CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Oto-Manguean languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"197c4245-a682-4f87-81d7-46ae545db9e6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Oto-Manguean_languages","wgTitle":"Oto-Manguean languages","wgCurRevisionId":1256337520,"wgRevisionId":1256337520,"wgArticleId":1427451,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2020","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Mexican Spanish-language sources (es-mx)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2020","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011","Pages with plain IPA","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Mesoamerican languages" ,"Oto-Manguean languages","Language families"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Oto-Manguean_languages","wgRelevantArticleId":1427451,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q33669","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Precontact_Otomanguean.svg/1200px-Precontact_Otomanguean.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="736"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Precontact_Otomanguean.svg/800px-Precontact_Otomanguean.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="491"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Precontact_Otomanguean.svg/640px-Precontact_Otomanguean.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="392"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Oto-Manguean languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Oto-Manguean_languages rootpage-Oto-Manguean_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Oto-Manguean+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Oto-Manguean+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Oto-Manguean+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Oto-Manguean+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_classification_and_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_classification_and_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Internal classification and reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_classification_and_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusion_in_macro-family_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusion_in_macro-family_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Inclusion in macro-family hypotheses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusion_in_macro-family_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography and demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Western branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oto-Pamean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oto-Pamean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Oto-Pamean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oto-Pamean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinantecan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinantecan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Chinantecan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinantecan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tlapanec–Mangue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tlapanec–Mangue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Tlapanec–Mangue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tlapanec–Mangue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Eastern branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popolocan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popolocan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Popolocan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popolocan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zapotecan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zapotecan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Zapotecan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zapotecan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixtecan–Amuzgoan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixtecan–Amuzgoan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Mixtecan–Amuzgoan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixtecan–Amuzgoan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_phonological_traits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_phonological_traits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Common phonological traits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_phonological_traits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tone systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whistled_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whistled_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Whistled speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whistled_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Proto-language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proto-language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proto-language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proto-language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Phonemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oto-Manguean languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomangue" title="Otomangue – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Otomangue" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات أوتو-مانغوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات أوتو-مانغوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_otomangues" title="Llingües otomangues – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües otomangues" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اوْتو-مانقه دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْتو-مانقه دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ото-мангейски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ото-мангейски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_otek-mangeek" title="Yezhoù otek-mangeek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù otek-mangeek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomang" title="Otomang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Otomang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomangue-Sprachen" title="Otomangue-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Otomangue-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-mange_keeled" title="Oto-mange keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oto-mange keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_otomangues" title="Lenguas otomangues – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas otomangues" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomi-mangea_lingvaro" title="Otomi-mangea lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otomi-mangea lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های اوتو-مانگویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های اوتو-مانگویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_oto-mangues" title="Langues oto-mangues – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues oto-mangues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_otomangueanas" title="Linguas otomangueanas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas otomangueanas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%A7%9D%EA%B2%8C%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="오토망게어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오토망게어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-Mangue_Indijanci" title="Oto-Mangue Indijanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oto-Mangue Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Oto-Manguea" title="Rumpun bahasa Oto-Manguea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Oto-Manguea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93t%C3%B3mangve%C3%ADsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Ótómangveísk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ótómangveísk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_oto-mangue" title="Lingue oto-mangue – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue oto-mangue" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomang%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Otomangų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Otomangų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_oto-mangean" title="Linguas oto-mangean – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas oto-mangean" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otommanguetlahtolli" title="Otommanguetlahtolli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Otommanguetlahtolli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-Manguetalen" title="Oto-Manguetalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oto-Manguetalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="オト・マンゲ語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オト・マンゲ語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomangueanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Otomangueanske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Otomangueanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomangueanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Otomangueanske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Otomangueanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_otomangues" title="Lengas otomangues – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas otomangues" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_oto-manguean" title="Lenghe oto-manguean – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe oto-manguean" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_oto-mangueskie" title="Języki oto-mangueskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki oto-mangueskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_oto-mangueanas" title="Línguas oto-mangueanas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas oto-mangueanas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomanki_rimaykuna" title="Otomanki rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Otomanki rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ото-мангские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ото-мангские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ото-манге језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ото-манге језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-Manguean" title="Oto-Manguean – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oto-Manguean" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-mangueanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Oto-mangueanska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oto-mangueanska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-Mange_dilleri" title="Oto-Mange dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oto-Mange dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Отомангейські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Отомангейські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Oto-Mangue" title="Ngữ hệ Oto-Mangue – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Oto-Mangue" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%89%98-%E6%9B%BC%E6%A0%BC%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="歐托-曼格語系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歐托-曼格語系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33669#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Oto-Manguean_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Oto-Manguean_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&oldid=1256337520" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Oto-Manguean_languages&id=1256337520&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOto-Manguean_languages"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOto-Manguean_languages"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oto-manguean_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33669" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language family of Mexico and, previously, Central America</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Oto-Manguean</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Currently <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>; previously <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pamean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinantecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supanecan_languages" title="Supanecan languages">Tlapanecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manguean_languages" title="Manguean languages">Manguean</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotecan_languages" title="Zapotecan languages">Zapotecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtecan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/omq" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:omq">omq</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/otom1299">otom1299</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Precontact_Otomanguean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Precontact_Otomanguean.svg/300px-Precontact_Otomanguean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Precontact_Otomanguean.svg/450px-Precontact_Otomanguean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Precontact_Otomanguean.svg/600px-Precontact_Otomanguean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="428" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Pre-contact distribution of the Oto-Manguean languages in Mexico and Central America</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otomanguean_Languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Otomanguean_Languages.png/300px-Otomanguean_Languages.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Otomanguean_Languages.png/450px-Otomanguean_Languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Otomanguean_Languages.png/600px-Otomanguean_Languages.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="520" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:left;">The Oto-Manguean languages within Mexico.