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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spontaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Spontaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spontaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Methods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Methods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Medical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Surgical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_induction_abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_induction_abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Labor induction abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_induction_abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Other methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Safety </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Safety subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safety_of_abortion_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_of_abortion_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Safety of abortion methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_of_abortion_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_gestational_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_gestational_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Safety and gestational age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_gestational_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_in_the_abortion_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_in_the_abortion_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Safety in the abortion debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_in_the_abortion_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsafe_abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsafe_abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Unsafe abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsafe_abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Incidence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Incidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Incidence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Incidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gestational_age_and_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gestational_age_and_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Gestational age and method </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gestational_age_and_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Motivation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Motivation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Personal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Societal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maternal_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maternal_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Maternal health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maternal_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fetal_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fetal_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Fetal health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fetal_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History and religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abortion_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Abortion debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_abortion_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_abortion_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Modern abortion law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_abortion_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex-selective_abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex-selective_abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sex-selective abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex-selective_abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-abortion_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-abortion_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Anti-abortion violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-abortion_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-human_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-human_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Non-human examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-human_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Abortion</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" > 148 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborsie" title="Aborsie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aborsie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwangerschaftsabbruch" title="Schwangerschaftsabbruch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwangerschaftsabbruch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गर्भपात – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गर्भपात" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="إجهاض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إجهاض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alborto" title="Alborto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alborto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վիժում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վիժում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="গৰ্ভপাত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গৰ্ভপাত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuertu" title="Albuertu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Albuertu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membykua" title="Membykua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Membykua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort" title="Abort – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abort" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7" title="اوشاق سالما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوشاق سالما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="গর্ভপাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গর্ভপাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugur_kandungan" title="Gugur kandungan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gugur kandungan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-kang_li%C3%BB-s%C3%A1n" title="Jîn-kang liû-sán – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-kang liû-sán" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82" title="མངལ་རླུག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མངལ་རླུག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poba%C4%8Daj" title="Pobačaj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pobačaj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioc%27hanidigezh" title="Sioc'hanidigezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sioc'hanidigezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avortament" title="Avortament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Avortament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupce" title="Interrupce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Interrupce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchotsa_mimba" title="Kuchotsa mimba – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Kuchotsa mimba" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubvisa_nhumbu" title="Kubvisa nhumbu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kubvisa nhumbu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erthyliad" title="Erthyliad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Erthyliad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikpa%C9%A3ibu" title="Bikpaɣibu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bikpaɣibu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort" title="Abort – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abort" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="إجهاض – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إجهاض" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwangerschaftsabbruch" title="Schwangerschaftsabbruch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwangerschaftsabbruch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort" title="Abort – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abort" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Άμβλωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άμβλωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%A5urd" title="Abåurd – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Abåurd" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborto" title="Aborto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aborto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborto" title="Aborto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aborto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortu" title="Abortu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abortu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سقط جنین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سقط جنین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Abortion" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosturt%C3%B8ka" title="Fosturtøka – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fosturtøka" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avortement" title="Avortement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avortement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortus" title="Abortus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Abortus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginmhilleadh" title="Ginmhilleadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ginmhilleadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casg_leatruim" title="Casg leatruim – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Casg leatruim" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborto" title="Aborto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aborto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4" title="પ્રેરિત ગર્ભપાત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રેરિત ગર્ભપાત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodide" title="Hodide – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Hodide" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%99%ED%83%9C" title="낙태 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="낙태" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubar_da_ciki" title="Zubar da ciki – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zubar da ciki" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Աբորտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբորտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गर्भपात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गर्भपात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poba%C4%8Daj" title="Pobačaj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pobačaj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborto" title="Aborto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aborto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwepu_af%E1%BB%8D_ime" title="Iwepu afọ ime – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Iwepu afọ ime" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alis" title="Alis – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alis" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengguguran_kandungan" title="Pengguguran kandungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengguguran kandungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborto" title="Aborto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aborto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%93%84%E1%90%83%E1%91%8E%E1%91%A6%E1%91%90%E1%96%85" title="ᐃᓄᐃᑎᑦᑐᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᓄᐃᑎᑦᑐᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eungunarrof" title="Þungunarrof – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þungunarrof" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הפלה מלאכותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפלה מלאכותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborsi" title="Aborsi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aborsi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%94%C9%94_l%C9%A9z%C9%A9%C9%A3" title="Hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɔɔ lɩzɩɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4" title="ಪ್ರಚೋದಿತ ಗರ್ಭಪಾತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಚೋದಿತ ಗರ್ಭಪಾತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Abortion" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="აბორტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბორტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utoaji_mimba" title="Utoaji mimba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utoaji mimba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av%C3%B2tman" title="Avòtman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Avòtman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avortman" title="Avortman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Avortman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarokjiberbirin" title="Zarokjiberbirin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zarokjiberbirin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortus" title="Abortus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abortus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborts" title="Aborts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aborts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofdreiwung" title="Ofdreiwung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ofdreiwung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortas" title="Abortas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abortas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortus" title="Abortus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Abortus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort" title="Abort – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Abort" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terhess%C3%A9gmegszak%C3%ADt%C3%A1s" title="Terhességmegszakítás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Terhességmegszakítás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="गर्भपतन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गर्भपतन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Абортус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Абортус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanalan-jaza" title="Fanalan-jaza – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanalan-jaza" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഗർഭഛിദ്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗർഭഛിദ്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort" title="Abort – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Abort" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="गर्भपात – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गर्भपात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="اجهاض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اجهاض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengguguran" title="Pengguguran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengguguran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Үр хөндөлт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үр хөндөлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကိုယ်ဝန်ဖျက်ချခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုယ်ဝန်ဖျက်ချခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortus" title="Abortus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abortus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortus" title="Abortus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Abortus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="गर्भपतन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गर्भपतन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%8A%E5%A8%A0%E4%B8%AD%E7%B5%B6" title="妊娠中絶 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="妊娠中絶" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufdriiwen" title="Ufdriiwen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ufdriiwen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort" title="Abort – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abort" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort" title="Abort – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abort" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avortament" title="Avortament – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Avortament" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4" title="ଗର୍ଭପାତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗର୍ଭପାତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort" title="Abort – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abort" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਰਭਪਾਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰਭਪਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ابورشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابورشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%90_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="د نطفې یا جنین سقط – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نطفې یا جنین سقط" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaashan" title="Abaashan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Abaashan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%B2rt" title="Abòrt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Abòrt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swangerschopsafbr%C3%B6%C3%B6k" title="Swangerschopsafbröök – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swangerschopsafbröök" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborcja" title="Aborcja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aborcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborto" title="Aborto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aborto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avort" title="Avort – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avort" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulluchiy" title="Sulluchiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sulluchiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortu" title="Abortu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Abortu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_ntsha_mpa_ho_entsweng_ka_maikemisetso" title="Ho ntsha mpa ho entsweng ka maikemisetso – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Ho ntsha mpa ho entsweng ka maikemisetso" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ABshtimi_i_zhvillimit_t%C3%AB_fetusit_(Aborti)" title="Dështimi i zhvillimit të fetusit (Aborti) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dështimi i zhvillimit të fetusit (Aborti)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ගබ්සාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගබ්සාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abortion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ابارشن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابارشن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupcia" title="Interrupcia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Interrupcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splav" title="Splav – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Splav" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segnowa%C5%84y" title="Segnowańy – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Segnowańy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="لەبەرچوون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لەبەرچوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Побачај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Побачај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortus" title="Abortus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abortus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortti" title="Abortti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abortti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort" title="Abort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpapalaglag" title="Pagpapalaglag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpapalaglag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கருக்கலைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருக்கலைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="గర్భస్రావం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గర్భస్రావం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="การแท้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแท้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಗರ್ಬ ಪೋಪುನೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗರ್ಬ ಪೋಪುನೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrtaj" title="Kürtaj – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kürtaj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort" title="Abort – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Abort" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyins%C9%9Bn_a_w%C9%94hy%C9%9B_da_yi" title="Nyinsɛn a wɔhyɛ da yi – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nyinsɛn a wɔhyɛ da yi" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аборт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аборт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7_(%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84)" title="اسقاط (حمل) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسقاط (حمل)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1_thai" title="Phá thai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phá thai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort" title="Abort – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Abort" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punit" title="Punit – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Punit" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%95%E8%83%8E" title="堕胎 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="堕胎" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abortion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Abortion (disambiguation)">Abortion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Abortion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Induced miscarriage, termination of pregnancy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">gynecology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-10_Procedure_Coding_System" title="ICD-10 Procedure Coding System">ICD-10-PCS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10PCS/Codes/1/0/A/0/10A0">10A0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=779.6">779.6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000028">D000028</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007382.htm">007382</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252560-overview">252560</a></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8452" class="extiw" title="d:Q8452">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Abortion is the termination of a <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> by removal or expulsion of an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[nb 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a> or "spontaneous abortion"; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of all pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-John2012-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2013Epi-5">[4]</a> When deliberate steps are taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an <a href="#Induced">induced abortion</a>, or less frequently "induced miscarriage". The unmodified word abortion generally refers to an induced abortion.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-7">[6]</a> The most common reasons given for having an abortion are for birth-timing and limiting family size.<a href="#cite_note-bankole98-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chae_2017-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-guttmacher-10">[9]</a> Other reasons reported include <a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">maternal health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">an inability to afford a child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, lack of support, feeling they are too young, wishing to complete education or advance a career, and not being able or willing to raise a child conceived as a result of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> or <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bankole98-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-guttmacher-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[10]</a> When done legally in industrialized societies, induced abortion is <a href="#Safety">one of the safest procedures in medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lancet-grimes-12">[11]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Unsafe abortion is a persistent, preventable pandemic. ... By contrast, legal abortion in industrialised nations has emerged as one of the safest procedures in contemporary medical practice, with minimum morbidity and a negligible risk of death."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-Ray2014-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortions</a>—those performed by people lacking the necessary skills, or in inadequately resourced settings—are responsible for between 5–13% of <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal deaths</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-preventing-unsafe-14">[13]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Medication_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Medication abortion">medication abortions</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Self-managed_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-managed abortion">self-managed</a> are highly effective and safe throughout the <a href="/wiki/Trimester_(pregnancy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimester (pregnancy)">first trimester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-SHR-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Public health data show that making safe abortion legal and accessible reduces maternal deaths.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Modern methods use <a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">medication</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surgical_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical abortion">surgery</a> for abortions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[19]</a> The drug <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">mifepristone</a> (aka RU-486) in combination with <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a> appears to be as safe and effective as surgery during the <a href="/wiki/First_trimester" class="mw-redirect" title="First trimester">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_trimester" class="mw-redirect" title="Second trimester">second trimesters</a> of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kapp2013-21">[20]</a> The most common surgical technique involves <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">dilating</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> and using a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">suction device</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">the pill</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">intrauterine devices</a>, can be used immediately following abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Kapp2013-21">[20]</a> When performed legally and safely on a woman who desires it, induced abortions do not increase the risk of long-term <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental</a> or physical problems.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2014-23">[22]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">unsafe abortions</a> performed by unskilled individuals, with hazardous equipment, or in unsanitary facilities cause between 22,000 and 44,000 deaths and 6.9 million hospital admissions each year.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> states that "access to legal, safe and comprehensive abortion care, including <a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">post-abortion care</a>, is essential for the attainment of the highest possible level of sexual and reproductive health".<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion" title="History of abortion">Historically</a>, abortions have been attempted using <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">herbal medicines</a>, sharp tools, <a href="/wiki/Fundal_massage" title="Fundal massage">forceful massage</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional methods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_Chp_1-26">[25]</a> Around 73 million abortions are performed each year in the world,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> with about 45% done unsafely.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Abortion rates changed little between 2003 and 2008,<a href="#cite_note-Sedgh_2012-29">[28]</a> before which they decreased for at least two decades as access to <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> and birth control increased.<a href="#cite_note-worldtrends2007-30">[29]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion&action=edit">[update]</a>, 37% of the world's women had access to legal abortions without limits as to reason.<a href="#cite_note-Gutt_2018_fact-31">[30]</a> Countries that permit abortions have different limits on how late in pregnancy abortion is allowed.<a href="#cite_note-IJGO10-32">[31]</a> Abortion rates are similar between countries that restrict abortion and countries that broadly allow it, though this is partly because countries which restrict abortion tend to have higher <a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">unintended pregnancy</a> rates.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Globally, there has been a widespread trend towards greater legal access to abortion since 1973,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">there remains debate</a> with regard to moral, religious, ethical, and legal issues.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Those who <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">oppose abortion</a> often argue that an embryo or fetus is a person with a <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a>, and thus equate abortion with <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Those who <a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">support abortion's legality</a> often argue that it is a woman's <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Others favor legal and accessible abortion as a public health measure.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion laws</a> and views of the procedure are different around the world. In some countries abortion is legal and women have the right to make the choice about abortion.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In some areas, abortion is legal only in specific cases such as rape, incest, <a href="/wiki/Fetal_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal defects">fetal defects</a>, poverty, and risk to a woman's health.<a href="#cite_note-Dev98-07-42">[41]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Induced">Induced</h3></div> An induced abortion is a medical procedure to end a pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> In present-day English, the term abortion, when used without further qualification, generally refers to induced abortion.<a href="#cite_note-OED-7">[6]</a> A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in several ways. The abortion method depends upon the <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic age">gestational age</a> of the embryo or fetus, which gains mass as the pregnancy progresses.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion laws</a>, regional availability, and the personal preference of the women and her doctor may inform the women's choice of a specific abortion procedure. Abortions can be characterized as either therapeutic or elective. When an abortion is performed for medical reasons, the procedure is referred to as a therapeutic abortion. Medical reasons for therapeutic abortion include saving the life of the pregnant woman, preventing harm to the woman's <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">physical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>, preventing the birth of a child who will have a significantly increased chance of mortality or morbidity, and <a href="/wiki/Selective_reduction" title="Selective reduction">reducing</a> the number of fetuses to lessen health risks associated with <a href="/wiki/Multiple_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple pregnancy">multiple pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-roche1-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams_Gyn,_Chp_6-47">[46]</a> An abortion is referred to as elective or voluntary when it is performed at the request of the woman for non-medical reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_Gyn,_Chp_6-47">[46]</a> Confusion sometimes arises over the term elective because "<a href="/wiki/Elective_surgery" title="Elective surgery">elective surgery</a>" generally refers to all scheduled surgery, whether medically necessary or not.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> About one in five pregnancies worldwide ends with an induced abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Sedgh_2012-29">[28]</a> Most abortions result from unintended pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-bankole98-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> In the United Kingdom, 1 to 2% of abortions are done because of genetic problems in the fetus.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2014-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spontaneous">Spontaneous</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></div> Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion, is the unintentional expulsion of an embryo or fetus before the 24th <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">week of gestation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> A pregnancy that ends before 37 weeks of gestation resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Live_birth_(human)" title="Live birth (human)">live-born</a> infant is a "<a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">premature birth</a>" or a "preterm birth".<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> When a fetus dies <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">in utero</a> after <a href="/wiki/Fetal_viability" title="Fetal viability">viability</a>, or during <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">delivery</a>, it is usually termed "<a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillborn</a>".<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Premature_births" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature births">Premature births</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirths</a> are generally not considered to be miscarriages, although usage of these terms can sometimes overlap.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Studies of pregnant women in the US and China have shown that between 40% and 60% of embryos do not progress to birth.<a href="#cite_note-Gabbe,_Chp_24-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The vast majority of miscarriages occur before the woman is <a href="/wiki/Clinically_silent" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinically silent">aware that she is pregnant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Williams_Gyn,_Chp_6-47">[46]</a> and many pregnancies spontaneously abort before medical practitioners can detect an embryo.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Between 15% and 30% of known pregnancies end in clinically apparent miscarriage, depending upon the age and health of the pregnant woman.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> 80% of these spontaneous abortions happen in the first trimester.<a href="#cite_note-Williams18-59">[58]</a> The most common cause of spontaneous abortion during the first trimester is <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_abnormalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomal abnormalities">chromosomal abnormalities</a> of the embryo or fetus,<a href="#cite_note-Williams_Gyn,_Chp_6-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-mednet-60">[59]</a> accounting for at least 50% of sampled early pregnancy losses.<a href="#cite_note-fetal_med_837-61">[60]</a> Other causes include <a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">vascular disease</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">lupus</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">hormonal problems</a>, infection, and abnormalities of the uterus.<a href="#cite_note-mednet-60">[59]</a> Advancing maternal age and a woman's history of previous spontaneous abortions are the two leading factors associated with a greater risk of spontaneous abortion.<a href="#cite_note-fetal_med_837-61">[60]</a> A spontaneous abortion can also be caused by accidental <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a>; intentional trauma or stress to cause miscarriage is considered induced abortion or <a href="/wiki/Feticide" class="mw-redirect" title="Feticide">feticide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fetal_Homicide_Laws-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">Medical abortion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraception" title="Emergency contraception">emergency contraception</a>.</div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:300px;font-size:88%;"> <div style="position:relative;text-align:center;top:0;left:0;width:300px;height:190px;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0%;bottom:0%;left:30%;right:70%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px 0px 0px 1px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:white;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"> </div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:0%;bottom:0%;left:70%;right:30%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px 0px 0px 1px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:white;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"> </div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:0%;bottom:88%;left:0%;right:0%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#ffbcd8;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;">Practice of Induced Abortion Methods</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:19%;bottom:71%;left:7.5%;right:80%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#bdc9df;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Manual_vacuum_aspiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual vacuum aspiration">MVA</a></div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:19%;bottom:71%;left:40%;right:35%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#bdc9df;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">D&E</a></div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:38%;bottom:52%;left:15%;right:70%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#bdc9df;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_vacuum_aspiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vacuum aspiration">EVA</a></div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:38%;bottom:52%;left:50%;right:25%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#bdc9df;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy_abortion" title="Hysterotomy abortion">Hyst.</a></div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:56%;bottom:34%;left:15%;right:62.5%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#bdc9df;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">D&C</a></div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:56%;bottom:34%;left:50%;right:25%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#bdc9df;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">Intact D&X</a></div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:74%;bottom:16%;left:7.5%;right:70%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#bdc9df;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepr.</a></div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:74%;bottom:16%;left:40%;right:25%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#bdc9df;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;">Induced Miscarr.</div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:90%;bottom:0%;left:0%;right:70%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#b7e690;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/First_trimester" class="mw-redirect" title="First trimester">0–12 wks</a></div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:90%;bottom:0%;left:30%;right:30%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#dfe988;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Second_trimester" class="mw-redirect" title="Second trimester">12–28 weeks</a></div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:90%;bottom:0%;left:70%;right:0%;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:#cccccc;color:black;background-color:#e9c788;"><div style="position:absolute;left:0%;top:0%;width:100%;height:100%;display:table;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Third_trimester" class="mw-redirect" title="Third trimester">28–40 wks</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Abortionmethods.png" title="File:Abortionmethods.png"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/16px-Desc-i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/24px-Desc-i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/32px-Desc-i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="648" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">Gestational age</a> may determine which abortion methods are practiced.