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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofileties" title="Monofileties – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Monofileties" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A" title="أحادي النمط الخلوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أحادي النمط الخلوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofilia_(filochenetica)" title="Monofilia (filochenetica) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Monofilia (filochenetica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofiliya" title="Monofiliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monofiliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan-h%C4%93-th%C3%B3ng" title="Tan-hē-thóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tan-hē-thóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofiletska_evolucija" title="Monofiletska evolucija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Monofiletska evolucija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofiletisme" title="Monofiletisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monofiletisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Монофили – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Монофили" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofyletismus" title="Monofyletismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Monofyletismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofyletisk_gruppe" title="Monofyletisk gruppe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Monofyletisk gruppe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monof%C3%BCleetiline_r%C3%BChm" title="Monofüleetiline rühm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Monofüleetiline rühm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofil%C3%A9tico" title="Monofilético – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monofilético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofiletika" title="Monofiletika – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monofiletika" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofiletiko" title="Monofiletiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Monofiletiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تک‌تبار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تک‌تبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophylie" title="Monophylie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monophylie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofil%C3%A9tico" title="Monofilético – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monofilético" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EA%B5%B0" title="단계통군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단계통군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="एकवर्गी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकवर्गी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofili" title="Monofili – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monofili" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophylia" title="Monophylia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Monophylia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofilia" title="Monofilia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monofilia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מונופילטיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונופילטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монофилия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Монофилия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofylie" title="Monofylie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Monofylie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofiletikus_csoport" title="Monofiletikus csoport – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Monofiletikus csoport" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofili" title="Monofili – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monofili" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofyletische_groep" title="Monofyletische groep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monofyletische groep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%BE%A4" title="単系統群 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="単系統群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofyletisk_gruppe" title="Monofyletisk gruppe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Monofyletisk gruppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofyletisk_gruppe" title="Monofyletisk gruppe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Monofyletisk gruppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson_monofiletyczny" title="Takson monofiletyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Takson monofiletyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofilia" title="Monofilia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monofilia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монофилия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монофилия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophylie" title="Monophylie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Monophylie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monophyly" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofilija" title="Monofilija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Monofilija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofiletska_evolucija" title="Monofiletska evolucija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Monofiletska evolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofyli" title="Monofyli – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Monofyli" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒற்றைத்தொகுதிமரபு உயிரினத் தோற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒற்றைத்தொகுதிமரபு உயிரினத் தோற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynaz%C9%A3er" title="Aynazɣer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aynazɣer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofili" title="Monofili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Monofili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Монофілія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монофілія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%A1n_ng%C3%A0nh" title="Đơn ngành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đơn ngành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofiletike" title="Monofiletike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Monofiletike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="單系群 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="單系群" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%B3%BB" title="单系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="单系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210958#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Monophyly" rel="discussion" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Property of a group of including all taxa descendant from a common ancestral species</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">Crown group</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clade-grade_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Clade-grade_II.svg/300px-Clade-grade_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Clade-grade_II.svg/450px-Clade-grade_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Clade-grade_II.svg/600px-Clade-grade_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a>: both blue and red groups are <i>monophyletic</i>. The green group is <i>paraphyletic</i>: it is missing a monophyletic subgroup – the blue group – that shares a common ancestor with itself (that being the vertical stem at the root of the green group). In this form, <i>monophyletic</i> means "no sideways stems leaving the group".</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monophyly,_paraphyly,_polyphyly.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Monophyly%2C_paraphyly%2C_polyphyly.svg/300px-Monophyly%2C_paraphyly%2C_polyphyly.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Monophyly%2C_paraphyly%2C_polyphyly.svg/450px-Monophyly%2C_paraphyly%2C_polyphyly.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Monophyly%2C_paraphyly%2C_polyphyly.svg/600px-Monophyly%2C_paraphyly%2C_polyphyly.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>A cladogram of the <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, showing a <i>monophyletic</i> taxon: the <i><a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">simians</a></i> (in yellow); a <i>paraphyletic</i> taxon: the <i><a href="/wiki/Prosimian" title="Prosimian">prosimians</a></i> (in cyan, including the red patch); and a <i>polyphyletic</i> group: <i>the night-active primates, i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Loris" title="Loris">lorises</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tarsier" title="Tarsier">tarsiers</a></i> (in red).