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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow"> <title>FrontPage - Python Wiki</title> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wiki/common/js/common.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">  </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8" media="all" href="/wiki/europython/css/common.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8" media="screen" href="/wiki/europython/css/screen.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8" media="print" href="/wiki/europython/css/print.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8" media="projection" href="/wiki/europython/css/projection.css">   <link rel="alternate" title="Python Wiki Recent Changes" href="/moin/FrontPage?action=rss_rc&unique=1&ddiffs=1" type="application/rss+xml"> <link rel="Start" href="/moin/FrontPage"> <link rel="Alternate" title="Wiki Markup" href="/moin/FrontPage?action=raw"> <link rel="Alternate" media="print" title="Print View" href="/moin/FrontPage?action=print"> <link rel="Appendix" title="wiki-logo.gif" href="/moin/FrontPage?action=AttachFile&do=view&target=wiki-logo.gif"> <link rel="Search" href="/moin/FindPage"> <link rel="Index" href="/moin/TitleIndex"> <link rel="Glossary" href="/moin/WordIndex"> <link rel="Help" href="/moin/HelpOnFormatting"> </head> <body lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div id="header"> <form id="searchform" method="get" action="/moin/FrontPage"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="fullsearch"> <input type="hidden" name="context" value="180"> <label for="searchinput">Search:</label> <input id="searchinput" type="text" name="value" value="" size="20" onfocus="searchFocus(this)" onblur="searchBlur(this)" onkeyup="searchChange(this)" onchange="searchChange(this)" alt="Search"> <input id="titlesearch" name="titlesearch" type="submit" value="Titles" alt="Search Titles"> <input id="fullsearch" name="fullsearch" type="submit" value="Text" alt="Search Full Text"> </div> </form> <script type="text/javascript">  </script> <div id="logo"><a href="/moin/FrontPage"></a><a href="http://www.python.org"><img src="/wiki/europython/img/python-logo.gif" alt="Python" ></a><a name="logo"></a></div> <div id="locationline"> <ul id="pagelocation"> <li><a href="/moin/FrontPage">FrontPage</a></li> </ul> </div> <ul id="pagetrail"> <li><a href="/moin/FrontPage">FrontPage</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="sidebar"> <div id="star"> </div> <div class="sidepanel"> <ul id="navibar"> <li class="wikilink current"><a href="/moin/FrontPage">FrontPage</a></li><li class="wikilink"><a href="/moin/RecentChanges">RecentChanges</a></li><li class="wikilink"><a href="/moin/FindPage">FindPage</a></li><li class="wikilink"><a href="/moin/HelpContents">HelpContents</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="sidepanel"> <h1>Page</h1> <ul class="editbar"><li><span class="disabled">Immutable Page</span></li><li class="toggleCommentsButton" style="display:none;"><a href="#" class="nbcomment" onClick="toggleComments();return false;">Comments</a></li><li><a class="nbinfo" href="/moin/FrontPage?action=info" rel="nofollow">Info</a></li><li><a class="nbattachments" href="/moin/FrontPage?action=AttachFile" rel="nofollow">Attachments</a></li><li> <form class="actionsmenu" method="GET" action="/moin/FrontPage"> <div> <label>More Actions:</label> <select name="action" onchange="if ((this.selectedIndex != 0) && (this.options[this.selectedIndex].disabled == false)) { this.form.submit(); } this.selectedIndex = 0;"> <option value="raw">Raw Text</option> <option value="print">Print View</option> <option value="refresh">Delete Cache</option> <option value="show" disabled class="disabled">------------------------</option> <option value="SpellCheck">Check Spelling</option> <option value="LikePages">Like Pages</option> <option value="LocalSiteMap">Local Site Map</option> <option value="show" disabled class="disabled">------------------------</option> <option value="RenamePage" disabled class="disabled">Rename Page</option> <option value="DeletePage" disabled class="disabled">Delete Page</option> <option value="show" disabled class="disabled">------------------------</option> <option value="show" disabled class="disabled">------------------------</option> <option value="show" disabled class="disabled">Remove Spam</option> <option value="show" disabled class="disabled">Revert to this revision</option> <option value="show" disabled class="disabled">------------------------</option> <option value="SlideShow">SlideShow</option> </select> <input type="submit" value="Do"> </div> <script type="text/javascript">  </script> </form> </li></ul> </div> <div class="sidepanel"> <h1>User</h1> <ul id="username"><li><a href="/moin/FrontPage?action=login" id="login" rel="nofollow">Login</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div id="page" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div dir="ltr" id="content" lang="en"><span class="anchor" id="top"></span> <span class="anchor" id="line-1"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-2"></span><p class="line867"> <h1 id="The_Python_Wiki">The Python Wiki</h1> <span class="anchor" id="line-3"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-4"></span><p class="line874">Welcome to the Python Wiki, a user-editable compendium of knowledge based around the Python programming language. <span class="anchor" id="line-5"></span>Some pages are protected against casual editing - see <a href="/moin/WikiEditingGuidelines">WikiEditingGuidelines</a> for more information about editing content. <span class="anchor" id="line-6"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-7"></span><p class="line867"><a class="http" href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> is a great object-oriented, interpreted, and interactive programming language. It is often <a