</div></div></div> Medical abortions are those induced by <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacient</a> pharmaceuticals. Medical abortion became an alternative method of abortion with the availability of <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a> <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_analogue" title="Prostaglandin analogue">analogs</a> in the 1970s and the <a href="/wiki/Antiprogestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprogestin">antiprogestogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">mifepristone</a> (also known as RU-486) in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Kapp2013-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Creinin_2009-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kapp_2009-64">[63]</a> The most common early first trimester medical abortion regimens use mifepristone in combination with <a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">misoprostol</a> (or sometimes another prostaglandin analog, <a href="/wiki/Gemeprost" title="Gemeprost">gemeprost</a>) up to 10 weeks (70 days) gestational age,<a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a> in combination with a prostaglandin analog up to 7 weeks gestation, or a prostaglandin analog alone.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[19]</a> Mifepristone–misoprostol combination regimens work faster and are more effective at later gestational ages than methotrexate–misoprostol combination regimens, and combination regimens are more effective than misoprostol alone, particularly in the second trimester.<a href="#cite_note-Creinin_2009-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Medical abortion regimens involving mifepristone followed by misoprostol in the cheek between 24 and 48 hours later are effective when performed before 70 days' gestation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abortion_pill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Abortion_pill.jpg/220px-Abortion_pill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Abortion_pill.jpg/330px-Abortion_pill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Abortion_pill.jpg/440px-Abortion_pill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>Shown here is the typical regimen for early medical abortions (200 mg <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">mifepristone</a> and 800 μg <a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">misoprostol</a>).</figcaption></figure> In very early abortions, up to 7 weeks <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a>, medical abortion using a mifepristone–misoprostol combination regimen is considered to be more effective than surgical abortion (<a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">vacuum aspiration</a>), especially when clinical practice does not include detailed inspection of aspirated tissue.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FAQs_2006-68">[67]</a> Early medical abortion regimens using mifepristone, followed 24–48 hours later by <a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a> or vaginal misoprostol are 98% effective up to 9 weeks gestational age; from 9 to 10 weeks efficacy decreases modestly to 94%.<a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fjerstad_2009b-69">[68]</a> If medical abortion fails, surgical abortion must be used to complete the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Early medical abortions account for the majority of abortions before 9 weeks gestation in <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Great Britain">Britain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">France</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Medical abortion regimens using mifepristone in combination with a prostaglandin analog are the most common methods used for second trimester abortions in <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Canada</a>, most of Europe, <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kapp_2009-64">[63]</a> in contrast to the United States where 96% of second trimester abortions are performed surgically by <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">dilation and evacuation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-76">[75]</a> A 2020 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane review">Cochrane Systematic Review</a> concluded that providing women with medications to take home to complete the second stage of the procedure for an early medical abortion results in an effective abortion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-77">[76]</a> Further research is required to determine if self-administered medical abortion is as safe as provider-administered medical abortion, where a health care professional is present to help manage the medical abortion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-77">[76]</a> Safely permitting women to self-administer abortion medication has the potential to improve access to abortion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-77">[76]</a> The review also noted a research gap concerning methods to support women who take medication at home for a self-administered abortion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgical">Surgical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacuum-aspiration_(single).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vacuum-aspiration_%28single%29.svg/220px-Vacuum-aspiration_%28single%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vacuum-aspiration_%28single%29.svg/330px-Vacuum-aspiration_%28single%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vacuum-aspiration_%28single%29.svg/440px-Vacuum-aspiration_%28single%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>A vacuum aspiration abortion at eight weeks gestational age (six weeks after fertilization). 1: <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_sac" title="Amniotic sac">Amniotic sac</a> 2: <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">Embryo</a> 3: <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Uterine lining</a> 4: <a href="/wiki/Speculum_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculum (medical)">Speculum</a> 5: Vacurette 6: Attached to a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_pump" title="Vacuum pump">suction pump</a></figcaption></figure> Up to 15 weeks' gestation, <a href="/wiki/Suction-aspiration_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Suction-aspiration abortion">suction-aspiration</a> or vacuum aspiration are the most common surgical methods of induced abortion.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) consists of removing the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>, and membranes by suction using a manual syringe, while electric vacuum aspiration (EVA) uses an electric pump. Both techniques can be used very early in pregnancy. MVA can be used up to 14 weeks but is more often used earlier in the U.S. EVA can be used later.<a href="#cite_note-:3-76">[75]</a> MVA, also known as "mini-suction" and "<a href="/wiki/Menstrual_extraction" title="Menstrual extraction">menstrual extraction</a>", or EVA can be used in very early pregnancy when cervical dilation may not be required. <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">Dilation and curettage</a> (D&C) refers to opening the cervix (dilation) and removing tissue (curettage) via suction or sharp instruments. D&C is a standard gynecological procedure performed for a variety of reasons, including examination of the uterine lining for possible malignancy, investigation of abnormal bleeding, and abortion. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommends sharp curettage only when suction aspiration is unavailable.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">Dilation and evacuation</a> (D&E), used after 12 to 16 weeks, consists of opening the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> and emptying the uterus using surgical instruments and suction. D&E is performed vaginally and does not require an incision. <a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">Intact dilation and extraction</a> (D&X) refers to a variant of D&E sometimes used after 18 to 20 weeks when removal of an intact fetus improves surgical safety or for other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Abortion may also be performed surgically by hysterotomy or gravid hysterectomy. <a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy_abortion" title="Hysterotomy abortion">Hysterotomy abortion</a> is a procedure similar to a <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean section</a> and is performed under <a href="/wiki/General_anesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="General anesthesia">general anesthesia</a>. It requires a smaller incision than a caesarean section and can be used during later stages of pregnancy. Gravid hysterectomy refers to removal of the whole uterus while still containing the pregnancy. Hysterotomy and hysterectomy are associated with much higher rates of maternal morbidity and mortality than D&E or induction abortion.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> First trimester procedures can generally be performed using <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthesia" title="Local anesthesia">local anesthesia</a>, while second trimester methods may require <a href="/wiki/Sedation#Levels_of_sedation" title="Sedation">deep sedation</a> or <a href="/wiki/General_anesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="General anesthesia">general anesthesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NEJMDec2011-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_induction_abortion">Labor induction abortion</h3></div> In places lacking the necessary medical skill for dilation and extraction, or when preferred by practitioners, an abortion can be induced by first <a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">inducing labor</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Late_termination_of_pregnancy#Methods" title="Late termination of pregnancy">inducing fetal demise</a> if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-GLOWM_Late-85">[84]</a> This is sometimes called "induced miscarriage". This procedure may be performed from 13 weeks gestation to the third trimester. Although it is very uncommon in the United States, more than 80% of induced abortions throughout the second trimester are labor-induced abortions in Sweden and other nearby countries.<a href="#cite_note-Labor_Induced_Abortion-86">[85]</a> Only limited data are available comparing labor-induced abortion with the dilation and extraction method.<a href="#cite_note-Labor_Induced_Abortion-86">[85]</a> Unlike D&E, labor-induced abortions after 18 weeks may be complicated by the occurrence of brief fetal survival, which may be legally characterized as live birth. For this reason, labor-induced abortion is legally risky in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Labor_Induced_Abortion-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAF_2015_Policy-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_methods">Other methods</h3></div> Historically, a number of herbs reputed to possess abortifacient properties have been used in <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a>. Such herbs include <a href="/wiki/Tansy" title="Tansy">tansy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentha_pulegium" title="Mentha pulegium">pennyroyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_cohosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Black cohosh">black cohosh</a>, and the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silphium (antiquity)">silphium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-riddle2-88">[87]</a>: 44–47, 62–63, 154–155, 230–231  In 1978, one woman in Colorado died and another developed organ damage when they attempted to terminate their pregnancies by taking pennyroyal oil.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Because the indiscriminant use of herbs as abortifacients can cause serious—even lethal—side effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Multiple_organ_dysfunction_syndrome" title="Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome">multiple organ failure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> such use is not recommended by physicians. Abortion is sometimes attempted by causing trauma to the abdomen. The degree of force, if severe, can cause serious internal injuries without necessarily succeeding in inducing <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> In Southeast Asia, there is an ancient tradition of attempting abortion through forceful abdominal massage.<a href="#cite_note-potts-92">[91]</a> One of the <a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">bas reliefs</a> decorating the temple of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in Cambodia depicts a demon performing such an abortion upon a woman who has been sent to the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-potts-92">[91]</a> Reported methods of unsafe, <a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">self-induced abortion</a> include misuse of <a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">misoprostol</a> and insertion of non-surgical implements such as knitting needles and <a href="/wiki/Clothes_hanger" title="Clothes hanger">clothes hangers</a> into the uterus. These and other methods to terminate pregnancy may be called "induced miscarriage". Such methods are rarely used in countries where surgical abortion is legal and available.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abortion_Quick_%26_Pain_Free_sign,_Joe_Slovo_Park,_Cape_Town,_South_Africa-3869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abortion_Quick_%26_Pain_Free_sign%2C_Joe_Slovo_Park%2C_Cape_Town%2C_South_Africa-3869.jpg/220px-Abortion_Quick_%26_Pain_Free_sign%2C_Joe_Slovo_Park%2C_Cape_Town%2C_South_Africa-3869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abortion_Quick_%26_Pain_Free_sign%2C_Joe_Slovo_Park%2C_Cape_Town%2C_South_Africa-3869.jpg/330px-Abortion_Quick_%26_Pain_Free_sign%2C_Joe_Slovo_Park%2C_Cape_Town%2C_South_Africa-3869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abortion_Quick_%26_Pain_Free_sign%2C_Joe_Slovo_Park%2C_Cape_Town%2C_South_Africa-3869.jpg/440px-Abortion_Quick_%26_Pain_Free_sign%2C_Joe_Slovo_Park%2C_Cape_Town%2C_South_Africa-3869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>A likely illegal abortion flyer in South Africa</figcaption></figure> The health risks of abortion depend principally on how, and under what conditions, the procedure is performed. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) defines <a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">unsafe abortions</a> as those performed by unskilled individuals, with hazardous equipment, or in unsanitary facilities.<a href="#cite_note-who-unsafe-1992-94">[93]</a> Legal abortions performed in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed world</a> are among the safest procedures in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-lancet-grimes-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-grimes-overview-95">[94]</a> According to a 2012 study in Obstetrics & Gynecology, in the United States the risk of maternal mortality is 14 times lower after induced abortion than after childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-Grimes2012-96">[95]</a> The CDC estimated in 2019 that US pregnancy-related mortality was 17.2 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> while the US abortion mortality rate was 0.43 maternal deaths per 100,000 procedures.<a href="#cite_note-Ray2014-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2022_AS-99">[98]</a> In the UK, guidelines of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists state that "Women should be advised that abortion is generally safer than continuing a pregnancy to term."<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Worldwide, on average, abortion is safer than carrying a pregnancy to term. A 2007 study reported that "26% of all pregnancies worldwide are terminated by induced abortion," whereas "deaths from improperly performed [abortion] procedures constitute 13% of maternal mortality globally."<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In Indonesia in 2000 it was estimated that 2 million pregnancies ended in abortion, 4.5 million pregnancies were carried to term, and 14–16 percent of maternal deaths resulted from abortion.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> In the US from 2000 to 2009, abortion had a mortality rate lower than <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a>, lower or similar to running a marathon, and about equivalent to traveling 760 miles (1,220 km) in a passenger car.<a href="#cite_note-Ray2014-13">[12]</a> Five years after seeking abortion services, women who gave birth after being denied an abortion reported worse health than women who had either first or second trimester abortions.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> The risk of abortion-related mortality increases with gestational age, but remains lower than that of childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Outpatient abortion is as safe from 64 to 70 days' gestation as it before 63 days.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_of_abortion_methods">Safety of abortion methods</h3></div> There is little difference in terms of safety and efficacy between medical abortion using a combined regimen of mifepristone and misoprostol and surgical abortion (vacuum aspiration) in early first trimester abortions up to 10 weeks gestation.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FAQs_2006-68">[67]</a> Medical abortion using the prostaglandin analog misoprostol alone is less effective and more painful than medical abortion using a combined regimen of mifepristone and misoprostol or surgical abortion.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_gestational_age">Safety and gestational age</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">Vacuum aspiration</a> in the first trimester is the safest method of surgical abortion, and can be performed in a <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion_clinic" title="Abortion clinic">abortion clinic</a>, or hospital. Complications, which are rare, can include <a href="/wiki/Uterine_perforation" title="Uterine perforation">uterine perforation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endometritis" title="Endometritis">pelvic infection</a>, and retained products of conception requiring a second procedure to evacuate.<a href="#cite_note-arch-fam-practice-108">[107]</a> Infections account for one-third of abortion-related deaths in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> The rate of complications of vacuum aspiration abortion in the first trimester is similar regardless of whether the procedure is performed in a hospital, surgical center, or office.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Preventive antibiotics (such as <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metronidazole" title="Metronidazole">metronidazole</a>) are typically given before abortion procedures,<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> as they are believed to substantially reduce the risk of postoperative uterine infection;<a href="#cite_note-NEJMDec2011-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> however, antibiotics are not routinely given with abortion pills.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The rate of failed procedures does not appear to vary significantly depending on whether the abortion is performed by a doctor or a <a href="/wiki/Mid-level_practitioner" title="Mid-level practitioner">mid-level practitioner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Complications after second trimester abortion are similar to those after first trimester abortion, and depend somewhat on the method chosen.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The risk of death from abortion approaches roughly half the risk of death from childbirth the farther along a woman is in pregnancy; from one in a million before 9 weeks gestation to nearly one in ten thousand at 21 weeks or more (as measured from the last menstrual period).<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett2004-117">[116]</a> It appears that having had a prior surgical uterine evacuation (whether because of induced abortion or treatment of miscarriage) correlates with a small increase in the risk of preterm birth in future pregnancies. The studies supporting this did not control for factors not related to abortion or miscarriage, and hence the causes of this correlation have not been determined, although multiple possibilities have been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-Saccone2016-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_mental_health" title="Abortion and mental health">Abortion and mental health</a></div> Current evidence finds no relationship between most induced abortions and <a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_mental_health" title="Abortion and mental health">mental health problems</a><a href="#cite_note-BMJ2014-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hor2017-120">[119]</a> other than those expected for any unwanted pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-apa-press-121">[120]</a> A report by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> concluded that a woman's first abortion is not a threat to mental health when carried out in the first trimester, with such women no more likely to have mental-health problems than those carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term; the mental-health outcome of a woman's second or greater abortion is less certain.<a href="#cite_note-apa-press-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Some older reviews concluded that abortion was associated with an increased risk of psychological problems;<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> however, later reviews of the medical literature found that previous reviews did not use an appropriate control group.<a href="#cite_note-Hor2017-120">[119]</a> When a control group is utilized, receiving abortion is not associated with adverse psychological outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-Hor2017-120">[119]</a> However, women seeking abortion who are denied access to abortion have an increase in anxiety after the denial.<a href="#cite_note-Hor2017-120">[119]</a> Although some studies show negative mental-health outcomes in women who choose abortions after the first trimester because of fetal abnormalities,<a href="#cite_note-apa-2008-124">[123]</a> more rigorous research would be needed to show this conclusively.<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg2011-125">[124]</a> Some proposed negative psychological effects of abortion have been referred to by anti-abortion advocates as a separate condition called "<a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-abortion syndrome">post-abortion syndrome</a>", but this is not recognized by medical or psychological professionals in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> A 2020 long term-study among US women found that about 99% of women felt that they made the right decision five years after they had an abortion. Relief was the primary emotion with few women feeling sadness or guilt. Social stigma was a main factor predicting negative emotions and regret years later. The researchers also stated: "These results add to the scientific evidence that emotions about an abortion are associated with personal and social context, and are not a product of the abortion procedure itself."<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_in_the_abortion_debate">Safety in the abortion debate</h3></div> Some purported risks of abortion are promoted primarily by anti-abortion groups,<a href="#cite_note-JASEN-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cancer_Linacre-129">[128]</a> but lack scientific support.<a href="#cite_note-JASEN-128">[127]</a> For example, the question of a link between <a href="/wiki/Abortion-breast_cancer_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis">induced abortion and breast cancer</a> has been investigated extensively. Major medical and scientific bodies (including the WHO, <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynaecologists" title="Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists">Royal College of OBGYN</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Congress_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynecologists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists">American Congress of OBGYN</a>) have concluded that abortion does not cause breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In the past even illegality has not automatically meant that the abortions were unsafe. Referring to the U.S., historian <a href="/wiki/Linda_Gordon" title="Linda Gordon">Linda Gordon</a> states: "In fact, illegal abortions in this country have an impressive safety record."<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a>: 25  According to <a href="/wiki/Rickie_Solinger" title="Rickie Solinger">Rickie Solinger</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> A related myth, promulgated by a broad spectrum of people concerned about abortion and public policy, is that before legalization abortionists were dirty and dangerous back-alley butchers.... [T]he historical evidence does not support such claims.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a>: 4  </blockquote> A 1940s American physician spoke of his pride in having performed 13,844 illegal abortions without any fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> In 1870s New York City, the abortionist/midwife <a href="/wiki/Madame_Restell" title="Madame Restell">Madame Restell</a> (Anna Trow Lohman) is said to have lost very few women among her more than 100,000 patients<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a>—a lower mortality rate than the childbirth mortality rate at the time. In 1936, obstetrics and gynecology professor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_J._Taussig" title="Frederick J. Taussig">Frederick J. Taussig</a> wrote that a cause of increasing mortality during the years of illegality in the U.S. was that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">With each decade of the past fifty years the actual and proportionate frequency of this accident [perforation of the uterus] has increased, due, first, to the increase in the number of instrumentally induced abortions; second, to the proportionate increase in abortions handled by doctors as against those handled by midwives; and, third, to the prevailing tendency to use instruments instead of the finger in emptying the uterus.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsafe_abortion">Unsafe abortion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RussianAbortionPoster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RussianAbortionPoster.jpg/220px-RussianAbortionPoster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RussianAbortionPoster.jpg/330px-RussianAbortionPoster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RussianAbortionPoster.jpg/440px-RussianAbortionPoster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Soviet poster <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1925 (after Russia legalized abortion in 1920) warning against abortions performed by folk practitioners</figcaption></figure> Women seeking an abortion may use unsafe methods, especially when abortion is legally restricted. They may attempt <a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">self-induced abortion</a> or seek the help of a person without proper medical training or facilities. This can lead to severe complications, such as incomplete abortion, <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, hemorrhage, and damage to internal organs.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Unsafe abortions are a major cause of injury and death among women worldwide. Although data are imprecise, it is estimated that approximately 20 million unsafe abortions are performed annually, with 97% taking place in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lancet-grimes-12">[11]</a> Unsafe abortions are believed to result in millions of injuries.<a href="#cite_note-lancet-grimes-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haddad-2009-137">[136]</a> Estimates of deaths vary according to methodology, and have ranged from 37,000 to 70,000 in the past decade;<a href="#cite_note-lancet-grimes-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-OBGY09-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Loz2012-139">[138]</a> deaths from unsafe abortion account for around 13% of all <a href="/wiki/Maternal_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal deaths">maternal deaths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> believes that mortality has fallen since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-141">[140]</a> To reduce the number of unsafe abortions, public health organizations have generally advocated emphasizing the legalization of abortion, training of medical personnel, and ensuring access to reproductive-health services.<a href="#cite_note-berer-who-142">[141]</a> A major factor in whether abortions are performed safely or not is the legal standing of abortion. Countries with restrictive abortion laws have higher rates of unsafe abortion and similar overall abortion rates compared to countries where abortion is legal and available.<a href="#cite_note-OBGY09-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sedgh_2012-29">[28]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Choice_on_Termination_of_Pregnancy_Act,_1996" title="Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996">1996 legalization of abortion in South Africa</a> led to an immediate reduction in abortion-related complications,<a href="#cite_note-jewkes-143">[142]</a> with abortion-related deaths dropping by more than 90%.<a href="#cite_note-bateman-samj-144">[143]</a> Similar reductions in maternal mortality have been observed after other countries have liberalized their abortion laws, such as <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> A 2011 study concluded that in the United States, some state-level anti-abortion laws are correlated with lower rates of abortion in that state.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The analysis, however, did not take into account travel to other states without such laws to obtain an abortion.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In addition, a lack of access to effective contraception contributes to unsafe abortion. It has been estimated that the incidence of unsafe abortion could be reduced by up to 75% (from 20 million to 5 million annually) if modern family planning and maternal health services were readily available globally.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-148">[147]</a> Rates of such abortions may be difficult to measure because they can be reported variously as miscarriage, "induced miscarriage", "menstrual regulation", "mini-abortion", and "regulation of a delayed/suspended menstruation".<a href="#cite_note-lancet-grimes-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brazil_Unsafe-149">[148]</a> Forty percent of the world's women are able to access therapeutic and elective abortions within gestational limits,<a href="#cite_note-IJGO10-32">[31]</a> while an additional 35 percent have access to legal abortion if they meet certain physical, mental, or socioeconomic criteria.<a href="#cite_note-Dev98-07-42">[41]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal mortality</a> seldom results from safe abortions, unsafe abortions result in 70,000 deaths and 5 million disabilities per year.<a href="#cite_note-OBGY09-138">[137]</a> Complications of unsafe abortion account for approximately an eighth of maternal mortalities worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-Maclean-150">[149]</a> though this varies by region.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Secondary infertility caused by an unsafe abortion affects an estimated 24 million women.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-unsafe-2007-152">[151]</a> The rate of unsafe abortions has increased from 44% to 49% between 1995 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Sedgh_2012-29">[28]</a> Health education, access to family planning, and improvements in health care during and after abortion have been proposed to address consequences of unsafe abortion.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidence">Incidence</h2></div> There are two commonly used methods of measuring the incidence of abortion: <ul><li>Abortion rate – number of abortions annually per 1,000 women between 15 and 44 years of age;<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> some sources use a range of 15–49.</li> <li>Abortion percentage – number of abortions out of 100 known pregnancies; pregnancies include live births, abortions, and miscarriages.</li></ul> In many places, where abortion is illegal or carries a heavy social stigma, medical reporting of abortion is not reliable.<a href="#cite_note-Sedgh_2007-155">[154]</a> For this reason, estimates of the incidence of abortion must be made without determining certainty related to <a href="/wiki/Standard_error" title="Standard error">standard error</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sedgh_2012-29">[28]</a> The number of abortions performed worldwide was characterized as stable in the early 2000s, with 41.6 million having been performed in 2003 and 43.8 million having been performed in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Sedgh_2012-29">[28]</a> The abortion rate worldwide was 28 per 1000 women per year, though it was 24 per 1000 women per year for developed countries and 29 per 1000 women per year for developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-Sedgh_2012-29">[28]</a> The same 2012 study indicated that in 2008, the estimated abortion percentage of known pregnancies was at 21% worldwide, with 26% in developed countries and 20% in developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-Sedgh_2012-29">[28]</a> On average, the incidence of abortion is similar in countries with restrictive abortion laws and those with more liberal access to abortion.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-abortion-rates-156">[155]</a> Restrictive abortion laws are associated with increases in the percentage of abortions performed unsafely.<a href="#cite_note-IJGO10-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-abortion-rates-156">[155]</a> The unsafe abortion rate in developing countries is partly attributable to lack of access to modern contraceptives; according to the <a href="/wiki/Guttmacher_Institute" title="Guttmacher Institute">Guttmacher Institute</a>, providing access to contraceptives would result in about 14.5 million fewer unsafe abortions and 38,000 fewer deaths from unsafe abortion annually worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> The rate of legal, induced abortion varies extensively worldwide. According to the report of employees of Guttmacher Institute it ranged from 7 per 1000 women per year (Germany and Switzerland) to 30 per 1000 women per year (Estonia) in countries with complete statistics in 2008. The proportion of pregnancies that ended in induced abortion ranged from about 10% (Israel, the Netherlands and Switzerland) to 30% (Estonia) in the same group, though it might be as high as 36% in Hungary and Romania, whose statistics were deemed incomplete.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> An American study in 2002 concluded that about half of women having abortions were using a form of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraception</a> at the time of becoming pregnant. Inconsistent use was reported by half of those using <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a> and three-quarters of those using the <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">birth control pill</a>; 42% of those using condoms reported failure through slipping or breakage.<a href="#cite_note-:8-161">[160]</a> Of the other half of women, who were not using contraception at the time of becoming pregnant, the vast majority had used contraception at some point in the past, indicating some level of dissatisfaction with the contraceptive options available to them. Indeed, 32% of these contraceptive nonusers cited concerns about contraceptive methods as their reason for nonuse,<a href="#cite_note-:8-161">[160]</a> and a more recent study found similar results.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Taken together, these statistics suggest that new contraceptive methods, such as non-hormonal contraceptives or <a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">male contraceptives</a>, could reduce unintended pregnancy and abortion rates.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> The Guttmacher Institute has found that "most abortions in the United States are obtained by minority women" because minority women "have much higher rates of unintended pregnancy".<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In a 2022 analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation" title="Kaiser Family Foundation">Kaiser Family Foundation</a>, while people of color comprise 44% of the population in Mississippi, 59% of the population in Texas, 42% of the population in Louisiana, and 35% of the population in Alabama, they comprise 80%, 74%, 72%, and 70%, respectively, of those receiving abortions.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gestational_age_and_method">Gestational age and method</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_abortion_by_gestational_age_2019_histogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UK_abortion_by_gestational_age_2019_histogram.svg/200px-UK_abortion_by_gestational_age_2019_histogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UK_abortion_by_gestational_age_2019_histogram.svg/300px-UK_abortion_by_gestational_age_2019_histogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UK_abortion_by_gestational_age_2019_histogram.svg/400px-UK_abortion_by_gestational_age_2019_histogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="338" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:US_abortion_by_gestational_age_2016_histogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/US_abortion_by_gestational_age_2016_histogram.svg/200px-US_abortion_by_gestational_age_2016_histogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/US_abortion_by_gestational_age_2016_histogram.svg/300px-US_abortion_by_gestational_age_2016_histogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/US_abortion_by_gestational_age_2016_histogram.svg/400px-US_abortion_by_gestational_age_2016_histogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="338" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">Histogram</a> of abortions by <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">gestational age</a> in England and Wales during 2019 (left). Abortion in the United States by gestational age, 2016 (right).</div></div></div></div> Abortion rates vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and the method practiced. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) reported that 26% of reported legal induced abortions in the United States were known to have been obtained at the end of 6 weeks of gestation or less, 18% at 7 weeks, 15% at 8 weeks, 18% at 9 through 10 weeks, 10% at 11 through 12 weeks, 6% at 13 through 15 weeks, 4% at 16 through 20 weeks and 1% at more than 21 weeks. 91% of these were classified as having been done by "<a href="/wiki/Curettage" title="Curettage">curettage</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Suction-aspiration_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Suction-aspiration abortion">suction-aspiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">dilation and curettage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">dilation and evacuation</a>), 8% by "<a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">medical</a>" means (<a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">mifepristone</a>), >1% by "<a href="/wiki/Instillation_abortion" title="Instillation abortion">intrauterine instillation</a>" (saline or <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a>), and 1% by "other" (including <a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy_abortion" title="Hysterotomy abortion">hysterotomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-cdc2003-166">[165]</a> According to the CDC, due to data collection difficulties the data must be viewed as tentative and some fetal deaths reported beyond 20 weeks may be natural deaths erroneously classified as abortions if the removal of the dead fetus is accomplished by the same procedure as an induced abortion.