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic-Groups.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Phylogenetic-Groups.svg/300px-Phylogenetic-Groups.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Phylogenetic-Groups.svg/450px-Phylogenetic-Groups.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Phylogenetic-Groups.svg/600px-Phylogenetic-Groups.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>A cladogram of the vertebrates showing phylogenetic groups. A <i>monophyletic</i> <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> (in yellow): <i>the group of "reptiles and birds"</i>, contains its most recent common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor. A <i>paraphyletic</i> taxon (in cyan): <i>the group of reptiles</i>, contains its most recent common ancestor, but does not contain all the descendants (namely Aves) of that ancestor. A <i>polyphyletic</i> "group" (in red): <i>the group of <a href="/wiki/Homeothermy" title="Homeothermy">all warm-blooded amniotes</a></i> (Aves and Mammalia), does not contain the most recent common ancestor of all its members; this group is not seen as a taxonomic unit and is not considered a taxon by modern <a href="/wiki/Systematics#Definition_and_relation_with_taxonomy" title="Systematics">systematists</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In biological <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a> for the classification of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>, <b>monophyly</b> is the condition of a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomic</a> grouping being a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> – that is, a grouping of taxa which meets these criteria: </p> <ol><li>the grouping contains its own most recent common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a>), i.e. excludes non-descendants of that common ancestor</li> <li>the grouping contains all the descendants of that common ancestor, without exception</li></ol> <p>Monophyly is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">polyphyly</a> as shown in the second diagram. A <i>paraphyletic</i> grouping meets 1. but not 2., thus consisting of the descendants of a common ancestor, excepting one or more monophyletic subgroups. A <i><a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">polyphyletic</a></i> grouping meets neither criterion, and instead serves to characterize <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent</a> relationships of biological features rather than genetic relationships – for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, or aquatic insects. As such, these characteristic features of a polyphyletic grouping are not inherited from a common ancestor, but evolved independently. </p><p>Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics (<a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphies</a>), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is <b>holophyly</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek. </p><p>These definitions have taken some time to be accepted. When the cladistics school of thought became mainstream in the 1960s, several alternative definitions were in use. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Taxonomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomist">taxonomists</a> sometimes used terms without defining them, leading to confusion in the early literature,<sup id="cite_ref-Hennig-1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennig-1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a confusion which persists.<sup id="cite_ref-Aubert-2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aubert-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first diagram shows a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> with two monophyletic groups. The several groups and subgroups are particularly situated as branches of the tree to indicate ordered lineal relationships between all the organisms shown. Further, any group may (or may not) be considered a <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> by modern <a href="/wiki/Systematics#Definition_and_relation_with_taxonomy" title="Systematics">systematics</a>, depending upon the selection of its members in relation to their common ancestor(s); see second and third diagrams. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monophyly&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>monophyly</i>, or <i>monophyletic</i>, derives from the two <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> words <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μόνος">μόνος</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>mónos</i></span>), meaning "alone, only, unique", and <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%E1%BF%A6%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:φῦλον">φῦλον</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>phûlon</i></span>), meaning "genus, species",<sup id="cite_ref-Bailly-1981_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly-1981-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bailly_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refers to the fact that a monophyletic group includes organisms (e.g., genera, species) consisting of all the descendants of a <i>unique</i> common ancestor. </p><p>Conversely, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">polyphyly</a></i>, or <i>polyphyletic</i>, builds on the ancient Greek prefix <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πολύς">πολύς</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>polús</i></span>), meaning "many, a lot of",<sup id="cite_ref-Bailly-1981_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly-1981-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bailly_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refers to the fact that a polyphyletic group includes organisms arising from <i>multiple</i> ancestral sources. </p><p>By comparison, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyly</a></i>, or <i>paraphyletic</i>, uses the ancient Greek prefix <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:παρά">παρά</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>pará</i></span>), meaning "beside, near",<sup id="cite_ref-Bailly-1981_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly-1981-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bailly_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refers to the situation in which one or several monophyletic subgroups are <i>left apart</i> from all other descendants of a unique common ancestor. That is, a paraphyletic group is <i>nearly</i> monophyletic, hence the prefix <i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>pará</i></span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monophyly&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the broadest scale, definitions fall into two groups. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Hennig" title="Willi Hennig">Willi Hennig</a> (1966:148) defined monophyly as groups based on <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphy</a> (in contrast to paraphyletic groups, based on <a href="/wiki/Symplesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symplesiomorphy">symplesiomorphy</a>, and polyphyletic groups, based on <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergence</a>). Some authors have sought to define monophyly to include paraphyly as any two or more groups sharing a common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-Aubert-2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aubert-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colless-1972_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colless-1972-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Envall-2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Envall-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashlock-1971_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashlock-1971-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this broader definition encompasses both monophyletic and paraphyletic groups as defined above. Therefore, most scientists today restrict the term "monophyletic" to refer to groups consisting of all the descendants of one (hypothetical) common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennig-1999_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennig-1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when considering taxonomic groups such as genera and species, the most appropriate nature of their common ancestor is rather a population. Assuming that it would be one individual or mating pair is unrealistic for sexually reproducing species, which are by definition interbreeding populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson-1961_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-1961-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monophyly (or holophyly) and associated terms are restricted to discussions of taxa, and are not necessarily accurate when used to describe what Hennig called tokogenetic relationships – now referred to as genealogies. Some argue that using a broader definition, such as a species and all its descendants, does not really work to define a genus.