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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Manufacturing industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaft_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaft_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shaft engines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shaft_engines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shaft engines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shaft_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reciprocating_(piston)_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reciprocating_(piston)_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reciprocating (piston) engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reciprocating_(piston)_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In-line_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-line_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>In-line engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-line_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-V-type_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#V-type_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>V-type engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-V-type_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horizontally_opposed_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontally_opposed_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Horizontally opposed engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontally_opposed_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H_configuration_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H_configuration_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>H configuration engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H_configuration_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radial_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radial_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Radial engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radial_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Rotary engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wankel_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wankel_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Wankel engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wankel_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combustion_cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion_cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.8</span> <span>Combustion cycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion_cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_turbines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_turbines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Power turbines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_turbines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turboprop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turboprop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Turboprop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turboprop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turboshaft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turboshaft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Turboshaft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turboshaft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Electric power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reaction engines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reaction_engines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reaction engines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reaction_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jet_turbines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jet_turbines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Jet turbines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jet_turbines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turbojet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbojet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Turbojet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbojet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turbofan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbofan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Turbofan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbofan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_technology_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_technology_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Advanced technology engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_technology_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulsejets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulsejets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pulsejets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulsejets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Gluhareff Pressure Jet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rocket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rocket_turbine_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocket_turbine_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Rocket turbine engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket_turbine_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precooled_jet_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precooled_jet_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Precooled jet engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precooled_jet_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piston-turbofan_hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piston-turbofan_hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Piston-turbofan hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piston-turbofan_hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine_position_numbering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine_position_numbering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Engine position numbering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engine_position_numbering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aircraft engine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="محرك الطائرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرك الطائرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviasiya_m%C3%BCh%C9%99rrikl%C9%99ri" title="Aviasiya mühərrikləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aviasiya mühərrikləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_d%27aviaci%C3%B3" title="Motor d'aviació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motor d'aviació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leteck%C3%BD_motor" title="Letecký motor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letecký motor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugmotor" title="Flugmotor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flugmotor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennukimootor" title="Lennukimootor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lennukimootor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αεροπορικός κινητήρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αεροπορικός κινητήρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_aeron%C3%A1utico" title="Motor aeronáutico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motor aeronáutico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="موتور هواگرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موتور هواگرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moteur_d%27avion" title="Moteur d'avion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moteur d'avion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0_%EC%97%94%EC%A7%84" title="항공기 엔진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항공기 엔진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Ավիացիոն շարժիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավիացիոն շարժիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroplano-motoro" title="Aeroplano-motoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aeroplano-motoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_pesawat_terbang" title="Mesin pesawat terbang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin pesawat terbang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motore_aeronautico" title="Motore aeronautico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motore aeronautico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99" title="מנוע תעופתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנוע תעופתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Авиациялық қозғалтқыштар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Авиациялық қозғалтқыштар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injini_ya_ndege" title="Injini ya ndege – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Injini ya ndege" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9pmotor" title="Repülőgépmotor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Repülőgépmotor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjin_pesawat" title="Enjin pesawat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enjin pesawat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vliegtuigmotor" title="Vliegtuigmotor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vliegtuigmotor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%94%A8%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" title="航空用エンジン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="航空用エンジン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatsiya_dvigateli" title="Aviatsiya dvigateli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aviatsiya dvigateli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silnik_lotniczy" title="Silnik lotniczy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silnik lotniczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_aeron%C3%A1utico" title="Motor aeronáutico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Motor aeronáutico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_de_aeronav%C4%83" title="Motor de aeronavă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Motor de aeronavă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Авиационный двигатель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авиационный двигатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ගුවන් යානා