<a href="#cite_note-guttmacher-10">[9]</a> The Guttmacher Institute estimated there were 2,200 <a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">intact dilation and extraction</a> procedures in the US during 2000; this accounts for <0.2% of the total number of abortions performed that year.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Similarly, in England and Wales in 2006, 89% of terminations occurred at or under 12 weeks, 9% between 13 and 19 weeks, and 2% at or over 20 weeks. 64% of those reported were by vacuum aspiration, 6% by D&E, and 30% were medical.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> There are more second trimester abortions in developing countries such as China, India and Vietnam than in developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> There are both medical and non-medical reasons to have an abortion later in pregnancy (after 20 weeks). A study was conducted from 2008 to 2010 at the University of California San Francisco where more than 440 women were asked about why they experienced delays in obtaining abortion care, if there were any. This study found that almost half of individuals who obtained an abortion after 20 weeks did not suspect that they were pregnant until later in their pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-:7-170">[169]</a> Other barriers to abortion care found in the study included lack of information about where to access an abortion, difficulties with transportation, lack of insurance coverage, and inability to pay for the abortion procedure.<a href="#cite_note-:7-170">[169]</a> Medical reasons for seeking an abortion later in pregnancy include <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">fetal anomalies</a> and health risk to the pregnant person.<a href="#cite_note-:6-171">[170]</a> There are prenatal tests that can diagnose <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down Syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a> as early as 10 weeks into gestation, but structural fetal anomalies are often detected much later in pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-:7-170">[169]</a> A proportion of structural fetal anomalies are lethal, which means that the fetus will almost certainly die before or shortly after birth.<a href="#cite_note-:7-170">[169]</a> Life-threatening conditions may also develop later in pregnancy, such as <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">early severe preeclampsia</a>, newly diagnosed cancer in need of urgent treatment, and <a href="/wiki/Chorioamnionitis" title="Chorioamnionitis">intrauterine infection (chorioamnionitis)</a>, which often occurs along with <a href="/wiki/Prelabor_rupture_of_membranes" title="Prelabor rupture of membranes">premature rupture of the amniotic sac (PPROM)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-170">[169]</a> If serious medical conditions such as these arise before the fetus is viable, the person carrying the pregnancy may pursue an abortion to preserve their own health.<a href="#cite_note-:7-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal">Personal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGIAbortionReasonsBarChart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AGIAbortionReasonsBarChart.png/400px-AGIAbortionReasonsBarChart.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AGIAbortionReasonsBarChart.png/600px-AGIAbortionReasonsBarChart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AGIAbortionReasonsBarChart.png/800px-AGIAbortionReasonsBarChart.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>A bar chart depicting selected data from a 1998 <a href="/wiki/Alan_Guttmacher_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Guttmacher Institute">AGI</a> <a href="/wiki/Meta-study" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-study">meta-study</a> on the reasons women stated for having an abortion</figcaption></figure> The reasons why women have abortions are diverse and vary across the world.<a href="#cite_note-guttmacher-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-bankole98-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chae_2017-9">[8]</a> Some of the reasons may include an inability to afford a child, domestic violence, lack of support, feeling they are too young, and the wish to complete education or advance a career.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[10]</a> Additional reasons include not being able or willing to raise a child conceived as a result of rape or incest.<a href="#cite_note-bankole98-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-finer2005-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societal">Societal</h3></div> Some abortions are undergone as the result of societal pressures.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> These might include the preference for children of a specific sex or race, disapproval of single or early motherhood, stigmatization of people with disabilities, insufficient economic support for families, lack of access to or rejection of contraceptive methods, or efforts toward <a href="/wiki/Population_control" title="Population control">population control</a> (such as China's <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a>). These factors can sometimes result in compulsory abortion or <a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">sex-selective abortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MissingWomen-174">[173]</a> In cultures where there is a preference for male children, some women have sex selective abortions, which have partially replaced the earlier practice of female <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MissingWomen-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_health">Maternal health</h3></div> Some abortions are performed due to concerns over <a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">maternal health</a>. In 1990s, women cited maternal health as their main motivating factor in about a third of abortions in three of 27 countries analyzed. In seven additional countries, about 7% of abortions were maternal health related.<a href="#cite_note-guttmacher-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-bankole98-8">[7]</a> In the U.S., the Supreme Court decisions in <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Bolton" title="Doe v. Bolton">Doe v. Bolton</a>: "ruled that the state's interest in the life of the fetus became compelling only at the point of viability, defined as the point at which the fetus can survive independently of its mother. Even after the point of viability, the state cannot favor the life of the fetus over the life or health of the pregnant woman. Under the right of privacy, physicians must be free to use their "medical judgment for the preservation of the life or health of the mother." On the same day that the Court decided Roe, it also decided Doe v. Bolton, in which the Court defined health very broadly: "The medical judgment may be exercised in the light of all factors—physical, emotional, psychological, familial, and the woman's age—relevant to the well-being of the patient. All these factors may relate to health. This allows the attending physician the room he needs to make his best medical judgment."<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a>: 1200–1201  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cancer">Cancer</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The rate of cancer during pregnancy is 0.02–1%, and in many cases, cancer of the mother leads to consideration of abortion to protect the life of the mother, or in response to the potential damage that may occur to the fetus during treatment. This is particularly true for <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>, the most common type of which occurs in 1 of every 2,000–13,000 pregnancies, for which initiation of treatment "cannot co-exist with preservation of fetal life (unless <a href="/wiki/Neoadjuvant_chemotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoadjuvant chemotherapy">neoadjuvant chemotherapy</a> is chosen)". Very early stage cervical cancers (I and IIa) may be treated by <a href="/wiki/Radical_hysterectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical hysterectomy">radical hysterectomy</a> and pelvic <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph node</a> dissection, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, or both, while later stages are treated by radiotherapy. Chemotherapy may be used simultaneously. Treatment of breast cancer during pregnancy also involves fetal considerations, because <a href="/wiki/Lumpectomy" title="Lumpectomy">lumpectomy</a> is discouraged in favor of modified <a href="/wiki/Radical_mastectomy" title="Radical mastectomy">radical mastectomy</a> unless late-term pregnancy allows follow-up radiation therapy to be administered after the birth.<a href="#cite_note-Weisz-176">[175]</a> Exposure to a single chemotherapy drug is estimated to cause a 7.5–17% risk of <a href="/wiki/Teratogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenic">teratogenic</a> effects on the fetus, with higher risks for multiple drug treatments. Treatment with more than 40 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a> of radiation usually causes spontaneous abortion. Exposure to much lower doses during the first trimester, especially 8 to 15 weeks of development, can cause <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microcephaly" title="Microcephaly">microcephaly</a>, and exposure at this or subsequent stages can cause reduced intrauterine growth and birth weight. Exposures above 0.005–0.025 Gy cause a dose-dependent reduction in <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weisz-176">[175]</a> It is possible to greatly reduce exposure to radiation with abdominal shielding, depending on how far the area to be irradiated is from the fetus.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11237773-178">[177]</a> The process of birth itself may also put the mother at risk. According to Li et al., "[v]aginal delivery may result in dissemination of neoplastic cells into lymphovascular channels, haemorrhage, cervical laceration and implantation of malignant cells in the episiotomy site, while abdominal delivery may delay the initiation of non-surgical treatment."<a href="#cite_note-pmid19197101-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fetal_health">Fetal health</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorders">Congenital disorders</a>, revealed by <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_screening" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal screening">prenatal screening</a>, motivate some women to seek abortions.<a href="#cite_note-bankole98-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Health_outcomes_for_adults_born_prematurely" title="Health outcomes for adults born prematurely">Health outcomes of preterm births</a> include a significant probability of long-term <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodevelopmental impairment">neurodevelopmental impairment</a> before gestational age of 29 weeks, with a higher probability with decreasing gestational age.<a href="#cite_note-z309-180">[179]</a> In the United States, public opinion shifted after television personality <a href="/wiki/Sherri_Finkbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherri Finkbine">Sherri Finkbine</a>'s was exposed to <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">thalidomide</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">teratogen</a>, in her fifth month of pregnancy. Unable to obtain a legal abortion in the United States, Finkbine traveled to Sweden. From 1962 to 1965, an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">German measles</a> left 15,000 babies with severe birth defects. In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> publicly supported liberalization of abortion laws. A <a href="/wiki/National_Opinion_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Opinion Research Center">National Opinion Research Center</a> poll in 1965 showed 73% supported abortion when the mother's life was at risk, 57% when birth defects were present and 59% for pregnancies resulting from rape or incest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoan200757-181">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_religion">History and religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion" title="History of abortion">History of abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">Religion and abortion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG/220px-AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG/330px-AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG/440px-AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">Bas-relief</a> at <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, c. 1150, depicting a <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a> inducing an abortion by pounding the abdomen of a pregnant woman with a <a href="/wiki/Pestle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pestle">pestle</a><a href="#cite_note-potts-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></figcaption></figure> Since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient times">ancient times</a>, abortions have been done using a number of methods, including <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicines</a> acting as <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacients</a>, sharp tools through the use of force, or through other <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> methods.<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_Chp_1-26">[25]</a> Induced abortion has a long history and can be traced back to civilizations as varied as ancient China (abortifacient knowledge is often attributed to the mythological ruler <a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a>),<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a> since its <a href="/wiki/Vedic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic age">Vedic age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Misra2006-184">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1550 BCE), and the Roman Empire in the time of <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 CE).<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_Chp_1-26">[25]</a> One of the earliest known artistic representations of abortion is in a <a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">bas relief</a> at Angkor Wat (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1150). Found in a series of <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a> that represent judgment after death in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> culture, it depicts the technique of abdominal abortion.<a href="#cite_note-potts-92">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">In Judaism</a> (Genesis 2:7), the fetus is not considered to have a human soul until it is safely outside of the woman, is viable, and has taken its first breath.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> The fetus is considered valuable property of the woman and not a human life while in the womb (Exodus 21:22-23). While <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> encourages people to <a href="/wiki/Be_fruitful_and_multiply" title="Be fruitful and multiply">be fruitful and multiply</a> by having children, abortion is allowed and is deemed necessary when a pregnant woman's life is in danger.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Several religions, including Judaism, which disagree that <a href="/wiki/Human_life_begins_at_conception" class="mw-redirect" title="Human life begins at conception">human life begins at conception</a>, support the legality of abortion on <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Georgian_2022-190">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_abortion" title="Islam and abortion">In Islam</a>, abortion is traditionally permitted until a point in time when Muslims believe the soul enters the fetus,<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_Chp_1-26">[25]</a> considered by various theologians to be at conception, 40 days after conception, 120 days after conception, or at <a href="/wiki/Quickening" title="Quickening">quickening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_and_Islam_/_Abortion-191">[190]</a> Abortion is largely heavily restricted or forbidden in areas of high <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> faith such as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Some medical scholars and abortion opponents have suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a> forbade physicians in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> from performing abortions;<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_Chp_1-26">[25]</a> other scholars disagree with this interpretation,<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_Chp_1-26">[25]</a> and state that the medical texts of <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus" title="Hippocratic Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a> contain descriptions of abortive techniques right alongside the Oath.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> The physician <a href="/wiki/Scribonius_Largus" title="Scribonius Largus">Scribonius Largus</a> wrote in 43 CE that the Hippocratic Oath prohibits <a href="/wiki/Surgery_in_Ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgery in Ancient Rome">abortion</a>, as did <a href="/wiki/Soranus_of_Ephesus" title="Soranus of Ephesus">Soranus of Ephesus</a>, although apparently not all doctors adhered to it strictly at the time. According to Soranus' 1st or 2nd century CE work Gynaecology, one party of medical practitioners banished all abortives as required by the Hippocratic Oath; the other party to which he belonged was willing to prescribe abortions only for the sake of the mother's health.<a href="#cite_note-Soranus-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Largus-195">[194]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (350 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> condemned infanticide as a means of population control. He preferred abortion in such cases,<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> with the restriction that it "must be practised on it before it has developed sensation and life; for the line between lawful and unlawful abortion will be marked by the fact of having sensation and being alive."<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">Catholic Church</a>, opinion was divided on how serious abortion was in comparison with such acts as contraception and oral or anal sex.<a href="#cite_note-Noonan-199">[198]</a>: 155–167  The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> did not begin vigorously opposing abortion until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_Chp_1-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Georgian_2022-190">[189]</a> As early as ~100 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> taught that abortion was sinful.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Several historians argue that prior to the 19th century most Catholic authors did not regard termination of pregnancy before <a href="/wiki/Quickening" title="Quickening">quickening</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ensoulment" title="Ensoulment">ensoulment</a> as an abortion.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Among these authors were the <a href="/wiki/Doctors_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Aquinas">St. Thomas Aquinas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Alphonsus_Liguori" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Alphonsus Liguori">St. Alphonsus Liguori</a>. In 1588, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  1585–1590) was the only Pope before <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> (in his 1869 <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a>, Apostolicae Sedis) to institute a Church policy labeling all abortion as homicide and condemning abortion regardless of the stage of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noonan-199">[198]</a>: 362–364 <a href="#cite_note-riddle2-88">[87]</a>: 157–158  Sixtus V's pronouncement was reversed in 1591 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Pope Gregory XIV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> In the recodification of <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a>, Apostolicae Sedis was strengthened, in part to remove a possible reading that excluded excommunication of the mother.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Statements made in the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, the codified summary of the Church's teachings, considers abortion from the moment of conception as homicide and called for the end of legal abortion.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Denominations that support abortion rights with some limits include the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church USA">Presbyterian Church USA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Masci_2020-208">[207]</a> A 2014 Guttmacher survey of abortion patients in the United States found that many reported a religious affiliation: 24% were Catholic while 30% were Protestant.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> A 1995 survey reported that Catholic women are as likely as the general population to terminate a pregnancy, <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> are less likely to do so, and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christians">evangelical Christians</a> are the least likely to do so.<a href="#cite_note-guttmacher-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-bankole98-8">[7]</a> A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study found that most <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> were against overturning <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>, which in the United States legalized abortion, at around 70%, except White Evangelicals at 35%.<a href="#cite_note-PewReseach2019-210">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845,BostonDailyTimes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg/220px-FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg/330px-FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg/440px-FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>"French Periodical Pills" was an example of a clandestine advertisement published in a January 1845 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Daily_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Daily Times">Boston Daily Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a></figcaption></figure> Abortion has been a fairly common practice,<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> and was not always illegal or controversial until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Hardin_1978-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, including early <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a> dating back to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a> in 1648,<a href="#cite_note-Alford_2003-216">[215]</a> abortion was generally permitted before quickening (14–26 weeks after conception, or between the fourth and sixth month),<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> and at women's discretion;<a href="#cite_note-Georgian_2022-190">[189]</a> it was whether abortion was performed after quickening that determined if it was a crime.<a href="#cite_note-Alford_2003-216">[215]</a> In Europe and North America, abortion techniques advanced starting in the 17th century; the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> of most in the medical profession with regards to sexual matters prevented the wide expansion of abortion techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_Chp_1-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Other medical practitioners in addition to some physicians advertised their services, and they were not widely regulated until the 19th century when the practice, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Restellism" class="mw-redirect" title="Restellism">restellism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> was banned in both the United States and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_Chp_1-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[nb 2]</a> Some 19th-century physicians, one of the most famous and consequential being the American <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Storer" title="Horatio Storer">Horatio Storer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Samuels_&_Potts_2022-224">[222]</a> argued for anti-abortion laws on <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misogynist" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogynist">misogynist</a> as well as moral grounds.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_2022-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> Church groups were also highly influential in <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">anti-abortion movements</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_Chp_1-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hardin_1978-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR_2022-225">[223]</a> and religious groups more so since the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Samuels_&_Potts_2022-224">[222]</a> Some of the early <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion laws">anti-abortion laws</a> punished only the doctor or abortionist,<a href="#cite_note-Georgian_2022-190">[189]</a> and while women could be criminally tried for a <a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">self-induced abortion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Alford_2003-216">[215]</a> they were rarely prosecuted in general.<a href="#cite_note-Hardin_1978-214">[213]</a> In the United States, some argued that abortion was more dangerous than childbirth until about 1930 when incremental improvements in abortion procedures relative to childbirth made abortion safer.<a href="#cite_note-228">[nb 3]</a> Others maintain that in the 19th century early abortions under the hygienic conditions in which <a href="/wiki/Midwives" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwives">midwives</a> usually worked were relatively safe.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Several scholars argue that, despite improved medical procedures, the period from the 1930s until the 1970s saw more zealous enforcement of anti-abortion laws, alongside an increasing control of abortion providers by organized crime.<a href="#cite_note-232">[nb 4]</a> In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> became the first country to legalize abortion after <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> insisted that no woman be forced to give birth.<a href="#cite_note-Bullough_2001_p._5-233">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raphael_2011_p._30-234">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (1935) and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (1938) would follow suit to legalize certain or all forms of abortion.<a href="#cite_note-cbctrust-235">[231]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (1935), a law permitted abortions for those deemed "hereditarily ill", while women considered of German stock were specifically prohibited from having abortions.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> Beginning in the second half of the 20th century, abortion was legalized in a greater number of countries.<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_Chp_1-26">[25]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, abortion was first legalized by the 1948 "Eugenics Protection Law" meant to prevent the births of "inferior" humans. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion&action=edit">[update]</a>, due to Japan's continuing strongly patriarchal culture and traditional views on women's societal roles, women who want an abortion must normally get written permission from their partner.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wingfield-Hayes_8/31/2022-238">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_towards_abortion" title="Societal attitudes towards abortion">Societal attitudes towards abortion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion_debate">Abortion debate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">Abortion debate</a></div> Induced abortion has long been the source of considerable debate. <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Ethical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_aspects_of_the_abortion_debate" title="Philosophical aspects of the abortion debate">philosophical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic abortion">biological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">legal</a> issues surrounding abortion are related to <a href="/wiki/Value_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Value system">value systems</a>. Opinions of abortion may be about <a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">fetal rights</a>, governmental authority, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>. In both public and private debate, arguments presented in favor of or against abortion access focus on either the moral permissibility of an induced abortion, or the justification of laws permitting or restricting abortion.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Medical_Association" title="World Medical Association">World Medical Association</a> Declaration on Therapeutic Abortion notes, "circumstances bringing the interests of a mother into conflict with the interests of her unborn child create a dilemma and raise the question as to whether or not the pregnancy should be deliberately terminated."<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> Abortion debates, especially pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">abortion laws</a>, are often spearheaded by groups advocating one of these two positions. Groups who favor greater legal restrictions on abortion, including complete prohibition, most often describe themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">pro-life</a>" while groups who are against such legal restrictions describe themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">pro-choice</a>".<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_abortion_law">Modern abortion law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_law_debate" title="History of abortion law debate">History of abortion law debate</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abortion_Laws.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abortion_Laws.svg/400px-Abortion_Laws.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abortion_Laws.svg/600px-Abortion_Laws.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abortion_Laws.svg/800px-Abortion_Laws.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Legality of abortion by country or territory</a></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">Legal on request: </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> </td> <td>No <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">gestational limit</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> <td>Gestational limit after the first 17 weeks </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> <td>Gestational limit in the first 17 weeks </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> <td>Unclear gestational limit </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Legally restricted to cases of: </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Risk to woman's life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">to her health</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">fetal impairment</a>*, or <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic factors</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> <td>Risk to woman's life, to her health*, rape, or fetal impairment </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> <td>Risk to woman's life, to her health*, or fetal impairment </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> <td>Risk to woman's life*, to her health*, or rape </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> <td>Risk to woman's life or to her health </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> <td>Risk to woman's life </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> <td>Illegal with no exceptions </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td> <td>No information </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">* Does not apply to some countries or territories in that category </td></tr></tbody></table> Note: In some countries or territories, abortion laws are modified by other laws, <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">legal principles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Judicial_opinion" title="Judicial opinion">judicial decisions</a>. This map shows their combined effect as implemented by the authorities.</figcaption></figure> Current laws pertaining to abortion are diverse. Religious, moral, and cultural factors continue to influence abortion laws throughout the world. The <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a>, the right to liberty, the right to <a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">security of person</a>, and the right to <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">reproductive health</a> are major issues of human rights that sometimes constitute the basis for the existence or absence of abortion laws. In jurisdictions where abortion is legal, certain requirements must often be met before a woman may obtain a legal abortion (an abortion performed without the woman's consent is considered <a href="/wiki/Feticide" class="mw-redirect" title="Feticide">feticide</a> and is generally illegal). These requirements usually depend on the age of the fetus, often using a <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy#Terminology" title="Pregnancy">trimester</a>-based system to regulate the window of legality, or as in the U.S., on a doctor's evaluation of the fetus' <a href="/wiki/Fetal_viability" title="Fetal viability">viability</a>. Some jurisdictions require a waiting period before the procedure, prescribe the distribution of information on <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">fetal development</a>, or require that <a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">parents be contacted</a> if their minor daughter requests an abortion.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> Other jurisdictions may require that a woman obtain the <a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">consent of the fetus' father</a> before aborting the fetus, that abortion providers inform women of health risks of the procedure—sometimes including "risks" not supported by the medical literature—and that multiple medical authorities certify that the abortion is either medically or socially necessary. Many restrictions are waived in emergency situations. China, which has ended their<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a>, and now has a three-child policy,<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> has at times incorporated mandatory abortions as part of their population control strategy.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> Other jurisdictions ban abortion almost entirely. Many, but not all, of these allow legal abortions in a variety of circumstances. These circumstances vary based on jurisdiction, but may include whether the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, the fetus' development is impaired, the woman's physical or mental well-being is endangered, or socioeconomic considerations make childbirth a hardship.<a href="#cite_note-Dev98-07-42">[41]</a> In countries where abortion is banned entirely, such as <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nicaragua" title="Abortion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, medical authorities have recorded rises in maternal death directly and indirectly due to pregnancy as well as deaths due to doctors' fears of prosecution if they treat other gynecological emergencies.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> Some countries, such as Bangladesh, that nominally ban abortion, may also support clinics that perform abortions under the guise of menstrual hygiene.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> This is also a terminology in traditional medicine.<a href="#cite_note-nations1977-249">[245]</a> In places where abortion is illegal or carries heavy social stigma, pregnant women may engage in <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> and travel to countries where they can terminate their pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> Women without the means to travel can resort to providers of illegal abortions or attempt to perform an abortion by themselves.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> The organization <a href="/wiki/Women_on_Waves" title="Women on Waves">Women on Waves</a> has been providing education about medical abortions since 1999. The NGO created a mobile medical clinic inside a shipping container, which then travels on rented ships to countries with restrictive abortion laws. Because the ships are registered in the Netherlands, Dutch law prevails when the ship is in international waters. While in port, the organization provides free workshops and education; while in international waters, medical personnel are legally able to prescribe medical abortion drugs and counseling.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex-selective_abortion">Sex-selective abortion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">Sonography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">amniocentesis</a> allow parents to determine sex before childbirth. The development of this technology has led to <a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion_and_female_infanticide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex-selective abortion and female infanticide">sex-selective abortion</a>, or the termination of a fetus based on its sex. The selective termination of a female fetus is most common. Sex-selective abortion is partially responsible for the noticeable disparities between the birth rates of male and female children in some countries. The preference for male children is reported in many areas of Asia, and abortion used to limit female births has been reported in Taiwan, South Korea, India, and China.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> This deviation from the standard birth rates of males and females occurs despite the fact that the country in question may have officially banned sex-selective abortion or even sex-screening.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-LOC_India-258">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> In China, a historical preference for a male child has been exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a>, which was enacted in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> Many countries have taken legislative steps to reduce the incidence of sex-selective abortion. At the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a> in 1994 over 180 states agreed to eliminate "all forms of discrimination against the girl child and the root causes of son preference",<a href="#cite_note-UNFPA-261">[257]</a> conditions also condemned by a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">PACE</a> resolution in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, along with other <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> agencies, have found that measures to restrict access to abortion in an effort to reduce sex-selective abortions have unintended negative consequences, largely stemming from the fact that women may seek or be coerced into seeking unsafe, extralegal abortions.<a href="#cite_note-UNFPA-261">[257]</a> On the other hand, measures to reduce <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequality</a> can reduce the prevalence of such abortions without attendant negative consequences.<a href="#cite_note-UNFPA-261">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-abortion_violence">Anti-abortion violence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion violence</a></div> Abortion providers and facilities have been subjected to violence, including murder, assault, arson, and bombing. Some scholars consider anti-abortion violence to be within the <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">definition of terrorism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> a view shared by some governments.<a href="#cite_note-csis-265">[261]</a> In the U.S. and Canada, over 8,000 incidents of violence, trespassing, and death threats have been recorded by providers since 1977, including over 200 bombings/arsons and hundreds of assaults.