href="/moin/LanguageComparisons">compared</a> (favorably of course <img alt=":-)" height="16" src="/wiki/europython/img/smile.png" title=":-)" width="16" /> ) to Lisp, Tcl, Perl, Ruby, C#, Visual Basic, Visual Fox Pro, Scheme or Java... and it's much more fun. <span class="anchor" id="line-8"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-9"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-10"></span><p class="line862">Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types, and dynamic typing. There are interfaces to many system calls and libraries, as well as to <a href="/moin/GUI%20Programming%20in%20Python">various windowing systems</a>. New built-in modules are easily written in C or C++ (or other languages, depending on the chosen <a href="/moin/PythonImplementations">implementation</a>). Python is also usable as an extension language for <a href="/moin/AppsWithPythonScripting">applications written in other languages</a> that need easy-to-use scripting or automation interfaces. <span class="anchor" id="line-11"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-12"></span><div><table style="&amp; quot; table-layout:fixed&amp; quot; ; width: 100%"><tbody><tr> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/FrontPage#start">Getting Started</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/FrontPage#events">Events and Community</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/FrontPage#software">Software</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/FrontPage#dev">Core Development</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/FrontPage#use">Using and Editing the Wiki</a> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div><span class="anchor" id="line-13"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-14"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-15"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-16"></span><p class="line867"><span class="anchor" id="start"></span> <span class="anchor" id="line-17"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-18"></span><p class="line867"> <h2 id="Getting_Started">Getting Started</h2> <span class="anchor" id="line-19"></span><div><table style="&amp; quot; table-layout:fixed&amp; quot; ; width: 100%"><tbody><tr> <td><p class="line862"> </td> <td style="&amp; quot; border-left-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; width: 50%"><p class="line862"> </td> </tr> <tr style="&amp; quot; border-bottom-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; background-color: #eeeeee"> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-20"></span><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/BeginnersGuide">Beginners Guide</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/Documentation">Documentation</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-21"></span><p class="line862">Links to tutorials, courses and resources </td> <td><p class="line862">Learning materials, topic guides and links to central resources </td> </tr> <tr style="&amp; quot; border-bottom-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; background-color: #eeeeee"> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-22"></span><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/BeginnerErrorsWithPythonProgramming">Beginner Errors</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PythonBooks">Python Books</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-23"></span><p class="line862">Some common pitfalls of beginners </td> <td><p class="line862">Books about Python plus reviews </td> </tr> <tr style="&amp; quot; border-bottom-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; background-color: #eeeeee"> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-24"></span><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/Asking%20for%20Help">Asking for Help</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PythonAudioMaterial">Python Audio Materials</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-25"></span><p class="line862">Questions asked by beginners, answered here </td> <td><p class="line862">A mixture of introductory and topical material </td> </tr> <tr style="&amp; quot; border-bottom-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; background-color: #eeeeee"> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-26"></span><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/Languages">Languages</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/implementation">Python Implementations</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-27"></span><p class="line862">Resources written in languages other than English </td> <td><p class="line862">Different software which runs programs in the Python language </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="anchor" id="line-28"></span><p class="line862">See also the <a href="/moin/CategoryDocumentation">documentation category</a> for all known documentation-related pages. </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div><span class="anchor" id="line-29"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-30"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-31"></span><p class="line867"><span class="anchor" id="events"></span> <span class="anchor" id="line-32"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-33"></span><p class="line867"> <h2 id="Events.2C_Courses.2C_Conferences.2C_Community">Events, Courses, Conferences, Community</h2> <span class="anchor" id="line-34"></span><ul><li><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PythonConferences">Python Conferences</a> - information about the Python conference scene <span class="anchor" id="line-35"></span></li><li><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/LocalUserGroups">Local User Groups</a> - find a Python group near you <span class="anchor" id="line-36"></span></li><li><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PythonTraining">Python Training</a> - Python training