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson-1961_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-1961-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loose definition also fails to recognize the relations of all organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to D. M. Stamos, a satisfactory cladistic definition of a species or genus is impossible because many species (and even genera) may form by "budding" from an existing species, leaving the parent species paraphyletic; or the species or genera may be the result of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">hybrid speciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The concepts of monophyly, <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">polyphyly</a> have been used in deducing key genes for <a href="/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding">barcoding</a> of diverse group of species.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monophyly&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">Crown group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming" title="Glossary of scientific naming">Glossary of scientific naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">Monotypic taxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">Paraphyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">Polyphyly</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monophyly&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllaby2015" class="citation book cs1">Allaby, Michael (2015). <i>A Dictionary of Ecology (5 ed.)</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191793158" title="Special:BookSources/9780191793158"><bdi>9780191793158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Ecology+%285+ed.%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780191793158&rft.aulast=Allaby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hennig-1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hennig-1999_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hennig-1999_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennig1999" class="citation book cs1">Hennig, Willi (1999) [1966]. <i>Phylogenetic Systematics</i>. Translated by Davis, D.; Zangerl, R. (Illinois Reissue ed.). Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. pp. 72–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06814-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06814-0"><bdi>978-0-252-06814-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phylogenetic+Systematics&rft.pages=72-77&rft.edition=Illinois+Reissue&rft.pub=Board+of+Trustees+of+the+University+of+Illinois&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06814-0&rft.aulast=Hennig&rft.aufirst=Willi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aubert-2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aubert-2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aubert-2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aubert, D. 2015. A formal analysis of phylogenetic terminology: Towards a reconsideration of the current paradigm in systematics. <i>Phytoneuron</i> <b>2015-66</b>:1–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailly-1981-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailly-1981_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailly-1981_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailly-1981_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailly1981" class="citation book cs1">Bailly, Anatole (1 January 1981). <i>Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français</i>. Paris: Hachette. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2010035289" title="Special:BookSources/978-2010035289"><bdi>978-2010035289</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/461974285">461974285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abr%C3%A9g%C3%A9+du+dictionnaire+grec+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1981-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F461974285&rft.isbn=978-2010035289&rft.aulast=Bailly&rft.aufirst=Anatole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailly-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailly_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailly_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailly_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailly" class="citation web cs1">Bailly, Anatole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/">"Greek-french dictionary online"</a>. <i>www.tabularium.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tabularium.be&rft.atitle=Greek-french+dictionary+online&rft.aulast=Bailly&rft.aufirst=Anatole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabularium.be%2Fbailly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colless-1972-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colless-1972_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColless1972" class="citation journal cs1">Colless, Donald H. (March 1972). "Monophyly". <i>Systematic Zoology</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 126–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2412266">10.2307/2412266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2412266">2412266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Zoology&rft.atitle=Monophyly&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126-128&rft.date=1972-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2412266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2412266%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Colless&rft.aufirst=Donald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Envall-2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Envall-2008_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvall,_Mats2008" class="citation journal cs1">Envall, Mats (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2008.00984.x">"On the difference between mono-, holo-, and paraphyletic groups: a consistent distinction of process and pattern"</a>. <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>94</b>: 217–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2008.00984.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00984.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+difference+between+mono-%2C+holo-%2C+and+paraphyletic+groups%3A+a+consistent+distinction+of+process+and+pattern&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=217-220&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2008.00984.x&rft.au=Envall%2C+Mats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8312.2008.00984.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashlock-1971-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashlock-1971_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshlock1971" class="citation journal cs1">Ashlock, Peter D. (March 1971). "Monophyly and Associated Terms". <i>Systematic Zoology</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 63–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2412223">10.2307/2412223</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2412223">2412223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Zoology&rft.atitle=Monophyly+and+Associated+Terms&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-69&rft.date=1971-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2412223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2412223%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ashlock&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson-1961-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson-1961_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson-1961_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1961" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, George (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofanim0000simp"><i>Principles of Animal Taxonomy</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-02427-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-02427-3"><bdi>978-0-231-02427-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Animal+Taxonomy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-231-02427-3&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofanim0000simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr" class="citation web cs1">Carr, Steven M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Taxon_types.htm">"Monophyletic, Polyphyletic, & Paraphyletc Taxa"</a>. <i>www.mun.