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> Abortion clinics have also been targeted by <a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">acid attacks</a>, invasions, and vandalism<a href="#cite_note-naf-267">[263]</a> The majority of abortion opponents have not been involved in violent acts. Physicians and other abortion clinic staff have been murdered by abortion opponents. In the United States, at least four physicians have been murdered in connection with their work at abortion clinics, including <a href="/wiki/David_Gunn_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Gunn (doctor)">David Gunn</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/John_Britton_(doctor)" title="John Britton (doctor)">John Britton</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/Barnett_Slepian" title="Barnett Slepian">Barnett Slepian</a> (1998), and <a href="/wiki/George_Tiller" title="George Tiller">George Tiller</a> (2009). In Canada, gynecologist <a href="/wiki/Garson_Romalis" title="Garson Romalis">Garson Romalis</a> survived murder attempts in both 1994 and 2000. Besides physicians, killings have targeted other clinic staff, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Salvi" title="John Salvi">John Salvi's</a> 1994 murder of two receptionists in Massachusetts clinic and <a href="/wiki/Peter_James_Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter James Knight">Peter Knight's</a> 2001 murder of a security guard in a <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> clinic. Notable perpetrators of anti-abortion violence include <a href="/wiki/Eric_Rudolph" title="Eric Rudolph">Eric Rudolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Roeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Roeder">Scott Roeder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Shannon" title="Shelley Shannon">Shelley Shannon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_Hill" title="Paul Jennings Hill">Paul Hill</a>, the first person to be executed in the United States for murdering an abortion provider.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> Some countries have <a href="/wiki/Legal_protection_of_access_to_abortion" title="Legal protection of access to abortion">laws to protecting access to abortion</a>. Such laws prevent abortion opponents from interfering with access to legal abortion services. For example, the American <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Access_to_Clinic_Entrances_Act" title="Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act">Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act</a> bars the use of threats or violence to interfere with abortion access. Abortion access laws may also establish <a href="/wiki/Safe_access_zone" title="Safe access zone">safe access zones</a> around abortion clinics, with limits on protests and enhanced penalties for anti-abortion violence.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> Psychological pressure may also be used to limit abortion access. In 2003, Chris Danze organized anti-abortion organizations throughout Texas to prevent the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a> facility in Austin. The organizations <a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">released the personal information</a> online of those involved with construction, sent them up to 1200 phone calls a day and contacted their churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoan20072-270">[266]</a> Some protestors record women entering clinics on camera.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoan20072-270">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-human_examples">Non-human examples</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></div> Spontaneous abortion occurs in various animals. For example, in sheep it may be caused by stress or physical exertion, such as crowding through doors or being chased by dogs.<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> In cows, abortion may be caused by contagious disease, such as <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a>, but can often be controlled by vaccination.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> Eating <a href="/wiki/Pine_needle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine needle">pine needles</a> can also induce abortions in cows.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> Several plants, including <a href="/wiki/Gutierrezia_sarothrae" title="Gutierrezia sarothrae">broomweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veratrum_californicum" title="Veratrum californicum">skunk cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conium_maculatum" title="Conium maculatum">poison hemlock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_glauca" title="Nicotiana glauca">tree tobacco</a>, are known to cause fetal deformities and abortion in cattle<a href="#cite_note-Kirkbride-275">[271]</a>: 45–46  and in sheep and goats.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkbride-275">[271]</a>: 77–80  In horses, a fetus may be aborted or reabsorbed if it has <a href="/wiki/Lethal_white_syndrome" title="Lethal white syndrome">lethal white syndrome</a>. Foal embryos that are homozygous for the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_white" title="Dominant white">dominant white</a> gene (WW) are theorized to also be aborted or <a href="/wiki/Embryo_resorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryo resorption">resorbed</a> before birth.<a href="#cite_note-phj-276">[272]</a> In many species of sharks and rays, stress-induced abortions occur frequently on capture.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> Viral infection can cause abortion in dogs.<a href="#cite_note-dogabort1-278">[274]</a> Cats can experience spontaneous abortion for many reasons, including hormonal imbalance. A combined abortion and spaying is performed on pregnant cats, especially in <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93neuter%E2%80%93return" title="Trap–neuter–return">trap–neuter–return</a> programs, to prevent unwanted kittens from being born.<a href="#cite_note-spay1-279">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-spay2-280">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-spay3-281">[277]</a> Female rodents may terminate a pregnancy when exposed to the smell of a male not responsible for the pregnancy, known as the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_effect" title="Bruce effect">Bruce effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schwagmeyer-282">[278]</a> Abortion may also be induced in animals, in the context of <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>. For example, abortion may be induced in mares that have been mated improperly, or that have been purchased by owners who did not realize the mares were pregnant, or that are pregnant with twin foals.<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> Feticide can occur in horses and zebras due to male harassment of pregnant mares or forced copulation,<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> although the frequency in the wild has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> Male <a href="/wiki/Gray_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray langur">gray langur</a> monkeys may attack females following male takeover, causing miscarriage.<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_doula" title="Abortion doula">Abortion doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_body,_my_choice" title="My body, my choice">My body, my choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_abortion" title="Indirect abortion">Indirect abortion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> For a list of definitions as stated by <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrics and gynecology">obstetrics and gynecology</a> (OB/GYN) textbooks, dictionaries, and other sources, see <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_abortion" title="Definitions of abortion">Definitions of abortion</a>. Definitions of abortion vary from source to source, and language used to define abortion often reflects societal and political opinions, not only scientific knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> In the United States, the first laws related to abortion beginning in the 1820s were made to protect women from real or perceived risks, and those more restrictive penalized only the provider. By 1859, abortion was not a crime in 21 out of 33 states, and was prohibited only post-quickening, while penalties for pre-quickening abortions were lower. This changed starting in the 1860s under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigrant">anti-immigrant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a> sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-Georgian_2022-190">[189]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> By 1930, medical procedures in the United States had improved for both childbirth and abortion but not equally, and induced abortion in the first trimester had become safer than childbirth. In 1973, Roe v. Wade acknowledged that abortion in the first trimester was safer than childbirth. For sources, see: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">"The 1970s". Time Communication 1940–1989: Retrospective. Time. 1989. <q>Blackmun was also swayed by the fact that most abortion prohibitions were enacted in the 19th century when the procedure was more dangerous than now.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1970s&rft.btitle=Time+Communication+1940%E2%80%931989%3A+Retrospective&rft.pub=Time&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill1990" class="citation book cs1">Will GF (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suddenlyamericangwill00will/page/312">Suddenly: The American Idea Abroad and at Home, 1986–1990</a>. Free Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suddenlyamericangwill00will/page/312">312</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-934435-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-934435-2"><bdi>0-02-934435-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suddenly%3A+The+American+Idea+Abroad+and+at+Home%2C+1986%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-02-934435-2&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=GF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuddenlyamericangwill00will%2Fpage%2F312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShimabukuro2001" class="citation web cs1">Lewis J, Shimabukuro JO (28 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514133610/http://www.policyalmanac.org/culture/archive/crs_abortion_overview.shtml">"Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview"</a>. Congressional Research Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policyalmanac.org/culture/archive/crs_abortion_overview.shtml">the original</a> on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortion+Law+Development%3A+A+Brief+Overview&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2001-01-28&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Shimabukuro%2C+JO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policyalmanac.org%2Fculture%2Farchive%2Fcrs_abortion_overview.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2002" class="citation book cs1">Schultz DA (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHj_0R2rbxAC&pg=PA1">Encyclopedia of American Law</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4329-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4329-9"><bdi>0-8160-4329-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151209000856/https://books.google.com/books?id=EHj_0R2rbxAC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Law&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8160-4329-9&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=DA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHj_0R2rbxAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahey2009" class="citation web cs1">Lahey JN (24 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economics-files.pomona.edu/colloquium/joannalahey.pdf">"Birthing a Nation: Fertility Control Access and the 19th Century Demographic Transition"</a> (PDF; preliminary version). Colloquium. Pomona College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107162744/http://economics-files.pomona.edu/colloquium/joannalahey.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colloquium&rft.atitle=Birthing+a+Nation%3A+Fertility+Control+Access+and+the+19th+Century+Demographic+Transition&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft.aulast=Lahey&rft.aufirst=JN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomics-files.pomona.edu%2Fcolloquium%2Fjoannalahey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> For sources, see: <ul><li>James Donner, Women in Trouble: The Truth about Abortion in America, Monarch Books, 1959.</li> <li>Ann Oakley, The Captured Womb, Basil Blackwell, 1984, p. 91.</li> <li>Rickie Solinger, The Abortionist: A Woman Against the Law, The Free Press, 1994, pp. xi, 5, 16–17, 157–175.</li> <li>Leslie J. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973, University of California Press, 1997.</li> <li>Max Evans, Madam Millie: Bordellos from Silver City to Ketchikan, University of New Mexico Press, 2002, pp. 209–218, 230, 267–286, 305.</li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulczycki" class="citation web cs1">Kulczycki A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756797/obo-9780199756797-0090.xml?rskey=tygpVh&result=1">"Abortion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bibliographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Bibliographies">Oxford Bibliographies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132203/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756797/obo-9780199756797-0090.xml?rskey=tygpVh&result=1">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2014. 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Oxford English Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819111414/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=5BD236F54839DEEFCB6B4A7FEBB47BF4?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F503%3Frskey%3DTpobDi%26result%3D1#eid">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=abortion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F503%3Frskey%3DTpobDi%26result%3D1%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180528131142/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/abortion">"Abortion (noun)"</a>. Oxford Living Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/abortion">the original</a> on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018. <q>[mass noun] The deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortion+%28noun%29&rft.pub=Oxford+Living+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fabortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bankole98-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bankole98_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bankole98_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bankole98_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bankole98_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bankole98_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bankole98_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bankole98_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bankole98_8-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankoleSinghHaas1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bankole A, Singh S, Haas T (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2411798.html">"Reasons Why Women Have Induced Abortions: Evidence from 27 Countries"</a>. International Family Planning Perspectives. 24 (3): 117–127, 152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3038208">10.2307/3038208</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3038208">3038208</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117191716/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2411798.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2006. <q>Worldwide, the most commonly reported reason women cite for having an abortion is to postpone or stop childbearing. The second most common reason—socioeconomic concerns—includes disruption of education or employment; lack of support from the father; desire to provide schooling for existing children; and poverty, unemployment or inability to afford additional children. In addition, relationship problems with a husband or partner and a woman's perception that she is too young constitute other important categories of reasons. Women's characteristics are associated with their reasons for having an abortion: With few exceptions, older women and married women are the most likely to identify limiting childbearing as their main reason for abortion. - Conclusions - Reasons women give for why they seek abortion are often far more complex than simply not intending to become pregnant; the decision to have an abortion is usually motivated by more than one factor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Family+Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Reasons+Why+Women+Have+Induced+Abortions%3A+Evidence+from+27+Countries&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=117-127%2C+152&rft.date=1998-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3038208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3038208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bankole&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Singh%2C+S&rft.au=Haas%2C+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2F2411798.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chae_2017-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chae_2017_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chae_2017_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaeDesaiCrowellSedgh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chae S, Desai S, Crowell M, Sedgh G (1 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5957082">"Reasons why women have induced abortions: a synthesis of findings from 14 countries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Contraception_(journal)" title="Contraception (journal)">Contraception</a>. 96 (4): 233–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2017.06.014">10.1016/j.contraception.2017.06.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5957082">5957082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28694165">28694165</a>. <q>In most countries, the most frequently cited reasons for having an abortion were socioeconomic concerns or limiting childbearing. With some exceptions, little variation existed in the reasons given by women's sociodemographic characteristics. Data from three countries where multiple reasons could be reported in the survey showed that women often have more than one reason for having an abortion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Reasons+why+women+have+induced+abortions%3A+a+synthesis+of+findings+from+14+countries&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=233-241&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5957082%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28694165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2017.06.014&rft.aulast=Chae&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft.au=Desai%2C+Sheila&rft.au=Crowell%2C+Marjorie&rft.au=Sedgh%2C+Gilda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5957082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guttmacher-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guttmacher_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guttmacher_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guttmacher_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guttmacher_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guttmacher_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guttmacher_10-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404080239/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/ib14.html">"The limitations of U.S. statistics on abortion"</a>. Issues in Brief. New York: The Guttmacher Institute. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/ib14.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Brief&rft.atitle=The+limitations+of+U.S.+statistics+on+abortion&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2Fib14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStotland2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nada_Stotland" title="Nada Stotland">Stotland NL</a> (July 2019). "Update on Reproductive Rights and Women's Mental Health". The Medical Clinics of North America. 103 (4): 751–766. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2019.02.006">10.1016/j.mcna.2019.02.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31078205">31078205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153307516">153307516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Update+on+Reproductive+Rights+and+Women%27s+Mental+Health&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=751-766&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153307516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31078205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2019.02.006&rft.aulast=Stotland&rft.aufirst=Nada+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lancet-grimes-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lancet-grimes_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancet-grimes_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancet-grimes_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancet-grimes_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancet-grimes_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancet-grimes_12-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimesBensonSinghRomero2006" class="citation journal cs1">Grimes DA, Benson J, Singh S, Romero M, Ganatra B, Okonofua FE, Shah IH (25 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)69481-6/fulltext">"Unsafe abortion: the preventable pandemic"</a>. Lancet. 368 (9550): 1908–1919. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2969481-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69481-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17126724">17126724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6188636">6188636</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403232414/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)69481-6/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Unsafe+abortion%3A+the+preventable+pandemic&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=9550&rft.pages=1908-1919&rft.date=2006-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6188636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17126724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2969481-6&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Benson%2C+J&rft.au=Singh%2C+S&rft.au=Romero%2C+M&rft.au=Ganatra%2C+B&rft.au=Okonofua%2C+FE&rft.au=Shah%2C+IH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2806%2969481-6%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray2014-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ray2014_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ray2014_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ray2014_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymondGrossmanWeaverToti2014" class="citation journal cs1">Raymond EG, Grossman D, Weaver MA, Toti S, Winikoff B (November 2014). "Mortality of induced abortion, other outpatient surgical procedures and common activities in the United States". Contraception. 90 (5): 476–479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2014.07.012">10.1016/j.contraception.2014.07.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152259">25152259</a>. <q>Results: The abortion-related mortality rate in 2000–2009 in the United States was 0.7 per 100,000 abortions. Studies in approximately the same years found mortality rates of 0.8-1.7 deaths per 100,000 plastic surgery procedures, 0-1.7 deaths per 100,000 dental procedures, 0.6-1.2 deaths per 100,000 marathons run and at least 4 deaths among 100,000 cyclists in a large annual bicycling event. The traffic fatality rate per 758 vehicle miles traveled by passenger cars in the United States in 2007-2011 was about equal to the abortion-related mortality rate. Conclusions: The safety of induced abortion as practiced in the United States for the past decade met or exceeded expectations for outpatient surgical procedures and compared favorably to that of two common nonmedical voluntary activities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Mortality+of+induced+abortion%2C+other+outpatient+surgical+procedures+and+common+activities+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=476-479&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2014.07.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25152259&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=EG&rft.au=Grossman%2C+D&rft.au=Weaver%2C+MA&rft.au=Toti%2C+S&rft.au=Winikoff%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-preventing-unsafe-14"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO-preventing-unsafe_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion">"Preventing unsafe abortion"</a>. World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190823190843/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preventing+unsafe+abortion&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fpreventing-unsafe-abortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-SHR-15"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO-SHR_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/">"Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline"</a>. WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research. 19 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629195513/https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO+Department+of+Sexual+and+Reproductive+Health+and+Research&rft.atitle=Self-management+Recommendation+50%3A+Self-management+of+medical+abortion+in+whole+or+in+part+at+gestational+ages+%3C+12+weeks+%283.6.2%29+-+Abortion+care+guideline&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrhr.org%2Fabortioncare%2Fchapter-3%2Fservice-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6%2Fself-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosesonJayaweeraRaifmanKeefe-Oates2020" class="citation journal cs1">Moseson H, Jayaweera R, Raifman S, Keefe-Oates B, Filippa S, Motana R, et al. (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7588945">"Self-managed medication abortion outcomes: results from a prospective pilot study"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide%2C+an+estimated+25+million+unsafe+abortions+occur+each+year&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2017%2Funsafe-abortions-worldwide%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedgh_2012-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedgh_2012_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedgh_2012_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedgh_2012_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedgh_2012_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedgh_2012_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedgh_2012_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedgh_2012_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedgh_2012_29-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedghSinghShahAhman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sedgh G, Singh S, Shah IH, Ahman E, Henshaw SK, Bankole A (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/Sedgh-Lancet-2012-01.pdf">"Induced abortion: incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008"</a> (PDF). Lancet. 379 (9816): 625–632. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2961786-8">10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22264435">22264435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27378192">27378192</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206043854/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/Sedgh-Lancet-2012-01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2012. <q>Because few of the abortion estimates were based on studies of random samples of women, and because we did not use a model-based approach to estimate abortion incidence, it was not possible to compute confidence intervals based on standard errors around the estimates. Drawing on the information available on the accuracy and precision of abortion estimates that were used to develop the subregional, regional, and worldwide rates, we computed intervals of certainty around these rates (webappendix). We computed wider intervals for unsafe abortion rates than for safe abortion rates. The basis for these intervals included published and unpublished assessments of abortion reporting in countries with liberal laws, recently published studies of national unsafe abortion, and high and low estimates of the numbers of unsafe abortion developed by WHO.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Induced+abortion%3A+incidence+and+trends+worldwide+from+1995+to+2008&rft.volume=379&rft.issue=9816&rft.pages=625-632&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27378192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22264435&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2961786-8&rft.aulast=Sedgh&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Singh%2C+S&rft.au=Shah%2C+IH&rft.au=Ahman%2C+E&rft.au=Henshaw%2C+SK&rft.au=Bankole%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2FSedgh-Lancet-2012-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldtrends2007-30"><a href="#cite_ref-worldtrends2007_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedghHenshawSinghBankole2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sedgh G, Henshaw SK, Singh S, Bankole A, Drescher J (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3310607.html">"Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends"</a>. International Family Planning Perspectives. 33 (3): 106–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1363%2F3310607">10.1363/3310607</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17938093">17938093</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090819122933/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3310607.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Family+Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Legal+abortion+worldwide%3A+incidence+and+recent+trends&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=106-116&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1363%2F3310607&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17938093&rft.aulast=Sedgh&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Henshaw%2C+SK&rft.au=Singh%2C+S&rft.au=Bankole%2C+A&rft.au=Drescher%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2F3310607.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutt_2018_fact-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Gutt_2018_fact_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide">"Induced Abortion Worldwide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guttmacher_Institute" title="Guttmacher Institute">Guttmacher Institute</a>. 1 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223022612/https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020. <q>Of the world's 1.64 billion women of reproductive age, 6% live where abortion is banned outright, and 37% live where it is allowed without restriction as to reason. Most women live in countries with laws that fall between these two extremes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guttmacher+Institute&rft.atitle=Induced+Abortion+Worldwide&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Ffact-sheet%2Finduced-abortion-worldwide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJGO10-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IJGO10_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IJGO10_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IJGO10_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulwellVekemansde_SilvaHurwitz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Culwell KR, Vekemans M, de Silva U, Hurwitz M, Crane BB (July 2010). "Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion". International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 110 (Suppl): S13–S16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijgo.2010.04.003">10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20451196">20451196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40586023">40586023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Gynaecology+and+Obstetrics&rft.atitle=Critical+gaps+in+universal+access+to+reproductive+health%3A+contraception+and+prevention+of+unsafe+abortion&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=Suppl&rft.pages=S13-S16&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40586023%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20451196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijgo.2010.04.003&rft.aulast=Culwell&rft.aufirst=KR&rft.au=Vekemans%2C+M&rft.au=de+Silva%2C+U&rft.au=Hurwitz%2C+M&rft.au=Crane%2C+BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide">"Unintended Pregnancy and Abortion Worldwide"</a>. Guttmacher Institute. 28 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223022612/https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2021. <q>Abortion is sought and needed even in settings where it is restricted—that is, in countries where it is prohibited altogether or is allowed only to save the women's life or to preserve her physical or mental health. Unintended pregnancy rates are highest in countries that restrict abortion access and lowest in countries where abortion is broadly legal. As a result, abortion rates are similar in countries where abortion is restricted and those where the procedure is broadly legal (i.e., where it is available on request or on socioeconomic grounds).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guttmacher+Institute&rft.atitle=Unintended+Pregnancy+and+Abortion+Worldwide&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Ffact-sheet%2Finduced-abortion-worldwide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2022" class="citation web cs1">Staff FP (24 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-global-abortion-laws/">"Roe Abolition Makes U.S. a Global Outlier"</a>. Foreign Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624181307/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-global-abortion-laws/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Roe+Abolition+Makes+U.S.+a+Global+Outlier&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=F.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2022%2F06%2F24%2Froe-v-wade-overturned-global-abortion-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolaWalkerLaCivita2010" class="citation book cs1">Paola A, Walker R, LaCivita L (2010). Nixon F (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pM2pw-2wl4C&pg=PA249">Medical ethics and humanities</a>. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-6063-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-6063-2"><bdi>978-0-7637-6063-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL13764930W">13764930W</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906191717/https://books.google.com/books?id=9pM2pw-2wl4C&pg=PA249">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+ethics+and+humanities&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL13764930W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-6063-2&rft.aulast=Paola&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Walker%2C+R&rft.au=LaCivita%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pM2pw-2wl4C%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstone2009" class="citation journal cs1">Johnstone MJ (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EG-Yg1xDYakC&pg=PA228">"Bioethics a nursing perspective"</a>. Confederation of Australian Critical Care Nurses Journal. 3 (4) (5th ed.). Sydney, NSW: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier: 24–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-7873-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-7873-8"><bdi>978-0-7295-7873-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2129925">2129925</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906191717/https://books.google.com/books?id=EG-Yg1xDYakC&pg=PA228">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017. <q>Although abortion has been legal in many countries for several decades now, its moral permissibilities continues to be the subject of heated public debate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Confederation+of+Australian+Critical+Care+Nurses+Journal&rft.atitle=Bioethics+a+nursing+perspective&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=24-30&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2129925&rft.isbn=978-0-7295-7873-8&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEG-Yg1xDYakC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Driscoll" title="Mark Driscoll">Driscoll M</a> (18 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/what-do-55-million-people-have-in-common/">"What do 55 million people have in common?"</a>. Fox News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140831022138/http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/10/18/what-do-55-million-people-have-in-common/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+do+55+million+people+have+in+common%3F&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fwhat-do-55-million-people-have-in-common%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2014" class="citation news cs1">Hansen D (18 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dale-hansen/abortion-murder-or-medica_b_4986637.html">"Abortion: Murder, or Medical Procedure?"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230359/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dale-hansen/abortion-murder-or-medica_b_4986637.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Abortion%3A+Murder%2C+or+Medical+Procedure%3F&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdale-hansen%2Fabortion-murder-or-medica_b_4986637.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSifris2013" class="citation book cs1">Sifris RN (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pVWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Reproductive freedom, torture and international human rights: challenging the masculinisation of torture</a>. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-11522-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-11522-7"><bdi>978-1-135-11522-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869373168">869373168</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015195038/https://books.google.com/books?id=9pVWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+freedom%2C+torture+and+international+human+rights%3A+challenging+the+masculinisation+of+torture&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869373168&rft.isbn=978-1-135-11522-7&rft.aulast=Sifris&rft.aufirst=RN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pVWAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅhman2007" class="citation book cs1">Åhman E (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407131435/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/9789241596121/en/">Unsafe abortion: Global and regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2003</a> (5th ed.). World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159612-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159612-1"><bdi>978-92-4-159612-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/9789241596121/en/">the original</a> on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsafe+abortion%3A+Global+and+regional+estimates+of+the+incidence+of+unsafe+abortion+and+associated+mortality+in+2003&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-4-159612-1&rft.aulast=%C3%85hman&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Freproductivehealth%2Fpublications%2Funsafe_abortion%2F9789241596121%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Fabiola Sanchez, Megan Janetsky, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/mexico-abortion-decriminalize-d87f6edbdf68c2e6c8f5700b3afd15de">Mexico decriminalizes abortion, extending Latin American trend of widening access to procedure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906235527/https://apnews.com/article/mexico-abortion-decriminalize-d87f6edbdf68c2e6c8f5700b3afd15de">Archived</a> 6 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Associated Press (AP), September 6, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dev98-07-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dev98-07_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dev98-07_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dev98-07_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolandKatzive2008" class="citation journal cs1">Boland R, Katzive L (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3411008.html">"Developments in laws on induced abortion: 1998-2007"</a>. International Family Planning Perspectives. 34 (3): 110–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1363%2F3411008">10.1363/3411008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18957353">18957353</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007221828/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3411008.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Family+Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Developments+in+laws+on+induced+abortion%3A+1998-2007&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=110-120&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1363%2F3411008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18957353&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Katzive%2C+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2F3411008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2008" class="citation web cs1">Cheng L (1 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801023058/http://apps.who.int/rhl/fertility/abortion/CD006714_chengl_com/en/index.html">"Surgical versus medical methods for second-trimester induced abortion"</a>. The WHO Reproductive Health Library. World Health Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/rhl/fertility/abortion/CD006714_chengl_com/en/index.