එන්ජින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගුවන් යානා එන්ජින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnacia_jednotka_lietadla" title="Hnacia jednotka lietadla – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hnacia jednotka lietadla" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letalski_motor" title="Letalski motor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Letalski motor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95" title="بزوێنەری فڕۆکە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بزوێنەری فڕۆکە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ваздухопловни мотор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ваздухопловни мотор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flygmotor" title="Flygmotor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flygmotor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Муҳаррики ҳавогард – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳаррики ҳавогард" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A7ak_motoru" title="Uçak motoru – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uçak motoru" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awiasion_dwigatel" title="Awiasion dwigatel – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Awiasion dwigatel" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Авіаційний двигун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авіаційний двигун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ایئرکرافٹ انجن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایئرکرافٹ انجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="航空发动机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="航空发动机" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Aero-engine" redirects here. For the use of aircraft engines in cars, see <a href="/wiki/Aero-engined_car" title="Aero-engined car">Aero-engined car</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YorkMerlin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/YorkMerlin.JPG/300px-YorkMerlin.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/YorkMerlin.JPG/450px-YorkMerlin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/YorkMerlin.JPG/600px-YorkMerlin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> installed in a preserved <a href="/wiki/Avro_York" title="Avro York">Avro York</a> </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color: #87CEEB">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #87CEEB"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aircraft propulsion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #c9efff"> <a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">Shaft engines</a>:<br /> driving <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">propellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ducted_fan" title="Ducted fan">ducted fans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">propfans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal thermal engines</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Piston engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_diesel_engine" title="Aircraft diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Turbines</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turboprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">External thermal engines</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam-powered_aircraft" title="Steam-powered aircraft">Steam power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motors</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork" title="Clockwork">Clockwork</a> drives: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">Human-powered</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #c9efff"> <a href="/wiki/Reaction_engine" title="Reaction engine">Reaction engines</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Turbines</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">Turbojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">Propfan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket-powered_aircraft" title="Rocket-powered aircraft">Rocket-powered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_turborocket" title="Air turborocket">Air turborocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-augmented_rocket" title="Air-augmented rocket">Air-augmented rocket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorjet" title="Motorjet">Motorjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">Pulsejet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valveless_pulsejet" title="Valveless pulsejet">Valveless pulsejet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet" title="Gluhareff Pressure Jet">Gluhareff Pressure Jet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerospike_engine" title="Aerospike engine">Aerospike engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_detonation_engine" title="Rotating detonation engine">Rotating detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">Ramjet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shcramjet" title="Shcramjet">Shcramjet</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seriesbox_aircraft_propulsion" title="Template:Seriesbox aircraft propulsion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seriesbox_aircraft_propulsion" title="Template talk:Seriesbox aircraft propulsion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seriesbox_aircraft_propulsion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seriesbox aircraft propulsion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>aircraft engine</b>, often referred to as an <b>aero engine</b>, is the power component of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Air propulsion">propulsion system</a>. Aircraft using power components are referred to as <b>powered flight</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most aircraft engines are either <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">piston engines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a>, although a few have been <a href="/wiki/Rocket-powered_aircraft" title="Rocket-powered aircraft">rocket powered</a> and in recent years many small <a href="/wiki/UAV" class="mw-redirect" title="UAV">UAVs</a> have used <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing_industry">Manufacturing industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Manufacturing industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_engines" title="List of aircraft engines">List of aircraft engines</a></div> <p>In commercial aviation the major Western manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engines are <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney</a> (a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Raytheon Technologies">Raytheon Technologies</a>), <a href="/wiki/GE_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Aviation">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CFM_International" title="CFM International">CFM International</a> (a joint venture of <a href="/wiki/Safran_Aircraft_Engines" title="Safran Aircraft Engines">Safran Aircraft Engines</a> and General Electric). Russian manufacturers include the <a href="/wiki/United_Engine_Corporation" title="United Engine Corporation">United Engine Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviadvigatel" title="Aviadvigatel">Aviadvigatel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klimov" title="Klimov">Klimov</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aeroengine_Corporation_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeroengine Corporation of China">Aeroengine Corporation of China</a> was formed in 2016 with the merger of several smaller companies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The largest manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> engines for <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> is Pratt & Whitney.<sup id="cite_ref-turbopropmanufacturer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turbopropmanufacturer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Electric announced in 2015 entrance into the market.<sup id="cite_ref-turbopropmanufacturer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turbopropmanufacturer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_history">Development history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wright_Vertical_Four-Cylinder_Engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wright_Vertical_Four-Cylinder_Engine.jpg/220px-Wright_Vertical_Four-Cylinder_Engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wright_Vertical_Four-Cylinder_Engine.jpg/330px-Wright_Vertical_Four-Cylinder_Engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wright_Vertical_Four-Cylinder_Engine.jpg/440px-Wright_Vertical_Four-Cylinder_Engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2534" /></a><figcaption>Wright vertical 4-cylinder engine</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_jet_power" title="Timeline of jet power">Timeline of jet power</a></div> <ul><li>1848: <a href="/wiki/John_Stringfellow" title="John Stringfellow">John Stringfellow</a> made a steam engine for a 10-foot wingspan model aircraft which achieved the first powered flight, albeit with negligible payload.</li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Taylor_(mechanic)" title="Charlie Taylor (mechanic)">Charlie Taylor</a> built an <a href="/wiki/Inline_engine_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline engine (aviation)">inline engine</a>, mostly of aluminum, for the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a> (12 horsepower).</li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Manly-Balzer_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Manly-Balzer engine">Manly-Balzer engine</a> sets standards for later <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Levavasseur" title="Léon Levavasseur">Léon Levavasseur</a> produces a successful water-cooled <a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8 engine</a> for aircraft use.</li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lorin" title="René Lorin">René Lorin</a> patents a design for the <a href="/wiki/Ramjet_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramjet engine">ramjet engine</a>.