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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Josephson_junction_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Josephson_junction_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Josephson junction definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Josephson_junction_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water-flow_analogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water-flow_analogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Water-flow analogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-flow_analogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_voltages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_voltages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Common voltages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_voltages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Volt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 111 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="فولت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فولت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ভল্ট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভল্ট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltiu" title="Voltiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Voltiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="وولت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وولت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ভোল্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভোল্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3%CD%98-l%C3%BA-to%CD%98h" title="Bó͘-lú-to͘h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bó͘-lú-to͘h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вольт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вольт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Волт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Волт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝོལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝོལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вольт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%84" title="Βολτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βολτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltio" title="Voltio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Voltio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volto" title="Volto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Volto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="ولت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt_(ienheid)" title="Volt (ienheid) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Volt (ienheid)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta" title="Volta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Volta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F" title="伏 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伏" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%ED%8A%B8_(%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84)" title="볼트 (단위) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="볼트 (단위)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BF_(%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80)" title="Վոլտ (չափման միավոր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վոլտ (չափման միավոր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="वोल्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वोल्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiVuve" title="IsiVuve – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiVuve" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98" title="וולט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וולט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Вольт" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვოლტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვოლტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вольт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volti" title="Volti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Volti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2lt" title="Vòlt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vòlt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вольт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_(unitas)" title="Volta (unitas) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Volta (unitas)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volts" title="Volts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Volts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltas" title="Voltas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Voltas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt_(einheid)" title="Volt (einheid) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Volt (einheid)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Волт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Волт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="വോൾട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വോൾട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="व्होल्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्होल्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="فولت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فولت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вольт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဗို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt_(eenheid)" title="Volt (eenheid) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volt (eenheid)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="भोल्त – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भोल्त" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88_(%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%8D)" title="ボルト (単位) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボルト (単位)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2lt" title="Vòlt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vòlt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%B9" title="وولٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وولٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuolt" title="Vuolt – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Vuolt" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2lt" title="Vòlt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vòlt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolt" title="Wolt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вольт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volti" title="Volti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Volti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%AA" title="ڤۆڵت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤۆڵت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Волт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Волт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltti" title="Voltti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Voltti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt" title="Bolt – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bolt" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="வோல்ட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வோல்ட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вольт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="వోల్ట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వోల్ట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="โวลต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โวลต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Волт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Волт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вольт" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Вольт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вольт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%B9" title="وولٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وولٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt" title="Volt – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Volt" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B4n" title="Vôn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vôn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="伏特 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伏特" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltahe" title="Boltahe – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Boltahe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="伏特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伏特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" title="伏 (單位) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伏 (單位)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuolts" title="Vuolts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuolts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="伏特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伏特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25250#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Volt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Volt (disambiguation)">Volt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">volt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NISTvoltChip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/NISTvoltChip.jpg/240px-NISTvoltChip.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/NISTvoltChip.jpg/360px-NISTvoltChip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/NISTvoltChip.jpg/480px-NISTvoltChip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="878" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Josephson_voltage_standard" title="Josephson voltage standard">Josephson voltage standard</a> chip developed by the <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">National Bureau of Standards</a> as a standard volt</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">electric potential</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">electromotive force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>⋅<a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a><sup>2</sup>⋅<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a><sup>−3</sup>⋅<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">A</a><sup>−1</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>volt</b> (symbol: <b>V</b>) is the unit of <a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">electric potential</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltage#Galvani_potential_vs._electrochemical_potential" title="Voltage">electric potential difference</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">electromotive force</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units (SI)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One volt is defined as the electric potential between two points of a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conducting wire</a> when an <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> of one <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a> dissipates one <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> between those points.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be expressed in terms of SI base units (<a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">A</a>) as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{V}}={\frac {\text{power}}{\text{electric current}}}={\frac {\text{W}}{\text{A}}}={\frac {{\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-3}}{\text{A}}}={\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-3}{\cdot }{{\text{A}}^{-1}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>V</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>power</mtext> <mtext>electric current</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>W</mtext> <mtext>A</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kg</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mtext>A</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kg</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{V}}={\frac {\text{power}}{\text{electric current}}}={\frac {\text{W}}{\text{A}}}={\frac {{\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-3}}{\text{A}}}={\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-3}{\cdot }{{\text{A}}^{-1}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68cc8bf55217545f7b78e131982394390da3c14b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:59.447ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{V}}={\frac {\text{power}}{\text{electric current}}}={\frac {\text{W}}{\text{A}}}={\frac {{\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-3}}{\text{A}}}={\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-3}{\cdot }{{\text{A}}^{-1}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Equivalently, it is the potential difference between two points that will impart one <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a> of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> per <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a> of charge that passes through it. It can be expressed in terms of SI base units (<a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">A</a>) as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{V}}={\frac {\text{potential energy}}{\text{charge}}}={\frac {\text{J}}{\text{C}}}={\frac {{\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-2}}{{\text{A}}{\cdot }{\text{s}}}}={\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-3}{\cdot }{{\text{A}}^{-1}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>V</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>potential energy</mtext> <mtext>charge</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>J</mtext> <mtext>C</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kg</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kg</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{V}}={\frac {\text{potential energy}}{\text{charge}}}={\frac {\text{J}}{\text{C}}}={\frac {{\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-2}}{{\text{A}}{\cdot }{\text{s}}}}={\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-3}{\cdot }{{\text{A}}^{-1}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c489d2e931c8b7ce4ba8ed16203034d45eb3ceca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:59.823ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{V}}={\frac {\text{potential energy}}{\text{charge}}}={\frac {\text{J}}{\text{C}}}={\frac {{\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-2}}{{\text{A}}{\cdot }{\text{s}}}}={\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-3}{\cdot }{{\text{A}}^{-1}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>It can also be expressed as amperes