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+WHO+Reproductive+Health+Library&rft.atitle=Surgical+versus+medical+methods+for+second-trimester+induced+abortion&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Frhl%2Ffertility%2Fabortion%2FCD006714_chengl_com%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubblefield2002" class="citation book cs1">Stubblefield PG (2002). "10. Family Planning". In <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Berek" title="Jonathan Berek">Berek JS</a> (ed.). Novak's Gynecology (13 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-3262-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-3262-8"><bdi>978-0-7817-3262-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.+Family+Planning&rft.btitle=Novak%27s+Gynecology&rft.edition=13&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-3262-8&rft.aulast=Stubblefield&rft.aufirst=PG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlettBergShulmanZane2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bartlett LA, Berg CJ, <a href="/wiki/Holly_Shulman" title="Holly Shulman">Shulman HB</a>, Zane SB, Green CA, Whitehead S, Atrash HK (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60">"Risk factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States"</a>. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 103 (4): 729–737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60">10.1097/01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15051566">15051566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42597014">42597014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+%26+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Risk+factors+for+legal+induced+abortion-related+mortality+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=729-737&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42597014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15051566&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=LA&rft.au=Berg%2C+CJ&rft.au=Shulman%2C+HB&rft.au=Zane%2C+SB&rft.au=Green%2C+CA&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+S&rft.au=Atrash%2C+HK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roche1-46"><a href="#cite_ref-roche1_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoche2004" class="citation web cs1">Roche NE (28 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041214092044/http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic3311.htm">"Therapeutic Abortion"</a>. eMedicine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252560-overview">the original</a> on 14 December 2004. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Therapeutic+Abortion&rft.pub=eMedicine&rft.date=2004-09-28&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=NE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F252560-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_Gyn,_Chp_6-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_Gyn,_Chp_6_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_Gyn,_Chp_6_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_Gyn,_Chp_6_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_Gyn,_Chp_6_47-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchorgeSchafferHalvorsonHoffman2008" class="citation book cs1">Schorge JO, Schaffer JI, Halvorson LM, Hoffman BL, Bradshaw KD, Cunningham FG, eds. (2008). "6. First-Trimester Abortion". Williams Gynecology (1 ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147257-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147257-9"><bdi>978-0-07-147257-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+First-Trimester+Abortion&rft.btitle=Williams+Gynecology&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-147257-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaniakGoldberg2016" class="citation journal cs1">Janiak E, Goldberg AB (1 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(15)00624-1/abstract">"Eliminating the phrase 'elective abortion': why language matters"</a>. Contraception. 93 (2): 89–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2015.10.008">10.1016/j.contraception.2015.10.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7824">0010-7824</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26480889">26480889</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124173416/https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824%2815%2900624-1/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Eliminating+the+phrase+%27elective+abortion%27%3A+why+language+matters&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-92&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft.issn=0010-7824&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26480889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2015.10.008&rft.aulast=Janiak&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Alisa+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.contraceptionjournal.org%2Farticle%2FS0010-7824%2815%2900624-1%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinerFrohwirthDauphineeSingh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Finer LB, Frohwirth LF, Dauphinee LA, Singh S, Moore AM (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3711005.pdf">"Reasons U.S. women have abortions: quantitative and qualitative perspectives"</a> (PDF). Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 37 (3): 110–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1931-2393.2005.tb00045.x">10.1111/j.1931-2393.2005.tb00045.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16150658">16150658</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117143856/https://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3711005.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Sexual+and+Reproductive+Health&rft.atitle=Reasons+U.S.+women+have+abortions%3A+quantitative+and+qualitative+perspectives&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=110-118&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1931-2393.2005.tb00045.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16150658&rft.aulast=Finer&rft.aufirst=LB&rft.au=Frohwirth%2C+LF&rft.au=Dauphinee%2C+LA&rft.au=Singh%2C+S&rft.au=Moore%2C+AM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2F3711005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Churchill Livingstone medical dictionary. Edinburgh New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-10412-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-10412-1"><bdi>978-0-443-10412-1</bdi></a>. <q>The preferred term for unintentional loss of the product of conception prior to 24 weeks' gestation is miscarriage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill+Livingstone+medical+dictionary&rft.place=Edinburgh+New+York&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone+Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-443-10412-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnasGJElias2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Annas" title="George Annas">AnnasGJ</a>, Elias S (2007). "51. Legal and Ethical Issues in Obstetric Practice". In <a href="/wiki/Steven_Gabbe" title="Steven Gabbe">Gabbe SG</a>, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL (eds.). Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (5th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. p. 669. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06930-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06930-7"><bdi>978-0-443-06930-7</bdi></a>. <q>A preterm birth is defined as one that occurs before the completion of 37 menstrual weeks of gestation, regardless of birth weight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=51.+Legal+and+Ethical+Issues+in+Obstetric+Practice&rft.btitle=Obstetrics%3A+Normal+and+Problem+Pregnancies&rft.pages=669&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06930-7&rft.au=AnnasGJ&rft.au=Elias%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs8ZM4OUurcC&pg=PA698">Stillbirth</a>. 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Oxford University Press. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955714-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955714-1"><bdi>978-0-19-955714-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015195038/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs8ZM4OUurcC&pg=PA698">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2015. <q>birth of a fetus that shows no evidence of life (heartbeat, respiration, or independent movement) at any time later than 24 weeks after conception</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stillbirth&rft.series=Concise+Medical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955714-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZs8ZM4OUurcC%26pg%3DPA698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1470.html">"7 FAM 1470 Documenting Stillbirth (Fetal Death)"</a>. 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The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011 (1): CD005216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD005216.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD005216.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8557267">8557267</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21249669">21249669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Medical+methods+for+mid-trimester+termination+of+pregnancy&rft.volume=2011&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD005216&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8557267%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21249669&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD005216.pub2&rft.aulast=Wildschut&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Both%2C+MI&rft.au=Medema%2C+S&rft.au=Thomee%2C+E&rft.au=Wildhagen%2C+MF&rft.au=Kapp%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8557267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_FAQs_2006-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_FAQs_2006_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_FAQs_2006_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO_Department_of_Reproductive_Health_and_Research2006" class="citation book cs1">WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226115043/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf">Frequently asked clinical questions about medical abortion</a> (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-4-159484-5" title="Special:BookSources/92-4-159484-5"><bdi>92-4-159484-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frequently+asked+clinical+questions+about+medical+abortion&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=92-4-159484-5&rft.au=WHO+Department+of+Reproductive+Health+and+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fpublications%2F2006%2F9241594845_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fjerstad_2009b-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Fjerstad_2009b_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFjerstadSivinLichtenbergTrussell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fjerstad M, Sivin I, Lichtenberg ES, Trussell J, Cleland K, Cullins V (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3766037">"Effectiveness of medical abortion with mifepristone and buccal misoprostol through 59 gestational days"</a>. Contraception. 80 (3): 282–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2009.03.010">10.1016/j.contraception.2009.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3766037">3766037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19698822">19698822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+medical+abortion+with+mifepristone+and+buccal+misoprostol+through+59+gestational+days&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=282-286&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3766037%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19698822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2009.03.010&rft.aulast=Fjerstad&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Sivin%2C+I&rft.au=Lichtenberg%2C+ES&rft.au=Trussell%2C+J&rft.au=Cleland%2C+K&rft.au=Cullins%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3766037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> The regimen (200 mg of mifepristone, followed 24–48 hours later by 800 mcg of vaginal misoprostol) previously used by <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a> clinics in the United States from 2001 to March 2006 was 98.5% effective through 63 days gestation—with an ongoing pregnancy rate of about 0.5%, and an additional 1% of women having uterine evacuation for various reasons, including problematic bleeding, persistent gestational sac, clinician judgment or a woman's request. The regimen (200 mg of mifepristone, followed 24–48 hours later by 800 mcg of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buccal" class="extiw" title="wikt:buccal">buccal</a> misoprostol) currently used by Planned Parenthood clinics in the United States since April 2006 is 98% effective through 59 days gestation. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmquistGilliam2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmquist S, Gilliam M (2008). "Induced abortion". In Gibbs RS, Karlan BY, Haney AF, Nygaard I (eds.). Danforth's obstetrics and gynecology (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 586–603. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6937-2"><bdi>978-0-7817-6937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Induced+abortion&rft.btitle=Danforth%27s+obstetrics+and+gynecology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=586-603&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6937-2&rft.aulast=Holmquist&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Gilliam%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/664dcb9d4f29e1d07fadcc7b/Abortion-statistics-2022-data-tables.ods">"Table 5: Legal abortions: gestation weeks by purchaser and method of abortion, residents of England and Wales, numbers, percentages, 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/abortion-statistics-for-england-and-wales-2022">Abortion statistics, England and Wales: 2022</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Health_Improvement_and_Disparities" title="Office for Health Improvement and Disparities">Office for Health Improvement and Disparities</a>. 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Abortion+statistics%2C+England+and+Wales%3A+2022&rft.pub=Office+for+Health+Improvement+and+Disparities&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F664dcb9d4f29e1d07fadcc7b%2FAbortion-statistics-2022-data-tables.ods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilainMouquet2011" class="citation web cs1">Vilain A, Mouquet MC (22 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235733/http://www.sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/er765.pdf">"Voluntary terminations of pregnancies in 2008 and 2009"</a> (PDF). Paris: DREES, Ministry of Health, France. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/er765.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voluntary+terminations+of+pregnancies+in+2008+and+2009&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=DREES%2C+Ministry+of+Health%2C+France&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft.aulast=Vilain&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Mouquet%2C+MC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sante.gouv.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fer765.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003203103/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/themen/14/02/03/key/03.html">"Abortions in Switzerland 2010"</a>. Neuchâtel: Office of Federal Statistics, Switzerland. 5 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/themen/14/02/03/key/03.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortions+in+Switzerland+2010&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel&rft.pub=Office+of+Federal+Statistics%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2011-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Ffr%2Findex%2Fthemen%2F14%2F02%2F03%2Fkey%2F03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesWitwerJerman2019" class="citation report cs1">Jones RK, Witwer E, Jerman J (2019). Abortion Incidence and Service Availability in the United States, 2017 (Report). Guttmacher Institute. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1363%2F2019.30760">10.1363/2019.30760</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5487028">5487028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Abortion+Incidence+and+Service+Availability+in+the+United+States%2C+2017&rft.pub=Guttmacher+Institute&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5487028%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1363%2F2019.30760&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=RK&rft.au=Witwer%2C+E&rft.au=Jerman%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGisslerHeino2011" class="citation web cs1">Gissler M, Heino A (21 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118094034/http://www.stakes.fi/tilastot/tilastotiedotteet/2011/Tr09_11.pdf">"Induced abortions in the Nordic countries 2009"</a> (PDF). Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stakes.fi/tilastot/tilastotiedotteet/2011/Tr09_11.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Induced+abortions+in+the+Nordic+countries+2009&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Health+and+Welfare%2C+Finland&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft.aulast=Gissler&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Heino%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stakes.fi%2Ftilastot%2Ftilastotiedotteet%2F2011%2FTr09_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeckstrothPaul2009" class="citation book cs1">Meckstroth K, Paul M (2009). "First-trimester aspiration abortion". In Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD (eds.). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: comprehensive abortion care. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 135–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7696-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7696-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-7696-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First-trimester+aspiration+abortion&rft.btitle=Management+of+unintended+and+abnormal+pregnancy%3A+comprehensive+abortion+care&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=135-156&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7696-5&rft.aulast=Meckstroth&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Paul%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_77-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambirKimNecastroGanatra2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gambir K, Kim C, Necastro KA, Ganatra B, Ngo TD (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7062143">"Self-administered versus provider-administered medical abortion"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (3): CD013181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD013181.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD013181.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7062143">7062143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32150279">32150279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Self-administered+versus+provider-administered+medical+abortion&rft.volume=2020&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD013181&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7062143%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32150279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD013181.pub2&rft.aulast=Gambir&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Kim%2C+C&rft.au=Necastro%2C+KA&rft.au=Ganatra%2C+B&rft.au=Ngo%2C+TD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7062143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealthwise2004" class="citation web cs1">Healthwise (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/hw/womens_conditions/tw1078.asp#tw1112">"Manual and vacuum aspiration for abortion"</a>. WebMD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211155626/http://www.webmd.com/hw/womens_conditions/tw1078.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=Manual+and+vacuum+aspiration+for+abortion&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Healthwise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fhw%2Fwomens_conditions%2Ftw1078.asp%23tw1112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2017" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/reproductive-health/impac/Procedures/Dilatetion_P61_P63.html">"Dilatation and curettage"</a>. 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"Clinical practice. A request for abortion". 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Contraception. 97 (6): 471–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2018.01.014">10.1016/j.contraception.2018.01.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29407363">29407363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3777869">3777869</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303075142/https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824%2818%2930036-2/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Society+of+Family+Planning+clinical+guidelines+pain+control+in+surgical+abortion+part+1+-+local+anesthesia+and+minimal+sedation&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=471-477&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3777869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29407363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2018.01.014&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=RH&rft.au=Singh%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.contraceptionjournal.org%2Farticle%2FS0010-7824%2818%2930036-2%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCansinoDennyCarlisleStubblefield2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cansino C, Denny C, Carlisle AS, Stubblefield P (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(21)00351-6/abstract">"Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: Pain control in surgical abortion part 2 - Moderate sedation, deep sedation, and general anesthesia"</a>. Contraception. 104 (6): 583–592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2021.08.007">10.1016/j.contraception.2021.08.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34425082">34425082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237279946">237279946</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303075141/https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824%2821%2900351-6/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Society+of+Family+Planning+clinical+recommendations%3A+Pain+control+in+surgical+abortion+part+2+-+Moderate+sedation%2C+deep+sedation%2C+and+general+anesthesia&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=583-592&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237279946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34425082&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2021.08.007&rft.aulast=Cansino&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Denny%2C+C&rft.au=Carlisle%2C+AS&rft.au=Stubblefield%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.contraceptionjournal.org%2Farticle%2FS0010-7824%2821%2900351-6%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GLOWM_Late-85"><a href="#cite_ref-GLOWM_Late_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgatta2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Borgatta L (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/Labor%20Induction%20Termination%20of%20Pregnancy/item/443">"Labor Induction Termination of Pregnancy"</a>. Global Library of Women's Medicine. GLOWM.10444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3843%2FGLOWM.10444">10.3843/GLOWM.10444</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082507/http://www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/Labor%20Induction%20Termination%20of%20Pregnancy/item/443">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Library+of+Women%27s+Medicine&rft.atitle=Labor+Induction+Termination+of+Pregnancy&rft.volume=GLOWM.10444&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3843%2FGLOWM.10444&rft.aulast=Borgatta&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glowm.com%2Fsection_view%2Fheading%2FLabor%2520Induction%2520Termination%2520of%2520Pregnancy%2Fitem%2F443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labor_Induced_Abortion-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Labor_Induced_Abortion_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labor_Induced_Abortion_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labor_Induced_Abortion_86-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgattaKapp2011" class="citation journal cs1">Borgatta L, Kapp N (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(11)00057-6/pdf">"Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester"</a>. Contraception. 84 (1): 4–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2011.02.005">10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21664506">21664506</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606205318/https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(11)00057-6/pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2015. <q>10. What is the effect of feticide on labor induction abortion outcome? Deliberately causing demise of the fetus before labor induction abortion is performed primarily to avoid transient fetal survival after expulsion; this approach may be for the comfort of both the woman and the staff, to avoid futile resuscitation efforts. Some providers allege that feticide also facilitates delivery, although little data support this claim. Transient fetal survival is very unlikely after intraamniotic installation of saline or urea, which are directly feticidal. Transient survival with misoprostol for labor induction abortion at greater than 18 weeks ranges from 0% to 50% and has been observed in up to 13% of abortions performed with high-dose oxytocin. Factors associated with a higher likelihood of transient fetal survival with labor induction abortion include increasing gestational age, decreasing abortion interval and the use of nonfeticidal inductive agents such as the PGE1 analogues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Clinical+guidelines.+Labor+induction+abortion+in+the+second+trimester&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-18&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2011.02.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21664506&rft.aulast=Borgatta&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Kapp%2C+Nathalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contraceptionjournal.org%2Farticle%2FS0010-7824%2811%2900057-6%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAF_2015_Policy-87"><a href="#cite_ref-NAF_2015_Policy_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prochoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2015_NAF_CPGs.pdf">2015 Clinical Policy Guidelines</a> (PDF). 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Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 12 (3): 147–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0891-5245%2898%2990245-0">10.1016/S0891-5245(98)90245-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9652283">9652283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Risky+choices%3A+the+dangers+of+teens+using+self-induced+abortion+attempts&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=147-151&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0891-5245%2898%2990245-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9652283&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-potts-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-potts_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-potts_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-potts_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-potts_92-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPottsGraffTaing2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Potts" title="Malcolm Potts">Potts M</a>, Graff M, Taing J (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1783%2F147118907782101904">"Thousand-year-old depictions of massage abortion"</a>. The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 33 (4): 233–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1783%2F147118907782101904">10.1783/147118907782101904</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17925100">17925100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Family+Planning+and+Reproductive+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Thousand-year-old+depictions+of+massage+abortion&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=233-234&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1783%2F147118907782101904&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17925100&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Graff%2C+M&rft.au=Taing%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1783%252F147118907782101904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapaRimalPreston2006" class="citation journal cs1">Thapa SR, Rimal D, Preston J (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200609/11015">"Self induction of abortion with instrumentation"</a>. Australian Family Physician. 35 (9): 697–698. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16969439">16969439</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108181951/http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200609/11015">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Self+induction+of+abortion+with+instrumentation&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=697-698&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16969439&rft.aulast=Thapa&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Rimal%2C+D&rft.au=Preston%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racgp.org.au%2Fafp%2F200609%2F11015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-unsafe-1992-94"><a href="#cite_ref-who-unsafe-1992_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1992/WHO_MSM_92.5.pdf">"The Prevention and Management of Unsafe Abortion"</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. April 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530072310/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1992/WHO_MSM_92.5.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prevention+and+Management+of+Unsafe+Abortion&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=1992-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fhq%2F1992%2FWHO_MSM_92.5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grimes-overview-95"><a href="#cite_ref-grimes-overview_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimesCreinin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grimes DA, Creinin MD (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00009">"Induced abortion: an overview for internists"</a>. Annals of Internal Medicine. 140 (8): 620–626. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.694.3531">10.1.1.694.3531</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00009">10.7326/0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15096333">15096333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Induced+abortion%3A+an+overview+for+internists&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=620-626&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.694.3531%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15096333&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00009&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Creinin%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7326%252F0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimes2012-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Grimes2012_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymondGrimes2012" class="citation journal cs1">Raymond EG, <a href="/wiki/David_Grimes_(physician)" title="David Grimes (physician)">Grimes DA</a> (February 2012). "The comparative safety of legal induced abortion and childbirth in the United States". <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_%26_Gynecology_(journal)" title="Obstetrics & Gynecology (journal)">Obstetrics & Gynecology</a>. 119 (2 Pt 1): 215–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FAOG.0b013e31823fe923">10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823fe923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22270271">22270271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25534071">25534071</a>. <q>Conclusion: Legal induced abortion is markedly safer than childbirth. The risk of death associated with childbirth is approximately 14 times higher than that with abortion. Similarly, the overall morbidity associated with childbirth exceeds that with abortion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+%26+Gynecology&rft.atitle=The+comparative+safety+of+legal+induced+abortion+and+childbirth+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2+Pt+1&rft.pages=215-219&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25534071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22270271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FAOG.0b013e31823fe923&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+G&rft.au=Grimes%2C+David+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersenDavisGoodmanCox2019" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen EE, Davis NL, Goodman D, Cox S, Mayes N, Johnston E, et al. (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6542194">"Vital Signs: Pregnancy-Related Deaths, United States, 2011–2015, and Strategies for Prevention, 13 States, 2013-2017"</a>. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (18): 423–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6818e1">10.15585/mmwr.mm6818e1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6542194">6542194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31071074">31071074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Vital+Signs%3A+Pregnancy-Related+Deaths%2C+United+States%2C+2011%E2%80%932015%2C+and+Strategies+for+Prevention%2C+13+States%2C+2013-2017&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=423-429&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6542194%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31071074&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6818e1&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=EE&rft.au=Davis%2C+NL&rft.au=Goodman%2C+D&rft.au=Cox%2C+S&rft.au=Mayes%2C+N&rft.au=Johnston%2C+E&rft.au=Syverson%2C+C&rft.au=Seed%2C+K&rft.au=Shapiro-Mendoza%2C+CK&rft.au=Callaghan%2C+WM&rft.au=Barfield%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6542194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences_EngineeringHealth_Medicine_DivisionBoard_on_Health_Care_ServicesBoard_on_Population_Health_Public_Health_Practice2018" class="citation book cs1">National Academies of Sciences Engineering, Health Medicine Division, Board on Health Care Services, Board on Population Health Public Health Practice, Committee on Reproductive Health Services: Assessing the Safety Quality of Abortion Care in the U.S (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24950/chapter/4">Read "The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States" at NAP.edu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F24950">10.17226/24950</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-46818-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-46818-3"><bdi>978-0-309-46818-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29897702">29897702</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724204509/https://www.nap.edu/read/24950/chapter/4">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Read+%22The+Safety+and+Quality+of+Abortion+Care+in+the+United+States%22+at+NAP.edu&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29897702&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F24950&rft.isbn=978-0-309-46818-3&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences+Engineering&rft.au=Health+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Board+on+Health+Care+Services&rft.au=Board+on+Population+Health+Public+Health+Practice&rft.au=Committee+on+Reproductive+Health+Services%3A+Assessing+the+Safety+Quality+of+Abortion+Care+in+the+U.S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F24950%2Fchapter%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC_2022_AS-99"><a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2022_AS_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortsmit2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kortsmit K (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/ss/ss7110a1.htm">"Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2020"</a>. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 71 (10): 1–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.ss7110a1">10.15585/mmwr.ss7110a1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1546-0738">1546-0738</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9707346">9707346</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36417304">36417304</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115033902/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/ss/ss7110a1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023. <q>The national case-fatality rate for legal induced abortion for 2013–2019 was 0.43 deaths related to legal induced abortions per 100,000 reported legal abortions. This case-fatality rate was lower than the rates for the previous 5-year periods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Surveillance+Summaries&rft.atitle=Abortion+Surveillance+%E2%80%94+United+States%2C+2020&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1-27&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9707346%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1546-0738&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36417304&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15585%2Fmmwr.ss7110a1&rft.aulast=Kortsmit&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fvolumes%2F71%2Fss%2Fss7110a1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly2011" class="citation journal cs1">Donnelly L (26 February 2011). 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Retrieved 24 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Doctors+or+mid-level+providers+for+abortion&rft.volume=2015&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=CD011242&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9188302%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26214844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD011242.pub2&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kim%2C+C&rft.au=Park%2C+MH&rft.au=Ngo%2C+TD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.lshtm.ac.uk%2F2274695%2F1%2FDoctors%2520or%2520mid-level%2520providers%2520for%2520abortion_GREEN%2520VoR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLermaShaw2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lerma K, Shaw KA (December 2017). "Update on second trimester medical abortion". Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 29 (6): 413–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FGCO.0000000000000409">10.1097/GCO.0000000000000409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28922193">28922193</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12459747">12459747</a>. <q>Second trimester surgical abortion is well tolerated and increasingly expeditious</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Obstetrics+%26+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Update+on+second+trimester+medical+abortion&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=413-418&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12459747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28922193&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FGCO.0000000000000409&rft.aulast=Lerma&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Shaw%2C+KA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinauerJacksonGrossman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Steinauer J, Jackson A, Grossman D, et al. (Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology) (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Practice-Bulletins/Committee-on-Practice-Bulletins-Gynecology/Second-Trimester-Abortion">"Second-trimester abortion. Practice Bulletin No. 135"</a>. American College of Obstetrics & Gynecology - Practice Bulletins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224111109/https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Practice-Bulletins/Committee-on-Practice-Bulletins-Gynecology/Second-Trimester-Abortion">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. <q>The mortality rate associated with abortion is low (0.6 per 100,000 legal, induced abortions), and the risk of death associated with childbirth is approximately 14 times higher than that with abortion. Abortion-related mortality increases with each week of gestation, with a rate of 0.1 per 100,000 procedures at 8 weeks of gestation or less, and 8.9 per 100,000 procedures at 21 weeks of gestation or greater.