</li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Seguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Seguin">Louis Seguin</a> designed the <a href="/wiki/Gnome_Omega" title="Gnome Omega">Gnome Omega</a>, the world's first <a href="/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">rotary engine</a> to be produced in quantity. In 1909 a Gnome powered <a href="/wiki/Farman_III" title="Farman III">Farman III</a> aircraft won the prize for the greatest non-stop distance flown at the Reims <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_Semaine_d%27Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Semaine d'Aviation">Grande Semaine d'Aviation</a></i> setting a world record for endurance of 180 kilometres (110 mi).</li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Coand%C4%83-1910" title="Coandă-1910">Coandă-1910</a>, an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Ducted_fan" title="Ducted fan">ducted fan</a> aircraft exhibited at Paris Aero Salon, powered by a piston engine. The aircraft never flew, but a patent was filed for routing exhaust gases into the duct to augment thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rateau" title="Auguste Rateau">Auguste Rateau</a> suggests using exhaust-powered compressor – a <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharger</a> – to improve high-altitude performance;<sup id="cite_ref-e_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not accepted after the tests<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1915: The <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_D.VI" title="Mercedes D.VI">Mercedes D.VI</a> - an eighteen-cylinder liquid-cooled <a href="/wiki/W18_engine" title="W18 engine">W-18 type</a> aircraft engine - (517 hp/380 kW) was the most powerful engine during WW1.</li> <li>1917–18: The <a href="/wiki/Idflieg" title="Idflieg">Idflieg</a>-numbered R.30/16 example of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Luftstreitkräfte</a>'s</i> <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin-Staaken_R.VI" title="Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI">Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI</a> heavy bomber becomes the earliest known supercharger-equipped aircraft to fly, with a <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_D.II" title="Mercedes D.II">Mercedes D.II</a> straight-six engine in the central fuselage driving a Brown-Boveri mechanical supercharger for the R.30/16's four <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_D.IVa" title="Mercedes D.IVa">Mercedes D.IVa</a> engines.</li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Alexander_Moss" title="Sanford Alexander Moss">Sanford Alexander Moss</a> picks up Rateau's idea and creates the first successful turbocharger<sup id="cite_ref-e_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Jaguar" title="Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar">Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar</a> IV (S), the first series-produced supercharged engine for aircraft use;<sup id="cite_ref-a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two-row radial with a gear-driven <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_supercharger" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrifugal supercharger">centrifugal supercharger</a>.</li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a> submitted his first patent for a <a href="/wiki/Turbojet_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbojet engine">turbojet engine</a>.</li> <li>June 1939: <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_176" title="Heinkel He 176">Heinkel He 176</a> is the first successful aircraft to fly powered solely by a liquid-fueled rocket engine.</li> <li>August 1939: <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HeS_3" title="Heinkel HeS 3">Heinkel HeS 3</a> turbojet propels the pioneering German <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_178" title="Heinkel He 178">Heinkel He 178</a> aircraft.</li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Jendrassik_Cs-1" title="Jendrassik Cs-1">Jendrassik Cs-1</a>, the world's first run of a <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> engine. It is not put into service.</li> <li>1943 <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_670" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz DB 670">Daimler-Benz DB 670</a>, first turbofan runs</li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Me 163">Messerschmitt Me 163</a>B <i>Komet</i>, the world's first rocket-propelled combat aircraft deployed.</li> <li>1945: First turboprop-powered aircraft flies, a modified <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a> with two <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_RB.50_Trent" title="Rolls-Royce RB.50 Trent">Rolls-Royce Trent</a> engines.</li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">Bell X-1</a> rocket-propelled aircraft exceeds the speed of sound.</li> <li>1948: 100 shp 782, the first <a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">turboshaft</a> engine to be applied to aircraft use; in 1950 used to develop the larger 280 shp (210 kW) <a href="/wiki/Turbomeca_Artouste" title="Turbomeca Artouste">Turbomeca Artouste</a>.</li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Leduc_010" class="mw-redirect" title="Leduc 010">Leduc 010</a>, the world's first <a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">ramjet</a>-powered aircraft flight.</li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Conway" title="Rolls-Royce Conway">Rolls-Royce Conway</a>, the world's first production <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a>, enters service.</li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_TF39" title="General Electric TF39">General Electric TF39</a> <a href="/wiki/High_bypass_turbofan" class="mw-redirect" title="High bypass turbofan">high bypass turbofan</a> enters service delivering greater thrust and much better efficiency.</li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/HyShot" title="HyShot">HyShot</a> <a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">scramjet</a> flew in dive.</li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/NASA_X-43" title="NASA X-43">NASA X-43</a>, the first scramjet to maintain altitude.</li> <li>2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipistrel_E-811&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pipistrel E-811 (page does not exist)">Pipistrel E-811</a> is the first electric aircraft engine to be awarded a type certificate by <a href="/wiki/EASA" class="mw-redirect" title="EASA">EASA</a>. It powers the <a href="/wiki/Pipistrel_Velis_Electro" title="Pipistrel Velis Electro">Pipistrel Velis Electro</a>, the first fully electric EASA type-certified aeroplane.<sup id="cite_ref-E811_Flyer_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E811_Flyer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shaft_engines">Shaft engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shaft engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reciprocating_(piston)_engines"><span id="Reciprocating_.28piston.29_engines"></span>Reciprocating (piston) engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reciprocating (piston) engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">reciprocating engine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In-line_engine">In-line engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In-line engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight engine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranger_L-440.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ranger_L-440.jpg/220px-Ranger_L-440.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ranger_L-440.jpg/330px-Ranger_L-440.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Ranger_L-440.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Ranger L-440 air-cooled, six-cylinder, inverted, in-line engine used in <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_PT-19" title="Fairchild PT-19">Fairchild PT-19</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In this section, for clarity, the term "inline engine" refers only to engines with a single row of cylinders, as used in automotive language, but <a href="/wiki/Inline_engine_(aeronautics)" title="Inline engine (aeronautics)">in aviation terms, the phrase "inline engine" also covers V-type and opposed engines</a> (as described below), and is not limited to engines with a single row of cylinders. This is typically to differentiate them from <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engines</a>. </p><p>A straight engine typically has an even number of cylinders, but there are instances of three- and five-cylinder engines. The greatest advantage of an inline engine is that it allows the aircraft to be designed with a low frontal area to minimize drag. If the engine crankshaft is located above the cylinders, it is called an inverted inline engine: this allows the propeller to be mounted high up to increase ground clearance, enabling shorter landing gear. The disadvantages of an inline engine include a poor <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a>, because the crankcase and crankshaft are long and thus heavy. An in-line engine may be either air-cooled or liquid-cooled, but liquid-cooling is more common because it is difficult to get enough air-flow to cool the rear cylinders directly. </p><p>Inline engines were common in early aircraft; one was used in the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a>, the aircraft that made the first controlled powered flight. However, the inherent disadvantages of the design soon became apparent, and the inline design was abandoned, becoming a rarity in modern aviation. </p><p><i>For other configurations of aviation inline engine, such as <a href="/wiki/X_engine" title="X engine">X-engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/U_engine" title="U engine">U-engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-engines</a>, etc., see <a href="/wiki/Inline_engine_(aeronautics)" title="Inline engine (aeronautics)">Inline engine (aeronautics)</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="V-type_engine">V-type engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: V-type engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolls-Royce_Merlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rolls-Royce_Merlin.jpg/220px-Rolls-Royce_Merlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rolls-Royce_Merlin.jpg/330px-Rolls-Royce_Merlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rolls-Royce_Merlin.jpg/440px-Rolls-Royce_Merlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption>A