well_as_the_significance_of_national_holidays._Significant_examples_of_this_are_the_holidays_of_Hanukkah_and_Tu_bi-Shvat._These_two_holidays_were_initiated_relatively_late_in_history,_and_had_relatively_little_importance_in_the_religious_sense._But_beginning_with_the_Zionist_awakening_in_the_1880s,_these_holidays_took_on_central_meaning._In_the_1890s,_many_of_the_newly_founded_Zionist_organisations_adopted_the_names_'Hasmoneans_and_'Maccabees',_in_an_attempt_to_create_a_clear_connection_between_the_heroic_foundations_of_the_ancient_biblical_go" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConforti2012p._158-159,_"Jewish_nationalism_and_Zionism_breathed_new_life_into_the_Jewish_holidays._The_traditional_Jewish_calendar_is_full_of_holidays_and_days_of_commemoration,_which_served_as_a_basis_for_the_revival_of_modern_Jewish_nationalism._From_its_inception,_Zionism_made_broad_use_of_the_reserve_of_Jewish_memories_and_myths_from_biblical_times_and_from_the_Second_Temple_period._This_was_the_case_for_the_renewal_of_biblical_names_and_symbols_as_well_as_the_significance_of_national_holidays._Significant_examples_of_this_are_the_holidays_of_Hanukkah_and_Tu_bi-Shvat._These_two_holidays_were_initiated_relatively_late_in_history,_and_had_relatively_little_importance_in_the_religious_sense._But_beginning_with_the_Zionist_awakening_in_the_1880s,_these_holidays_took_on_central_meaning._In_the_1890s,_many_of_the_newly_founded_Zionist_organisations_adopted_the_names_'Hasmoneans_and_'Maccabees',_in_an_attempt_to_create_a_clear_connection_between_the_heroic_foundations_of_the_ancient_biblical_g">[161]</a> Hanukkah took on renewed meaning following the rise of Jewish nationalism as a <a href="/wiki/National_day" title="National day">nationalist holiday</a>, symbolizing the struggle of the Jewish people against foreign oppression and their desire for national re-creation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZionSpectre2000p._12,_"The_rabbinic_religious_tradition_-_in_so_far_as_it_recalled_the_Hasmoneans_at_all_-_emphasized_the_religious_miracle_in_their_battle_against_persecution_of_Judaism_and_the_desecration_of_the_Temple_(see_the_traditional_praver_"Al_Ha._Nissim")._However_the_Secular_Zionists_rejected_the_miracle_and_emphasized_the_earthly_realism_of_Hasmonean_heroism._Zionism_made_Hanukkah_a_nationalist_holidav._The_secularization_and_nationalization_of_religious_celebrations_focused_on_minor_religious_holidavs_and_reprioritized_their_significance._Lag_BaOmer_became_a_celebration_of_Bar_Kochba's_revolt_against_the_Roman_Empire_(132-135_CE):_Tu_B'Shvat_became_a_celebration_of_the_redemption_of_Eretz_Yisrael_through_reforestation._However._Hanukkah_was_the_main_site_of_national_re-creation._The_early_religious_Zionist_Rabbi_Shmuel_Mohi-lever_proposed_that_Hanukkah_be_the_official_holiday_of_the_proto-Zionist_organization_in_Russia_-_Hovevei_Zion_(1881)._This_minor_holiday_provided_neutral_gr" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZionSpectre2000p._12,_"The_rabbinic_religious_tradition_-_in_so_far_as_it_recalled_the_Hasmoneans_at_all_-_emphasized_the_religious_miracle_in_their_battle_against_persecution_of_Judaism_and_the_desecration_of_the_Temple_(see_the_traditional_praver_"Al_Ha._Nissim")._However_the_Secular_Zionists_rejected_the_miracle_and_emphasized_the_earthly_realism_of_Hasmonean_heroism._Zionism_made_Hanukkah_a_nationalist_holidav._The_secularization_and_nationalization_of_religious_celebrations_focused_on_minor_religious_holidavs_and_reprioritized_their_significance._Lag_BaOmer_became_a_celebration_of_Bar_Kochba's_revolt_against_the_Roman_Empire_(132-135_CE):_Tu_B'Shvat_became_a_celebration_of_the_redemption_of_Eretz_Yisrael_through_reforestation._However._Hanukkah_was_the_main_site_of_national_re-creation._The_early_religious_Zionist_Rabbi_Shmuel_Mohi-lever_proposed_that_Hanukkah_be_the_official_holiday_of_the_proto-Zionist_organization_in_Russia_-_Hovevei_Zion_(1881)._This_minor_holiday_provided_neutral_g">[162]</a> (although the struggle of Jews against foreign oppression has always been a core component of Hanukkah, as shown by the <a href="/wiki/Al_HaNissim" title="Al HaNissim">Al HaNissim</a>, which has been part of Jewish liturgy since at least 700 CE).<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Hanukkah served as a common ground where both religious and secular Zionists could unite around their nationalist agenda. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mohilever" title="Samuel Mohilever">Shmuel Mohilever</a>, an early religious Zionist, proposed making Hanukkah the official holiday of the proto-Zionist organization <a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_Zion" title="Lovers of Zion">Hovevei Zion</a> in Russia in 1881. Public celebrations of Hanukkah gained prominence in the early 20th century, with parades and public events becoming common. Schools in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandate Palestine</a> played an early role in promoting these celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConforti2012160ps:"Schools_in_the_Yishuv_as_well_as_adults_followed_the_tradition_of_visiting_the_tombs_of_the_Maccabees._Thus_beginning_in_this_period,_Hanukkah_was_given_a_renewed_interpretation_that_was_nationalist,_romantic,_and_activist,_as_opposed_to_the_traditional_interpretation._From_the_inception_of_Zionism_in_the_1880s_and_'90s,_Hanukkah_took_on_a_central_position_as_a_national_holiday._The_pioneers_of_the_First_Aliya_to_Palestine_(1882-1903),_as_well_as_members_of_the_Zionist_organisations_in_Europe,_raised_Hanukkah_to_the_level_of_a_national_holiday._Hanukkah_would_not_have_taken_its_central_place_in_the_national_calendar_without_the_close_cooperation_between_religious_and_secular_Zionists_from_the_beginning_of_Zionism_until_the_period_of_the_British_mandate_and_the_Jewish_settlement_(Yishuv)_in_Palestine_(Dotan_1988:38-43)._With_the_revival_of_Jewish_nationalism,_Hanukkah_took_on_a_new_character._It_was_celebrated_not_only_at_home,_but_in_public_as_well._In_the_1920s,_the_holida" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConforti2012160ps:"Schools_in_the_Yishuv_as_well_as_adults_followed_the_tradition_of_visiting_the_tombs_of_the_Maccabees._Thus_beginning_in_this_period,_Hanukkah_was_given_a_renewed_interpretation_that_was_nationalist,_romantic,_and_activist,_as_opposed_to_the_traditional_interpretation._From_the_inception_of_Zionism_in_the_1880s_and_'90s,_Hanukkah_took_on_a_central_position_as_a_national_holiday._The_pioneers_of_the_First_Aliya_to_Palestine_(1882-1903),_as_well_as_members_of_the_Zionist_organisations_in_Europe,_raised_Hanukkah_to_the_level_of_a_national_holiday._Hanukkah_would_not_have_taken_its_central_place_in_the_national_calendar_without_the_close_cooperation_between_religious_and_secular_Zionists_from_the_beginning_of_Zionism_until_the_period_of_the_British_mandate_and_the_Jewish_settlement_(Yishuv)_in_Palestine_(Dotan_1988:38-43)._With_the_revival_of_Jewish_nationalism,_Hanukkah_took_on_a_new_character._It_was_celebrated_not_only_at_home,_but_in_public_as_well._In_the_1920s,_the_holid">[164]</a> With the advent of Zionism and the state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the themes of militarism were reconsidered. In modern Israel, the national and military aspects of Hanukkah became, once again, more dominant.<a href="#cite_note-Haberman2014-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berkowitz2004-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_Menorah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carter_Menorah.jpg/170px-Carter_Menorah.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carter_Menorah.jpg/255px-Carter_Menorah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Carter_Menorah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> attends Menorah Lighting, <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Park" title="President's Park">Lafayette Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, 1979</figcaption></figure> In North America, Hanukkah in the 21st century has taken a place equal to <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> as a symbol of Jewish identity. Both the Israeli and North American versions of Hanukkah emphasize resistance, focusing on some combination of <a href="/wiki/National_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="National liberation">national liberation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> as the defining meaning of the holiday.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChristmasEffect-9">[8]</a> Diane Ashton attributed the increased visibility and reinvention of Hanukkah by some of the American Jewish community as a way to adapt to American life, re-inventing the festival in "the language of individualism and personal conscience derived from both Protestantism and the Enlightenment".<a href="#cite_note-Ashton-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_Christmas">Relationship to Christmas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Relationship to Christmas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></div> In North America, Hanukkah became increasingly important to many Jewish individuals and families during the latter part of the 20th century, including a large number of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">secular Jews</a>, who wanted to celebrate a Jewish alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> celebrations which frequently overlap with Hanukkah.<a href="#cite_note-ChristmasResponse-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Diane Ashton argues that Jewish immigrants to America raised the profile of Hanukkah as a kid-centered alternative to Christmas as early as the 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[170]</a> This in parts mirrors the ascendancy of Christmas, which like Hanukkah increased in importance in the 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-federalholidays-172">[171]</a> During this time period, Jewish leaders (especially <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a>) such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Lilienthal" title="Max Lilienthal">Max Lilienthal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Mayer_Wise" title="Isaac Mayer Wise">Isaac Mayer Wise</a> made an effort to rebrand Hanukkah and started creating Hanukkah celebration for kids at their synagogues, which included candy and singing songs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> By the 1900s, it started to become a commercial holiday like Christmas, with Hanukkah gifts and decorations appearing in stores and Jewish Women's magazines printing articles on holiday decorations, children's celebrations, and gift giving.<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[170]</a> Ashton says that Jewish families did this in order to maintain a Jewish identity which is distinct from mainline Christian culture, on the other hand, the mirroring of Hanukkah and Christmas made Jewish families and kids feel that they were American.<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[170]</a> Though it was traditional for <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> to give "gelt" or money to children during Hanukkah, in many families, this tradition has been supplemented with the giving of other gifts so that Jewish children can enjoy receiving gifts just like their Christmas-celebrating peers do.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Children play a big role in Hanukkah, and Jewish families with children are more likely to celebrate it than childless Jewish families, and sociologists hypothesize that this is because Jewish parents do not want their kids to be alienated from their non-Jewish peers who celebrate Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-ChristmasResponse-169">[168]</a> Recent celebrations have also seen the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_bush" title="Hanukkah bush">Hanukkah bush</a>, which is considered a Jewish counterpart to the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a>. Today, the presence of Hanukkah bushes is generally discouraged by most <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_Kwanzaa">Relationship to Kwanzaa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Relationship to Kwanzaa">edit</a>]</div> In December 2022, New York City Mayor <a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a>, Reverends <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Tillard" title="Conrad Tillard">Conrad Tillard</a>, businessman <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Smith_(investor)" title="Robert F. Smith (investor)">Robert F. Smith</a>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shmuley_Boteach" title="Shmuley Boteach">Shmuley Boteach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Wiesel" title="Elisha Wiesel">Elisha Wiesel</a> joined to celebrate Hanukkah and <a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a> together, and combat racism and antisemitism, at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autoaaa-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto11a-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto13a-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">Miracle of the cruse of oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_greetings#Holidays" title="Jewish greetings">Jewish greetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Usually spelled <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חֲנוּכָּה‎, pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[χanuˈka]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈχanukə]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈχanikə]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>; a transliteration also <a href="/wiki/Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized">romanized</a> as Chanukah, Ḥanukah, Chanuka, Chanukkah, Hanuka, and other forms<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hanukkah_dates-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanukkah_dates_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanukkah_dates_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanukkah_dates_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanukkah_dates_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanukkah_dates_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebcal.com/holidays/chanukah">"Dates for Hanukkah"</a>. Hebcal.com by Danny Sadinoff and Michael J. Radwin (CC-BY-3.0). Retrieved 26 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dates+for+Hanukkah&rft.pub=Hebcal.com+by+Danny+Sadinoff+and+Michael+J.