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+College+of+Obstetrics+%26+Gynecology+-+Practice+Bulletins&rft.atitle=Second-trimester+abortion.+Practice+Bulletin+No.+135.&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Steinauer&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Jackson%2C+A&rft.au=Grossman%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acog.org%2FClinical-Guidance-and-Publications%2FPractice-Bulletins%2FCommittee-on-Practice-Bulletins-Gynecology%2FSecond-Trimester-Abortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartlett2004-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett2004_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlettBergShulmanZane2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bartlett LA, Berg CJ, Shulman HB, Zane SB, Green CA, Whitehead S, Atrash HK (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60">"Risk factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States"</a>. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 103 (4): 729–737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60">10.1097/01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15051566">15051566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42597014">42597014</a>. <q>The risk factor that continues to be most strongly associated with mortality from legal abortion is gestational age at the time of the abortion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Risk+factors+for+legal+induced+abortion-related+mortality+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=729-737&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42597014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15051566&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=LA&rft.au=Berg%2C+CJ&rft.au=Shulman%2C+HB&rft.au=Zane%2C+SB&rft.au=Green%2C+CA&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+S&rft.au=Atrash%2C+HK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saccone2016-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Saccone2016_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacconePerrieraBerghella2016" class="citation journal cs1">Saccone G, Perriera L, Berghella V (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iris.unina.it/retrieve/handle/11588/697884/158333/25%20Abortion%20PTB%20-%20AJOG%20-%20SACCONE.pdf">"Prior uterine evacuation of pregnancy as independent risk factor for preterm birth: a systematic review and metaanalysis"</a> (PDF). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 214 (5): 572–591. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2015.12.044">10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26743506">26743506</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827202228/https://www.iris.unina.it/retrieve/handle/11588/697884/158333/25%20Abortion%20PTB%20-%20AJOG%20-%20SACCONE.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2020. <q>Prior surgical uterine evacuation for either I-TOP[induced termination of pregnancy] or SAB[spontaneous abortion, - also known as miscarriage] is an independent risk factor for PTB[pre-term birth]. 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American Psychological Association. 12 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906022824/http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2008/08/single-abortion.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2011. 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The British Journal of Psychiatry. 199 (3): 180–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.110.077230">10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077230</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21881096">21881096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Abortion+and+mental+health%3A+quantitative+synthesis+and+analysis+of+research+published+1995-2009&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=180-186&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.110.077230&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21881096&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=PK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fbjp.bp.110.077230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apa-2008-124"><a href="#cite_ref-apa-2008_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/abortion/index.aspx">"Mental Health and Abortion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419174044/http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/abortion/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mental+Health+and+Abortion&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpi%2Fwomen%2Fprograms%2Fabortion%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinberg2011-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Steinberg2011_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2011" class="citation journal cs1">Steinberg JR (2011). "Later abortions and mental health: psychological experiences of women having later abortions--a critical review of research". Women's Health Issues. 21 (3 Suppl): S44–S48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.whi.2011.02.002">10.1016/j.whi.2011.02.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21530839">21530839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Health+Issues&rft.atitle=Later+abortions+and+mental+health%3A+psychological+experiences+of+women+having+later+abortions--a+critical+review+of+research&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3+Suppl&rft.pages=S44-S48&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.whi.2011.02.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21530839&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly K (February 2014). "The spread of 'Post Abortion Syndrome' as social diagnosis". Social Science & Medicine. 102: 18–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2013.11.030">10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24565137">24565137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+spread+of+%27Post+Abortion+Syndrome%27+as+social+diagnosis&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=18-25&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2013.11.030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24565137&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoccaSamariFosterGould2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rocca CH, Samari G, Foster DG, Gould H, Kimport K (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2019.112704">"Emotions and decision rightness over five years following an abortion: An examination of decision difficulty and abortion stigma"</a>. Social Science & Medicine. 248: 112704. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2019.112704">10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112704</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31941577">31941577</a>. <q>We found no evidence of emerging negative emotions or abortion decision regret; both positive and negative emotions declined over the first two years and plateaued thereafter, and decision rightness remained high and steady (predicted percent: 97.5% at baseline, 99.0% at five years). At five years postabortion, relief remained the most commonly felt emotion among all women (predicted mean on 0-4 scale: 1.0; 0.6 for sadness and guilt; 0.4 for regret, anger and happiness). Despite converging levels of emotions by decision difficulty and stigma level over time, these two factors remained most important for predicting negative emotions and decision non-rightness years later.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Emotions+and+decision+rightness+over+five+years+following+an+abortion%3A+An+examination+of+decision+difficulty+and+abortion+stigma&rft.volume=248&rft.pages=112704&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2019.112704&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31941577&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=CH&rft.au=Samari%2C+G&rft.au=Foster%2C+DG&rft.au=Gould%2C+H&rft.au=Kimport%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.socscimed.2019.112704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JASEN-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JASEN_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JASEN_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jasen P (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1251638">"Breast cancer and the politics of abortion in the United States"</a>. Medical History. 49 (4): 423–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025727300009145">10.1017/S0025727300009145</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1251638">1251638</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16562329">16562329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=Breast+cancer+and+the+politics+of+abortion+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=423-444&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1251638%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16562329&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025727300009145&rft.aulast=Jasen&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1251638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cancer_Linacre-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Cancer_Linacre_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderZainerKubatMullen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider AP, Zainer CM, Kubat CK, Mullen NK, Windisch AK (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135458">"The breast cancer epidemic: 10 facts"</a>. The Linacre Quarterly. 81 (3). Catholic Medical Association: 244–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F2050854914Y.0000000027">10.1179/2050854914Y.0000000027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135458">4135458</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25249706">25249706</a>. <q>an association between [induced abortion] and breast cancer has been found by numerous Western and non-Western researchers from around the world. This is especially true in more recent reports that allow for a sufficient breast cancer latency period since an adoption of a Western life style in sexual and reproductive behavior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Linacre+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+breast+cancer+epidemic%3A+10+facts&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=244-277&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4135458%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25249706&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F2050854914Y.0000000027&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=AP&rft.au=Zainer%2C+CM&rft.au=Kubat%2C+CK&rft.au=Mullen%2C+NK&rft.au=Windisch%2C+AK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4135458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Position statements of major medical bodies on abortion and breast cancer include: <ul><li>World Health Organization: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213141046/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs240/en/">"Induced abortion does not increase breast cancer risk (Fact sheet N°240)"</a>. World Health Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs240/en/">the original</a> on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Induced+abortion+does+not+increase+breast+cancer+risk+%28Fact+sheet+N%C2%B0240%29&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs240%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>National Cancer Institute: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/risk/abortion-miscarriage">"Abortion, Miscarriage, and Breast Cancer Risk"</a>. National Cancer Institute. 20 February 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221084337/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/abortion-miscarriage">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortion%2C+Miscarriage%2C+and+Breast+Cancer+Risk&rft.pub=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.date=2003-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Ffactsheet%2Frisk%2Fabortion-miscarriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>American Cancer Society: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BreastCancer/MoreInformation/is-abortion-linked-to-breast-cancer">"Is Abortion Linked to Breast Cancer?"</a>. American Cancer Society. 23 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605204701/http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BreastCancer/MoreInformation/is-abortion-linked-to-breast-cancer">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011. <q>At this time, the scientific evidence does not support the notion that abortion of any kind raises the risk of breast cancer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Abortion+Linked+to+Breast+Cancer%3F&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2FCancer%2FBreastCancer%2FMoreInformation%2Fis-abortion-linked-to-breast-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727105037/http://www.rcog.org.uk/files/rcog-corp/uploaded-files/NEBAbortionSummary.pdf">"The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion"</a> (PDF). Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcog.org.uk/files/rcog-corp/uploaded-files/NEBAbortionSummary.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2008. <q>Induced abortion is not associated with an increase in breast cancer risk.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Care+of+Women+Requesting+Induced+Abortion&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Royal+College+of+Obstetricians+and+Gynaecologists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcog.org.uk%2Ffiles%2Frcog-corp%2Fuploaded-files%2FNEBAbortionSummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102030744/http://www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr07-31-03-2.cfm">"ACOG Finds No Link Between Abortion and Breast Cancer Risk"</a>. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 31 July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr07-31-03-2.cfm">the original</a> on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACOG+Finds+No+Link+Between+Abortion+and+Breast+Cancer+Risk&rft.pub=American+Congress+of+Obstetricians+and+Gynecologists&rft.date=2003-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acog.org%2Ffrom_home%2Fpublications%2Fpress_releases%2Fnr07-31-03-2.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2002" class="citation book cs1">Gordon L (2002). The Moral Property of Women. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02764-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02764-7"><bdi>0-252-02764-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moral+Property+of+Women&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-252-02764-7&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolinger1998" class="citation book cs1">Solinger R (1998). "Introduction". In Solinger R (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortionwarshalf0000soli/page/1">Abortion Wars: A Half Century of Struggle, 1950–2000</a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortionwarshalf0000soli/page/1">1–9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20952-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20952-7"><bdi>978-0-520-20952-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Abortion+Wars%3A+A+Half+Century+of+Struggle%2C+1950%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20952-7&rft.aulast=Solinger&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabortionwarshalf0000soli%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatesZawadzki1964" class="citation book cs1">Bates JE, Zawadzki ES (1964). Criminal Abortion: A Study in Medical Sociology. Charles C. Thomas. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-00109-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-398-00109-4"><bdi>978-0-398-00109-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/299149">299149</a>. <q>In my practice I average three operations a day. By working a six day week, I complete approximately eighteen operations in this time. This amounts to seventy-two operations a month. In my sixteen years of specializing, I have successfully performed about 13,844 abortions. This was without the loss of the life of a single one of my patients. I feel those figures are something of which to be proud. I feel—I'm sure—that the work I have been engaged in these past years has been a contribution to Society and has helped to straighten out the messed up lives of many people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Abortion%3A+A+Study+in+Medical+Sociology&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Charles+C.+Thomas&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F299149&rft.isbn=978-0-398-00109-4&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Jerome+E&rft.au=Zawadzki%2C+Edward+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller1981" class="citation book cs1">Keller A (1981). Scandalous Lady: The Life and Times of Madame Restell. Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-689-11213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-689-11213-3"><bdi>978-0-689-11213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandalous+Lady%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Madame+Restell&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-689-11213-3&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaussig1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_J._Taussig" title="Frederick J. 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KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). 5 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110191733/https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/abortions-later-in-pregnancy/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KFF+%28Kaiser+Family+Foundation%29&rft.atitle=Abortions+Later+in+Pregnancy&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kff.org%2Fwomens-health-policy%2Ffact-sheet%2Fabortions-later-in-pregnancy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-171"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughn2023" class="citation book cs1">Vaughn L (2023). Bioethics: Principles, Issues, and Cases (5th ed.). 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Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 37 (3): 110–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1931-2393.2005.tb00045.x">10.1111/j.1931-2393.2005.tb00045.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16150658">16150658</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107092446/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3711005.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Sexual+and+Reproductive+Health&rft.atitle=Reasons+U.S.+women+have+abortions%3A+quantitative+and+qualitative+perspectives&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=110-118&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1931-2393.2005.tb00045.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16150658&rft.aulast=Finer&rft.aufirst=LB&rft.au=Frohwirth%2C+LF&rft.au=Dauphinee%2C+LA&rft.au=Singh%2C+S&rft.au=Moore%2C+AM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2F3711005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopelon1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Copelon" title="Rhonda Copelon">Copelon R</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keE5EmSKYr0C&q=abortion%20poverty%20autonomy&pg=PA38">"From Privacy to Autonomy: The Conditions for Reproductive and Sexual Freedom"</a>. In Fried MG (ed.). From Abortion to Reproductive Freedom: Transforming a Movement. South End Press. pp. 27–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-387-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-387-5"><bdi>978-0-89608-387-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126082936/https://books.google.com/books?id=keE5EmSKYr0C&q=abortion%20poverty%20autonomy&pg=PA38">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2020. <q>The prevalence of economically influenced abortions and the sterilization campaigns against poor, minority, and disabled women show us that autonomy is impossible without eradication of discrimination and poverty. Racism, sexism, and poverty can make the difference between abortions that reflect choice and those reflecting bitter necessity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Privacy+to+Autonomy%3A+The+Conditions+for+Reproductive+and+Sexual+Freedom&rft.btitle=From+Abortion+to+Reproductive+Freedom%3A+Transforming+a+Movement&rft.pages=27-43&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-387-5&rft.aulast=Copelon&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkeE5EmSKYr0C%26q%3Dabortion%2520poverty%2520autonomy%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MissingWomen-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MissingWomen_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MissingWomen_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOster2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Oster" title="Emily Oster">Oster E</a> (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4994961">"Explaining Asia's "Missing Women": A New Look at the Data"</a>. Population and Development Review. 31 (3): 529–535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2005.00082.x">10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00082.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131815/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4994961_Explaining_Asia%27s_Missing_Women_A_New_Look_at_the_Data">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019. <q>Households have variously resorted to female infanticide and postnatal withholding of health care; and since the mid-1980s, when technology permitting fairly low-cost determination of the sex of fetuses became available, there has been a shift toward prenatal sex selection by means of induced abortion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+and+Development+Review&rft.atitle=Explaining+Asia%27s+%22Missing+Women%22%3A+A+New+Look+at+the+Data&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=529-535&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2005.00082.x&rft.aulast=Oster&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F4994961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> George J. Annas and Sherman Elias. "Legal and Ethical Issues in Obstetrical Practice". 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"Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix complicating pregnancy". Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 15 (1): 69–72. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19197101">19197101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Medical+Journal+%3D+Xianggang+Yi+Xue+Za+Zhi&rft.atitle=Large-cell+neuroendocrine+carcinoma+of+the+uterine+cervix+complicating+pregnancy&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-72&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19197101&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=WW&rft.au=Yau%2C+TN&rft.au=Leung%2C+CW&rft.au=Pong%2C+WM&rft.au=Chan%2C+MY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-z309-180"><a href="#cite_ref-z309_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSardaSarriSiffel2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sarda SP, Sarri G, Siffel C (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8299900">"Global prevalence of long-term neurodevelopmental impairment following extremely preterm birth: a systematic literature review"</a>. Journal of International Medical Research. 49 (7): 030006052110280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F03000605211028026">10.1177/03000605211028026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-0605">0300-0605</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8299900">8299900</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34284680">34284680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Medical+Research&rft.atitle=Global+prevalence+of+long-term+neurodevelopmental+impairment+following+extremely+preterm+birth%3A+a+systematic+literature+review&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=030006052110280&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8299900%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0300-0605&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34284680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F03000605211028026&rft.aulast=Sarda&rft.aufirst=Sujata+P.&rft.au=Sarri%2C+Grammati&rft.au=Siffel%2C+Csaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8299900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoan200757-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoan200757_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoan2007">Doan 2007</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMould1996" class="citation book cs1">Mould RF (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moreofmouldsmedi00moulrich/page/406">Mould's Medical Anecdotes</a>. CRC Press. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85274-119-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85274-119-1"><bdi>978-0-85274-119-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mould%27s+Medical+Anecdotes&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-85274-119-1&rft.aulast=Mould&rft.aufirst=RF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoreofmouldsmedi00moulrich%2Fpage%2F406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimes1963" class="citation book cs1">Himes NE (1963). Medical History of Contraception. Gamut Press. pp. 109–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+History+of+Contraception&rft.pages=109-110&rft.pub=Gamut+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Himes&rft.aufirst=NE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misra2006-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Misra2006_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisra2006" class="citation book cs1">Misra P (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dp6-_NMfsIsC&pg=PA79">Domestic Violence Against Women: Legal Control and Judicial Response</a>. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-896-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-896-4"><bdi>978-81-7629-896-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185150/https://books.google.com/books?id=dp6-_NMfsIsC&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021. <q>References in Atharva Veda show that abortion was known in the Vedic age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Violence+Against+Women%3A+Legal+Control+and+Judicial+Response&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-7629-896-4&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddp6-_NMfsIsC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenker2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schenker JG (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2582082">"The beginning of human life: status of embryo. Perspectives in Halakha (Jewish Religious Law)"</a>. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 25 (6): 271–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10815-008-9221-6">10.1007/s10815-008-9221-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2582082">2582082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18551364">18551364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Assisted+Reproduction+and+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+beginning+of+human+life%3A+status+of+embryo.+Perspectives+in+Halakha+%28Jewish+Religious+Law%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=271-276&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2582082%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18551364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10815-008-9221-6&rft.aulast=Schenker&rft.aufirst=JG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2582082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosner2001" class="citation book cs1">Rosner F (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7w2oAmohpEC">Biomedical Ethics and Jewish Law</a>. KTAV Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-701-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-701-4"><bdi>978-0-88125-701-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124173418/https://books.google.com/books?id=T7w2oAmohpEC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. 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National Council of Jewish Women. May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ncjw.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Judaism-and-Abortion-FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. 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Clio and the Contemporary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727180424/https://clioandthecontemporary.com/2022/07/01/the-end-of-roe-in-historical-perspective/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clio+and+the+Contemporary&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Roe+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.aulast=Georgian&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclioandthecontemporary.com%2F2022%2F07%2F01%2Fthe-end-of-roe-in-historical-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_and_Islam_/_Abortion-191"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_and_Islam_/_Abortion_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/abortion_1.shtml">"Religions – Islam: Abortion"</a>. BBC. 9 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009065222/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/abortion_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Religions+%E2%80%93+Islam%3A+Abortion&rft.date=2009-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fislamethics%2Fabortion_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabashFarzaneh2008" class="citation web cs1">Dabash R, Farzaneh RF (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf08/MENAabortion.pdf">"Abortion in the Middle East and North Africa"</a> (PDF). 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Johns Hopkins University Press. p. I, 19, 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4320-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-4320-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015195038/https://books.google.com/books?id=YsKWfh31gxwC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2015. 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Brundage, eds., Handbook of Medieval Sexuality, Garland, 1996, pp. 261–277, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1287-1">978-0-8153-1287-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Sixtus_V1588" class="citation web cs1">Pope Sixtus V (1588). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/effraenatam-1588-pope-sixtus-v">"Effraenatam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526144925/https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/effraenatam-1588-pope-sixtus-v">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. 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Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122160816/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/21/where-major-religious-groups-stand-on-abortion/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Where+major+religious+groups+stand+on+abortion&rft.date=2020-05-30&rft.aulast=Masci&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F06%2F21%2Fwhere-major-religious-groups-stand-on-abortion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJermanJonesOnda2016" class="citation report cs1">Jerman J, Jones RK, Onda T (10 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guttmacher.org/report/characteristics-us-abortion-patients-2014">Characteristics of U.S. Abortion Patients in 2014 and Changes Since 2008</a> (Report). Guttmacher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224085344/https://www.guttmacher.org/report/characteristics-us-abortion-patients-2014">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Characteristics+of+U.S.+Abortion+Patients+in+2014+and+Changes+Since+2008&rft.pub=Guttmacher&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft.aulast=Jerman&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Jones%2C+RK&rft.au=Onda%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Freport%2Fcharacteristics-us-abortion-patients-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PewReseach2019-210"><a href="#cite_ref-PewReseach2019_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/20/8-key-findings-about-catholics-and-abortion/">"8 key findings about Catholics and abortion"</a>. Pew Research Center. 20 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515173202/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/20/8-key-findings-about-catholics-and-abortion/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8+key+findings+about+Catholics+and+abortion&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2020%2F10%2F20%2F8-key-findings-about-catholics-and-abortion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHullHofferHoffer2004" class="citation book cs1">Hull NE, Hoffer W, Hoffer PC, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53993049">The abortion rights controversy in America: a legal reader</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2873-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2873-4"><bdi>0-8078-2873-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53993049">53993049</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701041348/https://search.worldcat.org/title/53993049">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+abortion+rights+controversy+in+America%3A+a+legal+reader&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53993049&rft.isbn=0-8078-2873-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F53993049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagan2022" class="citation book cs1">Reagan LJ (2022) [1997]. When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine and the Law in the United States, 1867–1973 (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38741-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38741-6"><bdi>978-0-520-38741-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Abortion+Was+a+Crime%3A+Women%2C+Medicine+and+the+Law+in+the+United+States%2C+1867%E2%80%931973&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-520-38741-6&rft.aulast=Reagan&rft.aufirst=LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakemore2022" class="citation web cs1">Blakemore E (22 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726201522/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-complex-early-history-of-abortion-in-the-united-states">"The complex early history of abortion in the United States"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-complex-early-history-of-abortion-in-the-united-states">the original</a> on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022. <q>But that view of history is the subject of great dispute. Though interpretations differ, most scholars who have investigated the history of abortion argue that terminating a pregnancy wasn't always illegal—or even controversial.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+complex+early+history+of+abortion+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2022-05-22&rft.aulast=Blakemore&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Fthe-complex-early-history-of-abortion-in-the-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardin_1978-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hardin_1978_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardin_1978_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardin_1978_214-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardin1978" class="citation journal cs1">Hardin G (December 1978). "Abortion in America. The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800–1900. James C. Mohr". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 53 (4): 499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F410954">10.1086/410954</a>. <q>The long silence had led us to assume that opposition to abortion had existed from time immemorial. Not so: most of the opposition to, and all of the laws against, abortion arose in the 19th century. Historian Mohr amply documents the earlier acceptance of abortion. ... In the 19th century even many of the feminists expressed horror at abortion, urging abstinence instead. Not so in the 20th century. In the 19th century the medical profession was fairly united against abortion; Mohr argues that this arose from the commercial competition between the 'regulars' (men with M.D.'s) and the irregulars (women without M.D.'s). ... A key role in generating prohibition laws was played by the press, ... . By 1900 the abortion-prohibition laws were immune to questioning, as they remained until the 1960's when feminists and a new breed of physicians combined to arouse the public to the injustice of the law. ... the Roe v. Wade decision of the Supreme Court ... essentially returned the practice of abortion to the permissive state ante 1820.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Abortion+in+America.+The+Origins+and+Evolution+of+National+Policy%2C+1800%E2%80%931900.+James+C.+Mohr&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=499&rft.date=1978-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F410954&rft.aulast=Hardin&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcevedo1979" class="citation journal cs1">Acevedo ZP (Summer 1979). "Abortion in early America". Women Health. 4 (2): 159–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ013v04n02_05">10.1300/J013v04n02_05</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10297561">10297561</a>. <q>This piece describes abortion practices in use from the 1600s to the 19th century among the inhabitants of North America. The abortive techniques of women from different ethnic and racial groups as found in historical literature are revealed. Thus, the point is made that abortion is not simply a 'now issue' that effects select women. Instead, it is demonstrated that it is a widespread practice as solidly rooted in our past as it is in the present.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+Health&rft.atitle=Abortion+in+early+America&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-167&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ013v04n02_05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10297561&rft.aulast=Acevedo&rft.aufirst=ZP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alford_2003-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alford_2003_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alford_2003_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alford_2003_216-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlford2003" class="citation journal cs1">Alford S (2003). "Is Self-Abortion a Fundamental Right?". Duke Law Journal. 52 (5): 1011–1029. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1373127">1373127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12964572">12964572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Is+Self-Abortion+a+Fundamental+Right%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1011-1029&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1373127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12964572&rft.aulast=Alford&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDine2013" class="citation web cs1">Dine R (8 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/article/scarlet-letters-getting-the-history-of-abortion-and-contraception-right/">"Scarlet Letters: Getting the History of Abortion and Contraception Right"</a>. Center for American Progress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220728035809/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/scarlet-letters-getting-the-history-of-abortion-and-contraception-right/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scarlet+Letters%3A+Getting+the+History+of+Abortion+and+Contraception+Right&rft.pub=Center+for+American+Progress&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft.aulast=Dine&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Farticle%2Fscarlet-letters-getting-the-history-of-abortion-and-contraception-right%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagan2022" class="citation web cs1">Reagan LJ (2 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/02/alitos-anti-roe-argument-wrong-00036174">"What Alito Gets Wrong About the History of Abortion in America"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623133238/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/02/alitos-anti-roe-argument-wrong-00036174">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=What+Alito+Gets+Wrong+About+the+History+of+Abortion+in+America&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft.aulast=Reagan&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2022%2F06%2F02%2Falitos-anti-roe-argument-wrong-00036174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoot2022" class="citation news cs1">Root D (23 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2022/06/23/unenumerated-rights-and-roe-v-wade/">"Alito's Leaked Abortion Opinion Misunderstands Unenumerated Rights"</a>. Reason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727180438/https://reason.com/2022/06/23/unenumerated-rights-and-roe-v-wade/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Alito%27s+Leaked+Abortion+Opinion+Misunderstands+Unenumerated+Rights&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft.aulast=Root&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2022%2F06%2F23%2Funenumerated-rights-and-roe-v-wade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr1978" class="citation book cs1">Mohr JC (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortioninameric00mohr/page/35">Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortioninameric00mohr/page/35">35–36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502616-0"><bdi>978-0-19-502616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion+in+America%3A+The+Origins+and+Evolution+of+National+Policy&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502616-0&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=JC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabortioninameric00mohr%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulLichtenbergBorgattaGrimes2009" class="citation book cs1">Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD, Joffe C (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/62/14051769/1405176962.pdf">"Abortion and Medicine: A Sociopolitical History"</a> (PDF). Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy (1st ed.). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1293-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1293-5"><bdi>978-1-4443-1293-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15895486W">15895486W</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119025652/http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/62/14051769/1405176962.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abortion+and+Medicine%3A+A+Sociopolitical+History&rft.btitle=Management+of+Unintended+and+Abnormal+Pregnancy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL15895486W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1293-5&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Lichtenberg%2C+ES&rft.au=Borgatta%2C+L&rft.au=Grimes%2C+DA&rft.au=Stubblefield%2C+PG&rft.au=Creinin%2C+MD&rft.au=Joffe%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.wiley.com%2Fproduct_data%2Fexcerpt%2F62%2F14051769%2F1405176962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDannenfelser2015" class="citation news cs1">Dannenfelser M (4 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4093214/suffragettes-abortion/">"The Suffragettes Would Not Agree With Feminists Today on Abortion"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106015742/http://time.com/4093214/suffragettes-abortion/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Suffragettes+Would+Not+Agree+With+Feminists+Today+on+Abortion&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.aulast=Dannenfelser&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4093214%2Fsuffragettes-abortion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuels_&_Potts_2022-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels_&_Potts_2022_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels_&_Potts_2022_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelsPotts2022" class="citation web cs1">Samuels A, Potts M (25 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-fight-to-ban-abortion-is-rooted-in-the-great-replacement-theory/">"How The Fight To Ban Abortion Is Rooted In The 'Great Replacement' Theory"</a>. FiveThirtyEight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725234312/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-fight-to-ban-abortion-is-rooted-in-the-great-replacement-theory/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight&rft.atitle=How+The+Fight+To+Ban+Abortion+Is+Rooted+In+The+%27Great+Replacement%27+Theory&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Potts%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fhow-the-fight-to-ban-abortion-is-rooted-in-the-great-replacement-theory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR_2022-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_2022_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_2022_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdeltathArabloueiCaineKaplan-Levenson" class="citation news cs1">Abdeltath R, Arablouei R, Caine J, Kaplan-Levenson L, Wu L, Yvellez V, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099795225/before-roe-the-physicians-crusade">"Before Roe: The Physicians' Crusade"</a>. Throughline. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726150545/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099795225/before-roe-the-physicians-crusade">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Throughline&rft.atitle=Before+Roe%3A+The+Physicians%27+Crusade&rft.aulast=Abdeltath&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Arablouei%2C+R&rft.au=Caine%2C+J&rft.au=Kaplan-Levenson%2C+L&rft.au=Wu%2C+L&rft.au=Yvellez%2C+V&rft.au=Miner%2C+C&rft.au=Sangweni%2C+Y&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+A&rft.au=George%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F05%2F18%2F1099795225%2Fbefore-roe-the-physicians-crusade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2009" class="citation book cs1">Poole WS (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sataninamericade0000pool">Satan in America: The Devil We Know</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6171-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6171-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satan+in+America%3A+The+Devil+We+Know&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6171-7&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=W.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsataninamericade0000pool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson C (2 November 2020). "Nostalgia, Entitlement and Victimhood: The Synergy of White Genocide and Misogyny". Terrorism and Political Violence. 34 (8). 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"Report of a Trial for Murder". American Journal of the Medical Sciences. XXII: 351–353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+the+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Report+of+a+Trial+for+Murder&rft.volume=XXII&rft.pages=351-353&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Benjamin Bailey, "Induction of abortion and premature labor", North American Journal of Homeopathy, vol. XI, no. 3 (1896), pp. 144–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Keith Simpson, Forensic Medicine, Edward Arnold Publishers, 1969 [first published 1947], pp. 173–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullough_2001_p._5-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_2001_p._5_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullough2001" class="citation book cs1">Bullough V (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuX-MGTZnJoC&pg=PA5">Encyclopedia of Birth Control</a>. ABC-CLIO E-Books. ABC-CLIO. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-181-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-181-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124173418/https://books.google.com/books?id=XuX-MGTZnJoC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Birth+Control&rft.series=ABC-CLIO+E-Books&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-181-6&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=V.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuX-MGTZnJoC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raphael_2011_p._30-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Raphael_2011_p._30_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael2011" class="citation book cs1">Raphael D (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=84hyfRRHeakC&pg=PA30">Being Female: Reproduction, Power, and Change</a>. World Anthropology. De Gruyter. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081312-8"><bdi>978-3-11-081312-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124173418/https://books.google.com/books?id=84hyfRRHeakC&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Female%3A+Reproduction%2C+Power%2C+and+Change&rft.series=World+Anthropology&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081312-8&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D84hyfRRHeakC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbctrust-235"><a href="#cite_ref-cbctrust_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080208053146/http://www.cbctrust.com/history_law_religion.php">"Abortion Law, History & Religion"</a>. Childbirth By Choice Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbctrust.com/history_law_religion.php">the original</a> on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortion+Law%2C+History+%26+Religion&rft.pub=Childbirth+By+Choice+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbctrust.com%2Fhistory_law_religion.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> For sources describing abortion policy in Nazi Germany, see: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlander1995" class="citation book cs1">Friedlander H (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC">The origins of Nazi genocide: from euthanasia to the final solution</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4675-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4675-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-4675-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60191622">60191622</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729051956/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Nazi+genocide%3A+from+euthanasia+to+the+final+solution&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60191622&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4675-9&rft.aulast=Friedlander&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqLDEKVk2nMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProctor1988" class="citation book cs1">Proctor RN (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialhygiene00robe/page/122">Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialhygiene00robe/page/122">122–123, 366</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74578-0"><bdi>978-0-674-74578-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20760638">20760638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+Hygiene%3A+Medicine+Under+the+Nazis&rft.pages=122-123%2C+366&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20760638&rft.isbn=978-0-674-74578-0&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=RN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracialhygiene00robe%2Fpage%2F122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnotUsborne1999" class="citation book cs1">Arnot ML, Usborne C (1999). Gender and Crime in Modern Europe. New York: Routledge. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-745-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-745-5"><bdi>978-1-85728-745-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186748539">186748539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Crime+in+Modern+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186748539&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-745-5&rft.aulast=Arnot&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=Usborne%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiMeglio1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">DiMeglio PM (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQLqRd7hJq0C">"Germany 1933–1945 (National Socialism)"</a>. In Tierney H (ed.). Women's Studies Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 589. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31072-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31072-0"><bdi>978-0-313-31072-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38504469">38504469</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015195038/https://books.google.com/books?id=gQLqRd7hJq0C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany+1933%E2%80%931945+%28National+Socialism%29&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Studies+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=589&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38504469&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31072-0&rft.aulast=DiMeglio&rft.aufirst=PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQLqRd7hJq0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYe_Hee_Lee2022" class="citation news cs1">Ye Hee Lee M (14 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/14/japan-abortion-pill-women-reproductive-rights/">"In Japan, Abortion is Legal — But Most Women Need Their Husband's Consent"</a>. Retrieved 16 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Japan%2C+Abortion+is+Legal+%E2%80%94+But+Most+Women+Need+Their+Husband%27s+Consent&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft.aulast=Ye+Hee+Lee&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F06%2F14%2Fjapan-abortion-pill-women-reproductive-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wingfield-Hayes_8/31/2022-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Wingfield-Hayes_8/31/2022_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingfield-Hayes2022" class="citation web cs1">Wingfield-Hayes R (31 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62515356">"Abortion pill: Why Japanese women will need their partner's consent to get a tablet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305214443/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62515356">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023. <q>It was actually one of the first countries in the world to pass an abortion law, back in 1948. But it was part of the Eugenics Protection Law – yes, it really was called that. It had nothing to do with giving women more control over their reproductive health. Rather, it was about preventing 'inferior' births. ... So, to this day, women who want an abortion must get written permission from their husband, partner, or in some cases their boyfriend. ... Unlike the US, Japanese views on abortion are not driven by religious belief. Instead, they derive from a long history of patriarchy and deeply traditional views on the role of women and motherhood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Abortion+pill%3A+Why+Japanese+women+will+need+their+partner%27s+consent+to+get+a+tablet&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft.aulast=Wingfield-Hayes&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-62515356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2010" class="citation book cs1">Farrell C (2010). Abortion Debate. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/a1/">the original</a> on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMA+Declaration+on+Therapeutic+Abortion&rft.pub=World+Medical+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wma.net%2Fen%2F30publications%2F10policies%2Fa1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Farrell, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyceHenshawDennisFiner2009" class="citation web cs1">Joyce TJ, Henshaw SK, Dennis A, Finer LB, Blanchard K (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316155239/http://internationalfamilyplanningperspectives.org/pubs/MandatoryCounseling.pdf">"The Impact of State Mandatory Counseling and Waiting Period Laws on Abortion: A Literature Review"</a> (PDF). Guttmacher Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internationalfamilyplanningperspectives.org/pubs/MandatoryCounseling.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+State+Mandatory+Counseling+and+Waiting+Period+Laws+on+Abortion%3A+A+Literature+Review&rft.pub=Guttmacher+Institute&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Henshaw%2C+SK&rft.au=Dennis%2C+A&rft.au=Finer%2C+LB&rft.au=Blanchard%2C+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternationalfamilyplanningperspectives.org%2Fpubs%2FMandatoryCounseling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2015" class="citation news cs1">Phillips T (29 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/29/china-abandons-one-child-policy">"China ends one-child policy after 35 years"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201021629/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/29/china-abandons-one-child-policy">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China+ends+one-child+policy+after+35+years&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Foct%2F29%2Fchina-abandons-one-child-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-58277473">"China NPC: Three-child policy formally passed into law"</a>. 20 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629190816/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-58277473">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022. 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Oxford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514193-1"><bdi>978-0-19-514193-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315111926/http://books.google.com/books?id=A8C3m8rRba4C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Society%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514193-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8C3m8rRba4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417033829/http://www.ipas.org/Library/News/News_Items/European_delegation_visits_Nicaragua_to_examine_effects_of_abortion_ban.aspx">"European delegation visits Nicaragua to examine effects of abortion ban"</a>. Ipas. 26 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipas.org/Library/News/News_Items/European_delegation_visits_Nicaragua_to_examine_effects_of_abortion_ban.aspx">the original</a> on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2009. <q>More than 82 maternal deaths had been registered in Nicaragua since the change. During this same period, indirect obstetric deaths, or deaths caused by illnesses aggravated by the normal effects of pregnancy and not due to direct obstetric causes, have doubled.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+delegation+visits+Nicaragua+to+examine+effects+of+abortion+ban&rft.pub=Ipas&rft.date=2007-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipas.org%2FLibrary%2FNews%2FNews_Items%2FEuropean_delegation_visits_Nicaragua_to_examine_effects_of_abortion_ban.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insidecostarica.com/special_reports/2008-06/nicaragua_womens_movement.htm">"Nicaragua: 'The Women's Movement Is in Opposition'"</a>. 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Human Evolution. 3 (4): 297–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02435859">10.1007/BF02435859</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84849590">84849590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Abortions+in+free+ranging+Hanuman+langurs+%28Presbytis+entellus%29+%E2%80%93+a+male+induced+strategy%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=297-308&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02435859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84849590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Agoramoorthy&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Mohnot%2C+SM&rft.au=Sommer%2C+V&rft.au=Srivastava%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement#Further_reading" title="United States anti-abortion movement">United States anti-abortion movement § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppens1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Coppens C (1907). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Abortion">"Abortion" </a>. In Herbermann C (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abortion&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Coppens&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereux1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Devereux" title="George Devereux">Devereux G</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studyofabortioni00deve">A Study of Abortion in Primitive Societies</a>. International Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8236-6245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8236-6245-6"><bdi>978-0-8236-6245-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+Abortion+in+Primitive+Societies&rft.pub=International+Universities+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8236-6245-6&rft.aulast=Devereux&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudyofabortioni00deve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoan2007" class="citation book cs1">Doan AE (2007). Opposition and Intimidation: The abortion wars and strategies of political harassment. 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Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 92 (3): 155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.14.136333">10.2471/BLT.14.136333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3949603">3949603</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24700971">24700971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=From+concept+to+measurement%3A+operationalizing+WHO%27s+definition+of+unsafe+abortion&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3949603%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24700971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2471%2FBLT.14.136333&rft.aulast=Ganatra&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Tun%C3%A7alp%2C+%C3%96&rft.au=Johnston%2C+HB&rft.au=Johnson%2C+BR&rft.au=G%C3%BClmezoglu%2C+AM&rft.au=Temmerman%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3949603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann1995" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann B (1995). 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Lancet. 388 (10041): 258–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2930380-4">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30380-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5498988">5498988</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27179755">27179755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Abortion+incidence+between+1990+and+2014%3A+global%2C+regional%2C+and+subregional+levels+and+trends&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=10041&rft.pages=258-267&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5498988%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27179755&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2930380-4&rft.aulast=Sedgh&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Bearak%2C+J&rft.au=Singh%2C+S&rft.au=Bankole%2C+A&rft.au=Popinchalk%2C+A&rft.au=Ganatra%2C+B&rft.au=Rossier%2C+C&rft.au=Gerdts%2C+C&rft.au=Tun%C3%A7alp%2C+%C3%96&rft.au=Johnson%2C+BR&rft.au=Johnston%2C+HB&rft.au=Alkema%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5498988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTine_Mette_Gammeltoft2018" class="citation journal cs1">Tine Mette Gammeltoft (4 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1490">"Abortion"</a>. 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Population Division, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Economic and Social Affairs">Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050111012745/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/macedonia.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2005. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion+Policies%3A+A+Global+Review+3+vols.&rft.pub=Population+Division%2C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+United+Nations&rft.date=2002&rft.au=UN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fabortion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050413194036/http://www.who.int/whr/2005/en/">The World Health Report 2005: Make every mother and child count</a>. Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-4-156290-0" title="Special:BookSources/92-4-156290-0"><bdi>92-4-156290-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/whr/2005/en/">the original</a> on 13 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Health+Report+2005%3A+Make+every+mother+and+child+count&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=92-4-156290-0&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwhr%2F2005%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70914/1/9789241548434_eng.pdf?ua=1">Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154843-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154843-4"><bdi>978-92-4-154843-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116223512/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70914/1/9789241548434_eng.pdf?ua=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safe+abortion%3A+technical+and+policy+guidance+for+health+systems&rft.place=Geneva&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-92-4-154843-4&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2F10665%2F70914%2F1%2F9789241548434_eng.pdf%3Fua%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2016a" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://srhr.org/safeabortion/">"Health worker roles in providing safe abortion care and post-abortion contraception"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150415/http://srhr.org/safeabortion/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+worker+roles+in+providing+safe+abortion+care+and+post-abortion+contraception&rft.date=2016&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrhr.org%2Fsafeabortion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Abortion">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Abortion&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q8452" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q8452">Abortion</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/abortion">WHO fact sheet on abortion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/173586/WHO_RHR_15.04_eng.pdf;jsessionid=A45A2A52E41EF59E9E71A08430BF4DA0?sequence=1">Safe abortion: Technical & policy guidance for health systems</a>, World Health Organization (2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018012623/https://www.guideline.gov/summaries/summary/47346/firsttrimester-abortion-in-women-with-medical-conditions?q=Women">First-trimester abortion in women with medical 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion" title="Template:Abortion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion" title="Template talk:Abortion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abortion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_abortion" title="Definitions of abortion">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion" title="History of abortion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methods_of_abortion" title="Category:Methods of abortion">Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">Abortion debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_aspects_of_the_abortion_debate" title="Philosophical aspects of the abortion debate">Philosophical aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_mental_health" title="Abortion and mental health">Abortion and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_human_personhood" title="Beginning of human personhood">Beginning of human personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy" title="Beginning of pregnancy controversy">Beginning of pregnancy controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion%E2%80%93breast_cancer_hypothesis" title="Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis">Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_under_communism" title="Abortion under communism">Abortion under communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center" title="Crisis pregnancy center">Crisis pregnancy center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_aspects_of_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical aspects of abortion">Ethical aspects of abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_abortion" title="Genetics and abortion">Genetics and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalized_abortion_and_crime_effect" title="Legalized abortion and crime effect">Legalized abortion and crime effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Libertarian perspectives on abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_of_viability" class="mw-redirect" title="Limit of viability">Limit of viability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's rights">Men's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">Post-abortion care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_counseling" title="Sidewalk counseling">Sidewalk counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_towards_abortion" title="Societal attitudes towards abortion">Societal attitudes towards abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Socialist perspectives on abortion">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termination_for_medical_reasons" title="Termination for medical reasons">Termination for medical reasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_abortion" title="Toxic abortion">Toxic abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Algeria" title="Abortion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Angola" title="Abortion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Benin" title="Abortion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Botswana" title="Abortion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Abortion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cameroon" title="Abortion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Abortion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Abortion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chad" title="Abortion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Comoros" title="Abortion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Abortion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Eswatini" title="Abortion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Gabon" title="Abortion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Gambia" title="Abortion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guinea" title="Abortion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kenya" title="Abortion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lesotho" title="Abortion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia" title="Abortion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Madagascar" title="Abortion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malawi" title="Abortion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Namibia" title="Abortion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal" title="Abortion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Seychelles" title="Abortion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Abortion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Africa" title="Abortion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tanzania" title="Abortion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Togo" title="Abortion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uganda" title="Abortion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zambia" title="Abortion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Abortion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Afghanistan" title="Abortion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Armenia" title="Abortion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bahrain" title="Abortion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bangladesh" title="Abortion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bhutan" title="Abortion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brunei" title="Abortion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cambodia" title="Abortion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_East_Timor" title="Abortion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Abortion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iran" title="Abortion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Korea" title="Abortion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Korea" title="Abortion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Laos" title="Abortion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Qatar" title="Abortion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Singapore" title="Abortion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Taiwan" title="Abortion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Turkey" title="Abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vietnam" title="Abortion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Yemen" title="Abortion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Europe" title="Abortion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Andorra" title="Abortion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria" title="Abortion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belarus" title="Abortion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Abortion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bulgaria" title="Abortion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Croatia" title="Abortion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Denmark" title="Abortion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Estonia" title="Abortion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Germany" title="Abortion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hungary" title="Abortion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy" title="Abortion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Latvia" title="Abortion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Abortion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lithuania" title="Abortion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Luxembourg" title="Abortion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malta" title="Abortion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Moldova" title="Abortion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Monaco" title="Abortion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Montenegro" title="Abortion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Abortion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Norway" title="Abortion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Poland" title="Abortion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Portugal" title="Abortion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_San_Marino" title="Abortion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Serbia" title="Abortion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovakia" title="Abortion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovenia" title="Abortion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Abortion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belize" title="Abortion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Abortion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cuba" title="Abortion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Abortion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guatemala" title="Abortion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Honduras" title="Abortion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nicaragua" title="Abortion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Panama" title="Abortion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Abortion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Abortion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Fiji" title="Abortion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kiribati" title="Abortion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Abortion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Abortion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Samoa" title="Abortion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Abortion in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tonga" title="Abortion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tuvalu" title="Abortion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vanuatu" title="Abortion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina" title="Abortion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bolivia" title="Abortion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chile" title="Abortion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ecuador" title="Abortion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guyana" title="Abortion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Paraguay" title="Abortion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Suriname" title="Abortion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uruguay" title="Abortion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Venezuela" title="Abortion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_case_law" title="Category:Abortion case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_constitutional_law" title="Category:Abortion constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion#Legal:_History_of_abortion_law" title="History of abortion">History of abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law#National_laws" title="Abortion law">Laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_protection_of_access_to_abortion" title="Legal protection of access to abortion">Buffer zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_abortion" title="Conscientious objection to abortion">Conscientious objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-week_abortion_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-week abortion ban">Six-week bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent#Abortion" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion#Legal_restrictions_on_later_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Parental involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion#Men_and_abortion_in_law" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Spousal consent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">Vacuum aspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">Dilation and evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">Dilation and curettage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">Intact D&X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy_abortion" title="Hysterotomy abortion">Hysterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instillation_abortion" title="Instillation abortion">Instillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_extraction" title="Menstrual extraction">Menstrual extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">Medical abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">Abortifacient drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_abortion" title="Buddhism and abortion">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_abortion" title="Hinduism and abortion">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_abortion" title="Islam and abortion">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_abortion" title="Scientology and abortion">Scientology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion" title="Category:Abortion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x18px_Women&#039;s_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women%27s_health" title="Template:Women's health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women%27s_health" title="Template talk:Women's health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women%27s_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women's health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x18px_Women&#039;s_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_health_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/12px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/18px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/24px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="412" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Reproductive health</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Reproductive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">External female genitalia (vulva)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">Clitoral hood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenatal care">Antenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent pregnancy">Adolescent pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">Preeclampsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">Midwifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_births" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple births">Multiple births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructed labor">Obstructed labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesarian_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarian section">Cesarian section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_placenta" title="Retained placenta">Retained placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_fistulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrical fistulae">Obstetrical fistulae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicovaginal_fistula" title="Vesicovaginal fistula">Vesicovaginal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectovaginal_fistula" title="Rectovaginal fistula">Rectovaginal fistula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband_stitch" title="Husband stitch">Husband stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal deaths">Maternal deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirths" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillbirths">Stillbirths</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother-to-child_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-to-child transmission">Mother-to-child transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilization">Sterilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_life_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive life plan">Reproductive life