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Oto-Manguean</b> or <b>Otomanguean</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> languages are a large family comprising several subfamilies of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous languages of the Americas</a>. All of the Oto-Manguean languages that are now spoken are indigenous to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Manguean_languages" title="Manguean languages">Manguean</a> branch of the family, which is now <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>, was spoken as far south as <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>. Oto-Manguean is widely viewed as a proven language family. </p><p>The highest number of speakers of Oto-Manguean languages today are found in the state of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> where the two largest branches, the <a href="/wiki/Zapotecan_languages" title="Zapotecan languages">Zapotecan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtecan</a> languages, are spoken by almost 1.5 million people combined. In central Mexico, particularly in the states of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico (state)">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidalgo (Mexico)">Hidalgo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a>, the languages of the Oto-Pamean branch are spoken: the <a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a> and the closely related <a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a> have over 500,000 speakers combined. In the linguistic world of Mesoamerica, the Otomanguean family stands out as the most diverse and extensively distributed. </p><p>Some Oto-Manguean languages are moribund or highly endangered; for example, <a href="/wiki/Ixcatec_language" title="Ixcatec language">Ixcatec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a> each have fewer than 250 speakers, most of whom are elderly. Other languages particularly of the Manguean branch which was spoken outside of Mexico have become <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>; these include the <a href="/wiki/Chiapanec_language" title="Chiapanec language">Chiapanec language</a>, which was declared extinct after 1990. Others such as <a href="/wiki/Subtiaba_language" title="Subtiaba language">Subtiaba</a>, which was most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Me'phaa</a> (Tlapanec), have been extinct longer and are only known from early 20th century descriptions. </p><p>The Oto-Manguean language family is the most diverse and most geographically widespread language family represented in Mesoamerica. The internal diversity is comparable with that of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, and the Proto-Oto-Manguean language is estimated to have been spoken some time before 2000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_&_Justeson_2009:227_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman_&_Justeson_2009:227-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that at least for the past 4000 years Oto-Manguean languages have coexisted with the other languages of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and have developed many traits in common with these, to such an extent that they are seen as part of a <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Linguistic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican Linguistic Area">Mesoamerican Linguistic Area</a>. </p><p>However Oto-Manguean also stands out from the other language families of Mesoamerica in several features. It is the only language family in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mesoamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> whose members are all <a href="/wiki/Tonal_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal languages">tonal languages</a>. It also stands out by having a much more <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a> structure than other Mesoamerican languages. Another typical trait of Oto-Manguean is that its members almost all show VSO (<a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a>) in basic order of clausal constituents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oto-Manguean_languages" title="List of Oto-Manguean languages">List of Oto-Manguean languages</a></div> <div align="center"> <table class="wikitable toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" width="100%" style="float:center; margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.5e text-align:left;clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#black; color:white; font-size:120%" align="center" bgcolor="black"><b> Genealogical classification of Oto-Manguean languages</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#CFCFCF;" align="center" width="20%"><b>Family</b> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#CFCFCF;" align="center" width="35%"><b>Groups</b> </td> <td style="background:#CFCFCF;" align="center" width="15%"><b>Languages</b> </td> <td style="background:#CFCFCF;" align="center" width="30%"><b>Where spoken and approximate number of speakers</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="23" style="background:#e9e9e9;"><b>Oto-Manguean languages</b> </td> <td rowspan="10" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b>Western Oto-Mangue </b> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b>Oto-Pame–Chinantecan</b> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pamean</a></b> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a> (Hñähñu) (several varieties) </td> <td style="background:white;">Central Mexico (c. 212,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a> (Hñatho) </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico (state)">Mexico (state)</a> (c. 350,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico (state)">Mexico (state)</a>. Two varieties: Ocuiltec–Tlahuica (c. 450) and Matlatzinca de San Francisco (c. 1,300) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Pame</a> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>. Three varieties: Southern Pame (presumed to have no speakers), Central Pame (c. 5,000), Northern Pame (c. 5,000). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca Jonaz</a> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a> (c. 1,500) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinantecan</a></b> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Chinantec" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec">Chinantec</a> </td> <td style="background:white;">northern <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, (c. 224,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b>Tlapanec–Mangue</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Supanecan_languages" title="Supanecan languages">Tlapanecan</a></b> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanec</a> (Me'phaa) </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> (c. 75,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Subtiaba_language" title="Subtiaba language">Subtiaba</a> <b>(†)</b> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Manguean_languages" title="Manguean languages">Manguean</a></b> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Chiapanec_language" title="Chiapanec language">Chiapanec</a> <b>(†)</b> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Mangue_language" title="Mangue language">Mangue</a> <b>(†)</b> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b>Eastern Oto-Mangue</b> </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b>Popolocan–Zapotecan</b> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a></b> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatec</a> </td> <td style="background:white;">north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> (c. 206,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Ixcatec_language" title="Ixcatec language">Ixcatec</a> </td> <td style="background:white;">northern <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> (< 100) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Chocho_language" title="Chocho language">Chocho</a> </td> <td style="background:white;">northern <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> (< 1000) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a> </td> <td style="background:white;">Southern <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, (c. 30,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Zapotecan_languages" title="Zapotecan languages">Zapotecan</a></b> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a> (around 50 variants) </td> <td style="background:white;">Central and eastern Oaxaca (c. 785,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino</a> </td> <td style="background:white;">Oaxaca (c. 23,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Papabuco_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Papabuco language">Papabuco</a> </td> <td style="background:white;">Oaxaca </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Soltec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Soltec language">Soltec</a> </td> <td style="background:white;">Oaxaca </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b>Amuzgo–Mixtecan</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Amuzgoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuzgoan languages">Amuzgoan</a></b> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo</a> (around 4 variants) </td> <td style="background:white;">Oaxaca and Guerrero (c. 44,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#EFEFEF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtecan</a></b> </td> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec language">Mixtec</a> (around 30 variants) </td> <td style="background:white;">central, southern and western <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>; southern <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> (c. 511,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Cuicatec_language" title="Cuicatec language">Cuicatec</a> </td> <td style="background:white;">Cuicatlán, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, (c. 18,500) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white;"><a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Trique</a> (also called Triqui) </td> <td style="background:white;">western <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> (c. 23,000) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_classification">History of classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_classification_and_reconstruction">Internal classification and reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internal classification and reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A genetic relationship between Zapotecan and Mixtecan was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Orozco_y_Berra" title="Manuel Orozco y Berra">Manuel Orozco y Berra</a> in 1864; he also included Cuicatec, Chocho and Amuzgo in his grouping. In 1865, Pimentel added Mazatec, Popoloca, Chatino and Chinantec – he also posed a separate group of Pame, Otomi and Mazahua, the beginning of the Oto-Pamean subbranch. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Brinton">Daniel Brinton</a>'s classification of 1891 added Matlatzinca and Chichimeca Jonaz to Pimentel's Oto-Pamean group (which wasn't known by that name then), and he reclassified some languages of the previously included languages of the Oaxacan group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1920, Walther Lehmann included the Chiapanec–Mangue languages and correctly established the major subgroupings of the Oaxacan group. And in 1926, Schmidt coined the name Otomi–Mangue for a group consisting of the Oto-Pamean languages and Chiapanec–Mangue. The Oto-Pamean group and the Main Oaxacan group were not joined into one family until <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir's</a> classification in 1929, where it was included in the <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan family</a>. </p><p>From the 1950s on reconstructive work began to be done on individual Oto-Manguean language groups. Proto-Oto-Pamean was reconstructed by <a href="/wiki/Doris_Bartholomew" title="Doris Bartholomew">Doris Bartholomew</a>, Proto-Zapotecan by <a href="/wiki/Morris_Swadesh" title="Morris Swadesh">Morris Swadesh</a>, Proto-Chiapanec–Mangue by Fernández de Miranda and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Weitlaner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Weitlaner (page does not exist)">Weitlaner</a>. The classification by Campbell 1997 was the first to present a unified view of the Oto-Manguean languages. In 1981, William Merrifield published a reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">kinship terminologies</a> of each of the Oto-Manguean branches and of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Unpublished reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Manguean grammar have also been made by <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Terrence Kaufman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of the lack of a full published reconstruction of proto-Oto-Manguean, the language family has now been widely accepted by specialists, including <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Terrence Kaufman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Poser" title="William Poser">William Poser</a>. Campbell and Poser writing in 2008 concluded that ""Tlapanec-Subtiaba proved not to belong to 'Hokan' as postulated by Sapir (1925a), but to be a branch of Otomanguean ..."" Nonetheless, a few studies have retained the inclusion in Hokan, particularly <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a>'s widely rejected 1987 classification,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as its derivative works by <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Ruhlen" title="Merritt Ruhlen">Merritt Ruhlen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1988, Leonardo Manrique still listed Tlapanec-Mangue as an isolated family.