Rolls-Royce Merlin V-12 Engine</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V engine</a></div> <p>Cylinders in this engine are arranged in two in-line banks, typically tilted 60–90 degrees apart from each other and driving a common crankshaft. The vast majority of V engines are water-cooled. The V design provides a higher power-to-weight ratio than an inline engine, while still providing a small frontal area. Perhaps the most famous example of this design is the legendary <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> engine, a 27-litre (1649 in<sup>3</sup>) 60° V12 engine used in, among others, the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfires</a> that played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horizontally_opposed_engine">Horizontally opposed engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Horizontally opposed engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat engine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UL350iS_ULPower_aircraft_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/UL350iS_ULPower_aircraft_engine.jpg/220px-UL350iS_ULPower_aircraft_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/UL350iS_ULPower_aircraft_engine.jpg/330px-UL350iS_ULPower_aircraft_engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/UL350iS_ULPower_aircraft_engine.jpg/440px-UL350iS_ULPower_aircraft_engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/ULPower_Aero_Engines" title="ULPower Aero Engines">ULPower UL</a>350iS horizontally opposed air-cooled aero engine</figcaption></figure> <p>A horizontally opposed engine, also called a flat or boxer engine, has two banks of cylinders on opposite sides of a centrally located crankcase. The engine is either air-cooled or liquid-cooled, but air-cooled versions predominate. Opposed engines are mounted with the crankshaft horizontal in <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a>, but may be mounted with the crankshaft vertical in <a href="/wiki/Helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopters">helicopters</a>. Due to the cylinder layout, reciprocating forces tend to cancel, resulting in a smooth running engine. Opposed-type engines have high power-to-weight ratios because they have a comparatively small, lightweight crankcase. In addition, the compact cylinder arrangement reduces the engine's frontal area and allows a streamlined installation that minimizes aerodynamic drag. These engines always have an even number of cylinders, since a cylinder on one side of the crankcase "opposes" a cylinder on the other side. </p><p>Opposed, air-cooled four- and six-cylinder piston engines are by far the most common engines used in small <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> aircraft requiring up to 400 horsepower (300 kW) per engine. Aircraft that require more than 400 horsepower (300 kW) per engine tend to be powered by <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">turbine engines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="H_configuration_engine">H configuration engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: H configuration engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H engine</a></div> <p>An H configuration engine is essentially a pair of horizontally opposed engines placed together, with the two crankshafts geared together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radial_engine">Radial engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Radial engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Engine_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Engine_1.jpg/220px-Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Engine_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Engine_1.jpg/330px-Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Engine_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Engine_1.jpg/440px-Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Engine_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Whitney R-2800">Pratt & Whitney R-2800</a> engine</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">Radial engine</a></div> <p>This type of engine has one or more rows of cylinders arranged around a centrally located <a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">crankcase</a>. Each row generally has an odd number of cylinders to produce smooth operation. A radial engine has only one <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crank throw</a> per row and a relatively small crankcase, resulting in a favorable <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a>. Because the cylinder arrangement exposes a large amount of the engine's heat-radiating surfaces to the air and tends to cancel reciprocating forces, radials tend to cool evenly and run smoothly. The lower cylinders, which are under the crankcase, may collect oil when the engine has been stopped for an extended period. If this oil is not cleared from the cylinders prior to starting the engine, serious damage due to <a href="/wiki/Hydrolock" title="Hydrolock">hydrostatic lock</a> may occur. </p><p>Most radial engines have the cylinders arranged evenly around the crankshaft, although some early engines, sometimes called semi-radials or fan configuration engines, had an uneven arrangement. The best known engine of this type is the Anzani engine, which was fitted to the <a href="/wiki/Bleriot_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleriot XI">Bleriot XI</a> used for the first flight across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in 1909. This arrangement had the drawback of needing a heavy counterbalance for the crankshaft, but was used to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Spark_plugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark plugs">spark plugs</a> oiling up. </p><p>In military aircraft designs, the large frontal area of the engine acted as an extra layer of armor for the pilot. Also air-cooled engines, without vulnerable radiators, are slightly less prone to battle damage, and on occasion would continue running even with one or more cylinders shot away. However, the large frontal area also resulted in an aircraft with an <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic">aerodynamically inefficient</a> increased frontal area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotary_engine">Rotary engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rotary engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Rhone_9C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Le_Rhone_9C.jpg/220px-Le_Rhone_9C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Le_Rhone_9C.jpg/330px-Le_Rhone_9C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Le_Rhone_9C.jpg/440px-Le_Rhone_9C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Le Rhone 9C rotary aircraft engine</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">Rotary engine</a></div> <p>Rotary engines have the cylinders in a circle around the crankcase, as in a radial engine, (see above), but the crankshaft is fixed to the airframe and the propeller is fixed to the engine case, so that the crankcase and cylinders rotate. The advantage of this arrangement is that a satisfactory flow of cooling air is maintained even at low airspeeds, retaining the weight advantage and simplicity of a conventional air-cooled engine without one of their major drawbacks. The first practical rotary engine was the <a href="/wiki/Gnome_Omega" title="Gnome Omega">Gnome Omega</a> designed by the Seguin brothers and first flown in 1909. Its relative reliability and good power to weight ratio changed aviation dramatically. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">first World War</a> most speed records were gained using Gnome-engined aircraft, and in the early years of the war rotary engines were dominant in aircraft types for which speed and agility were paramount. To increase power, engines with two rows of cylinders were built. </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopic effects</a> of the heavy rotating engine produced handling problems in aircraft and the engines also consumed large amounts of oil since they used total loss lubrication, the oil being mixed with the fuel and ejected with the exhaust gases. <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a> was used for lubrication, since it is not soluble in petrol, and the resultant fumes were nauseating to the pilots. Engine designers had always been aware of the many limitations of the rotary engine so when the static style engines became more reliable and gave better specific weights and fuel consumption, the days of the rotary engine were numbered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wankel_engine">Wankel engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wankel engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WankelPP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/WankelPP.jpg/170px-WankelPP.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/WankelPP.jpg/255px-WankelPP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/WankelPP.jpg/340px-WankelPP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>Powerplant from a <a href="/wiki/Schleicher_ASH_26" title="Schleicher ASH 26">Schleicher ASH 26e</a> self-launching <a href="/wiki/Motor_glider" title="Motor glider">motor glider</a>, removed from the glider and mounted on a test stand for maintenance at the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schleicher_GmbH_%26_Co" title="Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co">Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co</a> in <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppenhausen_(Wasserkuppe)" class="extiw" title="de:Poppenhausen (Wasserkuppe)">Poppenhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Counter-clockwise from top left: propeller hub, mast with belt guide, radiator, Wankel engine, muffler shroud.