+Radwin+%28CC-BY-3.0%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebcal.com%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Jason (21 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/how-do-you-spell-hanukkah/">"How Do You Spell Hanukkah?"</a>. The New York Jewish Week. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525135604/https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/how-do-you-spell-hanukkah/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=How+Do+You+Spell+Hanukkah%3F&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishweek.timesofisrael.com%2Fhow-do-you-spell-hanukkah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/102911/jewish/What-Is-Hanukkah.htm">"What Is Hanukkah?"</a>. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. <q>In the second century BCE, the Holy Land was ruled by the Seleucids (Syrian-Greeks), who tried to force the people of Israel to accept <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a> and beliefs instead of <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> observance and belief in G‑d. Against all odds, a small band of faithful but poorly armed Jews, led by Judah the Maccabee, defeated one of the mightiest armies on earth, drove the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> from the land, reclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and rededicated it to the service of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">G‑d.</a> ... To commemorate and publicize these miracles, the sages instituted the festival of Hanukkah.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Hanukkah%3F&rft.pub=Chabad-Lubavitch+Media+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F102911%2Fjewish%2FWhat-Is-Hanukkah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Maccabees#Chapter_10">Bible_(King_James)/2_Maccabees#Chapter_10 </a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible_%28King_James%29%2F2_Maccabees%23Chapter_10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/05-12-01/">"01. 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Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chabad.org&rft.atitle=How+to+Light+the+Menorah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F103868%2Fjewish%2FHow-to-Light-the-Menorah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006034939/http://joi.org/bloglinks/JTA%20NEWS%20Chanuka%20Chabad.htm">"JTA NEWS"</a>. Joi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joi.org/bloglinks/JTA%20NEWS%20Chanuka%20Chabad.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joi.org&rft.atitle=JTA+NEWS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoi.org%2Fbloglinks%2FJTA%2520NEWS%2520Chanuka%2520Chabad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristmasEffect-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChristmasEffect_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChristmasEffect_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyer2011" class="citation news cs1">Moyer, Justin (22 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-christmas-effect-how-hanukkah-became-a-big-holiday/2011/12/20/gIQAt944BP_story.html">"The Christmas effect: How Hanukkah became a big holiday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Christmas+effect%3A+How+Hanukkah+became+a+big+holiday&rft.date=2011-12-22&rft.aulast=Moyer&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fthe-christmas-effect-how-hanukkah-became-a-big-holiday%2F2011%2F12%2F20%2FgIQAt944BP_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226134101/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/judaism/hanukkah.shtml">"Hanukkah"</a>. bbc.co.uk. 17 December 2014. 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Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beingjewishspiri00gold/page/141">141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82389-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82389-8"><bdi>978-0-684-82389-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Jewish%3A+The+Spiritual+and+Cultural+Practice+of+Judaism+Today&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82389-8&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Ari+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeingjewishspiri00gold%2Fpage%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherman2005" class="citation web cs1">Scherman, Nosson (23 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torah.org/interest/originchanukah/">"Origin of the Name Chanukah"</a>. Torah.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121207031405/http://www.torah.org/features/holydays/originchanukah.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+Name+Chanukah&rft.pub=Torah.org&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft.aulast=Scherman&rft.aufirst=Nosson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorah.org%2Finterest%2Foriginchanukah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nissim_of_Gerona" title="Nissim of Gerona">Ran</a> Shabbat 9b (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=14314&pgnum=542">"Hebrew text"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrew+text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D14314%26pgnum%3D542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org/holidays/chanukah/laws/">"The Lights of Chanukah: Laws and Customs"</a>. Orthodox Union. 9 April 2014. 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Chanukah? Hannukah?"</a>. Time.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Is+There+a+Right+Way+to+Spell+Hanukkah%3F+Chanukah%3F+Hannukah%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3636698%2Fright-spelling-hanukkah-chanukah-hannukah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hanukkah">"Definition of HANUKKAH"</a>. www.merriam-webster.com. 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+HANUKKAH&rft.date=2023-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FHanukkah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowney2012" class="citation news cs1">Powney, Harriet (7 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/mind-your-language/2012/dec/07/hanukah-chanukah-chutzpah-embrace-yiddish">"Hanukah or Chanukah? Have the chutzpah to embrace Yiddish"</a>. the Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hanukah+or+Chanukah%3F+Have+the+chutzpah+to+embrace+Yiddish&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.aulast=Powney&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Fmind-your-language%2F2012%2Fdec%2F07%2Fhanukah-chanukah-chutzpah-embrace-yiddish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Its use in transliteration of Hebrew into English is based on influences of Yiddish and German, particularly since transliteration into German tended to be earlier than transliteration into English. 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Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=How+Do+You+Spell+Hanukkah%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fhow-do-you-spell-hanukkah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdimap2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">dimap (17 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrew-academy.org.il/2019/12/17/אורים-ואורות/"><bdi lang="he">אורים ואורות</bdi></a>. האקדמיה ללשון העברית (in Hebrew). Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA&rft.atitle=%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.au=dimap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.org.il%2F2019%2F12%2F17%2F%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStergiou" class="citation web cs1">Stergiou, Fr. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxchristian.info/pages/old_testament.html">"The Old Testament in the Orthodox Church"</a>. OrthodoxChristian.info. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OrthodoxChristian.info&rft.atitle=The+Old+Testament+in+the+Orthodox+Church&rft.aulast=Stergiou&rft.aufirst=Fr.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxchristian.info%2Fpages%2Fold_testament.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Maccabees+4:36–59&version=nrsvce">1 Maccabees 4:36–4:59</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Maccabees+1:18–36&version=nrsvce">2 Maccabees 1:18–1:36</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia_27-3">d</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kaufmann, Kohler (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7233-hanukkah">"Ḥanukkah"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4anukkah&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Kohler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F7233-hanukkah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Maccabees+1:9&version=nrsvce">2 Maccabees 1:9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Maccabees+10:6&version=nrsvce">2 Maccabees 10:6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Megillat_Taanit%2C_Kislev.7?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Megillat Taanit, Kislev 7"</a>. www.sefaria.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Megillat+Taanit%2C+Kislev+7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMegillat_Taanit%252C_Kislev.7%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bikkurim.1.6?lang=he">Bikkurim 1:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Rosh_Hashanah.1.3?lang=he">Rosh HaShanah 1:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Taanit.2.10">Taanit 2:10</a>, Megillah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Megillah.3.4">3:4</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Megillah.3.4">3:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Moed_Katan.3.9">Moed Katan 3:9</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Bava_Kamma.6.6?">Bava Kama 6:6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> In his Hakdamah Le'mafteach Hatalmud </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Yesod Hamishna Va'arichatah pp. 25–28 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=20976&pgnum=24">"Hebrew text"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrew+text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D20976%26pgnum%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolanksy2011" class="citation news cs1">Dolanksy, Shawna (23 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shawna-dolansky/the-truth-about-hanukah_b_1165708.html">"The Truth(s) About Hanukkah"</a>. Huffington Post. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Truth%28s%29+About+Hanukkah&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft.aulast=Dolanksy&rft.aufirst=Shawna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fshawna-dolansky%2Fthe-truth-about-hanukah_b_1165708.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Shabbat.21b.10?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Shabbat 21b"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shabbat+21b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org.il%2FShabbat.21b.10%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Shabbat.21b">"Babylonian Talmud: Shabbath 21b"</a>. sefaria.org. <a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Babylonian+Talmud%3A+Shabbath+21b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShabbat.21b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Sukkah.46a.8?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=bi">"Sukkah 46a:8"</a>. www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Sukkah+46a%3A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSukkah.46a.8%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvieli" class="citation web cs1">Zvieli, Benjamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/miketz/zev.html">"The Scroll of Antiochus"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scroll+of+Antiochus&rft.aulast=Zvieli&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biu.ac.il%2FJH%2FParasha%2Feng%2Fmiketz%2Fzev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashiri1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Yihye_Bashiri" title="Yihye Bashiri">Bashiri, Y.</a> (1964). "מגלת בני חשמונאי". In Yosef Ḥubara (ed.). Sefer Ha-Tiklāl (Tiklāl Qadmonim) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yosef Ḥubara. pp. 75b–79b (Megillat Benei Ḥashmunai). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/122703118">122703118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%AA+%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99&rft.btitle=Sefer+Ha-Tikl%C4%81l+%28Tikl%C4%81l+Qadmonim%29&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=75b-79b+%28Megillat+Benei+%E1%B8%A4ashmunai%29&rft.pub=Yosef+%E1%B8%A4ubara&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F122703118&rft.aulast=Bashiri&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> (penned in the handwriting of Shalom b. Yihye Qoraḥ, and copied from "Tiklal Bashiri" which was written in 1618 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>). Original Aramaic text:<div lang="arc" dir="rtl">בָּתַר דְּנָּא עָלוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְבֵית מַקְדְּשָׁא וּבְנוֹ תַּרְעַיָּא וְדַכִּיאוּ בֵּית מַקְדְּשָׁא מִן קְטִילַיָּא וּמִן סְאוֹבֲתָא. וּבעוֹ מִשְׁחָא דְּזֵיתָא דָּכְיָא לְאַדְלָקָא בּוֹצִנַיָּא וְלָא אַשְׁכַּחוּ אֵלָא צְלוֹחִית חֲדָא דַּהֲוָת חֲתִימָא בְּעִזְקָת כָּהֲנָא רַבָּא מִיּוֹמֵי שְׁמוּאֵל נְבִיָּא וִיַדְעוּ דְּהִיא דָּכְיָא. בְּאַדְלָקוּת יוֹמָא חֲדָא הֲוָה בַּהּ וַאֲלָה שְׁמַיָּא דִּי שַׁכֵין שְׁמֵיהּ תַּמָּן יְהַב בַּהּ בִּרְכְּתָא וְאַדְלִיקוּ מִנַּהּ תְּמָנְיָא יוֹמִין. עַל כֵּן קַיִּימוּ בְּנֵי חַשְׁמוּנַּאי הָדֵין קְיָימָא וַאֲסַרוּ הָדֵין אֲסָּרָא אִנּוּן וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כּוּלְּהוֹן. לְהוֹדָעָא לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמֶעֲבַד הָדֵין תְּמָנְיָא יוֹמִין חַדְוָא וִיקָר כְּיּוֹמֵי מוֹעֲדַיָּא דִּכְתִיבִין בְּאוֹרָיְתָא לְאַדְלָקָא בְּהוֹן לְהוֹדָעָא לְמַן דְּיֵּיתֵי מִבַּתְרֵיהוֹן אֲרֵי עֲבַד לְהוֹן אֱלָהֲהוֹן פּוּרְקָנָא מִן שְׁמַיָּא. בְּהוֹן לָא לְמִסְפַּד וְלָא לְמִגְזַר צוֹמָא וְכָל דִּיהֵי עֲלוֹהִי נִדְרָא יְשַׁלְּמִנֵּיהּ</div> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Babylonian Talmud, Berachot 28a </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus1930" class="citation book cs1">Josephus (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/josephus-jewish_antiquities/1930/pb_LCL365.167.xml?result=2&rskey=cyZg7g">Jewish Antiquities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2FDLCL.josephus-jewish_antiquities.1930">10.4159/DLCL.josephus-jewish_antiquities.1930</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Antiquities&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2FDLCL.josephus-jewish_antiquities.1930&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2Fjosephus-jewish_antiquities%2F1930%2Fpb_LCL365.167.xml%3Fresult%3D2%26rskey%3DcyZg7g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988">  – via <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">digital Loeb Classical Library</a> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+AJ+12.287">Perseus.tufts.edu</a>, Jewish Antiquities xii. 7, § 7, #323 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> This is the first reference to the Feast of Dedication by this name (ta egkainia, ta enkainia [a typical "festive plural"]) in Jewish literature (Hengel 1999: 317). </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2008" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Andrew Gabriel (2008). Aramaic English New Testament, 3rd Ed. Netzari Press LLV. p. 266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aramaic+English+New+Testament%2C+3rd+Ed.