times <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohms</a> (current times resistance, <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a>), <a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">webers</a> per second (magnetic flux per time), watts per ampere (power per current), or joules per coulomb (energy per charge), which is also equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolts</a> per <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">elementary charge</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{V}}={\text{A}}{\cdot }\Omega ={\frac {\text{Wb}}{\text{s}}}={\frac {\text{W}}{\text{A}}}={\frac {\text{J}}{\text{C}}}={\frac {\text{eV}}{e}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>V</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>Wb</mtext> <mtext>s</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>W</mtext> <mtext>A</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>J</mtext> <mtext>C</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>eV</mtext> <mi>e</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{V}}={\text{A}}{\cdot }\Omega ={\frac {\text{Wb}}{\text{s}}}={\frac {\text{W}}{\text{A}}}={\frac {\text{J}}{\text{C}}}={\frac {\text{eV}}{e}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5adcc84ad807dd0a65afab691ceaab3a838d899" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:35.818ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{V}}={\text{A}}{\cdot }\Omega ={\frac {\text{Wb}}{\text{s}}}={\frac {\text{W}}{\text{A}}}={\frac {\text{J}}{\text{C}}}={\frac {\text{eV}}{e}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The volt is named after <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>. As with every <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an <a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">upper case</a> letter (V), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a <a href="/wiki/Common_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Common noun">common noun</a>; i.e., <i>volt</i> becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Josephson_junction_definition">Josephson junction definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Josephson junction definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Josephson_voltage_standard" title="Josephson voltage standard">Josephson voltage standard</a></div> <p>Historically the "<a href="/wiki/Conventional_electrical_unit" title="Conventional electrical unit">conventional</a>" volt, <i>V</i><sub>90</sub>, defined in 1987 by the 18th <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a><sup id="cite_ref-cgpm-18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgpm-18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in use from 1990 to 2019, was implemented using the <a href="/wiki/Josephson_effect" title="Josephson effect">Josephson effect</a> for exact frequency-to-voltage conversion, combined with the <a href="/wiki/Caesium_standard" title="Caesium standard">caesium frequency standard</a>. Though the Josephson effect is still used to realize a volt, the constant used has changed slightly. </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_flux_quantum" title="Magnetic flux quantum">Josephson constant</a>, <i>K</i><sub>J</sub> = 2<i>e</i>/<i>h</i> (where <i>e</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">elementary charge</a> and <i>h</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>), a "conventional" value <i>K</i><sub>J-90</sub> = 0.4835979 GHz/μV was used for the purpose of defining the volt. As a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a>, as of 2019 the Josephson constant has an exact value of <span class="texhtml"><i>K</i><sub>J</sub></span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005483597848416980♠"></span>483<span style="margin-left:.25em;">597</span>.848<span style="margin-left:.25em;">416</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">98</span>... GHz/V</span>, which replaced the conventional value <i>K</i><sub>J-90</sub>. </p><p>This standard is typically realized using a series-connected array of several thousand or tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_junction" title="Electrical junction">junctions</a>, excited by microwave signals between 10 and 80 GHz (depending on the array design).<sup id="cite_ref-ieee-josephson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-josephson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empirically, several experiments have shown that the method is independent of device design, material, measurement setup, etc., and no correction terms are required in a practical implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water-flow_analogy">Water-flow analogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Water-flow analogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_analogy" title="Hydraulic analogy">water-flow analogy</a></i>, sometimes used to explain electric circuits by comparing them with water-filled pipes, <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> (difference in electric potential) is likened to difference in water pressure, while <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> is proportional to the amount of water flowing. A <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a> would be a reduced diameter somewhere in the piping or something akin to a radiator offering resistance to flow. </p><p>The relationship between voltage and current is defined (in ohmic devices like resistors) by <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a>. Ohm's Law is analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Hagen%E2%80%93Poiseuille_equation" title="Hagen–Poiseuille equation">Hagen–Poiseuille equation</a>, as both are linear models relating <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potential" title="Potential">potential</a> in their respective systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_voltages">Common voltages <span class="anchor" id="Common_values"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Common voltages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electronic_multi_meter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Electronic_multi_meter.jpg/220px-Electronic_multi_meter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Electronic_multi_meter.jpg/330px-Electronic_multi_meter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Electronic_multi_meter.jpg/440px-Electronic_multi_meter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption> A <a href="/wiki/Multimeter" title="Multimeter">multimeter</a> can be used to measure the voltage between two positions.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BateriaR14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BateriaR14.jpg/170px-BateriaR14.