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of the <a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo language</a> as either a part of the Mixtecan group or as forming its own branch from the proto-Oto-Manguean node has been discussed by Longacre, who argued for the latter,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the currently most accepted classification by <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell</a> (1997) follows <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Terrence Kaufman</a> in considering Amuzgo to be a branch of Mixtecan. Swadesh (1960) and Rensch included the <a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave language</a> as a separate branch within Oto-Manguean, but this inclusion has proved untenable as most of the cognates were loan-words from Zapotec. Huave is now considered an <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Longacre (1968) considered Oto-Manguean to be among the most extensively studied language families of the world, with a level of reconstruction rivaling the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European family">Indo-European family</a> in completeness, but Kaufman and Justeson (2009) reject this, lamenting the rudimentary reconstruction of Proto-Oto-Manguean lexicon (only c. 350 items have been reconstructed) and grammar. They call for a redoubling of the effort to document and reconstruct several important branches that have received little attention: principally Mixtecan, Popolocan and Oto-Pamean. </p><p>Brown (2015) evaluates evidence assembled in support of Oto-Manguean. He points out that vocabulary reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Manguean is not supported by regular sound correspondences. While scholars, including Swadesh, Rensch, and Kaufman, have all reconstructed POM words, none have done so with the benefit of detailed sound correspondences and, consequently Brown argues that their reconstructions as well as Oto-Manguean itself are called into question. Nevertheless, Brown (2015) suggests that Oto-Manguean as Sprachbund (language diffusion area) is a reasonable alternative hypothesis to the proposal of Oto-Manguean as a language family.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap">Oto-Manguean </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> Western OM </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pamean</a> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Otomian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomian languages">Otomian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichimeca language">Chichimeca</a> (Jonaz) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Pamean</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinantec</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> Tlapanec–Mangue </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Supanecan_languages" title="Supanecan languages">Tlapanecan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanec</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Subtiaba_language" title="Subtiaba language">Subtiaba</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Manguean_languages" title="Manguean languages">Manguean</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> Eastern OM </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chochotec" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochotec">Chocho</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Popoloca_languages" title="Popoloca languages">Popoloca</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ixcatec_language" title="Ixcatec language">Ixcatec</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatecan</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zapotecan_languages" title="Zapotecan languages">Zapotecan</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">?  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtecan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_languages" title="Mixtec languages">Mixtec</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Trique_languages" title="Trique languages">Trique</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cuicatec_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuicatec languages">Cuicatec</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inclusion_in_macro-family_hypotheses">Inclusion in macro-family hypotheses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inclusion in macro-family hypotheses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some early classifications such as that by Brinton, considered that Oto-Manguean languages might be related to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, because like Chinese the languages were tonal and mostly monosyllabic. This idea was quickly abandoned as it was discovered that tonal languages are common, and advances in the historical study of Chinese were made (including the discovery that <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> was non-tonal).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Sapir included Subtiaba–Tlapanec in his <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> phylum, but didn't classify the other Oto-Manguean languages in his famous 1929 classification. In his 1960 classification, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> considered Oto-Manguean so aberrant from other Native American languages that it was the only accepted family (aside from the <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a> isolate) which he made a primary branch of his <a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a> family. However, in his 1987 revision he linked it with <a href="/wiki/Aztec-Tanoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec-Tanoan">Aztec-Tanoan</a> in a "Central Amerind" branch, apart from Tlapanec which, although it had by then been unequivocally linked to Oto-Manguean, he continued to classify as Hokan.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No hypotheses including Oto-Manguean in any higher-level unit have been able to withstand scrutiny. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oto-Manguean family has existed in southern Mexico at least since 2000 BCE and probably several thousand years before,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some estimates using the controversial method of <a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">glottochronology</a> suggest an approximate splitting date of Proto-Otomanguean at c. 4400 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1997,_p.159_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1997,_p.159-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>This makes the Oto-Manguean family the language family of the Americas with the deepest time depth, as well as the oldest language family with evidence of tonal contrast in the proto-language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicoli2005797_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicoli2005797-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>The Oto-Manguean <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">urheimat</a> has been thought to be in the <a href="/wiki/Tehuac%C3%A1n" title="Tehuacán">Tehuacán</a> valley in connection with one of the earliest neolithic cultures of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, and although it is now in doubt whether Tehuacán was the original home of the Proto-Otomanguean people, it is agreed that the Tehuacán culture (5000 BCE–2300 BCE) were likely Oto-Mangue speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1997,_p.159_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1997,_p.159-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The long history of the Oto-Manguean family has resulted in considerable linguistic diversity between the branches of the family. <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Terrence Kaufman</a> compares the diversity between the main branches of Oto-Manguean with that between the main branches of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_&_Justeson_2009:227_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman_&_Justeson_2009:227-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaufman also proposes that Oto-Manguean languages are an important candidate for being the source of many of the traits that have diffused into the other <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">languages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_linguistic_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican linguistic area">Mesoamerican linguistic area</a>. </p><p>Oto-Mangue speakers have been among the earliest to form highly complex cultures of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>: the archeological site of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Alb%C3%A1n" title="Monte Albán">Monte Albán</a> with remains dated as early as 1000 BCE is believed to have been in continuous use by <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotecs</a>. The undeciphered <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec script</a> is one of the earliest forms of Mesoamerican writing. </p><p>Other Mesoamerican cultural centers which may have been wholly or partly Oto-Manguean include the late classical sites of <a href="/wiki/Xochicalco" title="Xochicalco">Xochicalco</a>, which may have been built by <a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_people" title="Matlatzinca people">Matlatzincas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a>, which may have been inhabited by Manguean peoples. And some propose an Oto-Pamean presence in <a href="/wiki/Teotihuac%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Teotihuacán">Teotihuacán</a>. The Zapotecs are among the candidates to have invented the first <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">writing system of Mesoamerica</a> – and in the Post-Classic period the Mixtecs were prolific artesans and codex painters. During the postclassic the Oto-Manguean cultures of Central Mexico became marginalized by the intruding <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahuas</a> and some, like the Chiapanec–Mangue speakers went south into Guerrero, Chiapas and Central America, while others such as the <a href="/wiki/Otomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomi people">Otomi</a> saw themselves relocated from their ancient homes in the Valley of Mexico to the less fertile highlands on the rim of the valleys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_demographics">Geography and demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography and demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oto-Manguean_languages" title="List of Oto-Manguean languages">List of Oto-Manguean languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_branch">Western branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Western branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oto-Pamean">Oto-Pamean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oto-Pamean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pamean languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otomi_speakers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Otomi_speakers.png/250px-Otomi_speakers.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Otomi_speakers.png/375px-Otomi_speakers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Otomi_speakers.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Map of the different dialect areas of Otomí in central Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>The languages of the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pamean</a> branch are spoken in central and western Mexico. The group includes the Otomian languages: <a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a> spoken primarily in the states of <a href="/wiki/Estado_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado de México">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> (c. 293,000 speakers) and <a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a> spoken in the western part of the State of Mexico (c. 350,000 speakers), and the endangered <a href="/wiki/Matlatzincan_languages" title="Matlatzincan languages">Matlatzincan languages</a> including <a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a> (c. 1000 speakers in the town of San Francisco Oxtotilpa) and <a href="/wiki/Tlahuica" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlahuica">Tlahuica</a> (also called Ocuilteco) (c. 400 speakers in the municipio of <a href="/wiki/Ocuilan" title="Ocuilan">Ocuilan</a>) both spoken in the State of Mexico; And the Pamean group composed of the two living <a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Pame languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Lu%C3%ADs_Potos%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luís Potosí">San Luís Potosí</a>, Northern Pame <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pmq">[1]</a> being spoken in communities from the north of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Verde_(San_Luis_Potosi)" title="Río Verde (San Luis Potosi)">Río Verde</a> on the border with <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a> (c. 5500 speakers), and Central Pame <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbs">[2]</a> spoken in the town of Santa María Acapulco (c. 4000 speakers), the extinct Southern Pame language, and the <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca Jonaz language</a> spoken in Misión de Chichimecas near <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_de_la_Paz" title="San Luis de la Paz">San Luis de la Paz</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> (c. 200 speakers). </p><p>Otomi is traditionally described as a single language, although its many dialects are not all mutually intelligible. The language classification of the SIL International's <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> considers Otomi to be a cover term for nine separate Otomi languages and assigns a different <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> code to each of these nine varieties. Currently, Otomi varieties are spoken collectively by c. 239,000 speakers – some 5 to 6 percent of whom are <a href="/wiki/Monolingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolingual">monolingual</a>. Because of recent migratory patterns, small populations of Otomi speakers can be found in new locations throughout Mexico and in the United States. The Otomi languages are vigorous in some areas, with children acquiring the language through natural transmission (e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</a> of Hidalgo and in the Highlands). However, three varieties are now considered <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund</a>: those of Ixtenco (<a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a> state), Santiago Tilapa and Acazulco (<a href="/wiki/Mexico_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico state">Mexico state</a>), and Cruz del Palmar (<a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> state).