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a> is a type of rotary engine. The <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a> is about one half the weight and size of a traditional <a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-stroke cycle">four-stroke cycle</a> <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engine</a> of equal power output, and much lower in complexity. In an aircraft application, the power-to-weight ratio is very important, making the Wankel engine a good choice. Because the engine is typically constructed with an aluminium housing and a steel rotor, and aluminium expands more than steel when heated, a Wankel engine does not seize when overheated, unlike a piston engine. This is an important safety factor for aeronautical use. Considerable development of these designs started after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but at the time the aircraft industry favored the use of <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> engines. It was believed that <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> engines could power all aircraft, from the largest to smallest designs. The Wankel engine did not find many applications in aircraft, but was used by <a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a> in a popular line of <a href="/wiki/Sports_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports cars">sports cars</a>. The French company <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> had developed Wankel powered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_RE-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citroën RE-2 (page does not exist)">RE-2</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_RE-2" class="extiw" title="fr:Citroën RE-2">fr</a>]</span> <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> in 1970's.<sup id="cite_ref-PBoulay_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBoulay-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times the Wankel engine has been used in <a href="/wiki/Motor_glider" title="Motor glider">motor gliders</a> where the compactness, light weight, and smoothness are crucially important.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_Airport" title="Gloucestershire Airport">Staverton-based</a> firm MidWest designed and produced single- and twin-rotor aero engines, the <a href="/wiki/MidWest_AE_series" title="MidWest AE series">MidWest AE series</a>. These engines were developed from the motor in the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Classic" title="Norton Classic">Norton Classic</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a>. The twin-rotor version was fitted into <a href="/wiki/ARV_Super2" title="ARV Super2">ARV Super2s</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rutan_Quickie" title="Rutan Quickie">Rutan Quickie</a>. The single-rotor engine was put into a <a href="/wiki/AMF_Chevvron_2-32" title="AMF Chevvron 2-32">Chevvron motor glider</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Schleicher_ASH_26" title="Schleicher ASH 26">Schleicher ASH</a> motor-gliders. After the demise of MidWest, all rights were sold to <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Aircraft_Industries" title="Diamond Aircraft Industries">Diamond</a> of Austria, who have since developed a MkII version of the engine. </p><p>As a cost-effective alternative to certified aircraft engines some Wankel engines, removed from automobiles and converted to aviation use, have been fitted in homebuilt <a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">experimental aircraft</a>. Mazda units with outputs ranging from 100 horsepower (75 kW) to 300 horsepower (220 kW) can be a fraction of the cost of traditional engines. Such conversions first took place in the early 1970s;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and as of 10 December 2006 the <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> has only seven reports of incidents involving aircraft with Mazda engines, and none of these is of a failure due to design or manufacturing flaws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combustion_cycles">Combustion cycles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Combustion cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common combustion cycle for aero engines is the four-stroke with spark ignition. Two-stroke spark ignition has also been used for small engines, while the compression-ignition <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> is seldom used. </p><p>Starting in the 1930s attempts were made to produce a practical <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_diesel_engine" title="Aircraft diesel engine">aircraft diesel engine</a>. In general, Diesel engines are more reliable and much better suited to running for long periods of time at medium power settings. The lightweight alloys of the 1930s were not up to the task of handling the much higher <a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">compression ratios</a> of diesel engines, so they generally had poor power-to-weight ratios and were uncommon for that reason, although the Clerget 14F Diesel radial engine (1939) has the same power to weight ratio as a gasoline radial. Improvements in Diesel technology in automobiles (leading to much better power-weight ratios), the Diesel's much better fuel efficiency and the high relative taxation of AVGAS compared to Jet A1 in Europe have all seen a revival of interest in the use of diesels for aircraft. <a href="/wiki/Thielert" class="mw-redirect" title="Thielert">Thielert</a> Aircraft Engines converted Mercedes Diesel automotive engines, certified them for aircraft use, and became an OEM provider to Diamond Aviation for their light twin. Financial problems have plagued Thielert, so Diamond's affiliate — Austro Engine — developed the new <a href="/wiki/Austro_Engine_E4" title="Austro Engine E4">AE300 turbodiesel</a>, also based on a Mercedes engine.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competing new Diesel engines may bring fuel efficiency and lead-free emissions to small aircraft, representing the biggest change in light aircraft engines in decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_turbines">Power turbines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Power turbines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turboprop">Turboprop</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Turboprop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turboprop_cutaway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Turboprop_cutaway.jpg/220px-Turboprop_cutaway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Turboprop_cutaway.jpg/330px-Turboprop_cutaway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Turboprop_cutaway.jpg/440px-Turboprop_cutaway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway view of a <a href="/wiki/Garrett_AiResearch_TPE-331" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrett AiResearch TPE-331">Garrett TPE-331</a> turboprop engine showing the gearbox at the front of the engine</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turboprop</a></div> <p>While military fighters require very high speeds, many civil airplanes do not. Yet, civil aircraft designers wanted to benefit from the high power and low maintenance that a <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> engine offered. Thus was born the idea to mate a turbine engine to a traditional propeller. Because gas turbines optimally spin at high speed, a turboprop features a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">gearbox</a> to lower the speed of the shaft so that the propeller tips don't reach supersonic speeds. Often the turbines that drive the propeller are separate from the rest of the rotating components so that they can rotate at their own best speed (referred to as a free-turbine engine). A turboprop is very efficient when operated within the realm of cruise speeds it was designed for, which is typically 200 to 400 mph (320 to 640 km/h). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Turboshaft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allison_(MTU)_250_C20B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Allison_%28MTU%29_250_C20B.jpg/220px-Allison_%28MTU%29_250_C20B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Allison_%28MTU%29_250_C20B.jpg/330px-Allison_%28MTU%29_250_C20B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Allison_%28MTU%29_250_C20B.jpg/440px-Allison_%28MTU%29_250_C20B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Allison_Model_250" title="Allison Model 250">Allison Model 250</a> turboshaft engine common to many types of helicopters</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</a></div> <p>Turboshaft engines are used primarily for <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">auxiliary power units</a>. A turboshaft engine is similar to a turboprop in principle, but in a turboprop the propeller is supported by the engine and the engine is bolted to the <a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">airframe</a>: in a turboshaft, the engine does not provide any direct physical support to the helicopter's rotors. The rotor is connected to a transmission which is bolted to the airframe, and the turboshaft engine drives the transmission. The distinction is seen by some as slim, as in some cases aircraft companies make both turboprop and turboshaft engines based on the same design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_power">Electric power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Electric power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of electrically powered aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/QinetiQ_Zephyr" class="mw-redirect" title="QinetiQ Zephyr">QinetiQ Zephyr</a>, have been designed since the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-french_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-french-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are used as military <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in late 2007, a conventional light aircraft powered by an 18 kW electric motor using lithium polymer batteries was flown, covering more than 50 kilometers (31 mi), the first electric airplane to receive a <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_airworthiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of airworthiness">certificate of airworthiness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-french_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-french-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 May 2020, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipistrel_E-811&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pipistrel E-811 (page does not exist)">Pipistrel E-811</a> was the first electric aircraft engine to be awarded a <a href="/wiki/Type_certificate" title="Type certificate">type certificate</a> by <a href="/wiki/EASA" class="mw-redirect" title="EASA">EASA</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a>. The E-811 powers the <a href="/wiki/Pipistrel_Velis_Electro" title="Pipistrel