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BateriaR14.jpg/255px-BateriaR14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BateriaR14.jpg/340px-BateriaR14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>1.5 V C-cell batteries</figcaption></figure> <p>The voltage produced by each <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">electrochemical cell</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">battery</a> is determined by the chemistry of that cell (see <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell#Cell_voltage" title="Galvanic cell">Galvanic cell § Cell voltage</a>). Cells can be combined in series for multiples of that voltage, or additional circuitry added to adjust the voltage to a different level. Mechanical generators can usually be constructed to any voltage in a range of feasibility. </p><p>Nominal voltages of familiar sources: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Nerve cell</a> <a href="/wiki/Resting_potential" title="Resting potential">resting potential</a>: ~75 mV<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Single-cell, rechargeable <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">NiMH</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">NiCd</a> battery: 1.2 V</li> <li>Single-cell, non-rechargeable (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">AAA, AA, C and D cells</a>): <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_battery" title="Alkaline battery">alkaline battery</a>: 1.5 V;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">zinc–carbon battery</a>: 1.56 V if fresh and unused</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_level#Logic_voltage_levels" title="Logic level">Logic voltage levels</a>: 1.2 V, 1.5 V, 1.8 V, 2.5 V, 3.3 V, 5.0 V</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">LiFePO<sub>4</sub></a> rechargeable battery: 3.3 V</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Lithium_polymer_battery" title="Lithium polymer battery">lithium polymer</a> rechargeable battery: 3.75 V (see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_commercial_battery_types" title="Comparison of commercial battery types">Comparison of commercial battery types</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">Transistor–transistor logic</a>/<a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> (TTL) power supply: 5 V</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>: 5 V DC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-volt_battery" title="Nine-volt battery">PP3 battery</a>: 9 V</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Automobile battery</a> systems are 2.1 volts per cell; a "12 V" battery is 6 cells, or 12.6 V; a "24 V" battery is 12 cells, or 25.2 V. Some antique vehicles use "6 V" 3-cell batteries, or 6.3 volts.</li> <li>Household <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a> AC: (see <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">List of countries with mains power plugs, voltages and frequencies</a>) <ul><li>100 V in Japan</li> <li>120 V in North America</li> <li>230 V in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>: 600–750 V (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems" title="List of railway electrification systems">List of railway electrification systems</a>)</li> <li>High-speed train overhead power lines: <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="25 kV AC railway electrification">25 kV at 50 Hz</a>, but see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems" title="List of railway electrification systems">List of railway electrification systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification#25_kV_AC_at_60_Hz" title="25 kV AC railway electrification">25 kV at 60 Hz</a> for exceptions.</li> <li>High-voltage <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</a> lines: 110 kV and up (1.15 MV is the record; the highest active voltage is 1.10 MV<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a>: a maximum of around 150 MV.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/170px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/255px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/340px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Alessandro Volta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V85_D521_Group_photograph_of_herman_helmholtz_and_academic_friends.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PSM_V85_D521_Group_photograph_of_herman_helmholtz_and_academic_friends.png/220px-PSM_V85_D521_Group_photograph_of_herman_helmholtz_and_academic_friends.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PSM_V85_D521_Group_photograph_of_herman_helmholtz_and_academic_friends.png/330px-PSM_V85_D521_Group_photograph_of_herman_helmholtz_and_academic_friends.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PSM_V85_D521_Group_photograph_of_herman_helmholtz_and_academic_friends.png/440px-PSM_V85_D521_Group_photograph_of_herman_helmholtz_and_academic_friends.png 2x" data-file-width="2719" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>Group photograph of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann Helmholtz</a>, his wife (seated) and academic friends <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Kronecker" title="Hugo Kronecker">Hugo Kronecker</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a> (right), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Villard" title="Henry Villard">Henry Villard</a> (center) during the International Electrical Congress</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> developed the so-called <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a>, a forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">battery</a>, which produced a steady electric <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a>. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity was <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. In 1861, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Latimer_Clark" title="Josiah Latimer Clark">Latimer Clark</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright" title="Charles Tilston Bright">Charles Bright</a> coined the name "volt" for the unit of resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1873, the British Association for the Advancement of Science had defined the volt, ohm, and farad.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1881, the International Electrical Congress, now the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC), approved the volt as the unit for electromotive force.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They made the volt equal to 10<sup>8</sup> <a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">cgs units</a> of voltage, the cgs system at the time being the customary system of units in science. They chose such a ratio because the cgs unit of voltage is inconveniently small and one volt in this definition is approximately the emf of a <a href="/wiki/Daniell_cell" title="Daniell cell">Daniell cell</a>, the standard source of voltage in the telegraph systems of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamer_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the volt was defined as the potential difference [i.e., what is nowadays called the "voltage (difference)"] across a conductor when a current of one <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a> dissipates one <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> of power. </p><p>The "international volt" was defined in 1893 as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1.434</span></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">emf</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Clark_cell" title="Clark cell">Clark cell</a>. This definition was abandoned in 1908 in favor of a definition based on the international <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a> and