<sup id="cite_ref-lastra1925_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lastra1925-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some municipalities the level of monolingualism in Otomi is as high as 22.3% (<a href="/wiki/Huehuetla_Municipality,_Hidalgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Huehuetla Municipality, Hidalgo">Huehuetla</a>, Hidalgo) or 13.1% (<a href="/wiki/Texcatepec" title="Texcatepec">Texcatepec</a>, Veracruz). Monolingualism is normally significantly higher among women than among men.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinantecan">Chinantecan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chinantecan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinantecan languages</a> are spoken by c. 93,000 people in Northern Oaxaca and Southern Veracruz in the districts of Cuicatlán, <a href="/wiki/Ixtl%C3%A1n_de_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ixtlán de Juárez">Ixtlán de Juárez</a>, Tuxtepec and Choapan. The <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> recognizes 14 separate varieties with separate ISO codes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tlapanec–Mangue"><span id="Tlapanec.E2.80.93Mangue"></span>Tlapanec–Mangue</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tlapanec–Mangue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanec language</a> is spoken by c. 75,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>. There are four principal varieties named after the communities where they are spoken: Acatepec, Azoyú, Malinaltepec and Tlacoapa. Recent labor migrations have introduced Tlapanec speaking communities to the state of <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a>. It was closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Subtiaba_language" title="Subtiaba language">Subtiaba language</a> which was spoken in Nicaragua but which is now extinct. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Manguean_languages" title="Manguean languages">Manguean languages</a> are all extinct. They included the <a href="/wiki/Mangue_language" title="Mangue language">Mangue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chorotega_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorotega language">Chorotega</a> languages that were spoken in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> at the beginning of the 20th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Chiapanec_language" title="Chiapanec language">Chiapanec language</a> which was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> by a handful of speakers in the 1990s, but is now extinct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_branch">Eastern branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eastern branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popolocan">Popolocan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Popolocan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Popolocan language group includes the seven different varieties of <a href="/wiki/Popoloca_languages" title="Popoloca languages">Popoloca</a> which are spoken in southern <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> state near <a href="/wiki/Tehuac%C3%A1n,_Puebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehuacán, Puebla">Tehuacán</a> and Tepexi de Rodríguez (c. 30,000 speakers), and the closely related <a href="/wiki/Chocho_language" title="Chocho language">Chocho language</a> (c. 700 speakers) spoken in Northern Oaxaca state, and the 8 different <a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatecan languages</a> spoken in northern Oaxaca (c. 120,000 speakers), and the nearly extinct <a href="/wiki/Ixcatec_language" title="Ixcatec language">Ixcatec language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ixcatl%C3%A1n" title="Santa María Ixcatlán">Santa María Ixcatlán</a> (< 8 speakers). The Popolocan languages should not be confused with the languages called <a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a> spoken in the state of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, which belong to the unrelated <a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoquean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixe–Zoquean languages">Mixe–Zoquean</a> language family. The Mazatecan languages are known for their prolific use of <a href="/wiki/Whistled_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled speech">whistled speech</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zapotecan">Zapotecan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Zapotecan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zapotecan_languages" title="Zapotecan languages">Zapotecan languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zapotecan_Languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Zapotecan_Languages.png/250px-Zapotecan_Languages.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Zapotecan_Languages.png/375px-Zapotecan_Languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Zapotecan_Languages.png/500px-Zapotecan_Languages.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The location of Zapotec dialect groups within the state of Oaxaca.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zapotecan_languages" title="Zapotecan languages">Zapotecan</a> subgroup is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec languages</a> (c. 785,000 speakers of all varieties) and the related <a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino languages</a> (c. 23,000 speakers). They are all traditionally spoken in central and southern Oaxaca, but have been spread throughout Mexico and even into the United States through recent labor related migrations. </p><p>Zapotec languages and dialects fall into four broad geographic divisions: Zapoteco de la Sierra Norte (Northern Zapotec), Valley Zapotec, Zapoteco de la Sierra Sur (Southern Zapotec), and <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_Zapotec" title="Isthmus Zapotec">Isthmus Zapotec</a>. Northern Zapotec languages are spoken in the mountainous region of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, in the Northern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Southern Zapotec languages and are spoken in the mountainous region of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, in the Southern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Valley Zapotec languages are spoken in the Valley of Oaxaca, and Isthmus Zapotec languages are spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> recognizes 57 varieties of Zapotec and 6 varieties of Chatino by distinct ISO codes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mixtecan–Amuzgoan"><span id="Mixtecan.E2.80.93Amuzgoan"></span>Mixtecan–Amuzgoan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mixtecan–Amuzgoan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mixtecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mixtecan languages">List of Mixtecan languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg/250px-Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg/375px-Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg/500px-Mixteco_y_idiomas_circundantes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Mixtec languages (in green) and its surrounding languages including Triqui, Cuicatec and Amuzgo within the state of Oaxaca.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mixtecan branch includes the many different, mutually unintelligible varieties of Mixtec spoken by about 511,000 people as well as the <a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Trique</a> (or Triqui) languages, spoken by about 24,500 people and <a href="/wiki/Cuicatec_language" title="Cuicatec language">Cuicatec</a>, spoken by about 15,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mixtecan languages are traditionally spoken in the region known as <a href="/wiki/La_Mixteca" title="La Mixteca">La Mixteca</a>, which is shared by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican states">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>. Because of migration from this region the Mixtecan languages have expanded to Mexico's main urban areas, particularly the <a href="/wiki/State_of_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="State of México">State of México</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Federal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Federal District">Federal District</a>, to certain agricultural areas such as the <a href="/wiki/San_Quint%C3%ADn,_Baja_California" title="San Quintín, Baja California">San Quintín</a> valley in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, and even into the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The Mixtec language is a complex set of regional varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible. The varieties of Mixtec are sometimes grouped by geographic area, using designations such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Mixteca_Alta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixteca Alta">Mixteca Alta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mixteca_Baja" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixteca Baja">Mixteca Baja</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mixteca_de_la_Costa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixteca de la Costa">Mixteca de la Costa</a>. However, the dialects do not actually follow the geographic areas, and the precise historical relationships between the different varieties have not been worked out.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of varieties of Mixtec depends in part on what the criteria are for grouping them, of course; at one extreme, government agencies once recognized no dialectal diversity. Mutual intelligibility surveys and local literacy programs have led <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a> to identify more than <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mixtecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mixtecan languages">50 varieties</a> which have been assigned distinct ISO codes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four <a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo</a> varieties are spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Chica_of_Guerrero" title="Costa Chica of Guerrero">Costa Chica</a> region of the states of <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> by about 44,000 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four varieties recognized by the Mexican government are: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Amuzgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Amuzgo">Northern Amuzgo</a> (amuzgo del norte, commonly known as Guerrero or (from its major town) Xochistlahuaca Amuzgo), Southern Amuzgo (amuzgo del sur, heretofore classified as a subdialect of Northern Amuzgo); Upper Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo alto del este, commonly known as Oaxaca Amuzgo or San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo); Lower Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo bajo del este, commonly known as Ipalapa Amuzgo). These varieties are very similar, but there is a significant difference between western varieties (Northern and Southern) and eastern varieties (Upper Eastern and Lower Eastern), as revealed by recorded text testing done in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_phonological_traits">Common phonological traits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Common phonological traits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Oto-Manguean languages have <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>: some have only two <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Register_tones_and_contour_tones" title="Tone (linguistics)">level tones</a> while others have up to five level tones. Many languages in addition have a number of <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Register_tones_and_contour_tones" title="Tone (linguistics)">contour tones</a>. Many Oto-Manguean languages have phonemic vowel nasalization. Many Oto-Manguean languages lack <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial consonants</a>, particularly stops and those that do have labial stops normally have these as a reflex of Proto-Oto-Manguean <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/kʷ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicoli2005798_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicoli2005798-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_systems">Tone systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tone systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oto-Manguean languages have a wide range of tonal systems, some with as many as 10 tone contrasts and others with only two. Some languages have a register system only distinguishing tones by the relative pitch. Others have a contour system that also distinguishes tones with gliding pitch. Most, however, are combinations of the register and contour systems. Tone as a distinguishing feature is entrenched in the structure of the Oto-Manguean languages and in no way a peripheral phenomenon as it is in some languages that are known to have acquired tone recently or which are in a process of losing it. In most Oto-Manguean languages tone serves to distinguish both between the meanings of roots and to indicate different grammatical categories. In Chiquihuitlan <a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatec</a>, which has four tones, the following minimal pairs occur: <i>cha<sup>1</sup></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃa˥/</span> "I talk", <i>cha<sup>2</sup></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃa˦/</span> "difficult", <i>cha<sup>3</sup></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃa˧/</span> "his hand" <i>cha<sup>4</sup></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃa˩/</span> "he talks".