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<div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sunni Islam</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Sunni_Islam" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list minerva-icon-only-menu"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Sunni Islam<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsuːni/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: أهل السنة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Ahl as-Sunnah, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'The People of the Sunnah') is the largest <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">denomination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, followed by 87–90% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, and simultaneously the largest <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious denomination</a> in the world. The word Sunni refers to those who observe the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, referring to the traditions and practices of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The differences between Sunni and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslims</a> arose from a disagreement over the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">succession to Muhammad</a> and subsequently acquired broader political significance, as well as <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">theological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">juridical</a> dimensions.<a href="#cite_note-EMMENA-8">[7]</a> According to Sunni traditions, Muhammad left no successor and the participants of the <a href="/wiki/Saqifah_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah event">Saqifah event</a> elected <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EMMENA-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FitzpatrickWalkerP3-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> This contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_%CA%BFAl%C4%AB_(Shia_Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Succession of ʿAlī (Shia Islam)">Shia view</a>, which holds that Muhammad appointed his son-in-law and cousin <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Six_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Books">Six Books</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a> (juristic consensus), form the basis of all <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">traditional jurisprudence</a> within Sunni Islam. <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> rulings are derived from these basic sources, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">analogical reasoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istislah" title="Istislah">consideration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">public welfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">juristic discretion</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">principles of jurisprudence</a> developed by the traditional <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">legal schools</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hanafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafism">Hanafism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'ism">Shafi'ism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malikism" class="mw-redirect" title="Malikism">Malikism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalism">Hanbalism</a>. In matters of <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">creed</a>, the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of <a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">iman</a> (faith) and comprises the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a> schools of <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a> (theology) as well as the textualist <a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Athari</a> school. Sunnis regard the first four caliphs <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 632–634), <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 634–644), <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 644–656) and <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 656–661) as <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">rashidun</a> (rightly-guided) and revere the <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">sahaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabi'in">tabi'in</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">tabi al-tabi'in</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">salaf</a> (predecessors). <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Sunna">1.1 Sunna</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ahl_as-Sunna">1.2 Ahl as-Sunna</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ahl_as-Sunna_wa_l-Jam%C4%81%CA%BBah">1.3 Ahl as-Sunna wa l-Jamāʻah</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Transition_of_caliphate_into_dynastic_monarchy_of_Banu_Umayya">2.1 Transition of caliphate into dynastic monarchy of Banu Umayya</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Caliphate_and_the_dynastic_monarchy_of_Banu_Abb%C4%81s">2.2 Caliphate and the dynastic monarchy of Banu Abbās</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sunni_Islam_in_the_contemporary_era">2.3 Sunni Islam in the contemporary era</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Adherents">3 Adherents</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Three_group_doctrines">3.1 Three group doctrines</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Ash'ari">3.1.1 Ash'ari</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Maturidi">3.1.2 Maturidi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Athari">3.1.3 Athari</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Narrow_definition">3.2 Narrow definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Sunnism_in_general_and_in_a_specific_sense">3.3 Sunnism in general and in a specific sense</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Classification_of_the_Mu%CA%BFtazila">3.4 Classification of the Muʿtazila</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Mysticism">3.5 Mysticism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Jurisprudence">4 Jurisprudence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Schools">4.1 Schools</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Ahle_Sunnat_Barelvi">4.2 Ahle Sunnat Barelvi</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Pillars_of_iman">5 Pillars of iman</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#God">5.1 God</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Unity">5.1.1 Unity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Transcendence">5.1.2 Transcendence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Names_and_attributes">5.1.3 Names and attributes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Angels_and_other_spirits">5.2 Angels and other spirits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Books_of_God">5.3 Books of God</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Prophets">5.4 Prophets</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Messages">5.4.1 Messages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Muhammad">5.4.2 Muhammad</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Eschatology">5.5 Eschatology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#In_the_grave">5.5.1 In the grave</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Sign_of_the_hour">5.5.2 Sign of the hour</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Day_of_resurrection">5.5.3 Day of resurrection</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#The_vision_of_God_in_the_hereafter">5.5.4 The vision of God in the hereafter</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Release_of_the_monotheists_from_hell_and_intercession">5.5.5 Release of the monotheists from hell and intercession</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#The_predestination">5.6 The predestination</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Extent_of_the_predestination">5.6.1 Extent of the predestination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#The_Blessed_and_the_Damned">5.6.2 The Blessed and the Damned</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Sunni_view_of_hadith">6 Sunni view of hadith</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Kutub_al-Sittah">6.1 Kutub al-Sittah</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Sunni_State_institutions">7 Sunni State institutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Self-image_of_the_Sunnis">8 Self-image of the Sunnis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#As_the_%22saved_sect%22">8.1 As the "saved sect"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#As_center_of_Muslims">8.2 As center of Muslims</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#As_the_essential_bearers_of_Islamic_science_and_culture">8.3 As the essential bearers of Islamic science and culture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Contemporary_Ash%CA%BFar%C4%AB_%E2%80%93_Salaf%C4%AB_relations">9 Contemporary Ashʿarī – Salafī relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Notes">11.1 Notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Online">12.1 Online</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunna">Sunna</h3></div> The Arabic term sunna, according to which Sunnis are named, is old and roots in pre-Islamic language. It was used for traditions which a majority of people followed.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The term got greater political significance after the murder of the third caliph <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 644–656). It is said <a href="/wiki/Malik_al-Ashtar" title="Malik al-Ashtar">Malik al-Ashtar</a>, a famous follower of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, encouraged during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a> with the expression, Ali's political rival <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'awiya">Mu'awiya</a> kills the sunna. After the battle, it was agreed that "the righteous <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, the unifying, not the divisive" ("as-Sunna al-ʿādila al-ǧāmiʿa ġair al-mufarriqa") should be consulted to resolve the conflict. The time when the term sunna became the short form for "<a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Prophet</a>" (Sunnat an-Nabī) is still unknown.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, several political movements, including the <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> rebelled against the formation of the state. They led their battles in the name of "the book of God (<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>) and the Sunnah of his Prophet".<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">second Civil War</a> (680–92) the Sunna-term received connotations critical of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'i</a> doctrines (Tashayyu'). It is recorded by Masrūq ibn al-Adschdaʿ (d. 683), who was a <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, a need to love the first two caliphs <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Bakr">Abū Bakr</a> and <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFUmar_ibn_al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb">ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb</a> and acknowledge their priority (Fadā'il). A disciple of Masrūq, the scholar ash-Shaʿbī (d. between 721 und 729), who first sided with the Shia in Kufa during Civil War, but turned away in disgust by their fanaticism and finally decided to join the Umayyad Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">ʿAbd al-Malik</a>, popularized the concept of Sunnah.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> It is also passed down by asch-Shaʿbī, that he took offensive at the hatred on <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">ʿĀʾiša bint Abī Bakr</a> and considered it a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> The term Sunna instead of the longer expression ahl as-sunna or ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah as a group-name for Sunnis is a relatively young phenomenon. It was probably <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>, who used the short-term for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> It was later popularized by <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamic</a> scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> in his treatise as-Sunna wa-š-šiʿa au al-Wahhābīya wa-r-Rāfiḍa: Ḥaqāʾiq dīnīya taʾrīḫīya iǧtimaʿīya iṣlaḥīya ("The Sunna and the Shia, Or <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rāfidism</a>: Religious history, sociological und reform oriented facts") published in 1928–29.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The term "Sunnah" is usually used in Arabic discourse as designation for Sunni Muslims, when they are intended to be contrasted with Shias. The word pair "Sunnah-Shia" is also used on Western research literature to denote the Sunni-Shia contrast.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahl_as-Sunna">Ahl as-Sunna</h3></div> One of the earliest supporting documents for ahl as-sunna derives from the Basric scholar Muhammad Ibn Siri (d. 728). His is mentioned in the Sahih of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj</a> quoted with: "Formerly one did not ask about the <a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">Isnad</a>. But when the <a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a> started, one said: 'Name us your informants'. One would then respond to them: If they were Sunnah people, you accept their hadith. But if they are people of the <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">Innovations</a>, the hadith was rejected."<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> G.H.A. Juynboll assumed, the term fitna in this statement is not related to the first Civil War (665–661) after murder of <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFUthm%C4%81n_ibn_%CA%BFAff%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān">ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān</a>, but the second Civil War (680–692)<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> in which the Islamic community was split into four parties (<a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a>, the Shia under <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">al-Mukhtār ibn Abī ʿUbaid</a> and the Kharijites). The term ahl as-sunna designated in this situation whose, who stayed away from heretic teachings of the different warring parties.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The term ahl as-sunna was always a laudatory designation. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a> (d. 769), who sympathized with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murdshia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murdshia (page does not exist)">Murdshia</a>, insisted that this were "righteous people and people of the Sunnah" (ahl al-ʿadl wa-ahl as-sunna).<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_van_Ess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef van Ess (page does not exist)">Josef van Ess</a> this term did not mean more than "honorable and righteous believing people".<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Among Hanafits the designation ahl as-sunna and ahl al-ʿadl (people of the righteous) remained interchangeable for a long time. Thus the Hanafite Abū l-Qāsim as-Samarqandī (d. 953), who composed a catechism for the <a href="/wiki/Samanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanides">Samanides</a>, used sometimes one expression and sometimes another for his own group.<a href="#cite_note-Rudolph-25">[24]</a> Singular to ahl as-sunna was ṣāḥib sunna (adherent to the sunnah).<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> This expression was used for example by <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Mubarak" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak">ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak</a> (d. 797) for a person, who distances himself from the teachings of Shia, <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>, Qadarites and <a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives#Nisba" title="Arabic nouns and adjectives">Nisba</a> adjective sunnī was also used for the individual person. Thus it has been recorded, the Kufic scholar of the Quran Abū Bakr ibn ʿAyyāsh (d. 809) was asked, how he was a "sunni". He responded the following: "The one who, when the heresies are mentioned, doesn't get excited about any of them."<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The Andalusiaian scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> (d. 1064) taught later, that whose who confess to Islam can be divided into four groups: ahl as-sunna, <a href="/wiki/Mutazilites" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutazilites">Mutazilites</a>, Murjites, Shites, Kharijites.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The Muʿtazilites replaced the Qadarites here. In the 9th century, one started to extent the term ahl as-sunna with further positive additions. Abu al-Hasan al-Ashari used for his own group expressions like ahl as-sunna wa-l-istiqāma ("people of Sunna and Straightness"), ahl as-sunna wa-l-ḥadīṯ ("people of Sunnah and of the Hadith")<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> or ahl al-ḥaqq wa-s-sunna<a href="#cite_note-Kitab_al-Ibana8-31">[30]</a> ("people of Truth and of the Sunnah"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahl_as-Sunna_wa_l-Jamāʻah">Ahl as-Sunna wa l-Jamāʻah</h3></div> The first appearances of the expression 'ahl as-sunna wa l-jama'ah are entirely clear. The Abbasite Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27m%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ma'mūn">Al-Ma'mūn</a> (reigned 813–33) criticized in his Mihna edict a group of people, who related themselves to the sunnah (nasabū anfusa-hum ilā s-sunna) and claimed, they are the "people of truth, religion and community" (ahl al-ḥaqq wa-d-dīn wa-l-jamāʿah).<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Sunna and jamāʿah are already connected here. As a pair, these terms already appear in the 9th century. It is recorded that the disciple of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> Harb ibn Ismail as-Sirjdshani (d. 893) created a writing with the title as-Sunna wa l-Jamāʿah, to which the Mutazilite Abu al-Qasim al-Balchi wrote a refutation later.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Al-Jubba'i</a> (d. 916) tells in his Kitāb al-Maqālāt, that Ahmad ibn Hanbal attributed to his students the predicate sunnī jamāʿah ("Jammatic Sunnite").<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> This indicates that the Hanbalis were the first to use the phrase ahl as-sunna wa l-jamāʿah as a self-designation.<a href="#cite_note-Ess20111276-35">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a> theology, founded by Muhammad ibn Karram (d. 859) referred to the sunnah and community. They passed down in praise of their school founder a hadith, according to which Muhammad predicted that at the end of times a man named Muhammad ibn Karram will appear, who will restore the sunna and the community (as-sunna wa l-jamāʿah) and take Hidraj from Chorasan to Jerusalem, just how Muhammad himself took a Hidraj from Mecca to Medina.<a href="#cite_note-Ess20111276-35">[34]</a> According to the testimony of the transoxanian scholar Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 1099) the Kullabites (followers of the Basrian scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a> (d. 855)) dayed about themselves, that they are among the ahl as-sunna wa l-jama too.<a href="#cite_note-Bazdawi250-36">[35]</a> Abu al-Hasan al-Ashari used the expression ahl as-sunna wa l-jamāʿah rarely,<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> and preferred another combination. Later Asharites like al-Isfaranini (d. 1027) nad Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi (d. 1078) used the expression ahl as-sunna wa l-jamāʿah too and used them in their works to designate the teachings of their own school.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> According to al-Bazdawi all Asharites in his time said they belong to the ahl as-sunna wa l-jamāʿah.<a href="#cite_note-Bazdawi250-36">[35]</a> During this time, the term has been used as a self-designation by the hanafite Maturidites in Transoxiania, used frequently by <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a> (d. 983), Abu Schakur as-Salimi (d. 1086) and al-Bazdawi himself.<a href="#cite_note-Rudolph-25">[24]</a> They used the term as a contrast from their enemies<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> among them Hanafites in the West, who have been followers of the Mutazilites.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Al-Bazdawī also contrasted the Ahl as-Sunnah wa l-Jamāʻah with Ahl al-Ḥadīth, "because they would adhere to teachings contrary to the Quran".<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddas%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasī">Schams ad-Dīn al-Maqdisī</a> (end of the 10th century) was the expression ahl as-sunna wa l-jamāʿah a laudatory term during his time, similar to ahl al-ʿadl wa-t-tawḥīd ("people of Righteousness and Divine Unity"), which was used for Mutazilites or generally designations like <a href="/wiki/Mumin" title="Mumin">Mu'minūn</a> ("Believer") or aṣḥāb al-hudā ("people of guidance") for Muslims, who has been seen as rightoues believers.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Since the expression ahl as-sunna wa l-jamāʿah was used with a demand on rightoues belief, it was used in academic researches translated as "orthodox".<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> There are different opinions regarding what the term jama in the phrase ahl as-sunna wa l-jama actually means, among Muslim scholars. In the Sunni Creed by <a href="/wiki/At-Tahawi" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Tahawi">at-Tahawi</a> (d. 933), the term jama contrasts several times the Arabic term furqa ("division, sectarianism").<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Thus at-Tahāwī explains that jama is considered as true or right (ḥaqq wa-ṣawāb) and furqa as aberration and punishment (zaiġ wa-ʿaḏāb).<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Ibn Taymiyyah argues, that jama as opposite term to furqa inherents the meaning of iǧtimāʿ ("Coming together, being together, agreement"). Furthermore, he connects it with the principle of <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a>, a third juridical source after the Book (Quran), and the Sunnah.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The Ottoman scholar Muslih ad-Din al-Qastallani (d. 1495) held the opinion that jama means "Path of the <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">Sahaba</a>" (ṭarīqat aṣ-ṣaḥāba).<a href="#cite_note-Zabidi6-48">[47]</a> The modern Indonesian theologican <a href="/wiki/Nurcholish_Madjid" title="Nurcholish Madjid">Nurcholish Madjid</a> (d. 2005) interpreted jama as an <a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">inclusivistic</a> concept: It means a society open for <a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">pluralism</a> and dialogue but does not emphasize that much.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaaba_daylight.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaaba_daylight.png/250px-Kaaba_daylight.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="588"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaaba_daylight.png/250px-Kaaba_daylight.png" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaaba_daylight.png/330px-Kaaba_daylight.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaaba_daylight.png/500px-Kaaba_daylight.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a>, the home of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> is the largest and most important <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in the world.</figcaption></figure> One common mistake is to assume that Sunni Islam represents a normative Islam that emerged during the period after Muhammad's death, and that <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a> developed out of Sunni Islam.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> This perception is partly due to the reliance on highly ideological sources that have been accepted as reliable historical works, and also because the vast majority of the population is Sunni. Both Sunnism and Shiaism are the end products of several centuries of competition between ideologies. Both sects used each other to further cement their own identities and doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The first four caliphs are known among Sunnis as the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rāshidun</a> or "Rightly-Guided Ones". Sunni recognition includes the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> as the first, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> as the second, <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> as the third, and <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> as the fourth.