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class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 col-lg-9"> <div id="site-content" class="site-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <div class="left-content"> <div class="details-news"> <div class="post article-detail"> <div class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-thumbnail"> <div class="caption"> <a href="/media/uploads/images/Austro_ugarska_grb_2.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="featured-image" data-footer="Austro-Ugarska Monarhija, grb" > <img class="img-fluid" src="/media/__sized__/uploads/images/Austro_ugarska_grb_2-crop-c0-5__0-5-871x497-70.jpg" alt="" /> </a> <span class="img-caption"> Austro-Ugarska Monarhija, grb </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content"> <div class="entry-meta"> <ul class="list-inline"> <li class="posted-by"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i> <a href="#"> Slaven Berto拧a, Istarska enciklopedija, 2005. </a> </li> <li class="publish-date"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>Objavljeno: 5.2.2009. / Posljednja promjena: 5.1.2015. </a></li> <li class="views"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-eye"></i>17679</a></li> <!-- <li class="loves"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-heart-o"></i>278</a></li> --> <li class="comments"><i class="fa fa-comment-o"></i><a href="#">0</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="entry-title"> Austro-Ugarska Monarhija </h2> <div class="entry-content"> <p> <p>Austro-Ugarska Monarhija, naziv dualisti膷ki ure膽ene <a href="https://www.istrapedia.hr/hr/natuknice/2383/austrijsko-carstvo">Habsbur拧ke Monarhije</a> u razdoblju od Austro-ugarske nagodbe (1867.) do raspada dr啪ave (1918.).</p> <p>Kao i ranijem <a href="http://istra.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=133" target="_blank">Austrijskom Carstvu</a>, na 膷elu su joj bili vladari (car i kralj, njem. Kaiser und K&ouml;nig) iz ku膰e <a href="http://www.istrapedia.hr/hrv/995/habsburgovci/istra-a-z/" target="_self">Habsburgovci</a>. Prijestolnice su bile Be膷 i Budimpe拧ta. Dr啪ava, koja je zauzimala 拧iri srednjoeuropski prostor (676.616 km2), imala je 1910. god. 51.356.465 stanovnika Od toga je Austriji (300.006 km2) pripadalo 28.571.934 stanovnika, a Ugarskoj s Hrvatskom i Slavonijom (325.411 km2) 20.886.487 stanovnika. Nakon okupacije (1878.) i aneksije (1908.) Bosne i Hercegovine, koja je potpala pod zajedni膷ku austrougarsku upravu, Monarhija se pove膰ala za 51.199 km2 i 1.898.044 stanovnika.</p> <p>Bila je vi拧enacionalna dr啪ava. U cjelini Monarhija je bila gospodarski zaostala, iako su neki dijelovi (posebice 艩leska i 膶e拧ka) pripadali najrazvijenijim dijelovima srednje Europe. Gospodarski je napredak ote啪avalo dugotrajno zadr啪avanje ostataka feudalnih odnosa i utjecaj stranoga, poglavito njema膷kog kapitala.</p> <p>Preustroj dr啪ave prema dualisti膷kom na膷elu bio je posljedica duboke krize. Izba膷ena iz <a href="https://www.istrapedia.hr/hr/natuknice/2873/italija-kraljevina">Italije</a> i isklju膷ena iz Njema膷koga saveza, iznutra pogo膽ena nacionalnim pokretima i dru拧tvenim suprotnostima, Monarhija je morala biti preure膽ena. Do toga je do拧lo nakon 拧to su Ma膽ari, iskoristiv拧i poraz austrijske vojske u bitki kraj Sadove 1866. u ratu protiv Prusije, prisilili cara Franju Josipa I. na sklapanje Austro-ugarske nagodbe. Tim dr啪avnopravnim aktom iz 1867. preure膽eni su odnosi izme膽u zemalja pod vla拧膰u Habsburgovaca. Nova je dr啪ava Austro-Ugarska bila sastavljena od dviju cjelina: od &raquo;kraljevina i zemalja zastupanih u Carevinskom vije膰u&laquo; (Gornja i Donja Austrija, Tirol s Vorarlbergom, 艩tajerska, Koru拧ka, Kranjska, Gorica, Gradi拧ka, Trst, Istra, Dalmacija, 膶e拧ka, Moravska, 艩leska, Galicija i Bukovina) i od &raquo;zemalja ugarske krune&laquo; (Ugarska, Hrvatska i Slavonija). Granica je i拧la rijekom Leithom, desnim pritokom Dunava. Zemlje zapadno od Leithe (Cislajtanija) potpale su pod <a href="http://www.istrapedia.hr/hrv/440/carevinsko-vijece/istra-a-z/" target="_self">Carevinsko