<sup id="cite_ref-Suaréz_1983,_p.51_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suaréz_1983,_p.51-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language with the most level tones is <a href="/wiki/Usila_Chinantec" title="Usila Chinantec">Usila Chinantec</a>, which has five level tones and no contour tones; <a href="/wiki/Trique_languages" title="Trique languages">Chicahuaxtla Trique</a> has a similar system.<sup id="cite_ref-Suaréz_1983,_p.51_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suaréz_1983,_p.51-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinantec.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Chinantec.png/250px-Chinantec.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Chinantec.png 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Copala_Triqui" title="Copala Triqui">Copala Triqui</a>, which has a mixed system, only three level tones but five tonal registers are distinguished within the contour tones. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triquetones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Triquetones.png/350px-Triquetones.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Triquetones.png 1.5x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Many other systems have only three tone levels, such as <a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanec</a> and Texmelucan <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapotec language">Zapotec</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlapanec-tone-system.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tlapanec-tone-system.png/350px-Tlapanec-tone-system.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tlapanec-tone-system.png/525px-Tlapanec-tone-system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Tlapanec-tone-system.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Threetonesystemtexmelucan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Threetonesystemtexmelucan.png/180px-Threetonesystemtexmelucan.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Threetonesystemtexmelucan.png 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Particularly common in the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pamean branch</a> are small tonal systems with only two level tones and one contour, such as <a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Pame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a>. Some others like <a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca Jonaz</a> only have the level tones and no contour. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Twotoneotomangue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Twotoneotomangue.png/500px-Twotoneotomangue.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Twotoneotomangue.png/750px-Twotoneotomangue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Twotoneotomangue.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In some languages, stress influences tone. For example, in Pame, only stressed syllables have a tonal contrast. In Mazahua, the opposite occurs, and all syllables except the final stressed one distinguish tone. In Tlapanec, stress is determined by the tonal contour of the words. Most languages have systems of <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> where the tones of a word or syllable are influenced by other tones in other syllables or words. Chinantec has no Sandhi rules, but Mixtec and Zapotec have elaborate systems. For Mazatec, some dialects have elaborate Sandhi systems (e.g. Soyaltepec) and others do not (e.g. Huautla Mazatec). Some languages (particularly Mixtecan) also have <a href="/wiki/Tone_terracing" title="Tone terracing">tone terracing</a> where some tones "<a href="/wiki/Upstep" title="Upstep">upstep</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Downstep" title="Downstep">downstep</a>", causing a rise or drop in pitch level for the entire tonal register in subsequent syllables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whistled_speech">Whistled speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Whistled speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several Oto-Manguean languages have systems of <a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">whistled speech</a>, where by whistling the tonal combinations of words and phrases, information can be transmitted over distances without using words. Whistled speech is particularly common in Chinantec, Mazatec and Zapotecan languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-language">Proto-language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Proto-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Proto-Oto-Manguean</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reconstruction of</th><td class="infobox-data">Oto-Manguean languages</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proto-Oto-Manguean allowed only open syllables of the structure CV (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">CVʔ</span>). Syllable initial consonant clusters are very limited, usually only sibilant-CV, CyV, CwV, nasal-CV, ChV, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">CʔV</span> are allowed. Many modern Oto-Manguean languages keep these restrictions in syllable structure but others, most notably the Oto-Pamean languages, now allow both final clusters and long syllable initial clusters. This example with three initial and three final consonants is from <a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Northern Pame</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nlʔo<sup>2</sup>spt/</span> "their houses".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonemes">Phonemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Phonemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following phonemes are reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Manguean.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="float:center; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Reconstructed consonant phonemes<br /> of Proto-Oto-Manguean </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">Labiovelar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stops</a> </th> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricatives</a> </th> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasals</a> </th> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Glides </th> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="float:center; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto–Oto-Manguean </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>*<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Rensch also reconstructs four tones for Proto-Oto-Manguean.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later revised reconstruction by <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Terrence Kaufman</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adds the proto-phonemes */<b>ts</b>/, */<b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">θ</span></b>/, */<b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span></b>/, */<b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">xʷ</span></b>/, */<b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span></b>/, */<b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span></b>/, */<b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span></b>/ and */<b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></b>/, and the vowel combinations */<b>ia</b>/, */<b>ai</b>/, */<b>ea</b>/, and */<b>au</b>/. </p><p>The Oto-Manguean languages have changed quite a lot from the very spartan phoneme inventory of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Many languages have rich inventories of both vowels and consonants. Many have a full series of fricatives, and some branches (particularly Zapotecan and Chinantecan) distinguish voicing in both stops and fricatives. The voiced series of the Oto-Pamean languages have both fricative and stop allophones. Otomian also have full series of front, central and back vowels. Some analyses of Mixtecan include a series of voiced prenasalised stops and affricates; these can also be analysed as consonant sequences but it would be the only consonant clusters known in the languages. </p><p>These are some of the most simple sound changes that have served to divide the Oto-Manguean family into subbranches: </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/t/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino</a></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/kʷ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Manguean_languages" title="Manguean languages">Manguean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pame</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_Zapotec" title="Isthmus Zapotec">Isthmus Zapotec</a></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/s/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtecan</a></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/s/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino</a></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/w/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> before vowels in <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pame</a></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/j/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> before vowels in <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amuzgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuzgo">Amuzgo</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following lexical reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Manguean are from <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Kaufman</a> (1983).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reconstructions are tentative, and are hence marked using two asterisks (**). </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th>Proto-Oto-Manguean </th></tr> <tr> <td>to sit</td> <td>**hku </td></tr> <tr> <td>to dawn</td> <td>**(n)xə(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>fire; fever</td> <td>**xi </td></tr> <tr> <td>three</td> <td>**hɔ(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to choose</td> <td>**xʷə </td></tr> <tr> <td>to blow; to whistle</td> <td>**xʷi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ripe</td> <td>**hwe </td></tr> <tr> <td>to die</td> <td>**(h)wə </td></tr> <tr> <td>flattened; squashed</td> <td>**(ʔ)ma(h) </td></tr> <tr> <td>root</td> <td>**mA </td></tr> <tr> <td>cloud; dew; rain</td> <td>**nwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>to weave</td> <td>**(n)wa </td></tr> <tr> <td>to hit</td> <td>**(n)pah </td></tr> <tr> <td>bark</td> <td>**kʷa </td></tr> <tr> <td>deer</td> <td>**kʷa </td></tr> <tr> <td>rabbit</td> <td>**kVwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>cocoa beans; edible pod</td> <td>**kVwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>cure; medicine; herb</td> <td>**lya </td></tr> <tr> <td>road</td> <td>**lyɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>flower</td> <td>**lih </td></tr> <tr> <td>salt</td> <td>**re(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>sugar cane</td> <td>**ro </td></tr> <tr> <td>eight</td> <td>**(h)Nye </td></tr> <tr> <td>two</td> <td>**(n)yU </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand</td> <td>**(n)ya </td></tr> <tr> <td>teeth</td> <td>**ʔ(Y)nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>and</td> <td>**ʔ(Y)ne </td></tr> <tr> <td>bad</td> <td>**cɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>grindstone</td> <td>**ci </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indian</td> <td>**sa(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>up</td> <td>**sɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>word</td> <td>**ʔɔn </td></tr> <tr> <td>turkey hen</td> <td>**ʔO </td></tr> <tr> <td>opening</td> <td>**ʔA </td></tr> <tr> <td>to bury</td> <td>**ʔA </td></tr> <tr> <td>to shake</td> <td>**(n)pi </td></tr> <tr> <td>little</td> <td>**ci </td></tr> <tr> <td>slowly</td> <td>**(h,n)wi </td></tr> <tr> <td>two</td> <td>**wi </td></tr> <tr> <td>hard; stone; metal</td> <td>**kɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to defecate</td> <td>**tɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>butterfly</td> <td>**seh </td></tr> <tr> <td>short</td> <td>**ʔte </td></tr> <tr> <td>elbow</td> <td>**me </td></tr> <tr> <td>early evening; dark</td> <td>**nə </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye</td> <td>**(n)tə </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>**na </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nopal" title="Nopal">nopal</a></td> <td>**nʔta </td></tr> <tr> <td>to work</td> <td>**ʔta </td></tr> <tr> <td>leaf</td> <td>**kɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>this</td> <td>**lɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog</td> <td>**lyɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>net</td> <td>**nɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fingernail</td> <td>**-ku </td></tr> <tr> <td>cornfield</td> <td>**nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>water jug</td> <td>**su </td></tr> <tr> <td>to close</td> <td>**ko </td></tr> <tr> <td>milk</td> <td>**co </td></tr> <tr> <td>just, only</td> <td>**to </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indian</td> <td>**Hwi(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to