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Sunnis recognised different rulers as the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, though they did not include anyone in the list of the rightly guided ones or Rāshidun after the murder of Ali, until the caliphate was constitutionally abolished in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> on 3 March 1924. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_of_caliphate_into_dynastic_monarchy_of_Banu_Umayya">Transition of caliphate into dynastic monarchy of Banu Umayya</h3></div> The seeds of metamorphosis of caliphate into kingship were sown, as the second caliph Umar had feared, as early as the regime of the third caliph Uthman, who appointed many of his kinsmen from his clan <a href="/wiki/Banu_Umayya" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Umayya">Banu Umayya</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwān</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_ibn_Uqba" title="Al-Walid ibn Uqba">Walid bin Uqba</a> on important government positions, becoming the main cause of turmoil resulting in his murder and the ensuing infighting during Ali's time and rebellion by <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muāwiya</a>, another of Uthman's kinsman. This ultimately resulted in the establishment of firm dynastic rule of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Umayya" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Umayya">Banu Umayya</a> after <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husain</a>, the younger son of Ali from <a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima bint Muhammad">Fātima</a>, was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbalā</a>. The rise to power of Banu Umayya, the Meccan tribe of elites who had vehemently opposed Muhammad under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyān</a>, Muāwiya's father, right up to the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">conquest of Mecca</a> by Muhammad, as his successors with the accession of Uthman to caliphate, replaced the egalitarian society formed as a result of Muhammad's revolution to a society stratified between haves and have-nots as a result of <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>, and in the words of El-Hibri through "the use of religious charity revenues (<a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakāt</a>) to subsidise family interests, which Uthman justified as 'al-sila' (pious filial support)".<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Ali, during his rather brief regime after Uthman maintained austere life style and tried hard to bring back the egalitarian system and supremacy of law over the ruler idealised in Muhammad's message, but faced continued opposition, and wars one after another by <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Talhah#Battle_of_the_Camel_and_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="Talhah">Talhah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubair</a>, by Muāwiya and finally by the <a href="/wiki/Kharjites" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharjites">Khārjites</a>. After he was murdered, his followers immediately elected <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a> his elder son from Fātima to succeed him. Hasan shortly afterward signed a treaty with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%C4%81wiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muāwiya (page does not exist)">Muāwiya</a> relinquishing power in favour of the latter, with a condition inter alia, that one of the two who will outlive the other will be the caliph, and that this caliph will not appoint a successor but will leave the matter of selection of the caliph to the public. Subsequently, Hasan was poisoned to death and Muawiya enjoyed unchallenged power. Dishonouring his treaty with Hasan, he nominated his son <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid</a> to succeed him. Upon Muāwiya's death, <a href="/wiki/Yazid" title="Yazid">Yazid</a> asked Husain, the younger brother of Hasan, Ali's son and Muhammad's grandson, to give his allegiance to Yazid, which he plainly refused. His caravan was cordoned by Yazid's army at Karbalā and he was killed with all his male companions – total 72 people, in a day long <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">battle</a> after which Yazid established himself as a sovereign, though strong public uprising erupted after his death against his dynasty to avenge the massacre of Karbalā, but <a href="/wiki/Banu_Umayya" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Umayya">Banu Umayya</a> were able to quickly suppress them all and ruled the Muslim world, till they were finally overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Banu_Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Abbas">Banu Abbās</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caliphate_and_the_dynastic_monarchy_of_Banu_Abbās">Caliphate and the dynastic monarchy of Banu Abbās</h3></div> The rule of and "caliphate" of Banu Umayya came to an end at the hands of Banu Abbās a branch of Banu Hāshim, the tribe of Muhammad, only to usher another dynastic monarchy styled as caliphate from 750 CE. This period is seen formative in Sunni Islam as the founders of the four schools viz, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shāfi'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad bin Hanbal</a> all practised during this time, so also did <a href="/wiki/Jafar_al_Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar al Sadiq">Jafar al Sādiq</a> who elaborated the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">imāmate</a>, the basis for the Shi'a religious thought. There was no clearly accepted formula for determining succession in the Abbasid caliphate. Two or three sons or other relatives of the dying caliph emerged as candidates to the throne, each supported by his own party of supporters. A trial of strength ensued and the most powerful party won and expected favours of the caliph they supported once he ascended the throne. The caliphate of this dynasty ended with the death of the Caliph al-Ma'mun in 833 CE, when the period of Turkish domination began.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni_Islam_in_the_contemporary_era">Sunni Islam in the contemporary era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/250px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/250px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/330px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/500px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia.</figcaption></figure> The fall, at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the biggest Sunni empire for six centuries, brought the caliphate to an end. This resulted in Sunni protests in far off places including the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a> in India, which was later on upon gaining independence from Britain divided into Sunni dominated <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and secular <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Pakistan, the most populous Sunni state at its dawn, was later <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Independence_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Independence War">partitioned</a> into Pakistan and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">demise of Ottoman caliphate</a> also resulted in the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, a dynastic absolute monarchy that championed the reformist doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>; the eponym of the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> This was followed by a considerable rise in the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadist</a> movements that revived the doctrines of the Hanbali theologian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Taqi Al-Din Ibn Taymiyyah</a> (1263–1328 C.E/ 661–728 A.H), a fervent advocate of the traditions of the Sunni Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>. The expediencies of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> resulted in the radicalisation of Afghan refugees in Pakistan who fought the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> regime backed by <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> forces in Afghanistan giving birth to the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban movement</a>. After the fall of communist regime in Afghanistan and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">civil war</a>, Taliban wrestled power from the various <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Mujahidin factions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and formed a government under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a>, who was addressed as the <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> of the faithful, an honorific way of addressing the caliph. The Taliban regime was recognised by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia till after <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a>, perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> – a Saudi national by birth and harboured by the Taliban – took place, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> launched against the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The sequence of events of the 20th century has led to resentment in some quarters of the Sunni community due to the loss of pre-eminence in several previously Sunni-dominated regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_sub_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian sub continent">Indian sub continent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The latest attempt by a radical wing of <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-Jihadists</a> to re-establish a Sunni caliphate was seen in the emergence of the militant group <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>, whose leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a> is known among his followers as caliph and Amir-al-mu'mineen, "The Commander of the Faithful".<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Jihadism is opposed from within the Muslim community (known as the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a> in Arabic) in all quarters of the world as evidenced by turnout of almost 2% of the Muslim population in London protesting against ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Following the puritan approach of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a>, etc. many contemporary <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a> (exegetic treatises) downplay the earlier significance of <a href="/wiki/Isra%27iliyyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra'iliyyat">Biblical material</a> (Isrā'iliyyāt). Half of the Arab commentaries reject Isrā'iliyyāt in general, while Turkish tafsir usually partly allow referring to Biblical material. Nevertheless, most non-Arabic commentators regard them as useless or not applicable.<a href="#cite_note-Pink_pp_114-116-71">[70]</a> A direct reference to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> could not be found. It remains unclear whether the refusal of Isrā'iliyyāt is motivated by political discourse or by traditionalist thought alone.<a href="#cite_note-Pink_pp_114-116-71">[70]</a> The usage of tafsir'ilmi is another notable characteristic of modern Sunni tafsir. Tafsir'ilmi stands for alleged scientific miracles found in the Qur'an. In short, the idea is that the Qur'an contains knowledge about subjects an author of the 7th century could not possibly have. Such interpretations are popular among many commentators. Some scholars, such as the Commentators of <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a>, reject this approach, arguing the Qur'an is a text for religious guidance, not for science and scientific theories that may be disproved later; thus tafsir'ilmi might lead to interpreting Qur'anic passages as falsehoods.<a href="#cite_note-Pink_pp_120-121-72">[71]</a> Modern trends of Islamic interpretation are usually seen as adjusting to a modern audience and purifying Islam from alleged alterings, some of which are believed to be intentional corruptions brought into Islam to undermine and corrupt its message.<a href="#cite_note-Pink_pp_114-116-71">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Adherents">Adherents</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_by_country.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Islam_by_country.png/330px-Islam_by_country.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="922"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Islam_by_country.png/330px-Islam_by_country.png" data-width="260" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Islam_by_country.png/500px-Islam_by_country.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Islam_by_country.png/960px-Islam_by_country.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Countries by percentage of population practicing Islam.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Sunni</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></div> </figcaption></figure> Sunnis believe the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> to be reliable transmitters of Islam, since God and Muhammad accepted their integrity. Medieval sources even prohibit cursing or vilifying them.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> This belief is based upon prophetic traditions such as one narrated by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah,_son_of_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah, son of Masud">Abdullah, son of Masud</a>, in which Muhammad said: "The best of the people are my generation, then those who come after them, then those who come after them." Support for this view is also found in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, according to Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">narratives</a> of companions are also reliably taken into account for knowledge of the Islamic faith. Sunnis also believe that the companions were <a href="/wiki/Mu%27min" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'min">true believers</a> since it was the companions who were given the task of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran#Collection_of_the_Quran" title="History of the Quran">compiling the Qur'an</a>. Sunni Islam does not have a formal hierarchy. Leaders are informal, and gain influence through study to become a scholar of Islamic law (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>) or Islamic theology (<a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalām</a>). Both religious and political leadership are in principle open to all Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> According to the Islamic Center of <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, anyone with the intelligence and the will can become an Islamic scholar. During Midday Mosque services on Fridays, the congregation will choose a well-educated person to lead the service, known as a Khateeb (one who speaks).<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> A study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> in 2010 and released January 2011<a href="#cite_note-pewmuslim2-78">[77]</a> found that there are 1.62 billion Muslims around the world, and it is estimated over 85–90% are Sunni.<a href="#cite_note-Sunni-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_group_doctrines">Three group doctrines</h3></div> There is no agreement among Muslim scholars as to which dogmatic tendencies are to be assigned to Sunni tradition. Since the early modern period, is the idea that a total of three groups belong to the Sunnis: 1. those named after <a href="/wiki/Al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ash'ari">Abu l-Hasan al-Aschʿari</a> (d. 935) <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ashʿarites</a>, 2. those named after <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abu Mansur al-Maturidi</a> (d. 941) named <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidites</a> and 3. a differently named third group, which is traditionalistic-oriented and rejects the rational discourse of <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalām">Kalām</a> advocated by the Maturidites and Ashʿarites. The Syrian scholar ʿAbd al-Baqi Ibn Faqih Fussa (d. 1661) calls this third traditionalist group the Hanbalites.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The late Ottoman thinker <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smail_Hakk%C4%B1_%C4%B0zmirli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İsmail Hakkı İzmirli (page does not exist)">İsmail Hakkı İzmirli</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Hakk%C4%B1_%C4%B0zmirli" class="extiw" title="tr:İsmail Hakkı İzmirli">tr</a>] (d. 1946), who agreed to dividing Sunnis into these three groups, called the traditionalist group <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafiyya</a>, but also used Athariyya as an alternative term. For the Maturidiyya he gives Nasafīyya as a possible alternative name.<a href="#cite_note-IsmailHakki75-81">[80]</a> Another used for the traditionalist-oriented group is "people of <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>" (ahl al-ḥadīṯ). It is used, for example, in the final document of the <a href="/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny" title="2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny">Grozny Conference</a>. Only those "people of the Hadith" are assigned to Sunnism who practice <a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">tafwīḍ</a>, i.e. who refrain from interpreting the ambiguous statements of the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-Grosny-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a></div> Founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari</a> (873–935). This <a href="/wiki/Theological_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological school">theological school</a> of Aqeedah was embraced by many <a href="/wiki/Muslim_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim scholars">Muslim scholars</a> and developed in parts of the Islamic world throughout history; <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a> wrote on the creed discussing it and agreeing upon some of its principles.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Ash'ari theology stresses <a href="/wiki/Divine_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine revelation">divine revelation</a> over human reason. Contrary to the Mu'tazilites, they say that <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> cannot be derived from human reason, but that God's commands, as revealed in the Quran and the Sunnah (the practices of Muhammad and his companions as recorded in the traditions, or <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>), are the sole source of all morality and ethics. Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Nature_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature of God">nature of God</a> and the divine attributes, the Ash'ari rejected the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a> position that all Quranic references to God as having real attributes were metaphorical. The Ash'aris insisted that these attributes were as they "best befit His Majesty". The Arabic language is a wide language in which one word can have 15 different meanings, so the Ash'aris endeavor to find the meaning that best befits God and is not contradicted by the Quran. Therefore, when God states in the Quran, "He who does not resemble any of His creation", this clearly means that God cannot be attributed with body parts because He created body parts. Ash'aris tend to stress divine <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a> over human free will and they believe that the Quran is eternal and uncreated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maturidi">Maturidi</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a></div> Founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abu Mansur al-Maturidi</a> (d. 944), Maturidiyyah was the major tradition in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>-law. It is more influenced by Persian interpretations of Islam and less on the traditions established within Arabian culture.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> In contrast to the traditionalistic approach, Maturidism allows to reject <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> based on reason alone.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Nevertheless, revelation remains important to inform humans about that is beyond their intellectual limits, such as the concept of an afterlife. <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> on the other hand, do not need prophecy or revelation, but can be understood by reason alone. One of the tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>, migrated to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, where later the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was established.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Their preferred school of law achieved a new prominence throughout their whole empire although it continued to be followed almost exclusively by followers of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school while followers of the <a href="/wiki/Shafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi">Shafi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> schools within the empire followed the Ash'ari and Athari schools of thought. Thus, wherever can be found <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> followers, there can be found the <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a> creed.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Athari">Athari</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a></div> Traditionalist or Athari theology is a movement of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> scholars who reject rationalistic Islamic theology (<a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a>) in favor of strict textualism in interpreting the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The name derives from "tradition" in its technical sense as translation of the Arabic word <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>. It is also sometimes referred to as athari as by <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Theology_(Islam)#Terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Theology (Islam)">several other names</a>. Adherents of traditionalist theology believe that the <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">zahir</a> (literal, apparent) meaning of the Qur'an and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> have sole authority in matters of belief and law; and that the use of rational disputation is forbidden even if it verifies the truth.<a href="#cite_note-Halverson-36-91">[90]</a> They engage in a literal reading of the Qur'an, as opposed to one engaged in <a href="/wiki/Ta%27wil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'wil">ta'wil</a> (metaphorical interpretation). They do not attempt to conceptualize the meanings of the Qur'an rationally, and believe that their realities should be consigned to God alone (<a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">tafwid</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Halverson-3637-92">[91]</a> In essence, the text of the Qur'an and Hadith is accepted without asking "how" or "<a href="/wiki/Bi-la_kaifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-la kaifa">Bi-la kaifa</a>". Traditionalist theology emerged among scholars of hadith who eventually coalesced into a movement called <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">ahl al-hadith</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lapidus130-93">[92]</a> In matters of faith, they were pitted against <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilites" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazilites">Mu'tazilites</a> and other theological currents, condemning many points of their doctrine as well as the rationalistic methods they used in defending them.<a href="#cite_note-Lapidus130-93">[92]</a> In the 10th century AD <a href="/wiki/Al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maturidi">al-Maturidi</a> found a middle ground between Mu'tazilite rationalism and <a href="/wiki/Hanbalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalite">Hanbalite</a> literalism, using the rationalistic methods championed by Mu'tazilites to defend most tenets of the traditionalist doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Although the mainly Hanbali scholars who rejected this synthesis were in the minority, their emotive, narrative-based approach to faith remained influential among the urban masses in some areas, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> are often called the Sunni "orthodoxy", traditionalist theology has thrived alongside it, laying rival claims to be the orthodox Sunni faith.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In the modern era, it has had a disproportionate impact on Islamic theology, having been appropriated by <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> and other traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> currents and have spread well beyond the confines of the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> school of law.