courses <span class="anchor" id="line-37"></span></li><li><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PythonEvents">Python Events</a> - event listing for conferences, training courses and more <span class="anchor" id="line-38"></span></li><li><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PythonEventsCalendar">Python Event Calendars</a> - calendars for Python conferences and user groups <span class="anchor" id="line-39"></span></li><li><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/Community">Participating in the Community</a> - where people using and producing Python get together <span class="anchor" id="line-40"></span></li><li><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PythonSoftwareFoundation">Python Software Foundation</a> - show your support by joining the Foundation behind Python <span class="anchor" id="line-41"></span></li><li><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PythonJobs">Find a job where you can use Python</a> - Python job boards around the world <span class="anchor" id="line-42"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-43"></span></li></ul><p class="line867"><span class="anchor" id="software"></span> <span class="anchor" id="line-44"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-45"></span><p class="line867"> <h2 id="Python_Software">Python Software</h2> <span class="anchor" id="line-46"></span><div><table style="&amp; quot; table-layout:fixed&amp; quot; ; width: 100%"><tbody><tr> <td><p class="line862"> </td> <td style="&amp; quot; border-left-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; width: 50%"><p class="line862"> </td> </tr> <tr style="&amp; quot; border-bottom-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; background-color: #eeeeee"> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-47"></span><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PythonProjects">Python Projects</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/DevelopmentTools">Development Tools</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-48"></span><p class="line862">Information on finding software projects written in Python, including... </td> <td><p class="line862">Managing your code more effectively </td> </tr> <tr style="&amp; quot; border-bottom-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; background-color: #eeeeee"> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-49"></span><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/Applications">Applications</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PythonEditors">Python Editors</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-50"></span><p class="line862">Ready-to-run applications which use Python </td> <td><p class="line862">Editing your code more effectively </td> </tr> <tr style="&amp; quot; border-bottom-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; background-color: #eeeeee"> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-51"></span><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/UsefulModules">Useful Modules</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PublishingPythonModules">Publishing Python Modules</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-52"></span><p class="line862">Some building blocks for your own projects (including frameworks for database, GUI, Web programming) </td> <td><p class="line862">How to make others aware of your own works </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div><span class="anchor" id="line-53"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-54"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-55"></span><p class="line867"><span class="anchor" id="dev"></span> <span class="anchor" id="line-56"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-57"></span><p class="line867"> <h2 id="Python_Core_Development_Tools">Python Core Development Tools</h2> <span class="anchor" id="line-58"></span><div><table style="&amp; quot; table-layout:fixed&amp; quot; ; width: 100%"><tbody><tr> <td><p class="line862"> </td> <td style="&amp; quot; border-left-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; width: 50%"><p class="line862"> </td> </tr> <tr style="&amp; quot; border-bottom-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; background-color: #eeeeee"> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-59"></span><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/PythonWebsite">The Python Web Site</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/TrackerDevelopment">Bug Tracker</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-60"></span><p class="line862">Maintaining the official Python online resources </td> <td><p class="line862">Roundup and the code review services used by the Python project </td> </tr> <tr style="&amp; quot; border-bottom-style:hidden; &amp; quot; ; background-color: #eeeeee"> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-61"></span><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/CheeseShopDev">Package Index</a> </td> <td><p class="line891"><a href="/moin/CategoryDevelopmentProcess">Other Resources</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="line-62"></span><p class="line862">The infrastructure behind Python package hosting </td> <td><p class="line862">A list of all development process-related resources on this Wiki </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div><span class="anchor" id="line-63"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-64"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-65"></span><p class="line867"><span class="anchor" id="use"></span> <span class="anchor" id="line-66"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-67"></span><p class="line867"> <h2 id="Using_this_Wiki">Using this Wiki</h2> <span class="anchor" id="line-68"></span><p class="line874">This Wiki is a community place to gather and organize all things about Python. Feel free to exercise your editorial