vije膰e</a> u Be膷u, a isto膷no od Leithe (Translajtanija) pod vrhovni拧tvo ugarske krune. Monarhija je postala zajednicom dviju dr啪ava, od kojih je svaka imala svoj ustav, zakonodavstvo i dr啪avna tijela. Dva su dijela bila povezana zajedni膷kim vladarom iz dinastije Habsburg, koji se zasebno krunio za austrijskoga cara i ugarskoga kralja. Dualizam je naglasio jedinstvo Monarhije u tzv. pragmati膷kim zajedni膷kim poslovima: vanjska politika, vojska, financije, carina i valuta. Tzv. dualisti膷ki zajedni膷ki poslovi vodili su se u svakoj polovici dr啪ave posebno: trgovina i carine, 啪eljeznice od zajedni膷kog interesa, industrijske tro拧arine, financije, utvr膽ivanje obrambene politike. Nagodbenom ure膽enju jak su otpor pru啪ili nenjema膷ki i nema膽arski narodi, izlo啪eni centralizaciji, germanizaciji i ma膽arizaciji. U Hrvatskoj je &ndash; nakon izbora na kojima su pobijedili unionisti &ndash; Sabor prihvatio Hrvatsko-ugarsku nagodbu (1868.), kojom je Hrvatska o膷uvala autonomiju u upravnim poslovima, 拧kolstvu i sudstvu, te hrvatski kao slu啪beni jezik, iako je u gospodarskom i financijskom smislu bila podlo啪na Ugarskoj.</p> <p>Austro-Ugarska 1870. nije u拧la u francusko-pruski rat, pa je kancelar Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck neometano proveo ujedinjenje Njema膷ke. Tada je u austrijskoj polovici dr啪ave na vlast do拧la konzervativna vlada Karla Sigmunda von Hohenwarta, koja se uzalud poku拧avala sporazumjeti s 膶esima (1871.). Uz potporu Njema膷ke i oslanjaju膰i se na Ugarsku, njema膷ki su je liberali sru拧ili i ponovno do拧li na vlast, nakon 膷ega se stabilizirao dualizam s njema膷kom prevla拧膰u u zapadnoj i ma膽arskom prevla拧膰u u isto膷noj polovici Monarhije. U vanjskoj je politici napu拧tena antipruska orijentacija, a planovi su usmjereni prema Balkanskom poluotoku.</p> <p>Na Berlinskom je kongresu Austro-Ugarska stekla pravo na okupaciju Bosne i Hercegovine (1878.). S Njema膷kom je 1879. sklopila ugovor o savezu, koji se pristupom Italije 1882. pretvorio u Trojni savez. Ostvarivanje njema膷kog utjecaja na Balkanu, kao dio politike prodora na istok (Drang nach Osten), dovelo je u Hrvatskoj i Dalmaciji do pribli啪avanja hrvatskih i srpskih oporbenih stranaka na temelju programa koji je u po膷etku predvi膽ao suradnju s ma膽arskim pokretom za neovisnost te s Italijom protiv austrijskih i njema膷kih namjera (1905.). Aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine (1908.), mije拧anje u balkanska pitanja, a zatim i atentat na prijestolonasljednika Franju Ferdinanda u Sarajevu 28.VI.1914. doveli su do izbijanja <a href="http://www.istrapedia.hr/hrv/729/prvi-svjetski-rat/istra-a-z/" target="_self">I. svjetskog rata</a>.</p> <p>Tijekom rata u Monarhiji su oja膷ali pokreti slavenskih naroda za oslobo膽enje i stvaranje vlastitih dr啪ava. Politi膷ki predstavnici 膶eha, Slovaka, Poljaka, Hrvata, Slovenaca i Srba sve su ja膷e djelovali u politi膷kim krugovima Antante i radili na priznavanju prava na stvaranje novih dr啪ava. Obe膰anje cara Karla I. od 15.X.1918. da 膰e Austriju pretvoriti u &raquo;savez slobodnih naroda&laquo; vi拧e nije moglo spasiti Austro-Ugarsku. 膶e拧ke zemlje i Poljska, koja je pripojila Galiciju, progla拧ene su republikama 28.X; u Zagrebu je Hrvatski sabor 29.X. proglasio prekid odnosa izme膽u Kraljevine Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije s Kraljevinom Ugarskom i Carevinom Austrijom (<a href="http://istra.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=1862" target="_blank">Narodno vije膰e Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba</a>). Ugarska je vlada 3.XI.1918. proglasila odcjepljenje od Austrije, a Slova膷ko narodno vije膰e izjasnilo se za ujedinjenje sa 膶esima, 膷ime je stvorena 膶ehoslova膷ka. Car Karlo I. abdicirao je 11.XI.1918. i napustio zemlju. Time su dijelovi teritorija biv拧e Austro-Ugarske uklju膷eni u novonastale dr啪ave (膶ehoslova膷ku, Austriju, Ma膽arsku, Dr啪avu Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba), obnovljene dr啪ave (Poljsku) ili one ve膰 postoje膰e (Italiju i Rumunjsku).