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrow_definition">Narrow definition</h3></div> There were also Muslim scholars who wanted to limit the Sunni term to the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'arites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Māturīdites</a> alone. For example, Murtadā az-Zabīdī (d. 1790) wrote in his commentary on <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazalis</a> "Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn": "When (sc. The term)" ahl as-sunna wal jamaʿa is used, the Ashʿarites and Māturīdites are meant.<a href="#cite_note-Zabidi6-48">[47]</a> This position was also taken over by the Egyptian Fatwa Office in July 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Daralifta2366-99">[98]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> times, many efforts were made to establish a good harmony between the teachings of the Ashʿarīya and the Māturīdīya.<a href="#cite_note-Daralifta2366-99">[98]</a> Finally, there were also scholars who regarded the Ashʿarites alone as Sunnis. For example, the Moroccan Sufi Ahmad ibn ʿAdschiba (d. 1809) stated in his commentary on <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Fatiha</a>: "As far as the Sunnis are concerned, it is the Ashʿarites and those who follow in their correct belief."<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Conversely, there were also scholars who excluded the Ashʿarites from Sunnism. The Andalusian scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> (d. 1064) said that Abu l-Hasan al-Ashʿarī belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Murji%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Murji'a">Murji'a</a>, namely those who were particularly far removed from the Sunnis in terms of faith.<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Hazm265f-101">[100]</a> Twentieth-century <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> Athari <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani</a> rejected extremism in excluding <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'aris</a> from Sunni Islam. He believed that despite that their fundamental differences from Atharis, not every Ash'ari is to be excluded from Ahl al-Sunna wal Jama'ah, unless they openly disapprove of the doctrines of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a> (mad'hab as-Salaf). According to Albani:<blockquote>"I do not share [the view of] some of the noble scholars of the past and present that we say about a group from the [many] Islamic groups that it is not from Ahlus-Sunnah due to its deviation in one issue or another... as for whether the Ash’aris or the Maaturidis are from Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa’ah, I say that they are from Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa’ah in many things related to aqidah but in other <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">aqidah</a> issues they have deviated away from Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa’ah.. I don't hold that we should say that they are not from Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa’ah whatsoever"<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunnism_in_general_and_in_a_specific_sense">Sunnism in general and in a specific sense</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Hanbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalism">Hanbali</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> (d. 1328) distinguished in his work Minhāj as-sunna between Sunnis in the general sense (ahl as-unna al-ʿāmma) and Sunnis in the special sense (ahl as-sunna al-ḫāṣṣa). Sunnis in the general sense are all Muslims who recognize the caliphate of the three caliphs (<a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Bakr">Abū Bakr</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFUmar_ibn_al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb">ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb</a> and <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFUthm%C4%81n_ibn_%CA%BFAff%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān">ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān</a>). In his opinion, this includes all Islamic groups except the Shiite <a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafidites</a>. Sunnis in the special sense are only the "people of the hadith" (ahl al-ḥadīṯ).<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> İsmail Hakkı İzmirli, who took over the distinction between a broader and narrower circle of Sunnis from Ibn Taimiya, said that <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Kullabiyya</a> and the Ashʿarīyya are Sunnis in the general sense, while the <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafiyya</a> represent Sunnis in the specific sense. About the Maturidiyya he only says that they are closer to the Salafiyya than the Ashʿariyya because they excel more in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> than in <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalām">Kalām</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IsmailHakki75-81">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Uthaymeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen">Muhammad Ibn al-ʿUthaimin</a> (d. 2001), who like Ibn Taimiya differentiated between Sunnis in general and special senses, also excluded the Asharites from the circle of Sunnis in the special sense and took the view that only the pious ancestors (as-salaf aṣ-ṣāliḥ) who have agreed on the Sunnah belonged to this circle.<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Uthaimin-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_of_the_Muʿtazila">Classification of the Muʿtazila</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazilites</a> are usually not regarded as Sunnis. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a>, for example, contrasted them with the Sunnis as a separate group in his heresiographic work al-Faṣl fi-l-milal wa-l-ahwāʾ wa-n-niḥal.<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Hazm265f-101">[100]</a> In many medieval texts from the Islamic East, the Ahl as-Sunna are also differentiated to the Muʿtazilites.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In 2010 the Jordanian <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> office ruled out in a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> that the Muʿtazilites, like the Kharijites, represent a doctrine that is contrary to Sunnism.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Ibn Taymiyya argued that the Muʿtazilites belong to the Sunnis in the general sense because they recognize the caliphate of the first three caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysticism">Mysticism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></div> There is broad agreement that the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> are also part of Sunnism. This view can already be found in the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafi'ite</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a> (d. 1037). In his <a href="/wiki/Heresiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresiography">heresiographical</a> work al-Farq baina l-firaq he divided the Sunnis into eight different categories (aṣnāf) of people: 1. the theologians and <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a> Scholars, 2. the <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> scholars, 3. the traditional and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> scholars, 4. the <a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a> and language scholars, 5. the <a href="/wiki/Koran" class="mw-redirect" title="Koran">Koran</a> – Scholars, 6. the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> ascetics (az-zuhhād aṣ-ṣūfīya), 7. those who perform the <a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">ribat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against the enemies of Islam, 8. the general crowd.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> According to this classification, the Sufis are one of a total of eight groups within Sunnism, defined according to their religious specialization. The <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisian</a> scholar Muhammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Bakkī (d. 1510) also included the Sufis in Sunnism. He divided the Sunnis into the following three groups according to their knowledge (istiqrāʾ): <ol><li>the people of <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">ahl al-ḥadīṯh</a>): Their principles are based on the hearing-based evidence, namely <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">the Book</a> (Qur'an), the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijmāʿ</a> (consensus).</li> <li>The people of theory and the intellectual trade (ahl an-naẓar wa-ṣ-ṣināʿa al-fikrīya): They include the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ashʿarites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafis</a>, the latter of whom consider <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abū Mansūr al-Māturīdī</a> as their master. They agree in the rational principles on all questions where there is no hearing-based evidence, in the hearing-based principles in everything that reason conceives as possible, and in the rational as well as the hearing-based principles in all other questions. They also agree on all dogmatic questions, except for the question of creation (takwīn) and the question of <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlīd</a>.</li> <li>the people of feeling and revelation (ahl al-wiǧdān wa-l-kašf): These are the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>. Its principles correspond in the initial stage to the principles of the other two groups, but in the final stage they rely on revelation (kašf) and inspiration (ilhām).<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></li></ol> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtadā az-Zabīdī</a> stated elsewhere in his commentary on <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Ghazzali's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Revival_of_the_Religious_Sciences" title="The Revival of the Religious Sciences">Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn</a> that the Sunnis consisted of four groups (firaq), namely the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith scholar">hadith scholars</a> (muḥaddiṯhūn), the Sufis, the Ashʿarites and the Māturīdites.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a> wanted to exclude the Sufis from Sunnism. The Yemeni scholar ʿAbbās ibn Mansūr as-Saksakī (d. 1284) explained in his doxographic work al-Burhān fī maʿrifat ʿaqāʾid ahl al-adyān ("The evidence of knowledge of the beliefs of followers of different religions") about the Sufis: "They associate themselves with the Sunnis, but they do not belong to them, because they contradict them in their beliefs, actions and teachings." That is what distinguishes the Sufis from Sunnis according to as-Saksakī their orientation to the hidden inner meaning of the Qur'an and the Sunnah. In this, he said, they resemble the <a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Bātinites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> According to the final document of the Grozny Conference, only those Sufis are to be regarded as Sunnis who are "people of pure Sufism" (ahl at-taṣauwuf aṣ-ṣāfī) in the knowledge, ethics and purification of the interior, according to <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Method</a> as practiced by <a href="/wiki/Junayd_of_Baghdad" title="Junayd of Baghdad">al-Junaid Al- Baghdadi</a> and the "Imams of Guidance" (aʾimma al-hudā) who followed his path.<a href="#cite_note-Grosny-82">[81]</a> In the 11th century, Sufism, which had previously been a less "codified" trend in Islamic piety, began to be "ordered and crystallized"<a href="#cite_note-Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr_2007_p._76-112">[111]</a> into <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqahs</a> (orders) which have continued until the present day.<a href="#cite_note-Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr_2007_p._76-112">[111]</a> All these orders were founded by a major Sunni Islamic <a href="/wiki/Saint_(Islamic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Islamic)">saint</a>, and some of the largest and most widespread included the <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Qadir_Gilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qadir Gilani">Abdul-Qadir Gilani</a> [d. 1166]), the <a href="/wiki/Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'i">Rifa'iyya</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed al-Rifa'i">Ahmed al-Rifa'i</a> [d. 1182]), the <a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishtiyya</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Moinuddin Chishti">Moinuddin Chishti</a> [d. 1236]), the <a href="/wiki/Shadiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadiliyya">Shadiliyya</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_ash-Shadhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili">Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili</a> [d. 1258]), and the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandiyya</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Baha-ud-Din_Naqshband_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari">Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari</a> [d. 1389]).<a href="#cite_note-Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr_2007_p._76-112">[111]</a> Contrary to popular <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> depictions,<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16-113">[112]</a> neither the founders of these orders nor their followers considered themselves to be anything other than orthodox Sunni Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16-113">[112]</a> Many of the most eminent defenders of Islamic orthodoxy, such as <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">'Abd al-Qadir Jilani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>, Sultan Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Al-Ayyubi (<a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>) were connected with Sufism."<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> strands of Sunnism do not accept many mystical practices associated with the contemporary Sufi orders.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Interpreting Islamic law by deriving specific rulings – such as how to pray – is commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a>. The schools of law all have their own particular tradition of interpreting this jurisprudence. As these schools represent clearly spelled out methodologies for interpreting Islamic law, there has been little change in the methodology with regard to each school. While conflict between the schools was often violent in the past,<a href="#cite_note-chib-116">[115]</a> the four Sunni schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries.<a href="#cite_note-rabb-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-hussin-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg/250px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="709"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg/250px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg/330px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg/500px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> (also known as the Mosque of Uqba) in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, was, particularly from the 9th to 11th century, an important center of Islamic learning with an emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> Madh'hab.<a href="#cite_note-futureIslam-119">[118]</a></figcaption></figure> There are many intellectual traditions within the field of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Shari'ah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a>), often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madh'habs</a> (legal schools). These varied traditions reflect differing viewpoints on some laws and obligations within Islamic law. While one school may see a certain act as a religious obligation, another may see the same act as optional. These schools are not regarded as sects; rather, they represent differing viewpoints on issues that are not considered the core of <a href="/wiki/Aqida" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqida">Islamic belief</a>. Historians have differed regarding the exact delineation of the schools based on the underlying principles they follow. Many traditional scholars saw Sunni Islam in two groups: <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a>, or "people of reason", due to their emphasis on scholarly judgment and discourse; and <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>, or "people of traditions", due to their emphasis on restricting juristic thought to only what is found in scripture.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> defined the Sunni schools as three: the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school representing reason, the <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81hir%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẓāhirī">Ẓāhirīte</a> school representing tradition, and a broader, middle school encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'ite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Malikite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbalite</a> schools.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> in Egypt delineated the acceptable Sunni schools as only <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>, excluding the Ẓāhirī school.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> later reaffirmed the official status of four schools as a reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> character of their ideological and political archrival, the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Persian Safavids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chib-116">[115]</a> In the contemporary era, former <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Sudan" title="List of heads of government of Sudan">Prime Minister of Sudan</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Sadiq_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi">Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Amman_Message" title="Amman Message">Amman Message</a> issued by King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a>, recognize the Ẓāhirīs and keep the number of Sunni schools at five.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahle_Sunnat_Barelvi"><a href="/wiki/Ahle_Sunnat_Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahle Sunnat Barelvi">Ahle Sunnat Barelvi</a></h3></div> The Ahle Sunnat Barelvi, also known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah (People of the Prophet's Way and the Community) is a Sunni revivalist movement following the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of jurisprudence, and Maturidi and Ashʿari schools of theology with hundreds of millions of followers.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito2003-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The movement is moderate form of Islam that Muslims in South Asia have followed for centuries<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> and it encompasses a variety of <a href="/wiki/Sufi_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi orders">Sufi orders</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Chisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Chisti">Chistis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qadiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadiri">Qadiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandis</a> as well as many other orders and sub-orders of Sufism. They consider themselves to be the continuation of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islamic">Sunni Islamic</a> orthodoxy before the rise of <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a> Movement.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement is spread across the globe with millions of followers, thousands of mosques, institutions and organizations in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and other parts of Africa, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the Caribbean, and the United States<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The movement now has over 200 million followers globally.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The movement claim to revive the Sunnah as embodied in the Qur’an and literature of traditions (Hadith), as the people had lapsed from the Prophetic traditions. Consequently, scholars took the duty of reminding Muslims go back to the 'ideal' way of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The movement drew inspiration from the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdur_Rahim" title="Shah Abdur Rahim">Shah Abdur Rahim</a> (1644–1719) founder of <a href="/wiki/Madrasah-i_Rahimiyah" title="Madrasah-i Rahimiyah">Madrasah-i Rahimiyah</a> and one of the compiler of <a href="/wiki/Fatawa-e-Alamgiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatawa-e-Alamgiri">Fatawa-e-Alamgiri</a>. Shah Abdur Rahim is father of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a>. The movement also drew inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz_Muhaddith_Dehlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz Muhaddith Dehlavi">Shah Abdul Aziz Muhaddith Dehlavi</a> (1746 –1824) and <a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> (1796–1861) founder of the Khairabad School.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Fazle Haq Khairabadi Islamic scholar and leader of <a href="/wiki/1857_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1857 rebellion">1857 rebellion</a> issued fatwas against Wahabi <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Ismail Dehlvi</a> for his doctrine of God's alleged ability to lie (Imkan-e-Kizb) from Delhi in 1825.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Ismail is considered as an intellectual ancestor of Deobandis.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The movement emphasizes personal devotion to and oneness of God i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tawheed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawheed">Tawheed</a> and the finality of prophethood, adherence to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> following the four schools, following the <a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a> and Sufi practices such as veneration of <a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints in Islam">saints</a> among other things associated with Sufism.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito2003-126">[125]</a> They are also called Sunni Sufis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The movement defines itself as the most authentic representative of what is known as Sunnī Islam and thus adopts the generic moniker, Ahl-i-Sunnat wa-al-Jamāʿat (The people who adhere to the Prophetic Tradition and preserve the unity of the community).<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Pillars_of_iman">Pillars of iman</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The doctrines of the Sunnis are recorded in various <a href="/wiki/Aqida" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqida">creeds</a>, which summarize the most important points in the form of a list in the manner of a <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a>. The individual teaching points differ depending on the author's affiliation to a certain teaching tradition. The most important creeds that explicitly claim to represent the teachings of the Sunnis (ahl as-sunna wal-jama or similar) include: <ul><li>The text traced back to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>, in which he defined "the characteristics of the believer of the Sunnis" (sifat al-Mu'min min ahl as-Sunna wa-l-jama). The text is handed down in two works in the work Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābila of the Hanbali Qadi Ibn Abi Yaʿla]] (d. 1131). The first version comes from a treatise on the Sunnah by Ahmad ibn Hanbal's disciple Muhammad ibn Habib al-Andarani, the second is based on Ahmad's disciple Muhammad ibn Yunus al-Sarachhi.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></li> <li>The two creeds of Abu l-Hasan al-Ashʿarī in his works Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> and Kitāb al-Ibāna ʿan uṣūl ad-diyāna.<a href="#cite_note-Kitab_al-Ibana8-31">[30]</a> The former is called the teaching of ahl al-ḥadīṯ wa-s-sunna, the latter as the teachings of the ahl al-ḥaqq wa-s-sunna.</li> <li>The confession of the Egyptian Hanafi at-Tahāwī (d. 933), also known under the title Bayān as-sunna wa-l-ǧamāʿa ("Presentation of Sunna and Community"). It has received frequent comments from the 13th century onward.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></li> <li>The "Qadiritic Creed" (al-iʿtiqād al-Qādirī) mentioned in the world chronicle al-Muntaẓam by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawz%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Jawzī">Ibn al-Jawzī</a> and referring to the Abbasid caliph <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Q%C4%81dir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qādir (page does not exist)">al-Qādir</a> (d. 1031) is returned. The caliph <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasids)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasids) (page does not exist)">al-Qā'im</a> is supposed to have read this text, which is shown at the end as the "Doctrine of the Sunnis" (qaul ahl as-sunna wal-jama), in the year 433 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijra</a> (= 1041/42 AD) which was read in front of a meeting of ascetics and scholars in the caliph's palace.