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mun.ca&rft.atitle=Monophyletic%2C+Polyphyletic%2C+%26+Paraphyletc+Taxa&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Steven+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mun.ca%2Fbiology%2Fscarr%2FTaxon_types.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStamos2003" class="citation book cs1">Stamos, D.N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPAjv5FsKMYC&q=defining+species+cladistically%27&pg=PA260"><i>The species problem : biological species, ontology, and the metaphysics of biology</i></a>. Lanham, Md. [u.a.]: Lexington Books. pp. 261–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739105030" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739105030"><bdi>978-0739105030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+species+problem+%3A+biological+species%2C+ontology%2C+and+the+metaphysics+of+biology&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=261-268&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0739105030&rft.aulast=Stamos&rft.aufirst=D.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPAjv5FsKMYC%26q%3Ddefining%2Bspecies%2Bcladistically%2527%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParhi_J.,_Tripathy_P.S.,_Priyadarshi,_H.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Parhi J., Tripathy P.S., Priyadarshi, H., Mandal S.C., Pandey P.K. (2019). "Diagnosis of mitogenome for robust phylogeny: A case of Cypriniformes fish group". <i>Gene</i>. <b>713</b>: 143967. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2019.143967">10.1016/j.gene.2019.143967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31279710">31279710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195828782">195828782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+of+mitogenome+for+robust+phylogeny%3A+A+case+of+Cypriniformes+fish+group&rft.volume=713&rft.pages=143967&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195828782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31279710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gene.2019.143967&rft.aulast=Parhi+J.%2C+Tripathy+P.S.%2C+Priyadarshi%2C+H.&rft.aufirst=Mandal+S.C.%2C+Pandey+P.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monophyly&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbey1994–2006" class="citation web cs1">Abbey, Darren (1994–2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss1/phyly.html">"Graphical explanation of basic phylogenetic terms"</a>. University of California, Berkeley<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graphical+explanation+of+basic+phylogenetic+terms&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1994%2F2006&rft.aulast=Abbey&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fglossary%2Fgloss1%2Fphyly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2002" class="citation web cs1">Carr, Steven M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Taxon_types.htm">"Concepts of monophyly, polyphyly & paraphyly"</a>. Memorial University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+monophyly%2C+polyphyly+%26+paraphyly&rft.pub=Memorial+University&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mun.ca%2Fbiology%2Fscarr%2FTaxon_types.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyvönen2005" class="citation web cs1">Hyvönen, Jaako (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~jhyvonen/ec05/05_11.11.pdf">"Monophyly, consensus, compromise"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Helsinki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monophyly%2C+consensus%2C+compromise&rft.pub=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hyv%C3%B6nen&rft.aufirst=Jaako&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2F~jhyvonen%2Fec05%2F05_11.11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/systematics/phylogenetics/trees-classification/">"Phylogenetic Trees and Classification"</a>. <i>Digital Atlas of Ancient Life</i>. Paleontological Research Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Atlas+of+Ancient+Life&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+Trees+and+Classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalatlasofancientlife.org%2Flearn%2Fsystematics%2Fphylogenetics%2Ftrees-classification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonophyly" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phylogenetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relevant fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" title="Computational phylogenetics">Computational phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/64px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenesis" title="Phylogenesis">Phylogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_network" title="Phylogenetic network">Phylogenetic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_branch_attraction" title="Long branch attraction">Long branch attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">Grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">Lineage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_lineage" title="Ghost lineage">Ghost lineage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_population" title="Ghost population">Ghost population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inference methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_parsimony_(phylogenetics)" title="Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)">Maximum parsimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_reconciliation" title="Phylogenetic reconciliation">Phylogenetic reconciliation</a></li> <li>Probabilistic methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">Maximum likelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_inference_in_phylogeny" title="Bayesian inference in phylogeny">Bayesian inference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_matrices_in_phylogeny" title="Distance matrices in phylogeny">Distance-matrix methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor-joining" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbor-joining">Neighbor-joining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPGMA" title="UPGMA">UPGMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_squares_inference_in_phylogeny" title="Least squares inference in phylogeny">Least squares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-taxon_analysis" title="Three-taxon analysis">Three-taxon analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding">DNA barcoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_comparative_methods" title="Phylogenetic comparative methods">Phylogenetic comparative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_niche_conservatism" title="Phylogenetic niche conservatism">Phylogenetic niche conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_signal" title="Phylogenetic signal">Phylogenetic signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phylogenetics_software" title="List of phylogenetics software">Phylogenetics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenomics" title="Phylogenomics">Phylogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogeography" title="Phylogeography">Phylogeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group traits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">Primitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiomorphy">Plesiomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symplesiomorphy">Symplesiomorphy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Derived <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">Apomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">Synapomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">Autapomorphy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monophyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">Paraphyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">Polyphyly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nomenclature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">Phylogenetic nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">Crown group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">Sister group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">Basal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supertree" title="Supertree">Supertree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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