</p> </p> <div class="section"> <div> <h1 class="section-title">Slike</h1> <br> <div> <div class="gallery container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-4 item square_in_gallery"> <a href="/media/uploads/images/article_images/term_1245230938_1.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="gallery" data-footer="" > <img src="/media/__sized__/uploads/images/article_images/term_1245230938_1-crop-c0-5__0-5-238x228-70.jpg" alt="" /> </a> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-4 item square_in_gallery"> <a href="/media/uploads/images/Austro_ugarska_grb_2.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="gallery" data-footer="Austro-Ugarska Monarhija, grb" > <img src="/media/__sized__/uploads/images/Austro_ugarska_grb_2-crop-c0-5__0-5-238x228-70.jpg" alt="" 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<div class="col-md-4 col-lg-3 tr-sticky"> <div id="sitebar" class="theiaStickySidebar"> <br> <div class="widget"> <div class="section"> <h1 class="section-title title">Literatura</h1> <div class="literature"> <p>Erich Z&ouml;llner i Therese Sch&uuml;ssel, <em>Povijest Austrije</em>, Zagreb 1997.; Alan John Percivale Taylor, <em>Habsbur拧ka Monarhija 1809&ndash;1918</em>, Zagreb 1990.; P&eacute;ter Han&aacute;k, <em>Povijest Ma膽arske</em>, Zagreb 1995.; Slaven Berto拧a, <em>Svjetska povijest modernoga doba (XVI&ndash;XIX.st.) s posebnim osvrtom na Apeninski poluotok</em>, Zagreb 2004.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section"> <h1 class="section-title title">Vezani 膷lanci</h1> <div class="post medium-post"> <div class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-thumbnail"> <img class="img-fluid" src="/media/__sized__/uploads/images/carevinsko_vijece_bec-crop-c0-5__0-5-255x160-70.jpg" alt="" /> </div> </div> <div class="post-content"> <div class="entry-meta"> <ul class="list-inline"> <li class="publish-date"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 8.2.2009. </a></li> <li class="views"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-eye"></i>6878</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="entry-title"> <a href="/hr/natuknice/article/481/">Carevinsko vije膰e</a> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="post medium-post"> <div class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-thumbnail"> <img class="img-fluid" src="/media/uploads/images/dummy-image.jpg.255x160_q85_crop-smart.jpg" alt="" /> </div> </div> <div class="post-content"> <div class="entry-meta"> <ul class="list-inline"> <li class="publish-date"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 1.6.2015. </a></li> <li class="views"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-eye"></i>7136</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="entry-title"> <a href="/hr/natuknice/article/2383/">Austrijsko Carstvo</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section"> <h1 class="section-title title">Slu膷ajna natuknica</h1> <div class="post medium-post"> <div class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-thumbnail"> <img class="img-fluid" src="/media/__sized__/uploads/images/article_images/term_1393848102_1-crop-c0-5__0-5-255x160-70.jpg" alt="" /> </div> </div> <div class="post-content"> <div class="entry-meta"> <ul class="list-inline"> <li class="publish-date"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 3.3.2014. </a></li> <li class="views"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-eye"></i>2787</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="entry-title"> <a href="/hr/natuknice/article/2254/">Mariano iz Siene</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> </div><!--/#widget--> </div><!--/#sitebar--> </div> </div> </div><!--/.section--> </div><!--/.container--> </div><!--/.main-wrapper--> <div class="footer-widget"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="widget"> <h1 class="section-title title">O Istrapediji</h1> <p>Istrapedia je regionalna internetska enciklopedija, projekt Istarske 啪upanije. 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