die</td> <td>**tɨ(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>seed</td> <td>**kyen </td></tr> <tr> <td>corndough</td> <td>**l/c-ɔxen </td></tr> <tr> <td>corncob</td> <td>**re(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>deep</td> <td>**xən </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear of corn</td> <td>**yən </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood</td> <td>**yən(h) </td></tr> <tr> <td>hail</td> <td>**can </td></tr> <tr> <td>nine</td> <td>**Xa(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>night, dusk; dream, sleep</td> <td>**yan </td></tr> <tr> <td>honeybee</td> <td>**yɔn </td></tr> <tr> <td>thorn</td> <td>**yɔn </td></tr> <tr> <td>black</td> <td>**tun </td></tr> <tr> <td>oven</td> <td>**tun </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother</td> <td>**co(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>yellow</td> <td>**næ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sing; pray; music</td> <td>**sæ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to do</td> <td>**cæ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to dance</td> <td>**tæ </td></tr> <tr> <td>cactus</td> <td>**lawæ </td></tr> <tr> <td>market</td> <td>**ʔwæ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to bathe</td> <td>**sæ </td></tr> <tr> <td>corn</td> <td>**sæ(n)ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>skin, bark</td> <td>**tuwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>animal</td> <td>**kiyɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>foot</td> <td>**c/l-a(h)ku </td></tr> <tr> <td>sharp</td> <td>**cɪʔyə </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear</td> <td>**l/y-ɔkɔ(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood; meat</td> <td>**ryi(+)ne </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ixtle" title="Ixtle">ixtle</a></td> <td>**siya </td></tr> <tr> <td>guts; heart</td> <td>**(n)seʔə(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>white</td> <td>**tyuwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouth</td> <td>**c/l-oʔwɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>mountain; cliff</td> <td>**xeyA </td></tr> <tr> <td>coyote</td> <td>**(n)aʔyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>squash</td> <td>**lɔken </td></tr> <tr> <td>cotton</td> <td>**syi lyɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>cotton cloth</td> <td>**lyɔ tyE </td></tr> <tr> <td>wide; far; long</td> <td>**si (n)tU </td></tr> <tr> <td>infant; small</td> <td>**weʔ ne </td></tr> <tr> <td>nose</td> <td>**syi (n)yɨn </td></tr> <tr> <td>house; fence; church</td> <td>**(n)ku ʔwa </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman_&_Justeson_2009:227-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_&_Justeson_2009:227_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_&_Justeson_2009:227_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman & Justeson 2009:227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evidence for this grouping has never been published.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman & Justeson 2009. (<br />Kaufman, Terrence, 1983 New Perspectives on Comparative Otomanguean Phonology. Excerpts presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago, 1983. Complete manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh. <br />1988 Otomangean Tense/Aspect/Mood, Voice, and Nominalization Markers. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg & Ruhlen 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/MEXICO/workpapers/WP013-PDF/MephaaBibliografia_Public.pdf">Marlett, Stephen. 2013. "Bibliografia del Me'phaa", SIL</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1997:161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2017" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Eric W. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/895779">"Otomanguean historical linguistics: Past, present, and prospects for the future'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Language and Linguistics Compass</i>. <b>11</b> (4): e12240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Flnc3.12240">10.1111/lnc3.12240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Linguistics+Compass&rft.atitle=Otomanguean+historical+linguistics%3A+Past%2C+present%2C+and+prospects+for+the+future%27&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e12240&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Flnc3.12240&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F895779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1997:157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1997:211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman & Justeson 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_1997,_p.159-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1997,_p.159_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1997,_p.159_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell (1997, p. 159)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESicoli2005797-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicoli2005797_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSicoli2005">Sicoli 2005</a>, p. 797.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lastra1925-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lastra1925_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lastra, <i>Unidad y diversidad de la lengua</i>, pp. 19–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">INEGI, <i>Perfil sociodemográfico</i>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2000 census; the numbers are based on the number of total population for each group and the percentages of speakers given on the website of the Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660">http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660</a>, accessed 28 July 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Josserand (1983) for one important attempt. Adaptations of Josserand's dialect maps are published in Macaulay 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language_index.asp?letter=M">"Ethnologue name language index"</a>, <i>Ethnologue</i> web site, accessed 28 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2005 census; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809184141/http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/sisept/default.aspx?t=mlen10&c=3337&e=">"Estadísticas por tema"</a>. <i>www.inegi.org.mx</i> (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen10&c=3337">the original</a> on 9 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.inegi.org.mx&rft.atitle=Estad%C3%ADsticas+por+tema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.org.mx%2Fest%2Fcontenidos%2Fespanol%2Frutinas%2Fept.asp%3Ft%3Dmlen10%26c%3D3337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egland, Bartholomew & Cruz Ramos, 1983:8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESicoli2005798-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicoli2005798_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSicoli2005">Sicoli 2005</a>, p. 798.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suaréz_1983,_p.51-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suaréz_1983,_p.51_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suaréz_1983,_p.51_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suaréz (1983, p. 51)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suárez (1983, p. 41)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reconstruction follows that given by Rensch (1977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rensch (1977, p. 68)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from Campbell (1997, p. 157)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman, Terrence. 1983. <i>New perspectives on comparative Oto-Manguean phonology</i>. Draft manuscript.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomew1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Bartholomew" title="Doris Bartholomew">Bartholomew, Doris</a> (October 1960). "Some revisions of Proto-Otomi consonants". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 317–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F464591">10.1086/464591</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1263552">1263552</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144874022">144874022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Some+revisions+of+Proto-Otomi+consonants&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=317-329&rft.date=1960-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144874022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1263552%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F464591&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinton1886" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garrison_Brinton" title="Daniel Garrison Brinton">Brinton, Daniel G.</a> (1886). "Notes on the Mangue; An Extinct Dialect Formerly Spoken in Nicaragua". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>23</b> (122): 238–257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Mangue%3B+An+Extinct+Dialect+Formerly+Spoken+in+Nicaragua&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=122&rft.pages=238-257&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Brinton&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Cecil H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14237%2Febl.6.1.2015.436">"Paleobiolinguistics of New World Crops and the Otomanguean Language Family"</a>. <i>Ethnobiology Letters</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 189–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14237%2Febl.6.1.2015.436">10.14237/ebl.6.1.2015.436</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnobiology+Letters&rft.atitle=Paleobiolinguistics+of+New+World+Crops+and+the+Otomanguean+Language+Family&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=189-191&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14237%2Febl.6.1.2015.436&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cecil+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14237%252Febl.6.1.2015.436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell, Lyle</a> (1997). <i>American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America (Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4)</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509427-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509427-5"><bdi>978-0-19-509427-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Languages%3A+The+Historical+Linguistics+of+Native+America+%28Oxford+Studies+in+Anthropological+Linguistics%2C+4%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509427-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_de_MirandaRoberto_J._Weitlaner1961" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández de Miranda, Mariá Teresa; Roberto J. Weitlaner (1961). "Sobre Algunas Relaciones de la Familia Mangue". <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>3</b> (7): 1–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Sobre+Algunas+Relaciones+de+la+Familia+Mangue&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1-99&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+de+Miranda&rft.aufirst=Mari%C3%A1+Teresa&rft.au=Roberto+J.+Weitlaner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosserandWinterHopkins1984" class="citation book cs1">Josserand, J. Kathryn; Winter, Marcus; Hopkins, Nicholas (1984). <i>Essays in Otomanguean Culture History</i>. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Otomanguean+Culture+History&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Publications+in+Anthropology&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Josserand&rft.aufirst=J.+Kathryn&rft.au=Winter%2C+Marcus&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmanJusteson2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Kaufman, Terrence</a>; Justeson, John (2009). "Historical linguistics and pre-columbian Mesoamerica". <i>Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 221–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0956536109990113">10.1017/S0956536109990113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163094506">163094506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesoamerica&rft.atitle=Historical+linguistics+and+pre-columbian+Mesoamerica&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-231&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0956536109990113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163094506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft.au=Justeson%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Kaufman, Terrence</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albany.edu/ims/pdlma/2015%20Publications/Kaufman-Otomangean%20Woerter%20und%20Sachen.pdf"><i>Early Oto-Mangean homelands and cultures: some premature hypotheses</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica (PDLMA).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Oto-Mangean+homelands+and+cultures%3A+some+premature+hypotheses&rft.pub=Project+for+the+Documentation+of+the+Languages+of+Mesoamerica+%28PDLMA%29&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albany.edu%2Fims%2Fpdlma%2F2015%2520Publications%2FKaufman-Otomangean%2520Woerter%2520und%2520Sachen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongacre1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Longacre" title="Robert E. Longacre">Longacre, Robert E.</a> (1968). "Systemic Comparison and Reconstruction". In Norman A. McQuown; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wauchope_(archaeologist)" title="Robert Wauchope (archaeologist)">R. Wauchope</a> (eds.). <i>Handbook of Middle American Indians</i>. Vol. 5: Linguistics. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. pp. 117–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73665-8"><bdi>978-0-292-73665-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/277126">277126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Systemic+Comparison+and+Reconstruction&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Middle+American+Indians&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=117-159&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F277126&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73665-8&rft.aulast=Longacre&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongacre1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Longacre" title="Robert E. Longacre">Longacre, Robert E.