skills and expertise to make it a useful knowledge base and up-to-date reference on all Python-related topics. <span class="anchor" id="line-69"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-70"></span><p class="line862">There are some <a href="/moin/WikiGuidelines">guidelines</a> describing the policies and rules governing this Wiki and how you can most effectively contribute to it. A list of <a href="/moin/SiteImprovements">site improvements</a> describes various tasks where your help would be appreciated. To keep up with changes on this site, check <a href="/moin/RecentChanges">RecentChanges</a> frequently or follow it using RSS: <a class="action" href="/moin/FrontPage?action=rss_rc">RSS feed</a>. <span class="anchor" id="line-71"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-72"></span><p class="line867"> <h3 id="Creating_a_Wiki_account">Creating a Wiki account</h3> <span class="anchor" id="line-73"></span><p class="line862">In order to sign up for a wiki account, please go to the <a class="action" href="/moin/FrontPage?action=newaccount">Create new account</a> form, enter your account name (using the format <tt>FirstnameLastname</tt> to avoid issues - please don't use spaces in the name) and provide a password, plus email address (for password recovery). <span class="anchor" id="line-74"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-75"></span><p class="line867"> <h3 id="Editing_pages">Editing pages</h3> <span class="anchor" id="line-76"></span><p class="line874">Since spamming and vandalism on this wiki had reached a level that required constant intervention, unfamiliar users are no longer allowed to edit pages. However all you need to do is introduce yourself to the wiki admin group to become an editor. <span class="anchor" id="line-77"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-78"></span><p class="line862">If you want to edit a page and have just signed up, or find that you can no longer edit a page that you could edit before, please write to the <a class="mailto" href="mailto:pydotorg-www@python.org">pydotorg-www mailing list</a> describing what you would like to edit, and we'll add you to the <a href="/moin/EditorsGroup">EditorsGroup</a>. <strong>Please include your account name (wiki name) in this message.</strong> <span class="anchor" id="line-79"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-80"></span><p class="line874">Sorry for any inconvenience, but we want to keep this wiki a useful tool for the community, while at the same time preventing the wiki admins from burning out cleaning up junk. <span class="anchor" id="line-81"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-82"></span><p class="line867"> <h3 id="Reporting_problems">Reporting problems</h3> <span class="anchor" id="line-83"></span><p class="line862">In case of emergency, please contact the <a class="mailto" href="mailto:webmaster@python.org">python.org maintainers</a>, or if experiencing difficulties, contact the <a class="mailto" href="mailto:pydotorg-www@python.org">pydotorg-www mailing list</a> to say "help". <span class="anchor" id="line-84"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-85"></span><p class="line867"><hr /><p class="line874"> <span class="anchor" id="line-86"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-87"></span><p class="line867"> <h3 id="Wiki_Attack_in_January_2013">Wiki Attack in January 2013</h3> <span class="anchor" id="line-88"></span><p class="line862">The wiki was subject to an attack on January 5 2013. Since it was not clear whether user account data was stolen, all passwords were subsequently reset, so you will have to use the <a class="action" href="/moin/FrontPage?action=recoverpass">password recovery function</a> to get a new password. <span class="anchor" id="line-89"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-90"></span><p class="line862">See the <a href="/moin/WikiAttack2013">wiki attack description page</a> for more details. If you find problems, please report them to the pydotorg-www mailing list <tt><pydotorg-www@python.org></tt>. <span class="anchor" id="line-91"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-92"></span><p class="line867"> <h3 id="HTTPS_access_to_the_Wiki">HTTPS access to the Wiki</h3> <span class="anchor" id="line-93"></span><p class="line874">We have enabled HTTPS access to the wiki to further enhance security and avoid having to send clear text passwords over the network in order to log in to the wikis. <span class="anchor" id="line-94"></span><span class="anchor" id="line-95"></span><p class="line867"><strong>If you have not been using HTTPS links to the wiki login page</strong>, please be advised that your password may have been sniffed on the network at e.g. a conference. It is best to <a class="action" href="/moin/FrontPage?action=userprefs">change it</a> and stop using HTTP links to the wiki login page. <span class="anchor" id="line-96"></span><span class="anchor" id="bottom"></span></div><p id="pageinfo" class="info" lang="en" dir="ltr">FrontPage (last edited 2018-09-16 15:22:36 by <span title="SteveHolden @ 109.144.216.150[109.144.216.150]"><a href="/moin/SteveHolden" title="SteveHolden @ 109.144.216.150[109.144.216.150]">SteveHolden</a></span>)</p> <div id="pagebottom"></div> </div> <div id="footer"> <ul id="credits"> <li><a href="http://moinmo.in/" title="This site uses the MoinMoin Wiki software.">MoinMoin Powered</a></li><li><a href="http://moinmo.in/Python" title="MoinMoin is written in Python.">Python Powered</a></li><li><a href="http://moinmo.in/GPL" title="MoinMoin is GPL licensed.">GPL licensed</a></li><li><a href="http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=referer" title="Click here to validate this page.">Valid HTML 4.01</a></li> </ul> </div> <p style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%"><a href="/moin/FrontPage#use">Unable to edit the page? 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