<a href="#cite_note-IbnGauzi280198-142">[141]</a></li> <li>The creed of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ghazālī">al-Ghazālī</a> (d. 1111) in his second book of his religious encyclopedia Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn. It is headed "The Sunni Creed in the Two Phrases of the <a href="/wiki/Shah%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahāda">Shahāda</a>" (ʿAqīdat ahl as-sunna fī kalimatai aš-šahāda) and deals first with the doctrine of God and then the other doctrinal points.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></li> <li>The confession al-ʿAqīda al-Wāsiṭīya by Ibn Taimīya (1263–1328),<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> which later received importance especially among the Wahhabis and the Ahl-i Hadīth. It was translated into French by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Laoust" title="Henri Laoust">Henri Laoust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> by Merlin Swartz into English<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> and by Clemens Wein into German.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></li></ul> Most of the mentioned branches testify to six principal articles of faith known as the six pillars of imān (Arabic for "faith"), which are believed to be essential.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> These six articles are common that present-day Sunnis agree on, from those who adhere to traditional Sunnism to those who adhere to latter-day movements. Additionally, classical Sunni Islam also outlined numerous other cardinal doctrines since the 8th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Creed of Tahāwi</a>. Traditionally, these Sunni articles of faith have included the following: <ol><li>Belief in the <a href="/wiki/Oneness_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneness of God">Oneness of God</a></li> <li>Belief in the <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels of God</a></li> <li>Belief in Holy Books</li> <li>Belief in the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">Prophets of God</a></li> <li>Belief in Resurrection after Death and the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">Day of Judgment</a></li> <li>Belief in Preordainment (<a href="/wiki/Qadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadar">Qadar</a>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God">God</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unity">Unity</h4></div> At the center of the Sunni creed is <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>, the belief in the oneness of God. God is a single (fard) God, besides whom there is no other deity.<a href="#cite_note-Aschari29056-149">[148]</a> He is single (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Munfarid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Munfarid (page does not exist)">munfarid</a>), has no partner (šarīk), no opposite (nidd), no counterpart (maṯīl) and no adversary (ḍidd).<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> He has neither taken a companion nor children,<a href="#cite_note-Aschari29056-149">[148]</a> neither conceived nor is he conceived.<a href="#cite_note-IbnGauzi280198-142">[141]</a> God created everything, the years and times, day and night, light and darkness, the heavens and the earth, all kinds of creatures that are on it, the land and the sea, and everything living, dead and solid. Before he created all of this, he was completely alone, with nothing with him.<a href="#cite_note-IbnGauzi280198-142">[141]</a> In contrast to his creation, God has a timeless nature. He is beginningless (azalī) because he has existed for all eternity and nothing precedes him, and he is endless (abadī) because he continues to exist without interruption for all eternity. He is the first and the last, as it says in the Quran (Sura 57: 3).<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> God brought forth creation not because he needed it, but to demonstrate his power and as the implement his previous will and his primordial speech.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> God is creator, but has no needs. He does not need food,<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> does not feel lonely and does not keep company with anyone.<a href="#cite_note-IbnGauzi280198-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transcendence">Transcendence</h4></div> To absolve God of all anthropomorphism, the Qur'anic statements that "God sat on the throne" (istawā ʿalā l-ʿarš; Surah 7:54; 20: 5) receive a lot of the Sunni creeds attention. The creed of al-Qādir emphasizes that God did not set himself up on the throne (ʿarš) "in the manner of the rest of the creatures" and that he created this throne, although he did not need it.<a href="#cite_note-IbnGauzi280198-142">[141]</a> Al-Ghazali's knowledge of the faith states that the "sitting down" is free from contact (mumāssa) with the throne. It is not the throne that carries God, but the throne and its bearers are carried through the grace of his power.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> According to al-Ashʿari, the Sunnis confess that God is on his throne, but without asking how.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Even if God does not need the throne and what is below, because he spatially occupies everything, including what is above him, the throne and stool (kursī) are a reality.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Names_and_attributes">Names and attributes</h4></div> The Sunnis confess that the names of God cannot be said to be anything other than God, as Muʿtazilites and Kharijites claim.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Rather, they teach that there are correlating attributes (ṣifāt) which exist in each of the names of God mentioned in the Quran: God is alive through life (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%A4ay%C4%81h&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ḥayāh (page does not exist)">ḥayāh</a>), knowing through knowledge (ʿilm), mighty through power (ʿqudra), wanting through will (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ir%C4%81da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irāda (page does not exist)">irāda</a>), hearing through hearing (samʿ), seeing through sight (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%E1%B9%A3ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baṣar (page does not exist)">baṣar</a>) and speaking through Speech (<a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalām">kalām</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Gazali10776-158">[157]</a> The attributes are not identical to God, nor are they anything different from him.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Only those attributes are ascribed to God which he ascribed to himself (in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>) or which his prophet ascribed to him. And every attribute that he or his <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> has ascribed to him is a real attribute, not an attribute <a href="/wiki/Majaz" title="Majaz">figuratively</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IbnGauzi280199-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angels_and_other_spirits">Angels and other spirits</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg/250px-Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="777"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 344px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg/250px-Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="344" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg/330px-Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg/440px-Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangels</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a> und <a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a>. Turkish <a href="/wiki/Siyer-i_Nebi" title="Siyer-i Nebi">Siyer-i-Nebi</a>-work, 1595</figcaption></figure> Sunnis believe in <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aschari29056-149">[148]</a> God hid the <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a> from the vision of humans, thus they can usually not see them. Just in some special occusations God unveils them for individual humans. Like when the archangel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> appeared to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> one time in his true form with 600 wings, filling the entire horizon and another time when he was among the circles of the Sahaba, in the form of a white clothed traveller.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">Angels</a> fulfil duties assigned by God. The <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> has the mission to transmit God's revelations to chosen Prophets. The <a href="/wiki/Angel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel Michael">angel Michael</a> is assigned over rain and plants. The <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> <a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a> must blow into the trumpet during thunder and the day of resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Furthermore, to the angels belong the recording angels, who supervise humans and the angel of death, who takes the <a href="/wiki/Ruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruh">souls</a> (lit. spirits) of the inhabitants of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Aq%C4%ABda_1995-163">[162]</a> Unlike the Mutazilites and the Jahmites,<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> the Sunnis believe that <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Satan</a> whispers doubts to humans and hits them, as the Quran states.<a href="#cite_note-Aschari29660-165">[164]</a> But humans, <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shayatin" title="Shayatin">devils</a> are all created by the power of God and bound to his will. Even if humans, jinn, angels and devils aligned to move or stop one atom, they could not succeed without God's will.<a href="#cite_note-Gazali10775-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_of_God">Books of God</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_Quran_texts_in_Old_Dhaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Historic_Quran_texts_in_Old_Dhaka.jpg/220px-Historic_Quran_texts_in_Old_Dhaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1040"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Historic_Quran_texts_in_Old_Dhaka.jpg/220px-Historic_Quran_texts_in_Old_Dhaka.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Historic_Quran_texts_in_Old_Dhaka.jpg/330px-Historic_Quran_texts_in_Old_Dhaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Historic_Quran_texts_in_Old_Dhaka.jpg/440px-Historic_Quran_texts_in_Old_Dhaka.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Historic Quran of <a href="/wiki/Old_Dhaka" title="Old Dhaka">Old Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></figcaption></figure> The Sunnis further believe in the books of God, sent to the envoys of God.<a href="#cite_note-Tahawi2052-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aschari29056-149">[148]</a> To them belong the Quran, the Torah, the Gospel and the Psalms.<a href="#cite_note-Gazali10776-158">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is according to Sunni views the speech of God. Who listens to it and regards it as human speech is according to Sunni Creed by at-Tahāwī an <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">infidel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tahawi1249-168">[167]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> as the speech of God is sent down by the "trustworthy Spirit" (ar-rūḥ al-amīn; surah 26:193) and taught by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tahawi2052-167">[166]</a> God sent him down as inspiration (wahy) on his Messenger.<a href="#cite_note-Tahawi1249-168">[167]</a> The path of God's speech to the community of Muslims is a multi-stage process: God pronounced it, the <a href="/wiki/Angel_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel Gabriel">angel Gabriel</a> heard it and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a> repeated it, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a> repeated it to his <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_companions" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's companions">companions</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a> repeated them.<a href="#cite_note-IbnGauzi280199-160">[159]</a> As the speech of God, the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is according to Sunnism uncreated. The teachings of the creation of the Quran is rejected by Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-Tahawi2052-167">[166]</a> Anyone who takes this teaching is regarded as an unbeliever.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> The Quran is recited with the tongue, written into books and memorized by the heart, but remains the uncreated speech of God, because it is individable and can not be split by the transmition from heart to paper.<a href="#cite_note-Gazali10776-158">[157]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=At-Tah%C4%81w%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="At-Tahāwī (page does not exist)">At-Tahāwī</a> specifies that the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is not created like human speech. Rather, it came from God in an unexplained way as a word (qaul).<a href="#cite_note-Tahawi1249-168">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taym%C4%ABya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymīya">Ibn Taymīya</a> explains that the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> originated from God and will return (sc. At the end of times) too.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophets">Prophets</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Messages">Messages</h4></div> Confessing to the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Prophets</a> of God is also part of the Sunni faith.<a href="#cite_note-Aschari29056-149">[148]</a> The first of the prophets is <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The original contract (mīṯāq) that God concluded with him and his descendants according to sura 7:172–173 is a reality according to Sunni belief.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> God has taken <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a> as a friend (ḫalīl) and talked to <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a> directly.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> The last of the prophets is <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a> from the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Quraish" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraish">Quraish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gazali10877-174">[173]</a> The Sunnis do not differentiate between the messengers of God, (By rejecting some of them), but consider everything they have brought to be true.<a href="#cite_note-Tahawi2253-175">[174]</a> God called the <a href="/wiki/Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets">prophets</a> and presented their truthfulness through obvious miracles. The prophets conveyed God's command and prohibition, his <a href="/wiki/Promise_and_threat" class="mw-redirect" title="Promise and threat">promise and threat</a>, and it is incumbent on people to believe what they have brought to be true.<a href="#cite_note-Gazali10877-174">[173]</a> God has given people the act of obedience (ṭāʿa) and opposition (maʿṣiya) forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> God's right to the acts of obedience is not only an obligation for people through the intellect (bi-muǧarrad al-ʿaql), but also through it for making it a duty through the oral transmission of his prophets.<a href="#cite_note-Gazali10877-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muhammad">Muhammad</h4></div> Muhammad from the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Quraish" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraish">Quraish</a> is not only the seal of the prophets (ḫātam al-anbiyāʾ),<a href="#cite_note-Tahawi1249-168">[167]</a> rather, God placed him above all other <a href="/wiki/Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets">prophets</a> and made him Lord of men (saiyid al-bašar).<a href="#cite_note-Gazali10877-174">[173]</a> He is God's chosen servant (ʿabd), <a href="/wiki/Ras%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasūl">Messenger</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> of the godly (imām al-atqiyāʾ) and the beloved of the Lord of the Worlds (ḥabīb rabb al-ʿālamīn). He is sent with truth (ḥaqq), guidance (hudā) and light (nūr). God has him with his message to <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and Non-Arabs as well as sent to the general public of the <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> and humans and with his <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, the earlier religious laws <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">abrogated</a>, except that which he has confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-Gazali10877-174">[173]</a> Part of the Sunnis path is to follow the traditions (āṯār) of Muhammad internally and externally. They prefer his guidance to the guidance of anyone else.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Muhammad's prophethood is proven by miracles (muʿǧizāt) such as the splitting of the moon. The most obvious miracle is the Quran's <a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">inimitability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Every claim to prophethood after him is an error or imagination, since Muhammad is the last prophet.<a href="#cite_note-Tahawi1249-168">[167]</a> Another important point of teaching is the belief in <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension of Muhammad">Muhammad's Ascension</a> (miʿrāǧ).<a href="#cite_note-Aschari29660-165">[164]</a> Accordingly, Muhammad went on a nocturnal journey during which his person was transported to heaven while awake and from there to heights, "which God has chosen". God gave him what he had chosen for him and gave him his revelation. God has also blessed him in his life beyond and in this world.<a href="#cite_note-Tahawi1249-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_grave">In the grave</h4></div> According to Sunni doctrine, people are questioned in their graves by <a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a> after death.<a href="#cite_note-Aq%C4%ABda_1995-163">[162]</a> Munkar and Nakīr are two terrifying, huge figures who let the person sit upright in his grave with mind and body and then tell him about the oneness of God and the prophethood of Muhammad. They ask him: "Who is your master? What is your religion? Who is your prophet?". They are the two inspectors of the grave and their questioning is the first test (fitna) of humans after death.<a href="#cite_note-Gazali10877-174">[173]</a> The believer will answer to this test: "God is my Lord, Islam is my religion and Mohammed is my prophet." The doubter, on the other hand, will answer: "Oh dear, I don't know. I heard people say something, and that's how I said it." He is then hit with an iron club so that he utters a loud scream that can be heard by everyone except people and jinn. If people heard him, they would lose consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Children are also interviewed by Munkar and Nakīr as well as people who have disappeared, drowned or were eaten by predatory animals.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Deceased Muslims receive the <a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">supplication</a> said for them, and the <a href="/wiki/Sadaqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaqa">Sadaqa</a> spoken in their name are a favor for them.<a href="#cite_note-Aschari29660-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sign_of_the_hour">Sign of the hour</h4></div> Another point of belief are the "signs of the hour" (ašrāṭ as-sāʿa) that precede the day of resurrection. This includes the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Dajjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajjal">Dajjal</a>, the rising of the sun in the west, the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Dabba</a> from the earth<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> and the excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>. Jesus, the son of Mary, will descend from heaven<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> and kill the Dajjal.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Day_of_resurrection">Day of resurrection</h4></div> On the Day of the Resurrection the resurrection (baʿṯ) and the retribution of the deeds take place.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> First the bodies of all people, animals and jinn are put back together and revived.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> The souls are brought back into the body, the people rise from their graves, barefoot, naked and uncircumcised. The sun is approaching them and they are sweating.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> A scales are set up to weigh people's deeds. The scales have two <a href="/wiki/Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">scales</a> and one tongue and are as big as several layers of heaven and earth. The weights will have the weight of atoms and <a href="/wiki/Chardal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chardal">mustard seeds</a> in order to realize the accuracy of God's righteousness. The leaves with good deeds (ḥasanāt) are thrown in a beautiful shape into the scales of light and weigh down the scales by the grace (faḍl) of God, the leaves with bad deeds (saiyiʾāt) are thrown into the scales of darkness in an ugly form and reduce the weight of the scales through the justice (ʿadl) of God.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_vision_of_God_in_the_hereafter">The vision of God in the hereafter</h4></div> The teachings of the Sunnis also include the vision of God (ruʾyat Allāh) in the hereafter, which has similarities with the visio beatifica in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> With this teaching the Sunnis set themselves apart from the Muʿtazilites, the <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidiyyah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">philosophers</a> who consider the vision of God intellectually impossible.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> There are differing views among Sunni scholars about the timing and type of the divine vision. Al-Ashari states that God is seen on the day of resurrection, whereby only the believers see him, the unbelievers not because they are kept away from God.<a href="#cite_note-A%C5%A1%CA%BFar%C4%AB_1931-190">[189]</a> At-Tahāwī, on the other hand, was of the opinion that the vision of God was a reality for the inmates of Paradise.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Ibn Taimīya doubles the vision of God: people see God while they are still in the places of the resurrection, and then after entering paradise.<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Taim%C4%ABya_1999-192">[191]</a> As for the way of seeing God, al-Ash Aari and Ibn Taimiyah emphasized its visual characteristics. Al-Ashari meant that God can be seen with the eyes, just as one sees the moon on the night of the full moon.<a href="#cite_note-A%C5%A1%CA%BFar%C4%AB_1931-190">[189]</a> Ibn Taimīya adds that the vision of God is as one sees the sun on a cloudless day.<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Taim%C4%ABya_1999-192">[191]</a> In the ʿAqīda at-Tahāwīs, the transcendence of God is emphasized: the vision can neither be understood nor described, because none of the creatures are like God.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> According to al-Ghazālī's creed the pious in the hereafter see the essence of God without <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">substance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accidents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gazali10776-158">[157]</a> According to the creed of an-Nasafī, God is seen neither in one place nor in any direction or distance. There is also no connection to rays.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Release_of_the_monotheists_from_hell_and_intercession">Release of the monotheists from hell and intercession</h4></div> According to the Ibn Taimīya's creed, the <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> of Muhammad is the first religious community to enter Paradise,<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Other religious communities also have the opportunity to get to paradise, because God leads whole peoples through the grace of his mercy (aqwām) out of hellfire.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ghazālī">al-Ghazālī</a> declare in their creeds that the <a href="/wiki/Monotheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheist">monotheist</a> en (al-muwaḥḥidūn) after being punished.