</a> (1966). "On Linguistic Affinities of Amuzgo". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 46–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F464878">10.1086/464878</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143879066">143879066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+Linguistic+Affinities+of+Amuzgo&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46-49&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F464878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143879066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Longacre&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrifield1981" class="citation book cs1">Merrifield, William R (1981). <i>Proto Otomanguean kinship</i>. International Museum of Cultures Publication, 11. Dallas: <a href="/wiki/Summer_Institute_of_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Institute of Linguistics">Summer Institute of Linguistics</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto+Otomanguean+kinship&rft.place=Dallas&rft.series=International+Museum+of+Cultures+Publication%2C+11&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Merrifield&rft.aufirst=William+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmanWeitlaner1950a" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Stanley; Weitlaner, Roberto (1950a). "Central Otomian I:Proto-Otomian reconstructions". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F464056">10.1086/464056</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1262748">1262748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144486505">144486505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Central+Otomian+I%3AProto-Otomian+reconstructions&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144486505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1262748%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F464056&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Weitlaner%2C+Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmanWeitlaner1950b" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Stanley; Weitlaner, Roberto (1950b). "Central Otomian II:Primitive central otomian reconstructions". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 73–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F464067">10.1086/464067</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1262851">1262851</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143618683">143618683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Central+Otomian+II%3APrimitive+central+otomian+reconstructions&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-81&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143618683%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1262851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F464067&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Weitlaner%2C+Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRensch1977" class="citation book cs1">Rensch, Calvin (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/acpub/repository/16416.pdf">"Classification of the Oto-Manguean Languages and the position of Tlapanec"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In David Oltrogge; Calvin Rensch (eds.). <i>Two Studies in Middle American Comparative Linguistics</i>. Publications in Linguistics, Publication Number 55. <a href="/wiki/Summer_Institute_of_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Institute of Linguistics">Summer Institute of Linguistics</a>. pp. 53–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classification+of+the+Oto-Manguean+Languages+and+the+position+of+Tlapanec&rft.btitle=Two+Studies+in+Middle+American+Comparative+Linguistics&rft.series=Publications+in+Linguistics%2C+Publication+Number+55&rft.pages=53-108&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Rensch&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Facpub%2Frepository%2F16416.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1925" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir, Edward</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1925.27.3.02a00040">"The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. New Series. <b>27</b> (3, 4): 402–435, 491–527. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1925.27.3.02a00040">10.1525/aa.1925.27.3.02a00040</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Hokan+affinity+of+Subtiaba+in+Nicaragua&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3%2C+4&rft.pages=402-435%2C+491-527&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1925.27.3.02a00040&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1925.27.3.02a00040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicoli2005" class="citation book cs1">Sicoli, Mark A. (2005). "Oto-Manguean languages". In Philipp Strazny (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopedialing12stra"><i>Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i></a></span>. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopedialing12stra/page/n827">797</a>–800.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oto-Manguean+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=797-800&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sicoli&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopedialing12stra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoustelle1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Soustelle, Jacques</a> (1993) [1937]. <i>La familia Otomí-Pame del México central</i>. Sección de Obras de Historia (in Spanish). Translated by Nilda Mercado Baigorria (Translation of: "La famille Otomí-Pame du Mexique central", doctoral thesis ed.). México, D.F.: Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos, Fondo de Cultura Económica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-16-4116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-16-4116-0"><bdi>978-968-16-4116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+familia+Otom%C3%AD-Pame+del+M%C3%A9xico+central&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico%2C+D.F.&rft.series=Secci%C3%B3n+de+Obras+de+Historia&rft.edition=Translation+of%3A+%22La+famille+Otom%C3%AD-Pame+du+Mexique+central%22%2C+doctoral+thesis&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudios+Mexicanos+y+Centroamericanos%2C+Fondo+de+Cultura+Econ%C3%B3mica&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-968-16-4116-0&rft.aulast=Soustelle&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuárez1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suárez, Jorge A. (1977). <i>El tlapaneco como lengua Otomangue</i> (in Spanish). México, D.F.: <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Autonoma_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México">Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+tlapaneco+como+lengua+Otomangue&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico%2C+D.F.&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+Autonoma+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Su%C3%A1rez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuárez1983" class="citation book cs1">Suárez, Jorge A. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanindi0009suar"><i>The Mesoamerican Indian Languages</i></a></span>. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22834-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22834-3"><bdi>978-0-521-22834-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mesoamerican+Indian+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22834-3&rft.aulast=Su%C3%A1rez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmesoamericanindi0009suar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Oto-Manguean_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Oto-Manguean reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-Oto-Manguean reconstructions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Oto-Manguean_languages">Comparative Swadesh vocabulary lists for Oto-Manguean languages</a> (from Wiktionary)</li> <li>Feist, Timothy & Enrique L. Palancar. (2015). Oto-Manguean Inflectional Case Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://oto-manguean.surrey.ac.uk/">https://oto-manguean.surrey.ac.uk/</a>University of Surrey. <a href="//doi.org/10.15126/SMG.28/1" class="extiw" title="doi:10.15126/SMG.28/1">doi:10.15126/SMG.28/1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/Mexico/22i-Stocks.htm#StocOtomanguean">SIL on the Oto-Manguean Stock</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061212042928/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/om-endangered.pdf">"Why you should study an endangered Oto-Manguean language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/om-endangered.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+you+should+study+an+endangered+Oto-Manguean+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.berkeley.edu%2F~rosemary%2Fom-endangered.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOto-Manguean+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(82.9 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span>, by Rosemary Beam de Azcona</li> <li>Feist, Timothy, Matthew Baerman, Greville G. Corbett & Erich Round. 2019. Surrey Lexical Splits Visualisations (Chichimec). University of Surrey. Chichimec verb paradigm visualisations . <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lexicalsplits.surrey.ac.uk/chichimec.html">https://lexicalsplits.surrey.ac.uk/chichimec.html</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oto-Manguean_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Template:Oto-Manguean languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Template talk:Oto-Manguean languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oto-Manguean languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oto-Manguean_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oto-Manguean languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pamean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Otomian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otomian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomian languages">Otomian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Central Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Michoacán Mazahua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Otomi" title="Classical Otomi">Classical Otomi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezquital Otomi">Mezquital Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapa_Otomi" title="Tilapa Otomi">Tilapa Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acazulco_Otomi" title="Acazulco Otomi">Acazulco Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Otomi">Highland Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenango_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenango Otomi">Tenango Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Querétaro Otomi">Querétaro Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_de_M%C3%A9xico_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado de México Otomi">Estado de México Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoaya_Otomi" title="Temoaya Otomi">Temoaya Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texcatepec_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcatepec Otomi">Texcatepec Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtenco_Otomi" title="Ixtenco Otomi">Ixtenco Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Matlatzincan_languages" title="Matlatzincan languages">Matlatzincan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlahuica_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlahuica language">Tlahuica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamean languages">Pamean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Central Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Northern Pame</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Southern Pame</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinantecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec">Chinantec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec_Chinantec" title="Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec">Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Chinantec_language" title="Highland Chinantec language">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalana-Tepinapa_Chinantec" title="Lalana-Tepinapa Chinantec">Lalana-Tepinapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lealao_Chinantec" title="Lealao Chinantec">Lealao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_of_Ojitl%C3%A1n" title="Chinantec of Ojitlán">Ojitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_of_Ozumac%C3%ADn" title="Chinantec of Ozumacín">Ozumacín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palantla_Chinantec" title="Palantla Chinantec">Palantla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochiapam_Chinantec" title="Sochiapam Chinantec">Sochiapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_of_Tepetotutla" title="Chinantec of Tepetotutla">Tepetotutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usila_Chinantec" title="Usila Chinantec">Usila</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tlapanecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlapanecan languages">Tlapanecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Subtiaba_language" title="Subtiaba language">Subtiaba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manguean_languages" title="Manguean languages">Manguean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiapanec_language" title="Chiapanec language">Chiapanec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangue_language" title="Mangue language">Chorotega/Mangue</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_language" title="Chocho