plan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">Childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fostering">Fostering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">Oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive prevalence">Contraceptive prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_parenthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned parenthood">Planned parenthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual aids">Menstrual aids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">Sanitary pad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">Amenorrhoea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">Hormone replacement therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sexual health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexually_transmittedinfections" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">Sexually transmitted infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papilloma_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papilloma virus">Human papilloma virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoridectomy" title="Clitoridectomy">Clitoridectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_binding" title="Breast binding">Breast binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast health">Breast health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecological disorders">Gynaecological disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Leblouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Non-reproductive health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Violence_against_women" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_during_childbirth" title="Abuse during childbirth">Abuse during childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">Gender discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-communicable diseases">Non-communicable diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancer" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterine cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papanicolaou_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Papanicolaou test">Papanicolaou test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_health" title="Bone health">Bone health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">Anaemia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">Urinary tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sociocultural factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare inequality">Healthcare inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">Gender disparities in health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Politics, research and advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_elimination_of_violence_against_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the elimination of violence against women">Declaration on the elimination of violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">International Day of the Girl Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Research_on_Women%27s_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research on Women's Health">Office of Research on Women's Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurses%27_Health_Study" title="Nurses' Health Study">Nurses' Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Women%27s_Health_Study" title="Black Women's Health Study">Black Women's Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartwright_Inquiry" title="Cartwright Inquiry">Cartwright Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Women%27s_Health_Research" title="Society for Women's Health Research">Society for Women's Health Research</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Women's health by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_Russia" title="Women's reproductive health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control in the United States</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" title="Category:Women's health">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Women's health">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women%27s_Health" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Women's Health">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pregnancy" title="Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pregnancy" title="Template talk:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_family_planning" title="Natural family planning">Natural family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception counseling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Conception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">fertility medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner-assisted_reproduction" title="Partner-assisted reproduction">partner-assisted reproduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">Pregnancy test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HCG_pregnancy_strip_test" class="mw-redirect" title="HCG pregnancy strip test">home testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Medical imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_pregnancy" title="Cervical pregnancy">Cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_pregnancy" title="Cryptic pregnancy">Cryptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pregnancy" title="Abdominal pregnancy">Abdominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopic_pregnancy" title="Heterotopic pregnancy">Heterotopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_pregnancy" title="Molar pregnancy">Molar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_pregnancy" title="Ovarian pregnancy">Ovarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_pregnancy" title="Interstitial pregnancy">Interstitial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudimentary_horn_pregnancy" title="Rudimentary horn pregnancy">Rudimentary horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_method_of_natural_childbirth" title="Bradley method of natural childbirth">Bradley method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy_in_childbirth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnotherapy in childbirth">Hypnobirthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaze_technique" title="Lamaze technique">Lamaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Nesting instinct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Newborn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_attendant" title="Birth attendant">Birth attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_role_in_childbirth" title="Men's role in childbirth">Men's roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">Midwife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_nurse_midwife" title="Auxiliary nurse midwife">Auxiliary nurse midwife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_nursing" title="Obstetrical nursing">Perinatal nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_birth_attendant" title="Traditional birth attendant">Traditional birth attendant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvimetry" title="Pelvimetry">Pelvimetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishop_score" title="Bishop score">Bishop score</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_dilation" title="Cervical dilation">cervical dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_effacement" title="Cervical effacement">cervical effacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_(obstetrics)" title="Position (obstetrics)">position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_show" title="Bloody show">Bloody show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction" title="Uterine contraction">Uterine contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_delivery" title="Vaginal delivery">Vaginal delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">Presentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">breech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalic_presentation" title="Cephalic presentation">cephalic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">shoulder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupture_of_membranes" title="Rupture of membranes">Rupture of membranes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_positions" title="Childbirth positions">Childbirth positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_birth" title="Home birth">Home birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">Labor induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_birth" title="Multiple birth">Multiple birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_childbirth" title="Natural childbirth">Natural childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_birth" title="Silent birth">Silent birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unassisted_childbirth" title="Unassisted childbirth">Unassisted childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_birth" title="Water birth">Water birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_expulsion" title="Placental expulsion">Placental expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prenatal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">Amniotic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_sac" title="Amniotic sac">Amniotic sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundal_height" title="Fundal height">Fundal height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">Gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_physiological_changes_in_pregnancy" title="Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy">Maternal physiological changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">Care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li>Nutrition <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicants_and_fetal_development" title="Environmental toxicants and fetal development">environmental toxicants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">in pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_nutrition" title="Prenatal nutrition">prenatal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_depression" title="Antenatal depression">Prenatal depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization_during_pregnancy" title="Immunization during pregnancy">Immunization</a></li> <li>Concomitant conditions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_in_pregnancy" title="Anemia in pregnancy">Anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercoagulability_in_pregnancy" title="Hypercoagulability in pregnancy">Hypercoagulability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Substance use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioids_and_pregnancy" title="Opioids and pregnancy">Opioids</a></li></ul></li> <li>Endocrine diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_and_pregnancy" title="Diabetes and pregnancy">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Thyroid disease in pregnancy">Thyroid disease</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liver diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_fatty_liver_of_pregnancy" title="Acute fatty liver of pregnancy">Acute fatty liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">Intrahepatic cholestasis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Infections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCV_in_children_and_pregnancy" title="HCV in children and pregnancy">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy-associated_malaria" title="Pregnancy-associated malaria">Malaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Skin diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_and_pregnancy" title="Lupus and pregnancy">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritic_folliculitis_of_pregnancy" title="Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy">Pruritic folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatoses_of_pregnancy" title="Dermatoses of pregnancy">Dermatoses</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora_in_pregnancy" title="Vaginal flora in pregnancy">Vaginal flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy">Motor vehicle emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Pre-existing disease in pregnancy">Pre-existing disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_and_sleep" title="Pregnancy and sleep">Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">Amniocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling" title="Chorionic villus sampling">Chorionic villus sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonstress_test" title="Nonstress test">Nonstress test</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">Postpartum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lochia" title="Lochia">Lochia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_after_pregnancy" title="Sex after pregnancy">Sex after pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Psychiatric disorders of childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_visitor" title="Health visitor">Health visitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation_consultant" title="Lactation consultant">Lactation consultant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_nurse" title="Monthly nurse">Monthly nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny#Maternity_nurse_/_newborn_care_specialists_/_confinement_nanny" title="Nanny">Confinement nanny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life" title="Adaptation to extrauterine life">Adaptation to extrauterine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apgar_score" title="Apgar score">Apgar score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">Congenital disorders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstetric history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Substantive_human_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template talk:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">Legal aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Fair remuneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_reply" title="Right of reply">Right of reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">Right to social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Right to water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_and_reproductive_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_reproductive_health" title="Template:Human reproductive health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_reproductive_health" title="Template talk:Human reproductive health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_reproductive_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human reproductive health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_and_reproductive_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive Justice">Reproductive Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity#Genital_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Genital integrity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversies" title="Circumcision controversies">Circumcision controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">Genetic counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception counseling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">Childfreeness</a>/<a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_spacing" title="Birth spacing">Birth spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm theft">Sperm theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birth_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth Control">Contraception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">Sterilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracytoplasmic_sperm_injection" title="Intracytoplasmic sperm injection">ICSI</a></li> <li>Gamete Cryopreservation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_cryopreservation" title="Oocyte cryopreservation">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_cryopreservation" title="Semen cryopreservation">Sperm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_bank" title="Sperm bank">Sperm bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility fraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_health" title="Men's health">Men's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulvovaginal_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulvovaginal health">vulvovaginal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_sexual_risk_behaviors" title="Self-report sexual risk behaviors">self-report sexual risk behaviors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_options_counseling" title="Pregnancy options counseling">Options counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy from rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnant_patients%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant patients' rights">Pregnant patients' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">Teenage pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Precocious_puberty_and_pregnancy" title="Category:Precocious puberty and pregnancy">Precocious puberty and pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Genitourinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_sex_development" title="Disorders of sex development">Disorders of sex development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_health_clinic" title="Sexual health clinic">clinic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_Iran" title="Family planning in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraception_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Contraception in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_Pakistan" title="Family planning in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_Parenthood_and_Reproductive_Health_Act_of_2012" title="Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom">teen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_the_United_States" title="Family planning in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_the_United_States" title="Teenage pregnancy in the United States">teen pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">birth control</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_condoms" title="History of condoms">History of condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_reproductive_rights_legislation" title="Timeline of reproductive rights legislation">Timeline of reproductive rights legislation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-child_policy" title="Three-child policy">Three-child policy</a></li> <li>Financial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_bonus" title="Baby bonus">baby bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_tax" title="Bachelor tax">bachelor tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_benefit" title="Child benefit">child benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_on_childlessness" title="Tax on childlessness">tax on childlessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birth_control_methods" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birth_control_methods" title="Template:Birth control methods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birth_control_methods" title="Template talk:Birth control methods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birth_control_methods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birth control methods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birth_control_methods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods" title="Comparison of birth control methods">Comparison of birth control methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Preventing sexually-transmitted infections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control#Approval" title="Birth control">Over-the-counter oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_formulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptive formulations">Oral contraceptive formulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long-acting_reversible_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-acting reversible contraception">Long-acting reversible contraception</a> (LARC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hormonal_IUD" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal IUD">Hormonal IUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_IUD" title="Copper IUD">Copper IUD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">Contraceptive implant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nexplanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexplanon">Etonogestrel implant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_implant" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel implant">Levonorgestrel implant</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">Sterilization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">Tubal ligation</a> (female)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">Vasectomy</a> (male)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception#Combined" title="Hormonal contraception">Combined estrogen–progestogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">Oral pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_hormonal_contraceptive" title="Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive">Extended cycle Pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">Contraceptive patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_injectable_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined injectable contraceptive">Monthly injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel" title="Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel">Vaginal ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_contraception" title="Progestogen-only contraception">Progestogen-only</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_injectable_contraceptive" title="Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive">Multi-month injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_pill" title="Progestogen-only pill">Progestogen-only pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_vaginal_ring" title="Progesterone vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">SERMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ormeloxifene" title="Ormeloxifene">Ormeloxifene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barrier_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier contraception">Barrier Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">External condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">Internal condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cap" title="Cervical cap">Cervical cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(birth_control)" title="Diaphragm (birth control)">Diaphragm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_sponge" title="Contraceptive sponge">Contraceptive sponge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Contraception">Emergency Contraception</a> (Post-intercourse)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_IUD#Emergency_contraception" title="Copper IUD">Copper IUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel#Emergency_birth_control" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone#Other" title="Mifepristone">Low-dose mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzpe_regimen" title="Yuzpe regimen">Yuzpe regimen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spermicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermicides">Spermicides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid/citric_acid/potassium_bitartrate" title="Lactic acid/citric acid/potassium bitartrate">Vaginal pH modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonoxynol-9" title="Nonoxynol-9">Nonoxynol-9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavioral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Including <a href="/wiki/Penile-vaginal_intercourse" title="Penile-vaginal intercourse">vaginal intercourse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea#Use_as_birth_control" title="Lactational amenorrhea">Breastfeeding method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar-based_contraceptive_methods" title="Calendar-based contraceptive methods">Calendar (rhythm) methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coitus_interruptus" title="Coitus interruptus">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Avoiding <a href="/wiki/Penile-vaginal_intercourse" title="Penile-vaginal intercourse">vaginal intercourse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Abstinence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive#Research_into_new_methods" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptives in development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, 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.sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Abortion at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Abortion" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Abortion">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abortion" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Abortion">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Abortion" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Abortion">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Abortion" class="extiw" title="q:Abortion">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Abortion" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Abortion">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Abortion" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Abortion">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8452#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8452#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8452#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/794582/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4053732-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85000196">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568524">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114787&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524423">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292966705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007977">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639595">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42194">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cocuk-dusurme">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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4.80% 163.980 17 Template:Navbox"," 3.93% 134.207 1 Template:Subject_bar"," 3.29% 112.311 4 Template:Refn"," 3.24% 110.583 2 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.255","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13053271,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbbasChongRaymond2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbdeltathArabloueiCaineKaplan-Levenson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAcevedo1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAchillesReeves2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamsFetterplaceDavisTaylor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgoramoorthyMohnotSommerSrivastava1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlford2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllenSingh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnnasElias2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnnasGJElias2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAristotele1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnotUsborne1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAverbachSeidmanSteinauerDarney2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBankoleSinghHaas1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnardKimParkNgo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlettBergShulmanZane2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBateman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatesZawadzki1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBest2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakemore2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloom2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolandKatzive2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorgatta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorgattaKapp2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullough2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCansinoDennyCarlisleStubblefield2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrick2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenter_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaeDesaiCrowellSedgh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenCreinin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChienThomson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCigandaLaborde2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContiBrantShumakerReeves2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopelon1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoppens1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreininGemzell-Danielsson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCulwellVekemansde_SilvaHurwitz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunninghamLevenoBloomSpong2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDabashFarzaneh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDannenfelser2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas_Gupta2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDempsey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Health2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereux1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiMeglio1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDine2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon-MuellerGermain2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonnelly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDormanPerryPolisCampo-Engelstein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriscoll2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaúndesShah2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenigMishaeliKalishLishner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinerFrohwirthDauphineeSingh2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFinerHenshaw2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFjerstadSivinLichtenbergTrussell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedlander1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambirKimNecastroGanatra2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanatraTunçalp_ÖJohnstonJohnson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgian2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGershon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGisslerHeino2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomperts2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrahamLarsenXu1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimesBensonSinghRomero2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimesCreinin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddadNour2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammondChasen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardin1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmann1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealthwise2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenshaw1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimes1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmquistGilliam2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorvathSchreiber2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHullHofferHoffer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaniakGoldberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJauniauxKaminopetrosEl-Rafaey1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJermanJonesOnda2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewkesReesDicksonBrown2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstone2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesDarrochHenshaw2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesWitwerJerman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyceHenshawDennisFiner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKappWhyteTangJackson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKappvon_Hertzen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKestler-D\u0026#039;Amours2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhuly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimChoiAnChoi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrickTurner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoblitz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKortsmit2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulczycki\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert-Beatty2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLattMilnerKavanagh2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1838\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLermaShaw2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisShimabukuro2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiYauLeungPong2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohrFjerstadDesilvaLyus2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohrHayesGemzell-Danielsson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLozanoNaghaviForemanLim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclean2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasci2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayrWenSaw1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnonVoss1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeckstrothPaul2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedoffDennis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilgram2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMisra2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohr1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosesonJayaweeraEgwuatuGrosso2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosesonJayaweeraRaifmanKeefe-Oates2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosherJonesAbma2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMould1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyersBeckett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Abortion_Federation2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences_EngineeringHealth_Medicine_DivisionBoard_on_Health_Care_ServicesBoard_on_Population_Health_Public_Health_Practice2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNationsMisagoFonsecaCorreia1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNew2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNjaa2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoonan1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkonofua2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOster2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaolaWalkerLaCivita2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulLichtenbergBorgattaGrimes2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPetersenDavisGoodmanCox2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettusWillingham2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPluhacekBartoš2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPluhácekBartos2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoole2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Sixtus_V1588\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPottsGraffTaing2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPridemoreFreilich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProctor1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRalphSchwarzGrossmanFoster2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaphael2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymondGrimes2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRaymondGrossmanWeaverToti2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReagan2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFReaney\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRestivo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiddle1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoccaSamariFosterGould2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoche2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoot2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacconePerrieraBerghella2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalterJohnsonHengen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuelsPotts2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSardaSarriSiffel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawayaGradyKerlikowskeGrimes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchenker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneiderZainerKubatMullen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorgeSchafferHalvorsonHoffman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwagmeyer1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedghHenshawSinghAhman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedghHenshawSinghBankole2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedghSinghHenshawBankole2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedghSinghShahAhman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedgh_et_al2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahAhman2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSifris2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSolinger1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoranus1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperoffDarney2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinauerJacksonGrossman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStotland2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStovall2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraussGambleParkerCook2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubblefield2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStöppler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudhaIrudaya1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivanRumackThomasPeterson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaussig1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTempletonGrimes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapaRimalPreston2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNICEFUNFPAWHOWorld_Bank2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaughn2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVilainMouquet2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO2016a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO_Department_of_Reproductive_Health_and_Research2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiszSchiffLishner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestfallSophoclesBurggrafEllis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteCarrollGrossman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildschutBothMedemaThomee2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWill1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonLynxwiler1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWingfield-Hayes2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organisation2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYe_Hee_Lee2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangZhouShanLuo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÅhman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"Other_animals\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Abortion\"] = 1,\n [\"AbortionLawsMap\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth control methods\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite Catholic Encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 121,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 81,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"ICD10PCS\"] = 1,\n [\"ICD9\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox medical intervention\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Particular human rights\"] = 1,\n [\"Population\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pregnancy\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"Reproductive health\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 9,\n [\"Scholia\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Update section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Women's health\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Tine Mette Gammeltoft\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","18.6"],["?","260","11.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","9.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","6.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","60","2.7"],["[others]","580","25.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b5stz","timestamp":"20241124053151","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Abortion","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abortion","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8452","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8452","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-05T21:03:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T01:29:22Z","headline":"intentional ending of a pregnancy"}</script> </body> </html>