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Al-Ghazālī adds that through the grace (faḍl) of God no monotheist remains in hell for all eternity.<a href="#cite_note-Engl_1994._p._78-198">[197]</a> According to at-Tahāwī's creed, this only applies to the serious sinners from Muhammad's ummah: They are in hell, but not forever if they were monotheists at the time of death. What happens to them lies within God: if he wants, he forgives them through his grace (faḍl), and if he wants, he punishes them in his justice (ʿadl) and then brings them through His mercy (raḥma) and through the intercession of those who obey him out of hell and make them enter the Paradise Garden.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> The intercession (šafāʿa) of the Messenger of God and its effect on those of his ummah who have committed serious sins is a fixed teaching point of the Sunni faith.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Muhammad reserved the intercession especially for them.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> According to al-Ghazālī, the Sunni believer has a total of the intercession of the prophets, then the scholars, then the martyrs, then to believe the other believers in accordance with their dignity and their rank in God. Those of the believers who have no advocate will be brought out of hell by the grace of God.<a href="#cite_note-Engl_1994._p._78-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_predestination">The predestination</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extent_of_the_predestination">Extent of the predestination</h4></div> According to Sunni doctrine, everything that happens happens through God's decision (qadāʾ) and predestination (<a href="/wiki/Qadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadar">Qadar</a>) or his determination (taqdīr).<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Predestination includes the predestination of good and bad, sweet and bitter.<a href="#cite_note-Tahawi2253-175">[174]</a> God has that The measured (qadar) of creatures and determined their time of time.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> He makes his creatures sick and heals them, lets them die and makes them alive, while the creatures themselves have no power over it.<a href="#cite_note-IbnGauzi280198-142">[141]</a> God lets them die without fear and brings them to life without exertion.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The one who dies dies on the appointed date, even if he is killed.<a href="#cite_note-Aschari29660-165">[164]</a> God has written the things predestined for the creatures on the well-kept tablet (al-lauḥ al-maḥfūẓ). The pen she wrote with is the first thing God created. God commanded him to write down what will be until the day of resurrection. The pen has already dried out and the scrolls are rolled up.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Everything that was written on it in ancient times is immutable.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> God is righteous in his judgments (aqḍiya), but his righteousness cannot be decided by analogy with the righteousness of people, because unjust actions for people are only conceivable with regard to someone else's property, but God does not encounter someone else's property anywhere so that he could behave unfairly to him.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The principle of predestination is God's mystery with regard to his creatures. No <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a> and no prophet is informed of this. Reflecting on predestination leads to destruction and is a step toward rebellion against God because He has hidden the knowledge about it from people.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Blessed_and_the_Damned">The Blessed and the Damned</h4></div> It is made easy for everyone for what they were created for. Blessed are whose who are saved by God's judgment (qaḍāʾ Allāh), condemned are those who are condemned by the judgment of God.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-209">[208]</a> God created paradise and hell above all else; then he created the people who are worthy of them. He has designated some out of generosity (faḍlan) for paradise, the others out of justice (ʿadlan) for hell.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> God has always known the number of those who go to paradise and the number of those who go to hell. This number is neither increased nor decreased.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-209">[208]</a> When God creates the body of the embryo, he sends an angel to him who writes down his livelihood (rizq), the hour he dies, his deeds and whether he is a damned (šaqī) or a blessed (saʿīd).<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> The Sunni does not doubt his belief.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Humans neither know how they are registered by God (whether as believers or unbelievers), nor how it ends with them.<a href="#cite_note-IbnGauzi281200-213">[212]</a> God is also the converter of hearts (muqallib al-qulūb).<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Therefore, it is recommended to say the <a href="/wiki/Inshallah" title="Inshallah">Istit̲h̲nā</a>:<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> "A believer, if God is willing" or "I hope that I am a Believer". Such a way of expression does not make people into doubters, because by that, they only mean that their otherworldly fate and their end are hidden from them.<a href="#cite_note-IbnGauzi281200-213">[212]</a> Sunnis do make claims about anyone's destiny in either paradise or hell, who prays to the direction of the Kaaba,<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> no matter of their good deed or sins they committed.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Sunni_view_of_hadith">Sunni view of hadith</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/250px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5514" data-file-height="3681"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/250px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/500px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Quran as it exists today in book form was compiled by Muhammad's companions (<a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a>) within a handful of months of his death, and is accepted by all sects of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Many matters of belief and daily life were not directly prescribed in the Quran, but were actions observed by Muhammad and the early Muslim community. Later generations sought out <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> regarding the early history of Islam, and the practices of Muhammad and his first followers, and wrote them down so that they might be preserved. These recorded oral traditions are called hadith.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Muslim scholars have through the ages sifted through the hadith and evaluated the chain of narrations of each tradition, scrutinizing the trustworthiness of the narrators and judging the strength of each hadith accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kutub_al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</h3></div> Kutub al-Sittah are six books containing collections of hadiths. Sunni Muslims accept the hadith collections of <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Bukhari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim</a> as the most authentic (<a href="/wiki/Sahih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih">sahih</a>), and while accepting all hadiths verified as authentic, grant a slightly lesser status to the collections of other recorders. Four other hadith collections are also held in particular reverence by Sunni Muslims, making a total of six: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Sughra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan al-Sughra">Sunan al-Sughra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasa%27i" title="Al-Nasa'i">Al-Nasa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Abu Dawud">Sunan Abu Dawud</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dawood">Abu Dawood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami%27_at-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami' at-Tirmidhi">Jami' at-Tirmidhi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Tirmidhi">Al-Tirmidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ibn_Majah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Ibn Majah">Sunan Ibn Majah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Majah" title="Ibn Majah">Ibn Majah</a></li></ul> There are also other collections of hadith which also contain many authentic hadith and are frequently used by scholars and specialists. Examples of these collections include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musannaf_of_Abd_al-Razzaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq">Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq</a> of <a href="/wiki/%27Abd_ar-Razzaq_as-San%27ani" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd ar-Razzaq as-San'ani">'Abd ar-Razzaq as-San'ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musnad_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Musnad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustadrak_al-Hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustadrak al-Hakim">Mustadrak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hakim_al-Nishaburi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim al-Nishaburi">Al Haakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Muwatta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Malik">Imam Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Ibn_Hibbaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Ibn Hibbaan">Sahih Ibn Hibbaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Ibn_Khuzaymah" title="Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah">Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khuzaymah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khuzaymah">Ibn Khuzaymah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Darimi" title="Sunan al-Darimi">Sunan al-Darimi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Darimi" title="Al-Darimi">Al-Darimi</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Sunni_State_institutions">Sunni State institutions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TRT_Diyanet_kurumsal_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/TRT_Diyanet_kurumsal_logo.png/120px-TRT_Diyanet_kurumsal_logo.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1406"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 175px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/TRT_Diyanet_kurumsal_logo.png/120px-TRT_Diyanet_kurumsal_logo.png" data-width="96" data-height="175" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/TRT_Diyanet_kurumsal_logo.png/250px-TRT_Diyanet_kurumsal_logo.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>TRT Diyanet kurumsal logo</figcaption></figure> One of the most important teaching institutions of Sunni Islam worldwide is the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Azhar</a> in Egypt. Article 32b, paragraph 7 of the Egyptian Azhar Law of 1961 stipulates that the Azhar "follows the path of the Sunnis" (manhaǧ ahl as-sunna wa-l-jamāʿa), Umma has agreed to the foundations of the religion and applications of fiqh, with its four <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">disciplines</a>. Only those who stick to the paths of their science and behavior can become a "Member of the Council of Great Scholars" (haiʾat kibār al-ʿulamāʾ), among whom the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_al-Azhar" title="Grand Imam of al-Azhar">Grand Imam of al-Azhar</a> is elected.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Zitouna University in Tunisia and University of al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco are recognized. They are also mentioned, along with the Azhar, in the final document of the Sunni Conference in Grozny.<a href="#cite_note-Grozny-222">[221]</a> Another body that claims to speak on behalf of Sunnism is the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Senior_Scholars_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Senior Scholars (Saudi Arabia)">Council of Senior Religious Scholars</a> founded in Saudi Arabia in 1971. In the past, the committee has expressed several times on fatwas about the Sunni-membership of certain Islamic groups within. In 1986 it published a fatwa excluding the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Ahbāsh</a> community from Sunnism.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> The Islamic World League in Mecca, also funded by Saudi Arabia, made a resolution from 1987 that it regards Sunnism as the pure teachings at the time of the Messenger and the rightful existence of the Caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> However, the Council of Senior Religious Scholars is largely under control of Wahhabi scholars.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> The Turkish <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Religious Affairs">Directorate of Religious Affairs</a> (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı), follows the religious policy of the Ottoman Empire, providing a Sunni interpretation of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Lord138-226">[225]</a> Plans by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_National_Unity" title="Committee of National Unity">Committee of National Unity</a> in the 1960s to convert the Diyanet authority into a non-denominational institution that also integrated the <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevis</a>, failed because of resistance from conservative Sunni clergy inside and outside the Diyanet authority.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Since the 1990s, the Diyanet authority has presented itself as an institution that stands above the denominations (mezhepler üstü)<a href="#cite_note-Lord138-226">[225]</a> The religious education organized by the authority at the Turkish schools is based exclusively on the Sunni understanding of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Self-image_of_the_Sunnis">Self-image of the Sunnis</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='As_the_"saved_sect"'>As the "saved sect"</h3></div> A well-known <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, which is to be interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a>, says that the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> will split into 73 sects, only one of which will be saved.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> The Sunnis have the idea that they are this "saved sect" ("firqa nā niya"). For example, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a> (d. 1037) explains at the beginning of his <a href="/wiki/Heresiology" title="Heresiology">heresiographical</a> work al-Farq baina l-firaq ("The difference between the sects") that there are 20 <a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafiditic</a>, 20 <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijite</a>, 20 <a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadaritic</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjiite</a>, 3 Nadjāritic, 3 <a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">karramitic</a> and furthermore Bakriyya, Dirariyyya and <a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Jahmīya</a>. These are the 72 erring sects. The 73rd sect that is the "saved sect" are the Sunnis (ahl as-sunna wa-l-jamaʿa). According to al-Baghdadi, they are composed of two groups, namely the followers of the <a href="/wiki/Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra'y">Ra'y</a> and the followers of the hadith. They agreed on the fundamentals of religion (uṣūl ad-dīn). There were only differences in the derivations (furūʿ) from the norms regarding the question of what <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">permitted</a> and what <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">forbidden</a> is. These differences are not so great that they considered each other to have strayed from the right path.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_center_of_Muslims">As center of Muslims</h3></div> Later Sunni scholars also present the Sunnis as the center of Muslim community. The idea already appears to some extent in the Ashʿarite ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī, who emphasizes on several dogmatic questions that the Sunnis hold a position that lies in the middle between the positions of the other Islamic groups.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> An example is the question of predestination (<a href="/wiki/Qadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadar">Qadar</a>), in which, according to the <a href="/wiki/Kasb" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasb">Kasb</a> theory, you hold exactly the middle between the two extreme positions of the <a href="/wiki/Jabriyya" title="Jabriyya">Jabriyya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qadariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyya">Qadariyya</a>. The Hanbali scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1328), who was otherwise known for his uncompromising attitude, also adhered to this view. He said that the Sunnis represented "the middle among the sects of the <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>" (al-wasaṭ fī firaq al-umma), just as the Islamic Umma is the middle between the other religious communities. He illustrates this with the following examples: <ul><li>When it comes to the attributes of God, the Sunnis stand in the middle between the Jahmiyya, who completely drains God of attributes, and the Muschabbiha, who make God similar to creation,</li> <li>in the works of God they stand in the middle between the Qadariyya and the Jabriyya,</li> <li>on the question of the threat from God (waʿid Allah) they stand in the middle between the Murdschi'a and the Waʿīdiyya, a subgroup of the Qadariyya,</li> <li>When it comes to the question of faith and religion, they stand in the middle between Haruiyya (= Kharijites) and <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a> on the one hand and Murji'a and Jahmiyya on the other,</li> <li>and with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">Companions of the Prophets</a> they are in the middle between <a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafidites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a></li></ul> The Hanafi scholar <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">ʿAlī al-Qārī</a> (d. 1606) continued this idea later. In his anti-Shiite pamphlet Šamm al-alawāriḍ fī ḏamm ar-rawāfiḍ he quotes a tradition according to which <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib</a> said: "Two kinds of people perish on me: the exaggerated lover and the exaggerated hater." He notes that the exaggerated lover is the Rafidites and the exaggerated hater is the Kharijit. The Sunni, on the other hand, loves ʿAlī in high esteem and is thus in the balanced middle (al-wasaṭ allaḏī huwa al-qisṭ). This relates al-Qari to the Qur'anic sura 2: 143, in which it is said that God made the Muslims a community standing in the middle (umma wasaṭ). Since the Sunnis stay away from the exaggeration described in the traditional ʿAlī saying, al-Qārī believes that they are also the actual "<a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Party of ʿAlīs</a>" (šīʿat ʿAlī).<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_the_essential_bearers_of_Islamic_science_and_culture">As the essential bearers of Islamic science and culture</h3></div> ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī portrays the Sunnis in his work al-Farq baina l-firaq as the actual bearers of Islamic science and culture. Of all the sciences, knowledge and efforts of which Muslims are proud, al-Baghdādī explains that the Sunnis have a major share.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> In the last chapter of his book, al-Baghdadi also relates this to building activity in Islamic countries. He believes that the Sunnis with their <a href="/wiki/Mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques">mosques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>, palaces, factories and hospitals have achieved an unattainable position because none of the non-Sunnis have performed such services.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Contemporary_Ashʿarī_–_Salafī_relations">Contemporary Ashʿarī – Salafī relations</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_el-Tayeb_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ahmed_el-Tayeb_1.jpg/250px-Ahmed_el-Tayeb_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="653"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 202px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ahmed_el-Tayeb_1.jpg/250px-Ahmed_el-Tayeb_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="202" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ahmed_el-Tayeb_1.jpg/330px-Ahmed_el-Tayeb_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ahmed_el-Tayeb_1.jpg/500px-Ahmed_el-Tayeb_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed el-Tayeb</a>, Great-Imam of Azhar, was one of the most important participants of the Sunni-conference in Grozny, distanced himself from the declaration</figcaption></figure> Since the second half of the 20th century, there have been fierce clashes within the Sunni camps between <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ashʿarites</a> on the one hand and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya</a> on the other, who exclude each other from Sunnism. In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the Ashʿarite scholar Sirajuddin Abbas (d. 1980) wrote several books in the 1960s in which he explicitly excluded the Ahl as-salaf from Sunnism. Among other things, he argued that there was no Salafi madhhab in the first 300 years of Islam. From this he deduced that those who called other Muslims to obey the Salafi madhhab, were promoting a madhhab which did not even exist.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> In his view, only the Ashʿarites were real Sunnis. Abbas' books served as the theological basis for anti-Salafist campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> During these campaigns, various Salafist schools in Aceh were closed by the provincial government.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_for_Scholarly_Research_and_Ifta" title="Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta">Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> issued a fatwa in 1996 stating that Salafis are Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Like many Ashʿarites, the Salafis believe their teachings are the only true form of Sunnism, and hence reject the Asharites and <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidites</a> as part of Sunnism.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> An example is the Saudi scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Uthaymeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen">Muhammad Ibn al-ʿUthaimīn</a>, who in his 2001 published commentary on Aqīda Wāsiṭīya by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taimiyya</a> expressed the opinion that Ash'arites and Māturīdites would not count among the Sunnis, because their doctrine of attributes would be in contrast to the doctrine of Muhammad and his companions. For this reason, the view that three groups belong to Sunnism should also be rejected. Sunnis are only those who are salaf in terms of belief.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> The accusation by some <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabis</a> that the Ashʿarites were not Sunnis was subject of a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> by the "Egyptian Fatwa Office" in July 2013. In its fatwa, the office rejected this accusation, affirming that the Ashʿarites still represented the "multitude of <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">scholars</a>" (jumhūr al-ʿulamāʾ), and stressed out that they were the ones who in the past rejected the arguments of the <a href="/wiki/Mulhid" title="Mulhid">atheists</a> (šubuhāt al-malāḥida). Anyone who declares them to be unbelieving or who doubts their orthodoxy should fear for their religion.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> On the same day, the fatwa office made clear in a fatwa that, according to their understanding, the Ahl as-Sunna wa-l-jama only refer to those Muslims who are Ashʿarites or Maturidites.<a href="#cite_note-Daralifta2366-99">[98]</a> The rivalry between Ashʿarīyya and Salafiyya became visible again at the two Sunni conferences in 2016, which were directed against the terror of the IS organization. The <a href="/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny" title="2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny">first conference</a> with the title "Who are the Ahl al-Sunna wa al-jama?" took place in the Chechen capital <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> in August 2016 under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a>. Numerous religious figures from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> took part, including <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed el-Tayeb</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_al-Azhar" title="Grand Imam of al-Azhar">Grand Imam</a> of the Azhar, and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Aboobacker_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Aboobacker Ahmed">Sheikh Aboobacker Ahmed</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_India" title="Grand Mufti of India">Grand Mufti of India</a>. According to its organizers, the conference should "mark a blessed turning point in efforts to correct the serious and dangerous distortion of religion by those extremists trying to usurp the venerable name of Ahl al-Sunna wa-al-Jama'a, him to coin exclusively on itself and to exclude its true representatives from it."