language">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatec_language" title="Ixcatec language">Ixcatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages#Languages" title="Mazatecan languages">varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zapotecan_languages" title="Zapotecan languages">Zapotecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chatino</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sierra Juárez</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ixtl%C3%A1n_Zapotec" title="Ixtlán Zapotec">Ixtlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alo%C3%A1pam_Zapotec" title="Aloápam Zapotec">Aloápam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaves%C3%ADa_Zapotec" title="Yavesía Zapotec">Yavesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abejones_Zapotec" title="Abejones Zapotec">Abejones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rincón</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rinc%C3%B3n_Zapotec" title="Rincón Zapotec">Rincón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatee_Zapotec" title="Yatee Zapotec">Yatee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cajonos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajonos_Zapotec" title="Cajonos Zapotec">Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogocho_Zapotec" title="Zoogocho Zapotec">Zoogocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatzachi_Zapotec" title="Yatzachi Zapotec">Yatzachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yal%C3%A1lag_Zapotec" title="Yalálag Zapotec">Yalálag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba%C3%A1_Zapotec" title="Tabaá Zapotec">Tabaá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cho%C3%A1pam_Zapotec" title="Choápam Zapotec">Choápam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cis-Yautepec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixtepec_Zapotec" title="Mixtepec Zapotec">Mixtepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiegolani_Zapotec" title="Quiegolani Zapotec">Quiegolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapagu%C3%ADa_Zapotec" title="Lapaguía Zapotec">Lapaguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanagu%C3%ADa_Zapotec" title="Xanaguía Zapotec">Xanaguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1nica_Zapotec" title="Xánica Zapotec">Xánica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlacolulita_Zapotec" title="Tlacolulita Zapotec">Tlacolulita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coatec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coatecas_Altas_Zapotec" title="Coatecas Altas Zapotec">Coatecas Altas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miahuatl%C3%A1n_Zapotec" title="Miahuatlán Zapotec">Miahuatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozolotepec_Zapotec" title="Ozolotepec Zapotec">Ozolotepec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trans-Yautepec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevea_Zapotec" title="Guevea Zapotec">Guevea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petapa_Zapotec" title="Petapa Zapotec">Petapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachiguiri_Zapotec" title="Lachiguiri Zapotec">Lachiguiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiavicuzas_Zapotec" title="Quiavicuzas Zapotec">Quiavicuzas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chichic%C3%A1pam_Zapotec" title="Chichicápam Zapotec">Chichicápam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCil%C3%A1_Zapotec" title="Güilá Zapotec">Güilá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Tlacolula_Valley_Zapotec" title="Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec">Western Tlacolula Valley</a></li> <li>Extended Ocotepec <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_Zapotec" title="Isthmus Zapotec">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotl%C3%A1n_Zapotec" title="Ocotlán Zapotec">Ocotlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaachila_Zapotec" title="Zaachila Zapotec">Zaachila</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Zapotec" title="Albarradas Zapotec">Albarradas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitla_Zapotec" title="Mitla Zapotec">Mitla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antequera_Zapotec" title="Antequera Zapotec">Antequera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayoquezco_Zapotec" title="Ayoquezco Zapotec">Ayoquezco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiatoni_Zapotec" title="Quiatoni Zapotec">Quiatoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Alto_Zapotec" title="El Alto Zapotec">El Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachix%C3%ADo_Zapotec" title="Lachixío Zapotec">Lachixío</a></li> <li>Papabuco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elotepec_Zapotec" title="Elotepec Zapotec">Elotepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texmelucan_Zapotec" title="Texmelucan Zapotec">Texmelucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaniza_Zapotec" title="Zaniza Zapotec">Zaniza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solteco_Zapotec" title="Solteco Zapotec">Solteco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amuzgoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuzgoan languages">Amuzgoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatec_language" title="Cuicatec language">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec language">Mixtec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoltepec_Mixtec" title="Amoltepec Mixtec">Amoltepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoala_Mixtec" title="Apoala Mixtec">Apoala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atatl%C3%A1huca%E2%80%93San_Miguel_Mixtec" title="Atatláhuca–San Miguel Mixtec">Atatláhuca–San Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutla_Mixtec" title="Ayutla Mixtec">Ayutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacaloxtepec_Mixtec" title="Cacaloxtepec Mixtec">Cacaloxtepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chayuco-Jamiltepec_Mixtec" title="Chayuco-Jamiltepec Mixtec">Chayuco-Jamiltepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazumba_Mixtec" title="Chazumba Mixtec">Chazumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigmecatitl%C3%A1n_Mixtec" title="Chigmecatitlán Mixtec">Chigmecatitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatzospan_Mixtec" title="Coatzospan Mixtec">Coatzospan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyamecalco_Mixtec" title="Cuyamecalco Mixtec">Cuyamecalco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estetla_Mixtec" title="Estetla Mixtec">Estetla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtayutla_Mixtec" title="Ixtayutla Mixtec">Ixtayutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi_Mixtec" title="Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi Mixtec">Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtepec_Mixtec" title="Mixtepec Mixtec">Mixtepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91um%C3%AD_Mixtec" title="Ñumí Mixtec">Ñumí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxa%C3%A1_Mixtec" title="Nuxaá Mixtec">Nuxaá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuyoo_Mixtec" title="Nuyoo Mixtec">Nuyoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1asco_Mixtec" title="Peñasco Mixtec">Peñasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinotepa_Mixtec" title="Pinotepa Mixtec">Pinotepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Piedras_Mixtec" title="San Miguel Piedras Mixtec">San Miguel Piedras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silacayoapan_Mixtec" title="Silacayoapan Mixtec">Silacayoapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindihui_Mixtec" title="Sindihui Mixtec">Sindihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Puebla_Mixtec" title="Southern Puebla Mixtec">Southern Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyaltepec_Mixtec" title="Soyaltepec Mixtec">Soyaltepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tida%C3%A1_Mixtec" title="Tidaá Mixtec">Tidaá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilantongo_Mixtec" title="Tilantongo Mixtec">Tilantongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tututepec_Mixtec" title="Tututepec Mixtec">Tututepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolox%C3%B3chitl_Mixtec" title="Yoloxóchitl Mixtec">Yoloxóchitl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatepec_Mixtec" title="Zacatepec Mixtec">Zacatepec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Trique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oto-Manguean_languages" title="List of Oto-Manguean languages">List of Oto-Manguean languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Mixtec_languages" title="Classification of Mixtec languages">Classification of Mixtec languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Mesoamerica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesoamerican_families" title="Template:Mesoamerican families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mesoamerican_families" title="Template talk:Mesoamerican families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mesoamerican_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mesoamerican families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Mesoamerica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demonstrated families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed macrofamilies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_language_area" title="Mesoamerican language area">Mesoamerican language area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo <br />linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33669#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4204694-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85096063">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11979466h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11979466h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553474705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&oldid=1256337520">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&oldid=1256337520</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesoamerican_languages" title="Category:Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Category:Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_families" title="Category:Language families">Language families</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2020">Articles with dead external links from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Mexican_Spanish-language_sources_(es-mx)" title="Category:CS1 Mexican Spanish-language sources (es-mx)">CS1 Mexican Spanish-language sources (es-mx)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 12:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oto-Manguean_languages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b5stz","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.787","walltime":"1.005","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4889,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":324070,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4193,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":140566,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 772.042 1 -total"," 53.12% 410.133 14 Template:Clade"," 19.69% 151.978 17 Template:Navbox"," 14.82% 114.443 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.99% 100.258 10 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.41% 80.354 1 Template:Oto-Manguean_languages"," 7.75% 59.802 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.73% 51.954 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"," 6.59% 50.880 2 Template:Infobox"," 5.63% 43.472 10 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.422","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9964618,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBartholomew1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinton1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández_de_MirandaRoberto_J._Weitlaner1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosserandWinterHopkins1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmanJusteson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongacre1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongacre1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrifield1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmanWeitlaner1950a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmanWeitlaner1950b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRensch1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSapir1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSicoli2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoustelle1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuárez1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuárez1983\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Clade\"] = 14,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Oto-Manguean Languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 27,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAlink\"] = 12,\n [\"Infobox language family\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox proto-language\"] = 1,\n [\"Language families\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Mesoamerican families\"] = 1,\n [\"North American languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 5,\n [\"Oto-Manguean languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x6txf","timestamp":"20241122142855","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Oto-Manguean languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oto-Manguean_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33669","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33669","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-01-24T17:12:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T12:35:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8a\/Precontact_Otomanguean.svg","headline":"language family"}</script> </body> </html>