&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Netzari+Press+LLV&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacchi2004" class="citation book cs1">Sacchi, Paolo (2004). The History of the Second Temple Period. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04450-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04450-1"><bdi>978-0-567-04450-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Second+Temple+Period&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-04450-1&rft.aulast=Sacchi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liv.html">"T. Livivs"</a>. TheLatinLibrary.com. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheLatinLibrary.com&rft.atitle=T.+Livivs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fliv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengel1974" class="citation book cs1">Hengel, Martin (1974). Judaism and Hellenism. 1 (1st engl. ed.). London: SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-00788-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-00788-3"><bdi>978-0-334-00788-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Hellenism.+1&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+engl.&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-334-00788-3&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation web cs1">Josephus, Flavius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0148:book=1:section=31&redirect=true">"The Wars of the Jews i. 31"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Jews+i.+31&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D1%3Asection%3D31%26redirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus1825" class="citation web cs1">Josephus, Flavius (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_yxlDizrauwC&q=%22The+king+being+thereto+disposed+beforehand%22&pg=PA238">"The Works of Flavius Josephus"</a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Flavius+Josephus&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_yxlDizrauwC%26q%3D%2522The%2Bking%2Bbeing%2Bthereto%2Bdisposed%2Bbeforehand%2522%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation web cs1">Josephus, Flavius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0148:book=1:section=34">"The Wars of the Jews i. 34"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Jews+i.+34&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D1%3Asection%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/1maccabees.html">"1 Maccabees"</a>. EarlyJewishWritings.com. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EarlyJewishWritings.com&rft.atitle=1+Maccabees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlyjewishwritings.com%2Ftext%2F1maccabees.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040627184847/http://www.hope.edu/academic/religion/bandstra/BIBLE/1MA/1MA4.HTM">"1 Macc. iv. 59"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hope.edu/academic/religion/bandstra/BIBLE/1MA/1MA4.HTM#59">the original</a> on 27 June 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Macc.+iv.+59&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hope.edu%2Facademic%2Freligion%2Fbandstra%2FBIBLE%2F1MA%2F1MA4.HTM%2359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein" class="citation web cs1">Epstein, Baruch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/605855/jewish/Alls-Well-When-it-Ends.htm">"All's Well – When it Ends"</a>. Chabad.org. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad.org&rft.atitle=All%27s+Well+%E2%80%93+When+it+Ends&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F605855%2Fjewish%2FAlls-Well-When-it-Ends.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Scroll_of_Esther_and_Hanukkah.3.2?lang=bi">"Hilchot Megilot v Hanukkah 3:2–3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hilchot+Megilot+v+Hanukkah+3%3A2%E2%80%933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishneh_Torah%252C_Scroll_of_Esther_and_Hanukkah.3.2%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelushkin1991" class="citation book cs1">Telushkin, Joseph (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishliteracy00telu/page/114">Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know about the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History</a>. W. Morrow. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishliteracy00telu/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-08506-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-08506-3"><bdi>978-0-688-08506-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Literacy%3A+The+Most+Important+Things+to+Know+about+the+Jewish+Religion%2C+Its+People%2C+and+Its+History&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=W.+Morrow&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-688-08506-3&rft.aulast=Telushkin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishliteracy00telu%2Fpage%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2004" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004). Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+A+Guide&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01517-3&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Iles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1993" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Irving (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishwaylivingh00gree/page/29">The Jewish Way: Living the Holidays</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishwaylivingh00gree/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-87303-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-87303-5"><bdi>978-0-671-87303-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Way%3A+Living+the+Holidays&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-87303-5&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishwaylivingh00gree%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz1981" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Joseph P. (1981). Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion. <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1707-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1707-6"><bdi>978-0-8386-1707-6</bdi></a>. <q>Modern scholarship on the other hand considers the Maccabean revolt less as an uprising against foreign oppression than as a civil war between the orthodox and reformist parties in the Jewish camp</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+the+Gentile+Faiths%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Religion&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-1707-6&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundry2003" class="citation book cs1">Gundry, Robert H. (2003). A Survey of the New Testament. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-23825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-23825-6"><bdi>978-0-310-23825-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-310-23825-6&rft.aulast=Gundry&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2000" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judaicreligionse00grab">Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judaicreligionse00grab/page/n79">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21250-2"><bdi>978-0-415-21250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaic+Religion+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+Belief+and+Practice+from+the+Exile+to+Yavneh&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21250-2&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjudaicreligionse00grab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanAllen_C._MyersAstrid_B._Beck2000" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, David Noel; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse/page/837">Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</a>. Wm.B. <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans Publishing">Eerdmans Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse/page/837">837</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=837&rft.pub=Wm.B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=David+Noel&rft.au=Allen+C.+Myers&rft.au=Astrid+B.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feerdmansdictiona0000unse%2Fpage%2F837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1986" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Leon James (1986). A Survey of Israel's History. Zondervan. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34770-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34770-5"><bdi>978-0-310-34770-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Israel%27s+History&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-310-34770-5&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Leon+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTcherikover1999" class="citation book cs1">Tcherikover, Victor (1999) [1959]. Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-4785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-4785-5"><bdi>978-0-8010-4785-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Civilization+and+the+Jews&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-4785-5&rft.aulast=Tcherikover&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_SkolnikMichael_Berenbaum2007" class="citation book cs1">Fred Skolnik; Michael Berenbaum, eds. (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 8. Granite Hill Publishers. p. 332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica%2C+Volume+8&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Granite+Hill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankiel" class="citation web cs1">Frankiel, Rabbi Yaakov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213014310/https://chicagotorah.org/why-eight-days/">"Why Eight Days?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagotorah.org/why-eight-days/">the original</a> on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Eight+Days%3F&rft.aulast=Frankiel&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Yaakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagotorah.org%2Fwhy-eight-days%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> M. Zambelli, "L'ascesa al trono di Antioco IV Epifane di Siria," <a href="/wiki/Rivista_di_Filologia_e_di_Istruzione_Classica" title="Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica">Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica</a> 38 (1960) 363–389 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsomBreed2014" class="citation book cs1">Newsom, Carol Ann; Breed, Brennan W. (2014). Daniel: A Commentary. Presbyterian Publish Corp. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22080-8"><bdi>978-0-664-22080-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publish+Corp.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22080-8&rft.aulast=Newsom&rft.aufirst=Carol+Ann&rft.au=Breed%2C+Brennan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-13.htm">"Josephus, Ant. xiii, 9:1., via"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+Ant.+xiii%2C+9%3A1.%2C+via&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fj%2Fjosephus%2Fworks%2Fant-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%208:17–20&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 8:17–20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Mahlon H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antiochus_7.html">"Antiochus VII Sidetes"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antiochus+VII+Sidetes&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mahlon+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvirtualreligion.net%2Fiho%2Fantiochus_7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzburg1901" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ginzburg, Louis (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1592-antiochus-vii-sidetes">"Antiochus VII., Sidetes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiochus+VII.%2C+Sidetes&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Ginzburg&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1592-antiochus-vii-sidetes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Ginzberg, Louis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1144-alexander-jannaeus-jonathan">"Alexander Jannæus (Jonathan)"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Jann%C3%A6us+%28Jonathan%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1144-alexander-jannaeus-jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> Jewish Encyclopedia. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Ginzberg, Louis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1144-alexander-jannaeus-jonathan">"Alexander Jannæus (Jonathan)"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018. <q>His three years' war east of the Jordan (about 85–82) was successful; and he conquered Pella, Dium, Gerasa, Gaulana, Seleucia, and the strong fortress Gamala.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Jann%C3%A6us+%28Jonathan%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1144-alexander-jannaeus-jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> Jewish Encyclopedia. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D14%3Awhiston%20chapter%3D4%3Awhiston%20section%3D4">Antiquities of the Jews 14:70–71</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMissler" class="citation web cs1">Missler, Dr. Chuck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khouse.org/articles/2012/1091/print/">"Happy Hanukkah"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018. <q>Mattathias and his five sons became the nucleus of a growing band of rebels against Antiochus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+Hanukkah&rft.aulast=Missler&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khouse.org%2Farticles%2F2012%2F1091%2Fprint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaundra_L._Washington2010" class="citation book cs1">Saundra L. Washington (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RKXsEwSPefcC&pg=PT14">God's Intertestamental Silence: Then Came Jesus Christ</a>. Saundra L Washington. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4523-9735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4523-9735-1"><bdi>978-1-4523-9735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Intertestamental+Silence%3A+Then+Came+Jesus+Christ&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Saundra+L+Washington&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4523-9735-1&rft.au=Saundra+L.+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRKXsEwSPefcC%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-women-77"><a href="#cite_ref-women_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/women-as-role-models/">"On Hanukkah, Women As Role Models"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018. <q>Also in the Apocrypha is the Book of Judith, which tells how this heroine stopped the siege of Jerusalem by decapitating Holofernes, a major military leader for the enemy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Hanukkah%2C+Women+As+Role+Models&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fwomen-as-role-models%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/discover/throughtheyear/december/judith">"December: Judith and the Hanukkah Story"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018. <q>For several centuries there was another hero associated with Hanukkah: Judith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December%3A+Judith+and+the+Hanukkah+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fdiscover%2Fthroughtheyear%2Fdecember%2Fjudith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDice2009" class="citation book cs1">Dice, Elizabeth A. (2009). Christmas and Hanukkah. Infobase Publishing. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1971-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1971-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1971-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+and+Hanukkah&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1971-7&rft.aulast=Dice&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/holidays/chanukah/chanukah_with_torah_tidbits/">"Chanukah with Torah Tidbits"</a>. OU.org. 29 June 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OU.org&rft.atitle=Chanukah+with+Torah+Tidbits&rft.date=2006-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Fchanukah_with_torah_tidbits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Arukh">Shulkhan Arukh</a> <a href="/wiki/Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a> 670:1 </li> <li id="cite_note-ChanukahLaws-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChanukahLaws_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChanukahLaws_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChanukahLaws_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecher" class="citation web cs1">Becher, Rabbi Mordechai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohr.edu/1304">"The Laws of Chanukah"</a>. Ohr.edu. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohr.edu&rft.atitle=The+Laws+of+Chanukah&rft.aulast=Becher&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohr.edu%2F1304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkop2014" class="citation news cs1">Skop, Yarden (24 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.581550">"Education Ministry Changes Start of School Year – Again"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Education+Ministry+Changes+Start+of+School+Year+%E2%80%93+Again&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft.aulast=Skop&rft.aufirst=Yarden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-1.581550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007040316/https://edu.gov.il/special/students/Pages/Holiday-Calendar2018.aspx">"לוח החופשות והימים המיוחדים לשנת תשע"ח"</a>. Edu.gov.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edu.gov.il/special/students/Pages/Holiday-Calendar2018.aspx">the original</a> on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edu.gov.il&rft.atitle=%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA+%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A2%22%D7%97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedu.gov.il%2Fspecial%2Fstudents%2FPages%2FHoliday-Calendar2018.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlazer" class="citation web cs1">Glazer, Rabbi Chalm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kashrut.com/articles/Chanukah_customs/">"Chanukah: Performances and Customs"</a>. Kashrut.com. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kashrut.com&rft.atitle=Chanukah%3A+Performances+and+Customs&rft.aulast=Glazer&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Chalm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashrut.com%2Farticles%2FChanukah_customs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Arukh">Shulkhan Arukh</a> <a href="/wiki/Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a> 671:2 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/103868/jewish/How-to-Light-the-Menorah.htm">"How to Light the Menorah – Light Up Your Environment!"</a>. Chabad.org. 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Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hakirah.org&rft.atitle=Hakirah+Volume+25%2C+Fall+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hakirah.org%2FVol%2B7%2BAjdler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Tractate Shabbat 21b–23a </li> <li id="cite_note-lonorw-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lonorw_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lonorw_92-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Arukh">Shulkhan Arukh</a> <a href="/wiki/Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a> 673:1 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midrash.org/halakha/hanukkah-how2.html">"The following is a response from Hakham Ya'aqob Menashe"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/tiferetisraelorg/our-rabbi/halacha-tidbits/ctilawsandcustomsofchanukah-december16-232014">the original</a> on 1 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CTI+Laws+and+Customs+of+Chanukah&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Ftiferetisraelorg%2Four-rabbi%2Fhalacha-tidbits%2Fctilawsandcustomsofchanukah-december16-232014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://njop.org/resources/holidays/complete-guide-to-holidays/chanukah/what-to-do-on-chanukah/">"What to do on Chanukah"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+do+on+Chanukah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnjop.org%2Fresources%2Fholidays%2Fcomplete-guide-to-holidays%2Fchanukah%2Fwhat-to-do-on-chanukah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Arukh">Shulkhan Arukh</a> <a href="/wiki/Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a> 676:1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/holidays/chanukah/laws/">"The Lights of Chanukah: Laws and Customs"</a>. Orthodox Union. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lights+of+Chanukah%3A+Laws+and+Customs&rft.pub=Orthodox+Union&rft.date=2014-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Flaws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Celebrate-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Celebrate_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celebrate_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2000" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Lesli Koppelman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZJFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA255">Celebrate!: The Complete Jewish Holidays Handbook</a>. Jason Aronson, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-2772-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-2772-2"><bdi>978-1-4616-2772-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrate%21%3A+The+Complete+Jewish+Holidays+Handbook&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-2772-2&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Lesli+Koppelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZJFAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Arukh">Shulkhan Arukh</a> <a href="/wiki/Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a> 676:4 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/holidays/chanukah/maoz_tzur_translation_etc/">"Maoz Tzur: Translation & Explanation – Jewish Holidays"</a>. Orthodox Union. 29 June 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maoz+Tzur%3A+Translation+%26+Explanation+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Holidays&rft.pub=Orthodox+Union&rft.date=2006-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Fmaoz_tzur_translation_etc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/maoz-tzur-rock-of-ages/">"Maoz Tzur: Rock of Ages"</a>. My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=Maoz+Tzur%3A+Rock+of+Ages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fmaoz-tzur-rock-of-ages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2012" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Bruce (7 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/12/07/hanukkah-ushers-in-tzedakah-a-religious-obligation-to-do-what-is-right-and-just/">"Hanukkah ushers in 'tzedakah,' a religious obligation to do what is right and just"</a>. The Mercury News. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Hanukkah+ushers+in+%27tzedakah%2C%27+a+religious+obligation+to+do+what+is+right+and+just&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2012%2F12%2F07%2Fhanukkah-ushers-in-tzedakah-a-religious-obligation-to-do-what-is-right-and-just%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaidenberg2012" class="citation web cs1">Maidenberg, Rhiana (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kveller.com/the-fifth-night-project-teaching-giving-during-hanukkah/">"The Fifth Night Project: Teaching Giving During Hanukkah"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fifth+Night+Project%3A+Teaching+Giving+During+Hanukkah&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.aulast=Maidenberg&rft.aufirst=Rhiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kveller.com%2Fthe-fifth-night-project-teaching-giving-during-hanukkah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1905" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHwpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA621">"Chanukkah, or the Feast of Dedication"</a>. New Era Illustrated Magazine. 5: 621 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Era+Illustrated+Magazine&rft.atitle=Chanukkah%2C+or+the+Feast+of+Dedication&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=621&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHwpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Arukh">Shulkhan Arukh</a> <a href="/wiki/Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a> 682:1 </li> <li id="cite_note-ou.org-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ou.org_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ou.org_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/holidays/chanukah/chanukah_with_torah_tidbits/">"Chanukah with Torah Tidbits"</a>. Orthodox Union. 29 June 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chanukah+with+Torah+Tidbits&rft.pub=Orthodox+Union&rft.date=2006-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Fchanukah_with_torah_tidbits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNulman" class="citation web cs1">Nulman, Cantor Macy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/al-hanisim-concerning-the-miracles/">"Al Hanisim: Concerning the Miracles"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al+Hanisim%3A+Concerning+the+Miracles&rft.aulast=Nulman&rft.aufirst=Cantor+Macy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fal-hanisim-concerning-the-miracles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26b3.htm#1">Psalm 113–118</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramowitz" class="citation web cs1">Abramowitz, Rabbi Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/torah/halacha/hashoneh-halachos/tues_02_07_12/">"133. Days on Which Tachanun is Omitted"</a>. OU Torah. Orthodox Union. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OU+Torah&rft.atitle=133.+Days+on+Which+Tachanun+is+Omitted&rft.aulast=Abramowitz&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Ftorah%2Fhalacha%2Fhashoneh-halachos%2Ftues_02_07_12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnkin2010" class="citation web cs1">Enkin, Rabbi Ari (7 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torahmusings.com/2010/12/chanuka-lighting-in-shul/">"Chanuka – Lighting in Shul"</a>. www.torahmusings.com. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.torahmusings.com&rft.atitle=Chanuka+%E2%80%93+Lighting+in+Shul&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft.aulast=Enkin&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torahmusings.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fchanuka-lighting-in-shul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvgsyw-125"><a href="#cite_ref-pvgsyw_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahel" class="citation web cs1">Rahel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070528035707/http://customerservant.com/2006/12/16/the-scroll-of-the-hasmoneans/">"The Scroll Of The Hasmoneans"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://customerservant.com/2006/12/16/the-scroll-of-the-hasmoneans/">the original</a> on 28 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scroll+Of+The+Hasmoneans&rft.au=Rahel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcustomerservant.com%2F2006%2F12%2F16%2Fthe-scroll-of-the-hasmoneans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutfreund2014" class="citation web cs1">Gutfreund, Sara Debbie (23 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/h/c/t/sg/286646391.html">"Hanukkah's Last Light"</a>. aishcom. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aishcom&rft.atitle=Hanukkah%27s+Last+Light&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.aulast=Gutfreund&rft.aufirst=Sara+Debbie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fh%2Fc%2Ft%2Fsg%2F286646391.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsk_the_Rabbi2017" class="citation web cs1">Ask the Rabbi (22 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aish.com/atr/Final-Judgment-on-Chanukah.html">"Final Judgment on Chanukah"</a>. www.aish.com. Aish HaTorah. Retrieved 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aish.com&rft.atitle=Final+Judgment+on+Chanukah&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft.au=Ask+the+Rabbi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fatr%2FFinal-Judgment-on-Chanukah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bussongs.com/songs/dreidel-dreidel-dreidel">"Chanukah – Dreidel, Dreidel, Dreidel"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018. <q>As one of the most famous Chanukah songs...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chanukah+%E2%80%93+Dreidel%2C+Dreidel%2C+Dreidel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbussongs.com%2Fsongs%2Fdreidel-dreidel-dreidel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.8notes.com/scores/14871.asp">"Oh Chanukah (Jewish Traditional) sheet music for Trombone"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018. <q>Oh Chanukah (or Oj Chanukah) is a very popular modern English Chanukah song.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oh+Chanukah+%28Jewish+Traditional%29+sheet+music+for+Trombone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.8notes.com%2Fscores%2F14871.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2012" class="citation web cs1">Greenberg, Shlomo (15 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhol.co.il/news/742083">"Belz resumed practice of playing violin at candle lighting"</a>. Behadrey Haredim. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Behadrey+Haredim&rft.atitle=Belz+resumed+practice+of+playing+violin+at+candle+lighting&rft.date=2012-12-15&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhol.co.il%2Fnews%2F742083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashton-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashton_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashton_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton2013" class="citation book cs1">Ashton, Dianne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISIrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">Hanukkah in America: A History</a>. NYU Press. pp. 42–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-5895-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-5895-8"><bdi>978-1-4798-5895-8</bdi></a>. <q>Throughout the nineteenth century some Jews tried various ways to adapt Judaism to American life. As they began looking for images to help understand and explain what a proper response to American Challenges might be, Hanukkah became ripe for reinvention. In Charleston, South Carolina, one group of Jews made Hanukkah into a time for serious religious reflexion that responded to their evangelical Protestant milieu...[Moise's] poem gave Hanukkah a place in the emerging religious style of American culture that was dominated by the language of individualism and personal conscience derived from both Protestantism and the Enlightenment. However, neither the Talmud nor the Shulchan Aruch identifies Hanukkah as a special occasion to ask for the forgiveness of sins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanukkah+in+America%3A+A+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-5895-8&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISIrAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2011" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Adam (18 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105131943/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20111218/ARCHIVES/312189902">"Celebrating Hanukkah"</a>. The Post and Courier. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20111218/ARCHIVES/312189902">the original</a> on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Post+and+Courier&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Hanukkah&rft.date=2011-12-18&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postandcourier.com%2Farticle%2F20111218%2FARCHIVES%2F312189902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton" class="citation journal cs1">Ashton, Dianne. "Quick to the Party: The Americanization of Hanukkah and Southern Jewry". Southern Jewish History. 12: 1–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Quick+to+the+Party%3A+The+Americanization+of+Hanukkah+and+Southern+Jewry&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pjvoice.com/v7/7900food.html">"Chanukah is upon us"</a>. The Philadelphia Jewish Voice. 7 January 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chanukah+is+upon+us&rft.pub=The+Philadelphia+Jewish+Voice&rft.date=2006-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjvoice.com%2Fv7%2F7900food.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan2006" class="citation news cs1">Nathan, Joan (12 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/12/dining/13hanukkahqa.html">"Hanukkah Q&A"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hanukkah+Q%26A&rft.date=2006-12-12&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F12%2Fdining%2F13hanukkahqa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffay,_Nathan2009" class="citation web cs1">Jeffay, Nathan (17 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/food/why-israel-is-a-latke-free-zone-1.13067">"Why Israel is a latke-free zone"</a>. thejc.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thejc.com&rft.atitle=Why+Israel+is+a+latke-free+zone&rft.date=2009-12-17&rft.au=Jeffay%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffood%2Fwhy-israel-is-a-latke-free-zone-1.13067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGur2008" class="citation book cs1">Gur, Jana (2008). The Book of New Israeli Food: A Culinary Journey. Schocken. pp. 238–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1224-2"><bdi>978-0-8052-1224-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+New+Israeli+Food%3A+A+Culinary+Journey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.pub=Schocken&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-1224-2&rft.aulast=Gur&rft.aufirst=Jana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinsbergLidman2009" class="citation news cs1">Minsberg, Tali; Lidman, Melanie (10 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Arts-and-Culture/Love-me-dough">"Love Me Dough"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Love+Me+Dough&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft.aulast=Minsberg&rft.aufirst=Tali&rft.au=Lidman%2C+Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FArts-and-Culture%2FLove-me-dough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoloveitchik" class="citation web cs1">Soloveitchik, Benyamina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/103095/jewish/Why-All-the-Oil-and-Cheese.htm">"Why All the Oil and Cheese (and Potatoes)?"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+All+the+Oil+and+Cheese+%28and+Potatoes%29%3F&rft.aulast=Soloveitchik&rft.aufirst=Benyamina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F103095%2Fjewish%2FWhy-All-the-Oil-and-Cheese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/103019/jewish/The-Story-of-Yehudit.htm">"The Story of Yehudit: The Woman Who Saved the Day"</a>. Chabad.org. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad.org&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Yehudit%3A+The+Woman+Who+Saved+the+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F103019%2Fjewish%2FThe-Story-of-Yehudit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mishna_Berurah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna Berurah">Mishna Berurah</a> 670:2:10 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1993" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, John (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ld7fuK6peH8C">Eat and be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aronson" title="Jason Aronson">Jason Aronson</a>. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87668-316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87668-316-3"><bdi>978-0-87668-316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eat+and+be+Satisfied%3A+A+Social+History+of+Jewish+Food&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87668-316-3&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dld7fuK6peH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabricant1994" class="citation news cs1">Fabricant, Florence (23 November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/23/garden/hanukkah-s-a-coming-geese-are-getting-fat.html">"Hanukkah's a-Coming: Geese Are Getting Fat"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hanukkah%27s+a-Coming%3A+Geese+Are+Getting+Fat&rft.date=1994-11-23&rft.aulast=Fabricant&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F11%2F23%2Fgarden%2Fhanukkah-s-a-coming-geese-are-getting-fat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoskowitz2016" class="citation news cs1">Yoskowitz, Jeffrey (24 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/24/opinion/goose-a-hanukkah-tradition.html">"Goose: A Hanukkah Tradition"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/24/opinion/goose-a-hanukkah-tradition.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Goose%3A+A+Hanukkah+Tradition&rft.date=2016-12-24&rft.aulast=Yoskowitz&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F24%2Fopinion%2Fgoose-a-hanukkah-tradition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/scribe/356515/8-foods-you-didnt-know-jews-eat-during-hanukkah/">"8 Foods You Didn't Know Jews Eat During Hanukkah"</a>. My Jewish Learning. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=8+Foods+You+Didn%27t+Know+Jews+Eat+During+Hanukkah&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fscribe%2F356515%2F8-foods-you-didnt-know-jews-eat-during-hanukkah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolinknin" class="citation web cs1">Golinknin, Rabbi David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-origin-of-the-dreidel/">"The Surprising Origin of the Dreidel"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Surprising+Origin+of+the+Dreidel&rft.aulast=Golinknin&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-origin-of-the-dreidel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2014" class="citation news cs1">Rosenberg, Anat (14 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-gyration-nation-the-weird-ancient-history-of-the-dreidel-1.5344849">"Gyration Nation: The Weird Ancient History of the Dreidel"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Gyration+Nation%3A+The+Weird+Ancient+History+of+the+Dreidel&rft.date=2014-12-14&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Anat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2F.premium-gyration-nation-the-weird-ancient-history-of-the-dreidel-1.5344849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolinkin2014" class="citation web cs1">Golinkin, Rabbi Prof. David (19 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schechter.edu/why-do-we-give-hanukkah-gelt-and-hanukkah-presents/">"Why Do We Give Hanukkah Gelt and Hanukkah Presents?"</a>. The Schecter Institutes. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Do+We+Give+Hanukkah+Gelt+and+Hanukkah+Presents%3F&rft.pub=The+Schecter+Institutes&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft.aulast=Golinkin&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Prof.+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schechter.edu%2Fwhy-do-we-give-hanukkah-gelt-and-hanukkah-presents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebowitz2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Lebowitz, Rabbi Aryeh (11 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.yutorah.org/2015/1083/846556/d-varim-hayotzim-min-halev-miketz.pdf">"Chanukah Gelt and Gifts"</a> (PDF). Dvarim Hayotzim Min Halev (PDF). Vol. 17, no. 6. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100536/http://download.yutorah.org/2015/1083/846556/d-varim-hayotzim-min-halev-miketz.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2018. <q>In fact, the Orchos Rabeinu in cheilek ג teaches that the Steipler Gaon maintained the minhag of giving out Chanukah gelt davka on the fifth night of Chanukah. Why specifically the fifth night? Answers the Orchos Rabeinu, since the fifth night is the only night that cannot coincide with Shabbos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dvarim+Hayotzim+Min+Halev&rft.atitle=Chanukah+Gelt+and+Gifts&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2005-12-11&rft.aulast=Lebowitz&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Aryeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.yutorah.org%2F2015%2F1083%2F846556%2Fd-varim-hayotzim-min-halev-miketz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfa-archive/1996/pages/israeli-american%20hanukkah%20stamp.aspx">"Israeli-American Hanukkah Stamp"</a>. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 October 1996. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli-American+Hanukkah+Stamp&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=1996-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2Fmfa%2Fmfa-archive%2F1996%2Fpages%2Fisraeli-american%2520hanukkah%2520stamp.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService" class="citation web cs1">Service, United States Postal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.usps.com/postal-bulletin/2009/pb22267/html/info1_005.htm">"Stamp Announcement 09-47: Hanukkah"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stamp+Announcement+09-47%3A+Hanukkah&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=United+States+Postal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.usps.com%2Fpostal-bulletin%2F2009%2Fpb22267%2Fhtml%2Finfo1_005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonius2013" class="citation web cs1">Donius, Susan K. (5 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2013/12/05/archives-hanukkah-white-house">"From the Archives: Hanukkah at the White House"</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+Archives%3A+Hanukkah+at+the+White+House&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft.aulast=Donius&rft.aufirst=Susan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fblog%2F2013%2F12%2F05%2Farchives-hanukkah-white-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhert-Zand2014" class="citation web cs1">Ghert-Zand, Renee (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/hand-in-hand-schools-menorah-lights-up-white-house-hanukkah-party/">"Arab–Jewish school's menorah lights up White House Hanukkah party"</a>. TimesOfIsrael.com. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TimesOfIsrael.com&rft.atitle=Arab%E2%80%93Jewish+school%27s+menorah+lights+up+White+House+Hanukkah+party&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.aulast=Ghert-Zand&rft.aufirst=Renee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fhand-in-hand-schools-menorah-lights-up-white-house-hanukkah-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisner2014" class="citation web cs1">Eisner, Jane (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/opinion/211168/a-most-inspiring-hanukkah-at-the-white-house/">"A Most Inspiring Hanukkah at the White House"</a>. Forward.com. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forward.com&rft.atitle=A+Most+Inspiring+Hanukkah+at+the+White+House&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.aulast=Eisner&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fopinion%2F211168%2Fa-most-inspiring-hanukkah-at-the-white-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2013" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, Joel (24 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-joel-hoffman/hanukkah-and-thanskgiving_b_4312207.html">"Why Hanukkah and Thanksgiving Will Never Again Coincide"</a>. Huffington Post. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+Hanukkah+and+Thanksgiving+Will+Never+Again+Coincide&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdr-joel-hoffman%2Fhanukkah-and-thanskgiving_b_4312207.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpost-154"><a href="#cite_ref-jpost_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiro2013" class="citation web cs1">Spiro, Amy (17 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Thanksgivukka-Please-pass-the-turkey-stuffed-doughnuts-331952">"Thanksgivukka: Please pass the turkey-stuffed doughnuts"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Thanksgivukka%3A+Please+pass+the+turkey-stuffed+doughnuts&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.aulast=Spiro&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FJewish-World%2FJewish-Features%2FThanksgivukka-Please-pass-the-turkey-stuffed-doughnuts-331952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2013" class="citation web cs1">Byrne, Christine (2 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/christinebyrne/thanksgivukkah">"How To Celebrate Thanksgivukkah, The Best Holiday Of All Time"</a>. Buzzfeed. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Celebrate+Thanksgivukkah%2C+The+Best+Holiday+Of+All+Time&rft.pub=Buzzfeed&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Fchristinebyrne%2Fthanksgivukkah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStu_Bykofsky2013" class="citation news cs1">Stu Bykofsky (11 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philly.com/philly/news/20131011_Thanks_for_Thanukkah_.html">"Thanks for Thanukkah!"</a>. The Inquirer. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thanks+for+Thanukkah%21&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft.au=Stu+Bykofsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fnews%2F20131011_Thanks_for_Thanukkah_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/789857/jewish/Chanukah-FAQs.htm#q6">"Chanukah FAQs"</a>. Chabad.org. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad.org&rft.atitle=Chanukah+FAQs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F789857%2Fjewish%2FChanukah-FAQs.htm%23q6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2011" class="citation web cs1">Staff, O. U. (14 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/holidays/hallel/">"The Recitation of Hallel"</a>. Jewish Holidays. Retrieved 23 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Holidays&rft.atitle=The+Recitation+of+Hallel&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=O.+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fholidays%2Fhallel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton2013" class="citation book cs1">Ashton, Dianne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyupress.org/books/9780814707395/">Hanukkah in America: A History</a>. New York: New York University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0739-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0739-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-0739-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanukkah+in+America%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-0739-5&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyupress.org%2Fbooks%2F9780814707395%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConforti2012159-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConforti2012159_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConforti2012">Conforti 2012</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZionSpectre200013-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZionSpectre200013_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZionSpectre2000">Zion & Spectre 2000</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConforti2012p._158-159,_"Jewish_nationalism_and_Zionism_breathed_new_life_into_the_Jewish_holidays._The_traditional_Jewish_calendar_is_full_of_holidays_and_days_of_commemoration,_which_served_as_a_basis_for_the_revival_of_modern_Jewish_nationalism._From_its_inception,_Zionism_made_broad_use_of_the_reserve_of_Jewish_memories_and_myths_from_biblical_times_and_from_the_Second_Temple_period._This_was_the_case_for_the_renewal_of_biblical_names_and_symbols_as_well_as_the_significance_of_national_holidays._Significant_examples_of_this_are_the_holidays_of_Hanukkah_and_Tu_bi-Shvat._These_two_holidays_were_initiated_relatively_late_in_history,_and_had_relatively_little_importance_in_the_religious_sense._But_beginning_with_the_Zionist_awakening_in_the_1880s,_these_holidays_took_on_central_meaning._In_the_1890s,_many_of_the_newly_founded_Zionist_organisations_adopted_the_names_'Hasmoneans_and_'Maccabees',_in_an_attempt_to_create_a_clear_connection_between_the_heroic_foundations_of_the_ancient_biblical_g"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConforti2012p._158-159,_"Jewish_nationalism_and_Zionism_breathed_new_life_into_the_Jewish_holidays._The_traditional_Jewish_calendar_is_full_of_holidays_and_days_of_commemoration,_which_served_as_a_basis_for_the_revival_of_modern_Jewish_nationalism._From_its_inception,_Zionism_made_broad_use_of_the_reserve_of_Jewish_memories_and_myths_from_biblical_times_and_from_the_Second_Temple_period._This_was_the_case_for_the_renewal_of_biblical_names_and_symbols_as_well_as_the_significance_of_national_holidays._Significant_examples_of_this_are_the_holidays_of_Hanukkah_and_Tu_bi-Shvat._These_two_holidays_were_initiated_relatively_late_in_history,_and_had_relatively_little_importance_in_the_religious_sense._But_beginning_with_the_Zionist_awakening_in_the_1880s,_these_holidays_took_on_central_meaning._In_the_1890s,_many_of_the_newly_founded_Zionist_organisations_adopted_the_names_'Hasmoneans_and_'Maccabees',_in_an_attempt_to_create_a_clear_connection_between_the_heroic_foundations_of_the_ancient_biblical_go">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConforti2012">Conforti 2012</a>, p. 158-159, "Jewish nationalism and Zionism breathed new life into the Jewish holidays. The traditional Jewish calendar is full of holidays and days of commemoration, which served as a basis for the revival of modern Jewish nationalism. From its inception, Zionism made broad use of the reserve of Jewish memories and myths from biblical times and from the Second Temple period. This was the case for the renewal of biblical names and symbols as well as the significance of national holidays. Significant examples of this are the holidays of Hanukkah and Tu bi-Shvat. These two holidays were initiated relatively late in history, and had relatively little importance in the religious sense. But beginning with the Zionist awakening in the 1880s, these holidays took on central meaning. In the 1890s, many of the newly founded Zionist organisations adopted the names 'Hasmoneans and 'Maccabees', in an attempt to create a clear connection between the heroic foundations of the ancient biblical golden age and the renaissance of Jewish nationalism… Hanukkah, celebrated in the Diaspora as the festival of lights, mainly expressed God's might and the principles of the Jewish faith. But at the inception of the Zionist project, this holiday was transformed into a symbol of the power and rebellion of the entire nation against its foreign oppressor (Don-Yehiya 1992). The connection that the Zionist movement made between ba-vamim ha-hem u-ba-zman ha-zeh [*in days past, and in these times'] expressed the Zionist desire to return to a heroic past and 'the lost Jewish masculinity'. It also reflected the aspiration to create a new Jew, in contrast to the Diaspora Jew (Bashkin 1998). Instead of God's might, the Zionists began to emphasise the strength of the rebel Maccabbees. In the arts, Boris Schatz's sculpture "Mattathias the Hasmonean' was given a position of honour in Zionist iconography.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZionSpectre2000p._12,_"The_rabbinic_religious_tradition_-_in_so_far_as_it_recalled_the_Hasmoneans_at_all_-_emphasized_the_religious_miracle_in_their_battle_against_persecution_of_Judaism_and_the_desecration_of_the_Temple_(see_the_traditional_praver_"Al_Ha._Nissim")._However_the_Secular_Zionists_rejected_the_miracle_and_emphasized_the_earthly_realism_of_Hasmonean_heroism._Zionism_made_Hanukkah_a_nationalist_holidav._The_secularization_and_nationalization_of_religious_celebrations_focused_on_minor_religious_holidavs_and_reprioritized_their_significance._Lag_BaOmer_became_a_celebration_of_Bar_Kochba's_revolt_against_the_Roman_Empire_(132-135_CE):_Tu_B'Shvat_became_a_celebration_of_the_redemption_of_Eretz_Yisrael_through_reforestation._However._Hanukkah_was_the_main_site_of_national_re-creation._The_early_religious_Zionist_Rabbi_Shmuel_Mohi-lever_proposed_that_Hanukkah_be_the_official_holiday_of_the_proto-Zionist_organization_in_Russia_-_Hovevei_Zion_(1881)._This_minor_holiday_provided_neutral_g"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZionSpectre2000p._12,_"The_rabbinic_religious_tradition_-_in_so_far_as_it_recalled_the_Hasmoneans_at_all_-_emphasized_the_religious_miracle_in_their_battle_against_persecution_of_Judaism_and_the_desecration_of_the_Temple_(see_the_traditional_praver_"Al_Ha._Nissim")._However_the_Secular_Zionists_rejected_the_miracle_and_emphasized_the_earthly_realism_of_Hasmonean_heroism._Zionism_made_Hanukkah_a_nationalist_holidav._The_secularization_and_nationalization_of_religious_celebrations_focused_on_minor_religious_holidavs_and_reprioritized_their_significance._Lag_BaOmer_became_a_celebration_of_Bar_Kochba's_revolt_against_the_Roman_Empire_(132-135_CE):_Tu_B'Shvat_became_a_celebration_of_the_redemption_of_Eretz_Yisrael_through_reforestation._However._Hanukkah_was_the_main_site_of_national_re-creation._The_early_religious_Zionist_Rabbi_Shmuel_Mohi-lever_proposed_that_Hanukkah_be_the_official_holiday_of_the_proto-Zionist_organization_in_Russia_-_Hovevei_Zion_(1881)._This_minor_holiday_provided_neutral_gr">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZionSpectre2000">Zion & Spectre 2000</a>, p. 12, "The rabbinic religious tradition - in so far as it recalled the Hasmoneans at all - emphasized the religious miracle in their battle against persecution of Judaism and the desecration of the Temple (see the traditional praver "Al Ha. Nissim"). However the Secular Zionists rejected the miracle and emphasized the earthly realism of Hasmonean heroism. Zionism made Hanukkah a nationalist holidav. The secularization and nationalization of religious celebrations focused on minor religious holidavs and reprioritized their significance. Lag BaOmer became a celebration of Bar Kochba's revolt against the Roman Empire (132-135 CE): Tu B'Shvat became a celebration of the redemption of Eretz Yisrael through reforestation. However. Hanukkah was the main site of national re-creation. The early religious Zionist Rabbi Shmuel Mohi-lever proposed that Hanukkah be the official holiday of the proto-Zionist organization in Russia - Hovevei Zion (1881). This minor holiday provided neutral ground for religious and secular Zionists to share their nationalist program.". </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/138758/what-is-the-origin-of-al-ha-nissim-for-hanukka">"What is the origin of Al Ha Nissim for Hanukka?"</a>. Mi Yodeya. Retrieved 23 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mi+Yodeya&rft.atitle=What+is+the+origin+of+Al+Ha+Nissim+for+Hanukka%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjudaism.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F138758%2Fwhat-is-the-origin-of-al-ha-nissim-for-hanukka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConforti2012160ps:"Schools_in_the_Yishuv_as_well_as_adults_followed_the_tradition_of_visiting_the_tombs_of_the_Maccabees._Thus_beginning_in_this_period,_Hanukkah_was_given_a_renewed_interpretation_that_was_nationalist,_romantic,_and_activist,_as_opposed_to_the_traditional_interpretation._From_the_inception_of_Zionism_in_the_1880s_and_'90s,_Hanukkah_took_on_a_central_position_as_a_national_holiday._The_pioneers_of_the_First_Aliya_to_Palestine_(1882-1903),_as_well_as_members_of_the_Zionist_organisations_in_Europe,_raised_Hanukkah_to_the_level_of_a_national_holiday._Hanukkah_would_not_have_taken_its_central_place_in_the_national_calendar_without_the_close_cooperation_between_religious_and_secular_Zionists_from_the_beginning_of_Zionism_until_the_period_of_the_British_mandate_and_the_Jewish_settlement_(Yishuv)_in_Palestine_(Dotan_1988:38-43)._With_the_revival_of_Jewish_nationalism,_Hanukkah_took_on_a_new_character._It_was_celebrated_not_only_at_home,_but_in_public_as_well._In_the_1920s,_the_holid"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConforti2012160ps:"Schools_in_the_Yishuv_as_well_as_adults_followed_the_tradition_of_visiting_the_tombs_of_the_Maccabees._Thus_beginning_in_this_period,_Hanukkah_was_given_a_renewed_interpretation_that_was_nationalist,_romantic,_and_activist,_as_opposed_to_the_traditional_interpretation._From_the_inception_of_Zionism_in_the_1880s_and_'90s,_Hanukkah_took_on_a_central_position_as_a_national_holiday._The_pioneers_of_the_First_Aliya_to_Palestine_(1882-1903),_as_well_as_members_of_the_Zionist_organisations_in_Europe,_raised_Hanukkah_to_the_level_of_a_national_holiday._Hanukkah_would_not_have_taken_its_central_place_in_the_national_calendar_without_the_close_cooperation_between_religious_and_secular_Zionists_from_the_beginning_of_Zionism_until_the_period_of_the_British_mandate_and_the_Jewish_settlement_(Yishuv)_in_Palestine_(Dotan_1988:38-43)._With_the_revival_of_Jewish_nationalism,_Hanukkah_took_on_a_new_character._It_was_celebrated_not_only_at_home,_but_in_public_as_well._In_the_1920s,_the_holida">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConforti2012">Conforti 2012</a>, p. 160ps:"Schools in the Yishuv as well as adults followed the tradition of visiting the tombs of the Maccabees. Thus beginning in this period, Hanukkah was given a renewed interpretation that was nationalist, romantic, and activist, as opposed to the traditional interpretation. From the inception of Zionism in the 1880s and '90s, Hanukkah took on a central position as a national holiday. The pioneers of the First Aliya to Palestine (1882-1903), as well as members of the Zionist organisations in Europe, raised Hanukkah to the level of a national holiday. Hanukkah would not have taken its central place in the national calendar without the close cooperation between religious and secular Zionists from the beginning of Zionism until the period of the British mandate and the Jewish settlement (Yishuv) in Palestine (Dotan 1988:38-43). With the revival of Jewish nationalism, Hanukkah took on a new character. It was celebrated not only at home, but in public as well. In the 1920s, the holiday began to receive increasing public expression. Parades were held in celebration of Hanukkah, the festival of lights. For example, schoolchildren in Tel Aviv marched in a torch procession organised by the school in conjunction with the Tel Aviv municipality (Arieh-Sapir 2002). This process of adapting a 'useful past' for the purpose of strengthening the national narrative was not necessarily made "from the top down'. Rather, it had many agents, all of which contributed to the success of Hanukkah celebrations throughout all of Palestine. Although institutions were involved in moulding the character of the holiday, many citizens also participated "from the bottom up'. Furthermore, the religious character of the symbols did not completely disappear from the public arena. For example, the Great Synagogue on Allenby Street in Tel Aviv served as the starting point for the festival parade in the 1930s, with the menorah lit on top of the building. The revolution that Zionism led in the celebration of Hanukkah is just one example of the broader revolution it initiated in other Jewish holidays by granting them a new Zionist interpretation. Examples of this are Shavuot celebrations among the workers' settlements and Purim festivities in Tel Aviv, as well as other holidays, in the 1920s and '30s (Helman 2007; Shoham 2006).". </li> <li id="cite_note-Haberman2014-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Haberman2014_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberman2014" class="citation book cs1">Haberman, Bonna (1 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAG5BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA152">Rereading Israel: The Spirit of the Matter</a>. Urim Publications. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-524-202-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-524-202-7"><bdi>978-965-524-202-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rereading+Israel%3A+The+Spirit+of+the+Matter&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Urim+Publications&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.isbn=978-965-524-202-7&rft.aulast=Haberman&rft.aufirst=Bonna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAG5BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkowitz2004-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Berkowitz2004_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berkowitz" title="Michael Berkowitz">Berkowitz, Michael</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1ueQ2-5siUC&pg=PA244">Nationalism, Zionism and Ethnic Mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and Beyond</a>. BRILL. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13184-2"><bdi>978-90-04-13184-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Zionism+and+Ethnic+Mobilization+of+the+Jews+in+1900+and+Beyond&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13184-2&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1ueQ2-5siUC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZion2012" class="citation web cs1">Zion, Noah (4 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hartman.org.il/Blogs_View.asp?Article_Id=1047">"Reinventing Hanukkah: The Israeli Politics of the Maccabean Holiday"</a>. Shalom Hartman Institute. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Hanukkah%3A+The+Israeli+Politics+of+the+Maccabean+Holiday&rft.pub=Shalom+Hartman+Institute&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft.aulast=Zion&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhartman.org.il%2FBlogs_View.asp%3FArticle_Id%3D1047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristmasResponse-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChristmasResponse_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChristmasResponse_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramitzkyEinavRigbi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Abramitzky, Ran; Einav, Liran; Rigbi, Oren (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/~leinav/pubs/EJ2010.pdf">"Is Hanukkah Responsive to Christmas?"</a> (PDF). The Economic Journal. 120 (545): 612–630. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0297.2009.02305.x">10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02305.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0133">0013-0133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17782856">17782856</a>. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Is+Hanukkah+Responsive+to+Christmas%3F&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=545&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E612-%3C%2Fspan%3E630&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17782856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0013-0133&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0297.2009.02305.x&rft.aulast=Abramitzky&rft.aufirst=Ran&rft.au=Einav%2C+Liran&rft.au=Rigbi%2C+Oren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2F~leinav%2Fpubs%2FEJ2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hanukkah-american-style/">"How Christmas Transformed Hanukkah in America"</a>. My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=How+Christmas+Transformed+Hanukkah+in+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fhanukkah-american-style%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_171-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_171-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton2013" class="citation book cs1">Ashton, Dianne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/hanukkahinameric0000asht">Hanukkah in America : a history</a>. Internet Archive. New York : New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0739-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0739-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-0739-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanukkah+in+America+%3A+a+history&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-0739-5&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhanukkahinameric0000asht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-federalholidays-172"><a href="#cite_ref-federalholidays_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_R._Straus2012" class="citation web cs1">Jacob R. Straus (16 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41990.pdf">"Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices"</a> (PDF). Congressional Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115217/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41990.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Holidays%3A+Evolution+and+Current+Practices&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft.au=Jacob+R.+Straus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR41990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin" class="citation web cs1">Rubin, Debra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/since-the-1800s-hanukkah-in-the-us-is-a-response-to-xmas/">"Since the 1800s, Hanukkah in the US is a response to Xmas"</a>. www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Since+the+1800s%2C+Hanukkah+in+the+US+is+a+response+to+Xmas&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsince-the-1800s-hanukkah-in-the-us-is-a-response-to-xmas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenstock2016" class="citation web cs1">Rosenstock, Natasha (1 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hanukkah-gifts/">"Hanukkah Gifts"</a>. My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hanukkah+Gifts&rft.pub=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft.aulast=Rosenstock&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fhanukkah-gifts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamant1998" class="citation book cs1">Diamant, Anita (1998). Choosing a Jewish Life: A Handbook for People Converting to Judaism and for Their Family and Friends. Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1095-8"><bdi>978-0-8052-1095-8</bdi></a>. <q>Rabbis are emphatic and virtually unanimous in their feeling that there is no place for Christmas celebrations within a Jewish home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+a+Jewish+Life%3A+A+Handbook+for+People+Converting+to+Judaism+and+for+Their+Family+and+Friends&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-1095-8&rft.aulast=Diamant&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> But that would seem to be overstating the case, vide <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_Isaacs2003" class="citation book cs1">Ron Isaacs (2003). Ask the Rabbi: The Who, What, When, Where, Why, & How of Being Jewish. Jossey-Bass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7879-6784-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7879-6784-X"><bdi>0-7879-6784-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ask+the+Rabbi%3A+The+Who%2C+What%2C+When%2C+Where%2C+Why%2C+%26+How+of+Being+Jewish&rft.pub=Jossey-Bass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7879-6784-X&rft.au=Ron+Isaacs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autoaaa-176"><a href="#cite_ref-autoaaa_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2022/12/21/mayor-eric-adams-the-rev-al-sharpton-others-gather-for-joint-kwanzaa-hanukkah-celebration/">"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, others gather for joint Kwanzaa, Hanukkah celebration"</a>. New York Amsterdam News. 21 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Amsterdam+News&rft.atitle=Mayor+Eric+Adams%2C+Rev.+Al+Sharpton%2C+others+gather+for+joint+Kwanzaa%2C+Hanukkah+celebration&rft.date=2022-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsterdamnews.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F12%2F21%2Fmayor-eric-adams-the-rev-al-sharpton-others-gather-for-joint-kwanzaa-hanukkah-celebration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11a-177"><a href="#cite_ref-auto11a_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Ain_and_TaRessa_Stovall2022" class="citation web cs1">Stewart Ain and TaRessa Stovall (23 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/news/529652/kwanzakkah-a-way-to-celebrate-dual-heritage-and-combat-hate/">"Kwanzakkah: A way to celebrate dual heritage, and combat hate"</a>. The Forward.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Kwanzakkah%3A+A+way+to+celebrate+dual+heritage%2C+and+combat+hate&rft.date=2022-12-23&rft.au=Stewart+Ain+and+TaRessa+Stovall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F529652%2Fkwanzakkah-a-way-to-celebrate-dual-heritage-and-combat-hate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-178"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jns.org/wire/mayor-eric-adams-rev-al-sharpton-robert-f-smith-robert-f-smith-rev-conrad-tillard-rabbi-shmuley-boteach-and-elisha-wiesel-join-together-to-host-15-days-of-light-celebrating-hanukkah-and/">"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, Robert F. Smith, Robert F. Smith, Rev. Conrad Tillard, Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and Elisha Wiesel join together to host '15 Days of Light,' celebrating Hanukkah and Kwanzaa"</a>. JNS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JNS&rft.atitle=Mayor+Eric+Adams%2C+Rev.+Al+Sharpton%2C+Robert+F.+Smith%2C+Robert+F.+Smith%2C+Rev.+Conrad+Tillard%2C+Rabbi+Shmuley+Boteach+and+Elisha+Wiesel+join+together+to+host+%2715+Days+of+Light%2C%27+celebrating+Hanukkah+and+Kwanzaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jns.org%2Fwire%2Fmayor-eric-adams-rev-al-sharpton-robert-f-smith-robert-f-smith-rev-conrad-tillard-rabbi-shmuley-boteach-and-elisha-wiesel-join-together-to-host-15-days-of-light-celebrating-hanukkah-and%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto13a-179"><a href="#cite_ref-auto13a_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225013742/https://www.yahoo.com/now/black-jewish-leaders-gather-carnegie-032200862.html">"Black and Jewish Leaders Gather at Carnegie Hall to Take a Stand Against Antisemitism and Racism"</a>. Yahoo. 20 December 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/now/black-jewish-leaders-gather-carnegie-032200862.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo&rft.atitle=Black+and+Jewish+Leaders+Gather+at+Carnegie+Hall+to+Take+a+Stand+Against+Antisemitism+and+Racism&rft.date=2022-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnow%2Fblack-jewish-leaders-gather-carnegie-032200862.