<a href="#cite_note-Grozny-222">[221]</a> In the final declaration the Salafis and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> groups like <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>, etc. and the <a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfiri</a> organisations like <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> were excluded from Sunni Islam.<a href="#cite_note-islam.in.ua-243">[242]</a> In response to this, various prominent Salafiyya figures held a counter-conference in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in November 2016 under the title "The Correct Meaning of Sunnism" (al-Mafhūm aṣ-ṣaḥīḥ li-ahl as-sunna wa-l-jama), in which they also distanced themselves from extremist groups, but at the same time insisted that Salafiyya was not only part of Sunnism, but represented Sunnism itself. The conference was chaired by Ahmad ibn Murabit, Grand Mufti of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> A few days later, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_al-Azhar" title="Grand Imam of al-Azhar">Grand Imam of Al-Azhar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed el-Tayeb</a> publicly distanced himself from the final declaration of the Grozny conference, reiterating that he had not participated in it and stressed that he naturally viewed the Salafists as Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/60px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/48px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/64px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sunni_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/60px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/120px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Islam-related_articles" title="Index of Islam-related articles">Index of Islam-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Mosque" title="King Abdullah Mosque">King Abdullah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_Unity_Conference_(Iran)" title="International Islamic Unity Conference (Iran)">International Islamic Unity Conference (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_the_Quran" title="Shia view of the Quran">Shia view of the Quran</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Muslims+May+Have+Overtaken+Catholics+a+While+Ago&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Bialik&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FBL-NB-315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMMENA-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMMENA_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMMENA_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayeb_El-Hibri,_Maysam_J._al_Faruqi2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tayeb El-Hibri, Maysam J. al Faruqi (2004). "Sunni Islam". In Philip Mattar (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Second ed.). MacMillan Reference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sunni+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Tayeb+El-Hibri%2C+Maysam+J.+al+Faruqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FitzpatrickWalkerP3-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FitzpatrickWalkerP3_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrickWalker2014" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610691789" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610691789"><bdi>978-1610691789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1610691789&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Coeli&rft.au=Walker%2C+Adam+Hani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2AtvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheSuccessionToMuhammadByWilferdMadelung/page/n47">The Succession to Muhammad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521646960" title="Special:BookSources/0521646960"><bdi>0521646960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Succession+to+Muhammad&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0521646960&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheSuccessionToMuhammadByWilferdMadelung%2Fpage%2Fn47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJafri1976" class="citation book cs1">Jafri, Syed Husain Mohammad (27 August 1976). The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam (Millennium (Series)) (The Millennium (Series).). Karachi, Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (First Published By Longman Group Ltd and Librairie du Liban 1979). pp. 19–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195793871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195793871"><bdi>978-0195793871</bdi></a>. <q>The Shi'a unequivocally take the word in the meaning of leader, master and patron and therefore the explicitly nominated successor of the Prophet. The Sunnis, on the other hand, interpret the word mawla in the meaning of a friend or the nearest kin and confidant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Early+Development+of+Shi%27a+Islam+%28Millennium+%28Series%29%29+%28The+Millennium+%28Series%29.%29&rft.place=Karachi%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28First+Published+By+Longman+Group+Ltd+and+Librairie+du+Liban+1979%29&rft.date=1976-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0195793871&rft.aulast=Jafri&rft.aufirst=Syed+Husain+Mohammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Ess: Der Eine und das Andere. 2011, Bd. II, S. 1271. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Ess: Der Eine und das Andere. 2011, Bd. II, p. 1272. (German) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Patricia Crone und Martin Hinds: God's Caliph. Religious authority in the first centuries of Islam. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. S. 59–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn Sufyān al-Fasawī: Kitāb al-Maʿrifa wa-t-tārīḫ. Ed. Akram Ḍiyāʾ al-ʿUmarī. 3 Bde. Bagdad: Maṭbaʿat Aršād 1975. Bd. II, p. 813. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fasawe/M_fasaoy02#page/n813/mode/2up">Digitalisat</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adh-Dhahab%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adh-Dhahabī (page does not exist)">Šams ad-Dīn aḏ-Ḏahabī</a>: Siyar aʿlām an-nubalāʾ. Ed. Šuʿaib al-Arnāʾūṭ. 11. Aufl. Muʾassasat ar-Risāla, Beirut, 1996. Bd. IV, S. 300. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/11950/san04#page/n299/mode/2up">Digitalisat</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Ibn Taimīya: Minhāǧ as-sunna an-nabawīya. Ed. Muḥammad Rašād Sālim. Ǧamiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad Ibn-Saʿid, Riad, 1986. Bd. II, S. 221, 224. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/WAQ94871/msn2#page/n219/mode/2up">Digitalisat</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Muḥammad Rašīd Riḍā: as Sunna wa-š-šiʿa au al-Wahhābīya wa-r-Rāfiḍa: Ḥaqāʾiq dīnīya taʾrīḫīya iǧtimaʿīya iṣlaḥīya. Kairo 1928/29. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ar:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A9:%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9" class="extiw" title="s:ar:تصنيف:السنة والشيعة أو الوهابية والرافضة:مطبوع">Digitalisat Wikisource</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> So zum Beispiel bei Mohammad Heidari-Abkenar: Die ideologische und politische Konfrontation Schia-Sunna: am Beispiel der Stadt Rey des 10. – 12. Jh. n. Chr. Inaugural-Dissertation Köln 1992 und Ofra Bengo und Meir Litvak: The Sunna and Shi'a in history. Division and ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East. 1. Aufl. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ar:%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9#%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" class="extiw" title="s:ar:صحيح مسلم/المقدمة">Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muqaddima, Bāb anna al-isnād min ad-dīn wa-ʾanna r-riwāya lā takūn illā ʿan aṯ-ṯiqāt</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> G.H.A. Juynboll: Muslim tradition. Studies in chronology, provenance and authorship of early ḥadīṯ. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1983. S. 17f. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Zaman: Religion and politics under the early ʿAbbāsids. 1997, S. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Abū Ḥanīfa: Risāla ilā ʿUṯmān al-Battī. Ed. Muḥammad Zāhid al-Kauṯarī. Kairo, 1949. S. 38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hanafi_20150711_0546/page/n37">Digitalisat</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Ess: Der Eine und das Andere. 2011, Bd. II, S. 1273. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudolph-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudolph_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudolph_25-1">b</a> Ulrich Rudolph: Al-Māturīdī und die sunnitische Theologie in Samarkand. Brill, Leiden 1997. S. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Juynboll: "An Excursus on ahl as-sunnah". 1998, S. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Ibn Abī Yaʿlā: Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābila. 1952, Bd. II, S. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Abū l-Qāsim Hibatallāh al-Lālakāʾī: Šarḥ uṣūl iʿtiqād ahl as-sunna wa-l-ǧamāʿa. 8. Aufl. Ed. Aḥmad Saʿd Ḥamdān. Wizārat aš-šuʾūn al-islāmīya, Riad, 2003. Bd. I, S. 65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FP16154/page/n64/mode/2up">Digitalisat</a> – Engl. Übers. bei Juynboll: "An Excursus on ahl as-sunnah". 1998, S. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Ibn Ḥazm: al-Faṣl fi-l-milal wa-l-ahwāʾ wa-n-niḥal. Ed. Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Naṣr; ʿAbd-ar-Raḥmān ʿUmaira. 5 Bde. Dār al-Ǧīl, Beirut 1985. Bd. II, S. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Ess: Der Eine und das Andere. 2011, Bd. II, S. 1274. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitab_al-Ibana8-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kitab_al-Ibana8_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kitab_al-Ibana8_31-1">b</a> So al-Ašʿarī: Kitāb al-Ibāna ʿan uṣūl ad-diyāna. S. 8. – Engl. Übers. S. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Jarīr aṭ-Ṭabarī</a>: Taʾrīḫ ar-rusul wa-l-mulūk. Hrsg. von M. J. de Goeje. Brill, Leiden, 1879–1901. Bd. III, S. 1114, Zeile 4–8 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/content/pageview/467635">Digitalisat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427193221/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/content/pageview/467635">Archived</a> 27 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> und Ess: Der Eine und das Andere. 2011, Bd. II, S. 1278. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Vgl. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C4%81q%C5%ABt_ar-R%C5%ABm%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yāqūt ar-Rūmī (page does not exist)">Yāqūt ar-Rūmī</a>: Muʿǧam al-Buldān Ed. F. Wüstenfeld. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1866–1870. Bd. III, S. 213f. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ssg/content/pageview/505612">Digitalisat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428120038/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ssg/content/pageview/505612">Archived</a> 28 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> und van Ess: Der Eine und das Andere. 2011, S. 332. (german) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Ess: Der Eine und das Andere. 2011, Bd. II, S. 1273f. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ess20111276-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ess20111276_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ess20111276_35-1">b</a> Ess: Der Eine und das Andere. 2011, Bd. II, S. 1276. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bazdawi250-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bazdawi250_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bazdawi250_36-1">b</a> al-Bazdawī: Kitāb Uṣūl ad-Dīn. 2003, S. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Er kommt bei ihm nur einmal vor, nämlich al-Ašʿarī: Kitāb Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn wa-iḫtilāf al-muṣallīn. 1963, S. 471, Zeile 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ssg/content/pageview/708141">Digitalisat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428120038/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ssg/content/pageview/708141">Archived</a> 28 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> van Ess: Der Eine und das Andere. 2011, S. 681, 718. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Brodersen: "Sunnitische Identitätssuche im Transoxanien des 5./11. Jahrhunderts." 2019, S. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Brodersen: "Sunnitische Identitätssuche im Transoxanien des 5./11. Jahrhunderts." 2019, S. 347. (German) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> al-Bazdawī: Kitāb Uṣūl ad-Dīn. 2003, S. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Šams ad-Dīn al-Muqaddasī: Kitāb Aḥsan at-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm. Ed. M. J. de Goeje. 2. Aufl. Brill, Leiden 1906. S. 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ssg/content/pageview/503492">Digitalisat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405113242/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ssg/content/pageview/503492">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Französische Übersetzung André Miquel. Institut Français de Damas, Damaskus, 1963. S. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> So Kate Chambers Seelye in ihrer Übersetzung von al-Baghdādīs Al-Farq baina l-firaq, siehe Seelye: Moslem Schisms and Sects. 1920, S. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> See z. B. aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī: al-ʿAqīda aṭ-Ṭaḥāwīya. 1995, S. 24. – Engl. Übers. Watt: Islamic creeds: a selection. 1994, S. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Siehe z. B. aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī: al-ʿAqīda aṭ-Ṭaḥāwīya. 1995, S. 24. – Engl. Übers. Watt: Islamic creeds: a selection. 1994, S. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī: al-ʿAqīda aṭ-Ṭaḥāwīya. 1995, S. 31. – Engl. Übers. Watt: Islamic creeds: a selection. 1994, S. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Ibn Taimīya: al-ʿAqīda al-Wāsiṭīya. 1999, S. 128. – Dt. Übers. Wein S. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zabidi6-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zabidi6_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zabidi6_48-1">b</a> Murtaḍā az-Zabīdī: Itḥāf as-sāda al-muttaqīn bi-šarḥ Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn. Muʾassasat at-taʾrīḫ al-ʿArabī, Beirut, 1994. Bd. II, S. 6 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/FP78871/ithafsm02#page/n6/mode/2up">Digitalisat</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Saleh: Modern Trends in Islamic Theological Discourse in 20th Century Indonesia. 2001, S. 91–96. (German) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2013" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Aaron (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA115">Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231531924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231531924"><bdi>978-0231531924</bdi></a>. <q>It is a mistake to assume, as is frequently done, that Sunni Islam emerged as normative from the chaotic period following Muhammad's death and that the other two movements simply developed out of it. This assumption is based in... the taking of later and often highly ideological sources as accurate historical portrayals – and in part on the fact that the overwhelming majority of Muslims throughout the world follows now what emerged as Sunni Islam in the early period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identities%3A+An+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0231531924&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95jSBFFaDkUC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2013" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Aaron (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&pg=PA115">Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231531924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231531924"><bdi>978-0231531924</bdi></a>. <q>Each of these sectarian movements... used the other to define itself more clearly and in the process to articulate its doctrinal contents and rituals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identities%3A+An+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0231531924&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95jSBFFaDkUC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTore_Kjeilen" class="citation web cs1">Tore Kjeilen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ali.htm">"Lexic Orient.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605031233/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ali.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexic+Orient.com&rft.au=Tore+Kjeilen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexicorient.com%2Fe.o%2Fali.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Hibri2010" class="citation book cs1">El-Hibri, Tayeb (22 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Parable-Politics-Early-Islamic-History-ebook/dp/B0060LSOCE/ref=mt_kindle?_encoding=UTF8&me=">Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History:The Rashidun Caliphs</a>. New York Chichester West Sussex: A Columbia University Press. p. 526 (kindle). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231521659" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231521659"><bdi>978-0231521659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parable+and+Politics+in+Early+Islamic+History%3AThe+Rashidun+Caliphs&rft.place=New+York+Chichester+West+Sussex&rft.pages=526+%28kindle%29&rft.pub=A+Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010-10-22&rft.isbn=978-0231521659&rft.aulast=El-Hibri&rft.aufirst=Tayeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FParable-Politics-Early-Islamic-History-ebook%2Fdp%2FB0060LSOCE%2Fref%3Dmt_kindle%3F_encoding%3DUTF8%26me%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaududi2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maududi, Abul A'la (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDfeCQzP1cYC&pg=PT1">Khilafat o Malookiat</a> [Caliphate and Monarchistic] (in Urdu). Lahore, Pakistan: Adara Tarjuman-ul-Quran (Private) Ltd, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, Pakistan. pp. 105–153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khilafat+o+Malookiat&rft.place=Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.pub=Adara+Tarjuman-ul-Quran+%28Private%29+Ltd%2C+Urdu+Bazar%2C+Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.date=2000-07&rft.aulast=Maududi&rft.aufirst=Abul+A%27la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlDfeCQzP1cYC%26pg%3DPT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazleton2009" class="citation book cs1">Hazleton, Lesley (4 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterprophetepic0000hazl/page/193">After the Prophet:The Epic Story of Shia-Sunni Split in Islam</a>. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Auckland: Anchor (Doubleday). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterprophetepic0000hazl/page/193">193 (kindle)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385523936" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385523936"><bdi>978-0385523936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Prophet%3AThe+Epic+Story+of+Shia-Sunni+Split+in+Islam&rft.place=New+York%2C+London%2C+Toronto%2C+Sydney%2C+Auckland&rft.pages=193+%28kindle%29&rft.pub=Anchor+%28Doubleday%29&rft.date=2009-09-04&rft.isbn=978-0385523936&rft.aulast=Hazleton&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafterprophetepic0000hazl%2Fpage%2F193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1859" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Washington (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWAOAAAAQAAJ">Lives of the Successors of Mahomet</a>. Sunnyside: W. Clowes. pp. 163–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1273126963" title="Special:BookSources/978-1273126963"><bdi>978-1273126963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Successors+of+Mahomet&rft.place=Sunnyside&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.pub=W.+Clowes&rft.date=1859&rft.isbn=978-1273126963&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTWAOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadvi" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nadvi, Syed Abul Hasan Ali. Al-Murtaza [The Murtaza] (in Urdu). 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Lahore, Pakistan: Adara Tarjuman-ul-Quran (Private) Ltd, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, Pakistan. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khilafat+o+Malookiat&rft.place=Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Adara+Tarjuman-ul-Quran+%28Private%29+Ltd%2C+Urdu+Bazar%2C+Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.date=2000-07&rft.aulast=Maududi&rft.aufirst=Abul+A%27la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlDfeCQzP1cYC%26pg%3DPT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJafri976" class="citation book cs1">Jafri, Syed Husain Mohammad (976). The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam (Millennium (Series)) (The Millennium (Series).). Karachi: Oxford University Press (First Published By Longman Group Ltd and Librairie du Liban 1979). pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195793871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195793871"><bdi>978-0195793871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Early+Development+of+Shi%27a+Islam+%28Millennium+%28Series%29%29+%28The+Millennium+%28Series%29.%29&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28First+Published+By+Longman+Group+Ltd+and+Librairie+du+Liban+1979%29&rft.date=976&rft.isbn=978-0195793871&rft.aulast=Jafri&rft.aufirst=Syed+Husain+Mohammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2016" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2016). The Early Abbasid Caliphate: A Political History (Routledge Revivals) 1st Edition. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138953215" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138953215"><bdi>978-1138953215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Abbasid+Caliphate%3A+A+Political+History+%28Routledge+Revivals%29+1st+Edition&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1138953215&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Gail Minault, The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India (1982). </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogan2015" class="citation book cs1">Rogan, Eugene (26 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tP-4BAAAQBAJ">The Fall of the Ottomans</a>. UK: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141968704" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141968704"><bdi>978-0141968704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Ottomans&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft.isbn=978-0141968704&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtP-4BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_HarrisStuart_MewsPaul_MorrisJohn_Shepherd1992" class="citation book cs1">Ian Harris; Stuart Mews; Paul Morris; John Shepherd (1992). Contemporary Religions: A World Guide. Longman. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582086951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582086951"><bdi>978-0582086951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Religions%3A+A+World+Guide&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0582086951&rft.au=Ian+Harris&rft.au=Stuart+Mews&rft.au=Paul+Morris&rft.au=John+Shepherd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bowen" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Wayne H. (2007). The History of Saudi Arabia. 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Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845112578" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845112578"><bdi>978-1845112578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+PLC&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1845112578&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLvTNk75hUoC%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiktorowicz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10576100590905057">"A Genealogy of Radical Islam"</a>. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 28 (2): 83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10576100590905057">10.1080/10576100590905057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55948737">55948737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conflict+%26+Terrorism&rft.atitle=A+Genealogy+of+Radical+Islam&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10576100590905057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55948737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wiktorowicz&rft.aufirst=Quintan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10576100590905057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations. p. 547.