international ampere until the entire set of "reproducible units" was abandoned in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-BLR47.12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLR47.12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a>, including defining the value of the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">elementary charge</a>, took effect on 20 May 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-draft-resolution-A_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draft-resolution-A-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(voltage)" title="Orders of magnitude (voltage)">Orders of magnitude (voltage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems" title="List of railway electrification systems">Rail traction voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_electromagnetism_units" class="mw-redirect" title="SI electromagnetism units">SI electromagnetism units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix#List_of_SI_prefixes" title="Metric prefix">SI prefix</a> for unit prefixes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification#Standardised_voltages" title="Railway electrification">Standardised railway voltages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">Voltmeter</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070618123613/http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html">"SI Brochure, Table 3 (Section 2.2.2)"</a>. BIPM. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SI+Brochure%2C+Table+3+%28Section+2.2.2%29&rft.pub=BIPM&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fen%2Fsi%2Fsi_brochure%2Fchapter2%2F2-2%2Ftable3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si-brochure-9-App1-EN.pdf">BIPM SI Brochure: Appendix 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227145519/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si-brochure-9-App1-EN.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgpm-18-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cgpm-18_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/33145736/CGPM18.pdf/f461df63-75c1-c14d-e6b7-69867b79382f">"Resolutions of the CGPM: 18th meeting (12–15 October 1987)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227150143/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/33145736/CGPM18.pdf/f461df63-75c1-c14d-e6b7-69867b79382f">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolutions+of+the+CGPM%3A+18th+meeting+%2812%E2%80%9315+October+1987%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F33145736%2FCGPM18.pdf%2Ff461df63-75c1-c14d-e6b7-69867b79382f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee-josephson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ieee-josephson_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurroughsBentHarveyHamilton1999" class="citation cs2">Burroughs, Charles J.; Bent, Samuel P.; Harvey, Todd E.; Hamilton, Clark A. (1 June 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1232191">"1 Volt DC Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard"</a>, <i>IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity</i>, <b>9</b> (3), <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE): 4145–4149, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ITAS....9.4145B">1999ITAS....9.4145B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F77.783938">10.1109/77.783938</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1051-8223">1051-8223</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12970127">12970127</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Applied+Superconductivity&rft.atitle=1+Volt+DC+Programmable+Josephson+Voltage+Standard&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4145-4149&rft.date=1999-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F77.783938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12970127%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1051-8223&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ITAS....9.4145B&rft.aulast=Burroughs&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft.au=Bent%2C+Samuel+P.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Todd+E.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Clark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1232191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2008" class="citation cs2">Keller, Mark W. (18 January 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527094953/http://qdev.boulder.nist.gov/817.03/pubs/downloads/set/Metrologia%2045,%20102.pdf">"Current status of the quantum metrology triangle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Metrologia</i>, <b>45</b> (1): 102–109, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Metro..45..102K">2008Metro..45..102K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0026-1394%2F45%2F1%2F014">10.1088/0026-1394/45/1/014</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-1394">0026-1394</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122008182">122008182</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qdev.boulder.nist.gov/817.03/pubs/downloads/set/Metrologia%2045,%20102.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2010</span>, <q>Theoretically, there are no current predictions for any correction terms. Empirically, several experiments have shown that <i>K</i><sub>J</sub> and <i>R</i><sub>K</sub> are independent of device design, material, measurement setup, etc. This demonstration of universality is consistent with the exactness of the relations, but does not prove it outright.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metrologia&rft.atitle=Current+status+of+the+quantum+metrology+triangle&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=102-109&rft.date=2008-01-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0026-1394%2F45%2F1%2F014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122008182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-1394&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Metro..45..102K&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqdev.boulder.nist.gov%2F817.03%2Fpubs%2Fdownloads%2Fset%2FMetrologia%252045%2C%2520102.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bullock, Orkand, and Grinnell, pp. 150–151; Junge, pp. 89–90; Schmidt-Nielsen, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitzWinfield2015" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Paul; Winfield, Hill (2015). <i>The Art of Electronics</i> (3. ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 689. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-809269" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-809269"><bdi>978-0-521-809269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Electronics&rft.place=Cambridge+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=689&rft.edition=3.&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-809269&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Winfield%2C+Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSK_LooKeith_Keller2004" class="citation web cs1">SK Loo; Keith Keller (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slva194/slva194.pdf">"Single-cell Battery Discharge Characteristics Using the TPS61070 Boost Converter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Texas Instruments. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015141242/https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slva194/slva194.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Single-cell+Battery+Discharge+Characteristics+Using+the+TPS61070+Boost+Converter&rft.pub=Texas+Instruments&rft.date=2004-08&rft.au=SK+Loo&rft.au=Keith+Keller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ti.com%2Flit%2Fan%2Fslva194%2Fslva194.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-02/world-s-biggest-ultra-high-voltage-line-powers-up-across-china">"World's Biggest Ultra-High Voltage Line Powers Up Across China"</a></span>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. 1 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=World%27s+Biggest+Ultra-High+Voltage+Line+Powers+Up+Across+China&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-01-02%2Fworld-s-biggest-ultra-high-voltage-line-powers-up-across-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_H._Risk2013" class="citation web cs1">Paul H. Risk (26 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riskva.com/fff/lightning_062613.html">"Lightning – High-Voltage Nature"</a>. <i>RiskVA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423220123/https://www.riskva.com/fff/lightning_062613.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RiskVA&rft.atitle=Lightning+%E2%80%93+High-Voltage+Nature&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.au=Paul+H.+Risk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riskva.com%2Ffff%2Flightning_062613.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As names for units of various electrical quantities, Bright and Clark suggested "ohma" for voltage, "farad" for charge, "galvat" for current, and "volt" for resistance. See: <ul><li>Latimer Clark and Sir Charles Bright (1861) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93052#page/483/mode/1up">"On the formation of standards of electrical quantity and resistance"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105352/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93052#page/483/mode/1up">Archived</a> 8 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Report of the Thirty-first Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science</i> (Manchester, England: September 1861), section: Mathematics and Physics, pp. 37–38.</li> <li>Latimer Clark and Sir Charles Bright (9 November 1861) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433090837166;view=1up;seq=15">"Measurement of electrical quantities and resistance"</a>, <i>The Electrician</i>, <b>1</b> (1): 3–4.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir W. Thomson, et al. (1873) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29853513#page/324/mode/1up">"First report of the Committee for the Selection and Nomenclature of Dynamical and Electrical Units"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152619/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29853513#page/324/mode/1up">Archived</a> 23 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Report of the 43rd Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science</i> (Bradford, September 1873), pp. 222–225. From p. 223: "The "ohm," as represented by the original standard coil, is approximately 10<sup>9</sup> C.G.S. units of resistance; the "volt" is approximately 10<sup>8</sup> C.G.S. units of electromotive force; and the "farad" is approximately 1/10<sup>9</sup> of the C.G.S. unit of capacity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Anon.) (24 September 1881) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433090837489;view=1up;seq=309">"The Electrical Congress"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306002556/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433090837489;view=1up;seq=309">Archived</a> 6 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Electrician</i>, <b>7</b>: 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamer-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamer_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamer1965" class="citation book cs1">Hamer, Walter J. (15 January 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/calibrations/upload/mn84.pdf"><i>Standard Cells: Their Construction, Maintenance, and Characteristics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Bureau of Standards Monograph #84. US National Bureau of Standards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203423/http://www.nist.gov/calibrations/upload/mn84.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Cells%3A+Their+Construction%2C+Maintenance%2C+and+Characteristics&rft.series=National+Bureau+of+Standards+Monograph+%2384&rft.pub=US+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1965-01-15&rft.aulast=Hamer&rft.aufirst=Walter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fcalibrations%2Fupload%2Fmn84.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLR47.12-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BLR47.12_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Bell-Laboratories-Record/40s/Bell-Laboratories-Record-1947-12.pdf">"Revised Values for Electrical Units"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bell Laboratories Record</i>. <b>XXV</b> (12): 441. December 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+Laboratories+Record&rft.atitle=Revised+Values+for+Electrical+Units&rft.volume=XXV&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=441&rft.date=1947-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Bell-Laboratories-Record%2F40s%2FBell-Laboratories-Record-1947-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-draft-resolution-A-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-draft-resolution-A_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025229/https://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/CGPM/Draft-Resolution-A-EN.pdf"><i>Draft Resolution A "On the revision of the International System of units (SI)" to be submitted to the CGPM at its 26th meeting (2018)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/CGPM/Draft-Resolution-A-EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Draft+Resolution+A+%22On+the+revision+of+the+International+System+of+units+%28SI%29%22+to+be+submitted+to+the+CGPM+at+its+26th+meeting+%282018%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fen%2Fpdf%2FCGPM%2FDraft-Resolution-A-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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title="SI base unit">Base units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">Derived units <br />with special names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">degree Celsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katal" title="Katal">katal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steradian" title="Steradian">steradian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">volt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">Other accepted units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minute and second of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_the_SI_base_units" title="Historical definitions of the SI base units">Historical definitions of the SI base units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">System of units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:SI_units" title="Category:SI 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