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton2013" class="citation book cs1">Ashton, Dianne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyupress.org/9780814707395/hanukkah-in-america">Hanukkah in America: A History</a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0739-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0739-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-0739-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanukkah+in+America%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-0739-5&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyupress.org%2F9780814707395%2Fhanukkah-in-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConforti2012" class="citation journal cs1">Conforti, Yitzhak (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2217641">"Zionist Awareness of the Jewish Past: Inventing Tradition or Renewing the Ethnic Past?"</a>. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. 12 (1). Wiley: 155–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1754-9469.2012.01155.x">10.1111/j.1754-9469.2012.01155.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-8481">1473-8481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Zionist+Awareness+of+the+Jewish+Past%3A+Inventing+Tradition+or+Renewing+the+Ethnic+Past%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1754-9469.2012.01155.x&rft.issn=1473-8481&rft.aulast=Conforti&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2217641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZionSpectre2000" class="citation book cs1">Zion, N.; Spectre, B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tMwMZyEBPJIC">A Different Light: A Pluralist Anthology : the Big Book of Hanukkah</a>. Devora Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930143-37-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930143-37-1"><bdi>978-1-930143-37-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Different+Light%3A+A+Pluralist+Anthology+%3A+the+Big+Book+of+Hanukkah&rft.pub=Devora+Pub.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-930143-37-1&rft.aulast=Zion&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Spectre%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtMwMZyEBPJIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanukkah" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Hanukkah at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hanukkah" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hanukkah">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" class="extiw" title="c:Hanukkah">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hanukkah" class="extiw" title="q:Hanukkah">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hanukkah" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Hanukkah">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130881" class="extiw" title="d:Q130881">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poeticmind.co.uk/sages/hanukah-story-and-art-activities-for-kids-age-7-12/">Hanukah – Story and Art Activities.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judaism.about.com/od/holidays/a/hanukkah.htm">Hanukkah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212115344/http://judaism.about.com/od/holidays/a/hanukkah.htm">Archived</a> 12 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/holidays/hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> at the <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History channel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7233-hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishagency.org/hanukkah/content/23838">Hanukkah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927025048/http://www.jewishagency.org/hanukkah/content/23838">Archived</a> 27 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/default_cdo/jewish/Hanukkah.htm">Hanukkah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/h/c/">Hanukkah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aish_HaTorah" title="Aish HaTorah">Aish HaTorah</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanukkah" title="Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanukkah" title="Template talk:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה218" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hanukkah</li><li>חֲנֻכָּה</li></ul></div></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hanukkah_traditions" title="Category:Hanukkah traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">Dreidel (Sevivon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Gelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscochos" title="Biscochos">Biscochos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrniki" title="Syrniki">Syrniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritas_de_prasa" title="Fritas de prasa">Fritas de prasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noodle_latkes" title="Noodle latkes">Noodle latkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">Sfenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">Sufganiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a> (Rock of Ages)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haneirot_Halalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haneirot Halalu (page does not exist)">Haneirot Halalu</a> (These lights)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odecha_Ki_Tovot_Gamalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta (page does not exist)">Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta</a> (I will Thank You)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichlu_Mashmanim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichlu Mashmanim (page does not exist)">Ichlu Mashmanim</a> (Eat Fattened Animals)"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Little_Dreidel" title="I Have a Little Dreidel">I Have a Little Dreidel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oh_Chanukah" title="Oh Chanukah">Oh Chanukah</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Chanukah_Song" title="The Chanukah Song">The Chanukah Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Erran_Baron_Cohen_Presents:_Songs_in_the_Key_of_Hanukkah" title="Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah">Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Light_One_Candle" title="Light One Candle">Light One Candle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Puppy_for_Hanukkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppy for Hanukkah">Puppy for Hanukkah</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hanukkah_Sessions" title="The Hanukkah Sessions">The Hanukkah Sessions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_film" title="Hanukkah film">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Crazy_Nights" title="Eight Crazy Nights">Eight Crazy Nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-Court_Miracle" title="Full-Court Miracle">Full-Court Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Hammer_(film)" title="The Hebrew Hammer (film)">The Hebrew Hammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_in_television" title="Hanukkah in television">In television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_One_with_the_Holiday_Armadillo" class="mw-redirect" title="The One with the Holiday Armadillo">The One with the Holiday Armadillo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Rugrats_Chanukah" title="A Rugrats Chanukah">A Rugrats Chanukah</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festigal" title="Festigal">Festigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_bush" title="Hanukkah bush">Hanukkah bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_Harry" title="Hanukkah Harry">Hanukkah Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf#Mensch_on_a_Bench" title="The Elf on the Shelf">Mensch on a Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismukkah" title="Chrismukkah">Chrismukkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Chanukia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanukkah"><img alt="Hanukkah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/100px-Chanukia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/150px-Chanukia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/200px-Chanukia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Maccabees">Books of Maccabees</a> (1 and 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Jews">The War of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">Miracle of the cruse of oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaddi" title="John Gaddi">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ma%27aleh_Levona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ma'aleh Levona">Ma'aleh Levona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(166_BC)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC)">Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Beth Zur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">Campaigns of 163 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Beth Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Adasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Elasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_and_observances579" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" title="Template:Jewish and Israeli holidays"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" title="Template talk:Jewish and Israeli holidays"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish and Israeli holidays"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_and_observances579" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Israeli</a> holidays and observances</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays and observances</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shabbat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Shabbat" title="Special Shabbat">Special Shabbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">High Holy Days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Repentance" title="Ten Days of Repentance">Ten Days of Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" title="Pesach Sheni">Pesach Sheni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoshana_Rabbah" title="Hoshana Rabbah">Hoshana Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_tov_sheni_shel_galuyot" title="Yom tov sheni shel galuyot">Yom tov sheni shel galuyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isru_chag" title="Isru chag">Isru chag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia" title="Fast of Gedalia">Fast of Gedalia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_of_Tevet" title="Tenth of Tevet">Tenth of Tevet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu BiShvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim#Purim_Katan" title="Purim">Purim Katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" title="Seventeenth of Tammuz">17th of Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Weeks" title="The Three Weeks">The Three Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Days" title="The Nine Days">The Nine Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_B%27Av" title="Tu B'Av">Tu B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_LeMa%27sar_Behemah" title="Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah">Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Israeli public holidays</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom HaAtzmaut (Independence Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Israeli ethnic</a> holidays</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimouna" title="Mimouna">Mimouna</a></li> <li>Seharane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigd" title="Sigd">Sigd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_to_Mark_the_Departure_and_Expulsion_of_Jews_from_the_Arab_Countries_and_Iran" title="Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran">Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew months</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a></li> 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1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewsomBreed2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNulman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlaut2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowney2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRon_Isaacs2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenstock2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacchi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarna2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaundra_L._Washington2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScherman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkop2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoloveitchik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpiro2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStergiou\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart_Ain_and_TaRessa_Stovall2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStu_Bykofsky2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTcherikover1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelushkin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelushkin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaskow2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYosef2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoskowitz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZion2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZionSpectre2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZvieli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdimap2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 6,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 2,\n [\"Calendar date/infobox\"] = 4,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 97,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Hanukkah footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Hebrew paragraph\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox holiday\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewish Encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewish and Israeli holidays\"] = 1,\n [\"LASTYEAR\"] = 4,\n [\"LORD\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 12,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Moveable date\"] = 8,\n [\"NEXTYEAR\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 17,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 8,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 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