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations&rft.pages=547&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-27801676">"Profile: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi"</a>. BBC News. 15 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Abu+Bakr+al-Baghdadi&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-27801676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Silva2017" class="citation news cs1">Da Silva, Chantel (16 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/cologne-rally-muslims-protest-islamic-extremism-germany-terror-attacks-uk-nichtmituns-not-with-us-a7792876.html">"Cologne rally: As many as 10,000 Muslims to protest Islamic extremism"</a>. Independent. Cologne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063638/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/cologne-rally-muslims-protest-islamic-extremism-germany-terror-attacks-uk-nichtmituns-not-with-us-a7792876.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Cologne+rally%3A+As+many+as+10%2C000+Muslims+to+protest+Islamic+extremism&rft.date=2017-06-16&rft.aulast=Da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Chantel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcologne-rally-muslims-protest-islamic-extremism-germany-terror-attacks-uk-nichtmituns-not-with-us-a7792876.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pink_pp_114-116-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pink_pp_114-116_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pink_pp_114-116_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pink_pp_114-116_71-2">c</a> Johanna Pink (2010). Sunnitischer Tafsīr in der modernen islamischen Welt: Akademische Traditionen, Popularisierung und nationalstaatliche Interessen. Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004185920" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004185920">978-9004185920</a>, pp. 114–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pink_pp_120-121-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Pink_pp_120-121_72-0">^</a> Johanna Pink (2010). Sunnitischer Tafsīr in der modernen islamischen Welt: Akademische Traditionen, Popularisierung und nationalstaatliche Interessen. Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004185920" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004185920">978-9004185920</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Source for distribution is the CIA World Factbook, Shiite/Sunnite distribution collected from other sources. Shiites may be underrepresented in some countries where they do not appear in official statistics. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Coeli Fitzpatrick Ph.D., Adam Hani Walker <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes] ABC-CLIO, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610691789" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610691789">978-1610691789</a> pp. 106–107 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=100">9:100</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Simone Chambers, Peter Nosco Dissent on Core Beliefs: Religious and Secular Perspectives Cambridge University Press, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107101524" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107101524">978-1107101524</a> p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasjid_al-Muslimiin" class="citation web cs1">Masjid al-Muslimiin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001220204/http://www.almasjid.com/content/organizational_structure_islam">"Organizational Structure Of Islam"</a>. The Islamic Center of Columbia (<a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://almasjid.com/content/organizational_structure_islam">the original</a> on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organizational+Structure+Of+Islam&rft.pub=The+Islamic+Center+of+Columbia+%28South+Carolina%29&rft.au=Masjid+al-Muslimiin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falmasjid.com%2Fcontent%2Forganizational_structure_islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewmuslim2-78"><a href="#cite_ref-pewmuslim2_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx">"Region: Middle East-North Africa"</a>. The Future of the Global Muslim Population – Executive Summary. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309233947/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Future+of+the+Global+Muslim+Population+%E2%80%93+Executive+Summary&rft.atitle=Region%3A+Middle+East-North+Africa&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Ffuture-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunni-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Sunni_79-0">^</a> See: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&pg=PA51">Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia</a> "some 80% of the worlds Muslims are Sunni"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327071408/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">"Religions"</a>. The World Factbook. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">the original</a> on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010. <q>Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Religions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317195234/http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x917961022/Sue-Hulett-U-S-should-focus-on-sanctions-against-Iran">Sue Hellett;U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran</a> "Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world's Muslim population"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nVcmKRyID2EC&pg=PA15">Iran, Israel and the United States</a> "Sunni, accounts for over 75% of the Islamic population"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&pg=PA252">A dictionary of modern politics</a> "probably 80% of the worlds Muslims are Sunni"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 7 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827061338/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010. <q>Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2FMuslim%2FMapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6213248.stm">"Sunnis and Shia: Islam's ancient schism"</a>. BBC News. 4 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109030040/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16047709">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024. <q>The great majority of the world's more than 1.5 billion Muslims are Sunnis - estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sunnis+and+Shia%3A+Islam%27s+ancient+schism&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6213248.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2007" class="citation news cs1">Grossman, Cathy Lynn (24 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm">"Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210020455/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2019. <q>Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Tension+between+Sunnis%2C+Shiites+emerging+in+USA&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Cathy+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3">Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide</a> "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_A%E1%B8%A5mad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (page does not exist)">Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad</a> aṣ-Ṣaffārīnī Lawāmiʿ al-anwār al-bahīya wa-sawāṭiʿ al-asrār al-aṯarīya. Muʾassasat al-Ḫāfiqain, Damaskus, 1982. Bd. I, S. 73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lawme3/labsaa1#page/n71/mode/2up">Digitalisat</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IsmailHakki75-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IsmailHakki75_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IsmailHakki75_81-1">b</a> İsmail Hakkı İzmirli: Muḥaṣṣalü l-kelâm ve-l-ḥikme. Istanbul 1336h (= 1917/18 n.Chr.). S. 75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katalog.marmara.edu.tr/eyayin/pdf/OGT01091.pdf#page=122">Digitalisat</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grosny-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grosny_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grosny_82-1">b</a> Abschlussdokument der Grosny-Konferenz von 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chechnyaconference.org/material/chechnya-conference-statement-arabic.pdf">arabisches Original</a> und <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chechnyaconference.org/material/chechnya-conference-statement-german.pdf">deutsche Übersetzung</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._B._Schlubach" class="citation web cs1">J. B. Schlubach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fethullahgulenforum.org/articles/13/fethullah-gulen-al-ghazzali-on-tolerance">"Fethullah Gülen and Al-Ghazzali on Tolerance"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304153120/http://fethullahgulenforum.org/articles/13/fethullah-gulen-al-ghazzali-on-tolerance">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fethullah+G%C3%BClen+and+Al-Ghazzali+on+Tolerance&rft.au=J.+B.+Schlubach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fethullahgulenforum.org%2Farticles%2F13%2Ffethullah-gulen-al-ghazzali-on-tolerance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Marlène Laruelle Being Muslim in Central Asia: Practices, Politics, and Identities Brill, 2018 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004357242" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004357242">978-9004357242</a> p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Marlène Laruelle Being Muslim in Central Asia: Practices, Politics, and Identities Brill, 2018 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004357242" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004357242">978-9004357242</a> p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power Springer, 2018 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319973555" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319973555">978-3319973555</a> p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060223020644/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/sunni/matur.html">"Maturidiyyah"</a>. Philtar. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/sunni/matur.html">the original</a> on 23 February 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philtar&rft.atitle=Maturidiyyah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiltar.ucsm.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fislam%2Fsunni%2Fmatur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffry_R._Halverson2010" class="citation book cs1">Jeffry R. Halverson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYzGAAAAQBAJ">Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230106581" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230106581"><bdi>978-0230106581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Creed+in+Sunni+Islam%3A+The+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+Ash%27arism%2C+and+Political+Sunnism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0230106581&rft.au=Jeffry+R.+Halverson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIYzGAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamim_Akhter2009" class="citation book cs1">Shamim Akhter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wikG_iOhSc8C">Faith & Philosophy of Islam</a>. Kalpaz Publications. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8178357195" title="Special:BookSources/978-8178357195"><bdi>978-8178357195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+%26+Philosophy+of+Islam&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Kalpaz+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8178357195&rft.au=Shamim+Akhter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwikG_iOhSc8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamov2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abrahamov, Binyamin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199696703-e-025">"Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology"</a>. In Sabine Schmidtke (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.025">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199696703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199696703"><bdi>978-0199696703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scripturalist+and+Traditionalist+Theology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.025&rft.isbn=978-0199696703&rft.aulast=Abrahamov&rft.aufirst=Binyamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199696703-e-025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halverson-36-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Halverson-36_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalverson2010" class="citation book cs1">Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv">Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv/page/n44">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137473578" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137473578"><bdi>978-1137473578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Creed+in+Sunni+Islam%3A+The+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+Ash%27arism%2C+and+Political+Sunnism&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1137473578&rft.aulast=Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheologycreedsun00halv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halverson-3637-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Halverson-3637_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalverson2010" class="citation book cs1">Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv">Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv/page/n44">36</a>–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137473578" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137473578"><bdi>978-1137473578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Creed+in+Sunni+Islam%3A+The+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+Ash%27arism%2C+and+Political+Sunnism&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1137473578&rft.aulast=Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheologycreedsun00halv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapidus130-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus130_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus130_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ira_M._Lapidus" title="Ira M. Lapidus">Lapidus, Ira M.</a> (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521514309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521514309"><bdi>978-0521514309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0521514309&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ira_M._Lapidus" title="Ira M. Lapidus">Lapidus, Ira M.</a> (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 123–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521514309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521514309"><bdi>978-0521514309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0521514309&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankinship2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Yahya_Blankinship" title="Khalid Yahya Blankinship">Blankinship, Khalid</a> (2008). "The early creed". In Tim Winter (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+early+creed&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Classical+Islamic+Theology&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Blankinship&rft.aufirst=Khalid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalverson2010" class="citation book cs1">Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv">Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv/page/n43">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137473578" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137473578"><bdi>978-1137473578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Creed+in+Sunni+Islam%3A+The+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+Ash%27arism%2C+and+Political+Sunnism&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1137473578&rft.aulast=Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheologycreedsun00halv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition). p. 180. <q>The Ash'ari school of theology is often called the Sunni 'orthodoxy.' But the original ahl al-hadith, early Sunni creed from which Ash'arism evolved has continued to thrive alongside it as a rival Sunni 'orthodoxy' as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadith%3A+Muhammad%27s+Legacy+in+the+Medieval+and+Modern+World&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoover2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hoover, Jon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199696703-e-014">"Ḥanbalī Theology"</a>. In Sabine Schmidtke (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199696703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199696703"><bdi>978-0199696703</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4anbal%C4%AB+Theology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=625&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199696703&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199696703-e-014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daralifta2366-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daralifta2366_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daralifta2366_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daralifta2366_99-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dar-alifta.org/AR/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=12579">al-Murād bi-ahl as-sunna wa-l-ǧamāʿa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060444/https://www.dar-alifta.org/AR/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=12579">Archived</a> 17 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Fatwa Nr. 2366 des ägyptischen Fatwa-Amtes vom 24. Juli 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Aḥmad b. ʿAǧība: Tafsīr al-Fātiḥa al-kabīr. Ed. ʿĀṣim Ibrāhīm al-Kaiyālī. Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmīya, Beirut, 2005. p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Hazm265f-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Hazm265f_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Hazm265f_101-1">b</a> Ibn Ḥazm: al-Faṣl fi-l-milal wa-l-ahwāʾ wa-n-niḥal. Ed. Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Naṣr; ʿAbd-ar-Raḥmān ʿUmaira. 5 Bde. Dār al-Jīl, Beirut 1985. Bd. II, pp. 265ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salafiri.com/are-asharis-from-ahlus-sunnah/">"Are the Ash'aris from Ahlus-Sunnah?"</a>. Salafi Research Institute. 14 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025091711/https://www.salafiri.com/are-asharis-from-ahlus-sunnah/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salafi+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Are+the+Ash%27aris+from+Ahlus-Sunnah%3F&rft.date=2016-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salafiri.com%2Fare-asharis-from-ahlus-sunnah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Ibn Taimīya: Minhāǧ as-sunna an-nabawīya. Ed. Muḥammad Rašād Sālim. Ǧamiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad Ibn-Saʿid, Riad, 1986. Bd. II, S. 221f. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/WAQ94871/msn2#page/n219/mode/2up">Digitalized</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Uthaimin-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Uthaimin_104-0">^</a> Muḥammad ibn ʿUṯaimīn: Aš-Šarḥ al-mumtiʿ ʿalā Zād al-mustaqniʿ. Dār Ibn al-Ǧauzī, Dammam, 2006. Bd. XI, S. 306 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/waq53629/11_53639#page/n306/mode/2up">Digitalized</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> for example: Halm: "Der Wesir al-Kundurī und die Fitna von Nišāpūr". 1971, pp. 214, 216ff. (German) </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Dāʾirat al-Iftāʾ fī l-Mamlaka al-Urdunnīya al-Hāšimīya: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aliftaa.jo/Question2.aspx?QuestionId=489#.XtPmRsDgqUl">al-Ašāʿira hum ǧumhūr ahl as-sunna wa-l-ǧamāʿa</a> Fatwa Nr. 489 vom 2. Februar 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aliftaa.jo/Question2En.aspx?QuestionId=489#.XtPmkcDgqUk">Englische Übersetzung</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Ibn Taimīya: Minhāǧ as-sunna an-nabawīya. Ed. Muḥammad Rašād Sālim. Jamiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad Ibn-Saʿid, Riad, 1986. Bd. VI, S. 379. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/WAQ94871/msn6#page/n377/mode/2up">Digitalized</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> al-Baġdādī: Al-Farq baina l-firaq. pp. 272–274. – Engl. Übers. Halkin S. 159–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Bakkī: Taḥrīr al-maṭālib fīmā taḍammanathū ʿAqīdat Ibn Ḥāǧib. Muʾassasat al-Maʿārif, Beirut, 2008. S. 40f. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tahreer/page/n47">Digitalisat</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Murtaḍā az-Zabīdī: Itḥāf as-sāda al-muttaqīn bi-šarḥ Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn. Muʾassasat at-taʾrīḫ al-ʿArabī, Beirut, 1994. Bd. II, S. 86 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/FP78871/ithafsm02#page/n86/mode/2up">Digitalisat</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> ʿAbbās ibn Manṣūr as-Saksakī: al-Burhān fī maʿrifat ʿaqāʾid ahl al-adyān. Ed. Bassām ʿAlī Salāma al-ʿAmūš. 2. Aufl. Maktabat al-Manār, az-Zarqā', 1996. p. 101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/agi09/087#page/n101/mode/2up">Digitalisat</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr_2007_p._76-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr_2007_p._76_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr_2007_p._76_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr_2007_p._76_112-2">c</a> Seyyed Hossein Nasr, The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr, ed. William C. Chittick (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2007), p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16_113-1">b</a> Martin Lings, What is Sufism? (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Titus Burckhardt, Introduction to Sufi Doctrine (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2008, p. 4, note 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Jeffrey Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam, 2010, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-chib-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chib_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chib_116-1">b</a> Chibli Mallat, Introduction to Middle Eastern Law, p. 116. 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Al-Islam.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/ijtihad-legislation.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Ijtihad+in+Legislation&rft.pub=Al-Islam.org&rft.au=Murtada+Mutahhari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fal-tawhid%2Fijtihad-legislation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Meinhaj Hussain, A New Medina, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103002610/http://www.grandestrategy.com/2012/01/6655434312-chapter-nine-new-medina.html">The Legal System</a>, Grande Strategy, January 5th, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Goldziher" title="Ignác Goldziher">Ignác Goldziher</a>, The Zahiris, p. 5. Trns. Wolfgang Behn, intro. <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Adang" title="Camilla Adang">Camilla Adang</a>. Volume three of Brill Classics in Islam. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004162419" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004162419">978-9004162419</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Islamic_law.aspx">"Law, Islamic"</a>. 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Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405178488" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405178488">978-1405178488</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74">"AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202045430/http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2013. 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Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indentured+Muslims+in+the+Diaspora%3A+Identity+and+Belonging+of+Minority+Groups+in+Plural+Societies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-351-98686-1&rft.aulast=Hassankhan&rft.aufirst=Maurits+S.&rft.au=Vahed%2C+Goolam&rft.au=Roopnarine%2C+Lomarsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpRR6DQAAQBAJ%26q%3DBarelvi%2Bahle%2Bsunnat%2Bwal%2Bjamaat%26pg%3DPT125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoone2014" class="citation news cs1">Boone, Jon (15 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/15/islam-pakistan-barelvi-saudi-wahhabi">"The saints go marching out as the face of Islam hardens in Pakistan"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+saints+go+marching+out+as+the+face+of+Islam+hardens+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.aulast=Boone&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fjan%2F15%2Fislam-pakistan-barelvi-saudi-wahhabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2010/09/15/muslim-networks-and-movements-in-western-europe-sufi-orders/">"Sufi Orders"</a>. Pew Research Center. 15 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524080541/https://www.pewforum.org/2010/09/15/muslim-networks-and-movements-in-western-europe-sufi-orders/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Sufi+Orders&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2010%2F09%2F15%2Fmuslim-networks-and-movements-in-western-europe-sufi-orders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/noted-sufi-heads-denounce-fatwa-issued-by-barelvis/articleshow/51608463.cms">"Noted Sufi heads denounce fatwa issued by Barelvis"</a>. The Times of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Noted+Sufi+heads+denounce+fatwa+issued+by+Barelvis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fjaipur%2Fnoted-sufi-heads-denounce-fatwa-issued-by-barelvis%2Farticleshow%2F51608463.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Barelvi". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-908">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</a>. Oxford University Press. January 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280094-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barelvi&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280094-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800947.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800947-e-908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0288.xml">"The Barelvī School of Thought"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Barelv%C4%AB+School+of+Thought&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195390155%2Fobo-9780195390155-0288.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> (Sanyal 1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Khan2020" class="citation thesis cs1">Ayesha Khan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/135196/">Sufisticated:Exploring post-Tariqa Sufi expression amongst young British Muslims</a> (PhD thesis). 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Juli 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-islam.in.ua-243"><a href="#cite_ref-islam.in.ua_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islam.in.ua/en/islamic-studies/conference-ulama-grozny-reaction-islamic-world">"The Conference of Ulama in Grozny: the Reaction of the Islamic World"</a>. islam.in.ua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Conference+of+Ulama+in+Grozny%3A+the+Reaction+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=islam.in.ua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislam.in.ua%2Fen%2Fislamic-studies%2Fconference-ulama-grozny-reaction-islamic-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabic.cnn.com/middleeast/2016/11/13/kuwait-conference-sunni-islam">Muʾtamar bi-l-Kuwait raddan ʿalā Ġurūznī as-salaf hum as-sunna... wa-lā li-ṯ-ṯaurāt</a> Arabic CNN 13. November 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> ʿAbdallāh Maṣmūdī: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://howiyapress.com/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9/">Tauṣīyāt Muʾtamar al-Mafhūm aṣ-ṣaḥīḥ li-ahl as-sunna wa-l-ǧamāʿa wa-aṯaru-hū fī l-wiqāya min al-ġulūw wa-t-taṭarruf</a>. Howiyapress.com 13. November 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabic.cnn.com/middleeast/2016/11/19/azhar-grozny-conference-islam">Aḥmad aṭ-Ṭaiyib: al-Azhar barīʾ min muʾtamar aš-Šīšān.. wa-s-Salafīyūn min ahl as-sunna wa-l-ǧamāʿa</a> Arabic CNN 19. November 2016. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> It is also called Sunnism in academic studies and sometimes as Orthodox Islam,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> although some scholars view this translation as inappropriate.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li>Ahmed, Khaled. Sectarian war: Pakistan's Sunni-Shia violence and its links to the Middle East (Oxford University Press, 2011).</li> <li>Charles River Editors. The History of the Sunni and Shia Split: Understanding the Divisions within Islam (2010) 44pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Sunni-Shia-Split-Understanding/dp/1502389983/">excerpt</a>; brief introduction.</li> <li>Farooqi, Mudassir, Sarwar Mehmood Azhar, and Rubeena Tashfeen. "Jihadist Organizations History and Analysis." Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 43.1/2 (2018): 142–151. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jspes.org/samples/JSPES43_1_2farooqi.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Gesink, Indira Falk. Islamic reform and conservatism: Al-Azhar and the evolution of modern Sunni Islam (Tauris Academic Studies, 2010)</li> <li>Haddad, Fanar. Understanding 'Sectarianism': Sunni-Shi'a Relations in the Modern Arab World (Oxford UP, 2020).</li> <li>Haddad, Fanar. "Anti-Sunnism and anti-Shiism: Minorities, majorities and the question of equivalence." Mediterranean Politics (2020): 1–7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/61657158/Online_pub20200101-92953-1264chc.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍].</li> <li>Halverson, Jeffry. Theology and creed in Sunni Islam: the Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and political Sunnism (Springer, 2010).</li> <li>Hazleton, Lesley. After the prophet: the epic story of the Shia-Sunni split in Islam (Anchor, 2010).</li> <li>Kamolnick, Paul. The Al-Qaeda Organization and the Islamic State Organization: History, Doctrine, Modus, Operandi, and US Policy to Degrade and Defeat Terrorism Conducted in the Name of Sunni Islam (Strategic Studies Institute, United States Army War College, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1127&context=etsu_books">online</a>.</li> <li>Khaddour, Kheder. Localism, War, and the Fragmentation of Sunni Islam in Syria (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace., 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/files/03_19_Khaddour_Syria_Islam_final.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>McHugo, John. A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Sunnis-Shiis/dp/1626165866/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Nuruzzaman, Mohammed. "Conflicts in Sunni Political Islam and Their Implications." Strategic Analysis 41.3 (2017): 285–296 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/52188176/Conflicts_Sunni_Political_Islam.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍].</li> <li>Nydell, Margaret K. Understanding Arabs: A guide for modern times (3rd ed. Hachette UK, 2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatler2017" class="citation book cs1">Patler, Nicholas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230082856/https://www.theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/">From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey Into the American Civil Rights Movement</a>. The Islamic Monthly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/">the original</a> on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mecca+to+Selma%3A+Malcolm+X%2C+Islam%2C+and+the+Journey+Into+the+American+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.pub=The+Islamic+Monthly&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Patler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheislamicmonthly.com%2Fmecca-to-selma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tezcan, Baki. "The Disenchantment of Sufism, the Rationalization of Sunni Islam, and Early Modernity." Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 7.1 (2020): 67–69 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.7.1.21">online</a>.</li> <li>Wheeler, Branon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slLpouSlzPcC">Applying the Canon in Islam: The Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Ḥanafī Scholarship</a>, <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, 1996.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sunnites">"Sunnites" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sunnites&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunni+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni">Sunni: Islam</a>, in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, by The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Asma Afsaruddin, Yamini Chauhan, Aakanksha Gaur, Gloria Lotha, Matt Stefon, Noah Tesch and Adam Zeidan</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Sunni_Islam&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 3 April 2025, at 19:09 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlussunah_Wal-jama%27ah" title="Ahlussunah Wal-jama'ah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ahlussunah Wal-jama'ah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soenni" title="Soenni – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soenni" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnitischer_Islam" title="Sunnitischer Islam – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sunnitischer Islam" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="أهل السنة والجماعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أهل السنة والجماعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnismo" title="Sunnismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sunnismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ছুন্নী ইছলাম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছুন্নী ইছলাম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunismu" title="Sunismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sunismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A3_sun%C3%ADta" title="Islã suníta – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Islã suníta" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Суниял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Суниял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnnilik" title="Sünnilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sünnilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="سونیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سونیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="সুন্নি ইসলাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুন্নি ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sunni" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Сөнниҙәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сөнниҙәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Суніты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суніты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сунізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сунізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Сунитски ислям – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сунитски ислям" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunitski_islam" title="Sunitski islam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sunitski islam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_sunnit" title="Islam sunnit – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Islam sunnit" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сунни лалын шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сунни лалын шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnisme" title="Sunnisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sunnisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7%C4%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Суннăçăлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Суннăçăлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnitsk%C3%BD_isl%C3%A1m" title="Sunnitský islám – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sunnitský islám" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swnni" title="Swnni – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swnni" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnisme" title="Sunnisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sunnisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunniten" title="Sunniten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sunniten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%82%DE%A9_%DE%89%DE%AA%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ސުއްނީ މުސްލިމުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސުއްނީ މުސްލިމުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunniidid" title="Sunniidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sunniidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σουνισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουνισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunismo" title="Sunismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sunismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunaismo" title="Sunaismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sunaismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunismo" title="Sunismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sunismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sunni Islam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sunni Islam" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnisme" title="Sunnisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sunnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soennisme" title="Soennisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Soennisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunna%C3%ADochas" title="Sunnaíochas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sunnaíochas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnismo" title="Sunnismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sunnismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сунний – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Сунний" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%8B%88%ED%8C%8C" title="수니파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수니파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabiya_Sunnah" title="Mabiya Sunnah – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mabiya Sunnah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Սուննի իսլամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուննի իսլամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="सुन्नी इस्लाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुन्नी इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunizam" title="Sunizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sunizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunismo" title="Sunismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sunismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sunni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Суннизм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Суннизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAnn%C3%AD" title="Súnní – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súnní" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnismo" title="Sunnismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sunnismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אסלאם סוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסלאם סוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sunni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82" title="ಸುನ್ನಿ ಇಸ್ಲಾಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುನ್ನಿ ಇಸ್ಲಾಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სუნიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუნიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8F%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سُنی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سُنی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сунниттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сунниттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Sunni" title="Islam Sunni – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Islam Sunni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasuni" title="Wasuni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wasuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Sunîtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sunîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%A9%D1%82%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Сүннөттөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сүннөттөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suni%C4%87" title="Sunić – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sunić" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secta_Sunnitica" title="Secta Sunnitica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Secta Sunnitica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunn%C4%ABtu_isl%C4%81ms" title="Sunnītu islāms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sunnītu islāms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Сунияр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сунияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunizmas" title="Sunizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sunizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suni" title="Suni – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Suni" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnism" title="Sunnism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sunnism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szunnita_iszl%C3%A1m" title="Szunnita iszlám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szunnita iszlám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Sunni" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Сунизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сунизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonisma" title="Sonisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sonisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="സുന്നി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുന്നി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%BClam_Sunni" title="Iżlam Sunni – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iżlam Sunni" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="सुन्नी इस्लाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुन्नी इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%87" title="اهل السنة و الجماعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اهل السنة و الجماعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86" title="تسنن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تسنن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_Sunah_Waljamaah" title="Ahli Sunah Waljamaah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ahli Sunah Waljamaah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sunni" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA(%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA)" title="ဆွန္နီမွတ်စလင်(မ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆွန္နီမွတ်စလင်(မ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soennisme" title="Soennisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soennisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E6%B4%BE" title="スンナ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スンナ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Суннатхой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Суннатхой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunniislam" title="Sunniislam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sunniislam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunniislam" title="Sunniislam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sunniislam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunisme" title="Sunisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sunisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_as-Sunna_val-Jamoa" title="Ahl as-Sunna val-Jamoa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ahl as-Sunna val-Jamoa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸੁੰਨੀ ਇਸਲਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁੰਨੀ ਇਸਲਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سنی اسلام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنی اسلام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="اهل سنت او جماعت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اهل سنت او جماعت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="និកាយស៊ុននី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="និកាយស៊ុននី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Sunita" title="Islam Sunita – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Islam Sunita" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sunni" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnizm" title="Sunnizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sunnizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunismo" title="Sunismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sunismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamul_sunit" title="Islamul sunit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Islamul sunit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Сунниты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сунниты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Суннизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Суннизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sunni Islam" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Suni" title="Islami Suni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Islami Suni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnismu" title="Sunnismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sunnismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="සුන්නි ඉස්ලාම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සුන්නි ඉස්ලාම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sunni Islam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سني اسلام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سني اسلام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnitsk%C3%BD_islam" title="Sunnitský islam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sunnitský islam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunitizem" title="Sunitizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sunitizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sunni" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%DB%95" title="سوننە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوننە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Сунизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сунизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunizam" title="Sunizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sunizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sunni" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnalaisuus" title="Sunnalaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sunnalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sunni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunismo" title="Sunismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sunismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="சன்னி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சன்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasunnit" title="Tasunnit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasunnit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Сөнничелек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сөнничелек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82" title="సున్నీ ఇస్లాం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సున్నీ ఇస్లాం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ซุนนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซุนนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Суннӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Суннӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnnilik" title="Sünnilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sünnilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сунізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сунізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA" title="اہل سنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اہل سنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%86%D9%86%DB%95_%DB%8B%DB%95%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%95" title="ئەھلى سۇننە ۋەلجامائە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەھلى سۇننە ۋەلجامائە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o_Sunni" title="Hồi giáo Sunni – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồi giáo Sunni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunite" title="Sunite – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sunite" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="遜尼派" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sunni Islam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%8A%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="逊尼派 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="逊尼派" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D" title="סוני איסלאם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סוני איסלאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sunni" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="遜尼派" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sunni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%C4%97zmos" title="Sunėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sunėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="遜尼派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Sunni" title="Islam Sunni – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Islam Sunni" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Sunni" title="Islam Sunni – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Islam Sunni" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Sunni" title="Islam Sunni – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Islam Sunni" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li 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