Velis Electro">Pipistrel Velis Electro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-E811_TCDS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E811_TCDS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E811_Flyer_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E811_Flyer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Limited experiments with <a href="/wiki/Solar_electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar electric">solar electric</a> propulsion have been performed, notably the manned <a href="/wiki/Solar_Challenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Challenger">Solar Challenger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_Impulse" title="Solar Impulse">Solar Impulse</a> and the unmanned <a href="/wiki/NASA_Pathfinder" title="NASA Pathfinder">NASA Pathfinder</a> aircraft. </p><p>Many big companies, such as Siemens, are developing high performance electric engines for aircraft use, also, SAE shows new developments in elements as pure Copper core electric motors with a better efficiency. A hybrid system as emergency back-up and for added power in take-off is offered for sale by Axter Aerospace, Madrid, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small <a href="/wiki/Multicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicopter">multicopter</a> UAVs are almost always powered by electric motors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction_engines">Reaction engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reaction engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engine</a></div> <p>Reaction engines generate the <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> to propel an aircraft by ejecting the exhaust gases at high velocity from the engine, the resultant <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">reaction of forces</a> driving the aircraft forwards. The most common reaction propulsion engines flown are turbojets, turbofans and rockets. Other types such as <a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">pulsejets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramjets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramjets">ramjets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">scramjets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">pulse detonation engines</a> have also flown. In jet engines the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> necessary for fuel combustion comes from the air, while rockets carry an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizer</a> (usually oxygen in some form) as part of the fuel load, permitting their use in space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jet_turbines">Jet turbines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jet turbines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turbojet">Turbojet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Turbojet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg/220px-J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg/330px-J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg/440px-J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2033" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_J85" title="General Electric J85">General Electric J85</a>-GE-17A turbojet engine. This cutaway clearly shows the 8 stages of <a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">axial compressor</a> at the front (left side of the picture), the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chambers</a> in the middle, and the two stages of <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> at the rear of the engine.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">Turbojet</a></div> <p>A turbojet is a type of <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> engine that was originally developed for military <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. A turbojet is the simplest of all aircraft gas turbines. It consists of a compressor to draw air in and compress it, a combustion section where fuel is added and ignited, one or more turbines that extract power from the expanding exhaust gases to drive the compressor, and an exhaust nozzle that accelerates the exhaust gases out the back of the engine to create thrust. When turbojets were introduced, the top speed of fighter aircraft equipped with them was at least 100 miles per hour faster than competing piston-driven aircraft. In the years after the war, the drawbacks of the turbojet gradually became apparent. Below about Mach 2, turbojets are very fuel inefficient and create tremendous amounts of noise. Early designs also respond very slowly to power changes, a fact that killed many experienced pilots when they attempted the transition to jets. These drawbacks eventually led to the downfall of the pure turbojet, and only a handful of types are still in production. The last airliner that used turbojets was the <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>, whose Mach 2 airspeed permitted the engine to be highly efficient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turbofan">Turbofan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Turbofan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cfm56-3-turbofan.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cfm56-3-turbofan.jpeg/220px-Cfm56-3-turbofan.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cfm56-3-turbofan.jpeg/330px-Cfm56-3-turbofan.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cfm56-3-turbofan.jpeg/440px-Cfm56-3-turbofan.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A cutaway of a <a href="/wiki/CFM_International_CFM56" title="CFM International CFM56">CFM56-3</a> turbofan engine</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a></div> <p>A turbofan engine is much the same as a turbojet, but with an enlarged fan at the front that provides thrust in much the same way as a ducted <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller (aircraft)">propeller</a>, resulting in improved <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>. Though the fan creates thrust like a propeller, the surrounding duct frees it from many of the restrictions that limit propeller performance. This operation is a more efficient way to provide thrust than simply using the <a href="/wiki/Nozzle#High_velocity_nozzles" title="Nozzle">jet nozzle</a> alone, and turbofans are more efficient than propellers in the transsonic range of aircraft speeds and can operate in the <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> realm. A turbofan typically has extra turbine stages to turn the fan. Turbofans were among the first engines to use multiple <i><a href="/wiki/Turbofan#Basic_two-spool" title="Turbofan">spools</a></i>—concentric shafts that are free to rotate at their own speed—to let the engine react more quickly to changing power requirements. Turbofans are coarsely split into low-bypass and high-bypass categories. Bypass air flows through the fan, but around the jet core, not mixing with fuel and burning. The ratio of this air to the amount of air flowing through the engine core is the bypass ratio. Low-bypass engines are preferred for military applications such as fighters due to high thrust-to-weight ratio, while high-bypass engines are preferred for civil use for good fuel efficiency and low noise. High-bypass turbofans are usually most efficient when the aircraft is traveling at 500 to 550 miles per hour (800 to 890 kilometres per hour), the cruise speed of most large airliners. Low-bypass turbofans can reach supersonic speeds, though normally only when fitted with <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">afterburners</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advanced_technology_engine">Advanced technology engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Advanced technology engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_technology_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced technology engine">Advanced technology engine</a></div> <p>The term <i>advanced technology engine</i> refers to the modern generation of jet engines.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle is that a turbine engine will function more efficiently if the various sets of turbines can revolve at their individual optimum speeds, instead of at the same speed. The true advanced technology engine has a triple spool, meaning that instead of having a single drive shaft, there are three, in order that the three sets of blades may revolve at different speeds. An interim state is a twin-spool engine, allowing only two different speeds for the turbines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulsejets">Pulsejets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pulsejets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">Pulsejet</a></div> <p>Pulsejets are mechanically simple devices that—in a repeating cycle—draw air through a no-return valve at the front of the engine into a combustion chamber and ignite it. The combustion forces the exhaust gases out the back of the engine. It produces power as a series of pulses rather than as a steady output, hence the name. The only application of this type of engine was the German unmanned <a href="/wiki/V1_flying_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="V1 flying bomb">V1 flying bomb</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Though the same engines were also used experimentally for ersatz fighter aircraft, the extremely loud noise generated by the engines caused mechanical damage to the airframe that was sufficient to make the idea unworkable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet">Gluhareff Pressure Jet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gluhareff Pressure Jet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet" title="Gluhareff Pressure Jet">Gluhareff Pressure Jet</a></div> <p>The Gluhareff Pressure Jet (or tip jet) is a type of jet engine that, like a valveless pulsejet, has no moving parts. Having no moving parts, the engine works by having a coiled pipe in the combustion chamber that superheats the fuel (propane) before being injected into the air-fuel inlet. In the combustion chamber, the fuel/air mixture ignites and burns, creating thrust as it leaves through the exhaust pipe. Induction and compression of the fuel/air mixture is done both by the pressure of propane as it is injected, along with the sound waves created by combustion acting on the intake stacks. It was intended as a power plant for personal helicopters and compact aircraft such as Microlights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rocket">Rocket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rocket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg/220px-XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg/330px-XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg/440px-XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption> An <a href="/wiki/Reaction_Motors_XLR-99" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction Motors XLR-99">XLR99</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></div> <p>A few aircraft have used rocket engines for main thrust or attitude control, notably the <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">Bell X-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a>. Rocket engines are not used for most aircraft as the energy and propellant efficiency is very poor, but have been employed for short bursts of speed and takeoff. Where fuel/propellant efficiency is of lesser concern, rocket engines can be useful because they produce very large amounts of thrust and weigh very little. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rocket_turbine_engine">Rocket turbine engine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rocket turbine engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rocket_turbine_engine" title="Rocket turbine engine">Rocket turbine engine</a></div> <p>A rocket turbine engine is a combination of two types of propulsion engines: a <a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">liquid-propellant rocket</a> and a turbine jet engine. Its <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a> is a little higher than a regular jet engine, and works at higher altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precooled_jet_engines">Precooled jet engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Precooled jet engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precooled_jet_engine" title="Precooled jet engine">Precooled jet engine</a></div> <p>For very high supersonic/low hypersonic flight speeds, inserting a cooling system into the air duct of a hydrogen jet engine permits greater fuel injection at high speed and obviates the need for the duct to be made of refractory or actively cooled materials. This greatly improves the thrust/weight ratio of the engine at high speed. </p><p>It is thought that this design of engine could permit sufficient performance for antipodal flight at Mach 5, or even permit a single stage to orbit vehicle to be practical. The hybrid air-breathing <a href="/wiki/SABRE_(rocket_engine)" title="SABRE (rocket engine)">SABRE rocket engine</a> is a pre-cooled engine under development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piston-turbofan_hybrid">Piston-turbofan hybrid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Piston-turbofan hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the April 2018 <a href="/wiki/ILA_Berlin_Air_Show" title="ILA Berlin Air Show">ILA Berlin Air Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>-based research institute <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus_Luftfahrt" class="extiw" title="de:Bauhaus Luftfahrt">de:Bauhaus Luftfahrt</a> presented a high-efficiency composite cycle engine for 2050, combining a <a href="/wiki/Geared_turbofan" title="Geared turbofan">geared turbofan</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engine</a> core. The 2.87 m diameter, 16-blade fan gives a 33.7 ultra-high <a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">bypass ratio</a>, driven by a geared low-pressure turbine but the high-pressure compressor drive comes from a piston-engine with two 10 piston banks without a high-pressure turbine, increasing efficiency with non-stationary <a href="/wiki/Isochoric_process" title="Isochoric process">isochoric</a>-<a href="/wiki/Isobaric_process" title="Isobaric process">isobaric</a> combustion for higher peak pressures and temperatures. The 11,200 lb (49.7 kN) engine could power a 50-seat <a href="/wiki/Regional_jet" title="Regional jet">regional jet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flight24apr2018_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight24apr2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its cruise <a href="/wiki/Thrust_specific_fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust specific fuel consumption">TSFC</a> would be 11.5 g/kN/s (0.406 lb/lbf/hr) for an overall <a href="/wiki/Engine_efficiency" title="Engine efficiency">engine efficiency</a> of 48.2%, for a burner temperature of 1,700 K (1,430 °C), an <a href="/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">overall pressure ratio</a> of 38 and a peak pressure of 30 MPa (300 bar).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although engine weight increases by 30%, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_aircraft" title="Fuel economy in aircraft">aircraft fuel consumption</a> is reduced by 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> under Framework 7 project <abbr title="Low Emission Core Engine Technologies">LEMCOTEC</abbr>, Bauhaus Luftfahrt, <a href="/wiki/MTU_Aero_Engines" title="MTU Aero Engines">MTU Aero Engines</a> and <a href="/wiki/GKN_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="GKN Aerospace">GKN Aerospace</a> presented the concept in 2015, raising the overall engine pressure ratio to over 100 for a 15.2% fuel burn reduction compared to 2025 engines.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engine_position_numbering">Engine position numbering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Engine position numbering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Throttle_Boeing_727.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Throttle_Boeing_727.jpg/220px-Throttle_Boeing_727.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Throttle_Boeing_727.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">thrust levers</a> of a three-engine <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a>, each one bearing the respective engine number</figcaption></figure> <p>On multi-engine aircraft, engine positions are numbered from left to right from the point of view of the pilot looking forward, so for example on a four-engine aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>, engine No. 1 is on the left side, farthest from the fuselage, while engine No. 3 is on the right side nearest to the fuselage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of the twin-engine <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">English Electric Lightning</a>, which has two fuselage-mounted jet engines one above the other, engine No. 1 is below and to the front of engine No. 2, which is above and behind.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Cessna_337_Skymaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 337 Skymaster">Cessna 337 Skymaster</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Push-pull_configuration" title="Push-pull configuration">push-pull</a> twin-engine airplane, engine No. 1 is the one at the front of the fuselage, while engine No. 2 is aft of the cabin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fuel">Fuel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aircraft reciprocating (piston) engines are typically designed to run on <a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">aviation gasoline</a>. Avgas has a higher octane rating than automotive <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> to allow higher <a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">compression ratios</a>, power output, and efficiency at higher altitudes. Currently the most common Avgas is 100LL. This refers to the <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane rating</a> (100 octane) and the lead content (LL = low lead, relative to the historic levels of lead in pre-regulation Avgas).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Refineries blend Avgas with <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">tetraethyllead</a> (TEL) to achieve these high octane ratings, a practice that governments no longer permit for gasoline intended for road vehicles. The shrinking supply of TEL and the possibility of environmental legislation banning its use have made a search for replacement fuels for <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> aircraft a priority for pilots’ organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turbine engines and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_diesel_engine" title="Aircraft diesel engine">aircraft diesel engines</a> burn various grades of <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a>. Jet fuel is a relatively less volatile <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> derivative based on <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, but certified to strict aviation standards, with additional additives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Model_aircraft" title="Model aircraft">Model aircraft</a> typically use <a href="/wiki/Nitro_engine" title="Nitro engine">nitro engines</a> (also known as "glow engines" due to the use of a <a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(model_engine)" title="Glow plug (model engine)">glow plug</a>) powered by <a href="/wiki/Glow_fuel" title="Glow fuel">glow fuel</a>, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">nitromethane</a>, and lubricant. Electrically powered model airplanes<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and helicopters are also commercially available. Small <a href="/wiki/Multicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicopter">multicopter</a> <a href="/wiki/UAV" class="mw-redirect" title="UAV">UAVs</a> are almost always powered by electricity,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but larger gasoline-powered designs are under development.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Regulations" title="Federal Aviation Regulations">Federal Aviation Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_engine" title="Hyper engine">Hyper engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_engine" title="Model engine">Model engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_aircraft_engine_designations" title="United States military aircraft engine designations">United States military aircraft engine designations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The world's first series-produced cars with superchargers came earlier than aircraft. These were <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes (car)">Mercedes</a> 6/25/40 hp and Mercedes 10/40/65 hp, both models introduced in 1921 and used Roots superchargers. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFG.N._Georgano1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G.N._Georgano" class="mw-redirect" title="G.N. Georgano">G.N. Georgano</a>, ed. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000unse_v2r4/page/415"><i>The new encyclopedia of motorcars 1885 to the present</i></a> (3rd ed.). New York: Dutton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000unse_v2r4/page/415">415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-93254-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-93254-3"><bdi>978-0-525-93254-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+encyclopedia+of+motorcars+1885+to+the+present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=415&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-525-93254-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000unse_v2r4%2Fpage%2F415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=215&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turbopropmanufacturer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turbopropmanufacturer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turbopropmanufacturer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/ge-pushes-into-turboprop-engines-taking-on-pratt-1447700601">"GE Pushes Into Turboprop Engines, Taking on Pratt"</a>. Wall Street Journal. November 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GE+Pushes+Into+Turboprop+Engines%2C+Taking+on+Pratt&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fge-pushes-into-turboprop-engines-taking-on-pratt-1447700601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_McNeil1990" class="citation book cs1">Ian McNeil, ed. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh00mcne"><i>Encyclopedia of the History of Technology</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh00mcne/page/315">315</a>–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19211-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19211-5"><bdi>978-0-203-19211-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Technology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=315-21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-203-19211-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofh00mcne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs-Smith1970" class="citation book cs1">Gibbs-Smith, Charles Harvard (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxEOAQAAIAAJ"><i>Aviation: an historical survey from its origins to the end of World War II</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780112900139" title="Special:BookSources/9780112900139"><bdi>9780112900139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aviation%3A+an+historical+survey+from+its+origins+to+the+end+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780112900139&rft.aulast=Gibbs-Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+Harvard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxEOAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs-Smith1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harvard_Gibbs-Smith" title="Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith">Gibbs-Smith, Charles Harvard</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzcZAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Aeroplane: An Historical Survey of Its Origins and Development</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aeroplane%3A+An+Historical+Survey+of+Its+Origins+and+Development&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Gibbs-Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+Harvard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmzcZAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1980" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, Frank H. (December 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XkBWAAAAMAAJ">"Ducted Fan or the World's First Jet Plane? The Coanda claim re-examined"</a>. <i>The Aeronautical Journal</i>. <b>84</b>. Royal Aeronautical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Aeronautical+Journal&rft.atitle=Ducted+Fan+or+the+World%27s+First+Jet+Plane%3F+The+Coanda+claim+re-examined&rft.volume=84&rft.date=1980-12&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkBWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoniuCicoșBuiuBartoc2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antoniu, Dan; Cicoș, George; Buiu, Ioan-Vasile; Bartoc, Alexandru; Șutic, Robert (2010). <i>Henri Coandă and his technical work during 1906–1918</i> (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Anima. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7729-61-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-7729-61-3"><bdi>978-973-7729-61-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henri+Coand%C4%83+and+his+technical+work+during+1906%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pub=Editura+Anima&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-973-7729-61-3&rft.aulast=Antoniu&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Cico%C8%99%2C+George&rft.au=Buiu%2C+Ioan-Vasile&rft.au=Bartoc%2C+Alexandru&rft.au=%C8%98utic%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttman2009" class="citation book cs1">Guttman, Jon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TBE5nGmxbEC&pg=PA25"><i>SPAD XIII vs. Fokker D VII: Western Front 1918</i></a> (1st ed.). Oxford: Osprey. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-432-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-432-9"><bdi>978-1-84603-432-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SPAD+XIII+vs.+Fokker+D+VII%3A+Western+Front+1918&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=24-25&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-432-9&rft.aulast=Guttman&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TBE5nGmxbEC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1941" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, Hickman (Jun 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UycDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA66">"He Harnessed a Tornado..."</a> <i>Popular Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=He+Harnessed+a+Tornado...&rft.date=1941-06&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Hickman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUycDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2002" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, John D (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrvrkXYDCL8C&pg=PA253"><i>The airplane: A history of its technology</i></a>. Reston, VA, USA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 252–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-525-2"><bdi>978-1-56347-525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+airplane%3A+A+history+of+its+technology.&rft.place=Reston%2C+VA%2C+USA&rft.pages=252-53&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56347-525-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=John+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrvrkXYDCL8C%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E811_Flyer-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E811_Flyer_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E811_Flyer_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderwood2020" class="citation news cs1">Calderwood, Dave (9 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flyer.co.uk/pipistrel-offers-type-certified-electric-motor-to-others/">"Pipistrel offers type certified electric motor"</a>. Seager Publishing. FLYER Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pipistrel+offers+type+certified+electric+motor&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Calderwood&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyer.co.uk%2Fpipistrel-offers-type-certified-electric-motor-to-others%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs-Smith2003" class="citation book cs1">Gibbs-Smith, C.H. (2003). <i>Aviation</i>. London: NMSO. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-9007-4752-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-9007-4752-9"><bdi>1-9007-4752-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aviation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=NMSO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-9007-4752-9&rft.aulast=Gibbs-Smith&rft.aufirst=C.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBoulay-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBoulay_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulay1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boulay, Pierre (1998). 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DE: Alexander Schleicher. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexander-schleicher.de/englisch/produkte/ash26/e_ash26_main.htm">the original</a> on 2006-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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It's a Gas Powered HULK (HLQ)"</a>. <i>Industry Tap</i>. 2013-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Industry+Tap&rft.atitle=Heavy+Lifting+Quadcopter+Lifts+50+Pound+Loads.+It%27s+a+Gas+Powered+HULK+%28HLQ%29&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.industrytap.com%2Fheavy-lifting-quadcopter-lifts-50-pound-loads-its-a-gas-powered-hulk-hlq%2F2182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_engine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="http://www.enginehistory.org/">The Aircraft Engine Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jet-engine.net/">Jet Engine Specification Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102030/http://www.softinway.com/news/articles/Counter-Rotating-and-Traditional-Axial-Aircraft-Low-pressure-Turbines/1.asp">Aircraft Engine Efficiency: Comparison of Counter-rotating and Axial Aircraft LP Turbines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1935/1935%20-%201222.html">The History of Aircraft Power Plants Briefly Reviewed : From the " 7 lb. per h.p" Days to the " 1 lb. per h.p" of To-day</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200959.html">"The Quest for Power"</a> a 1954 <i>Flight</i> article by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Bill Gunston</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%202471.html">"Engine Directory"</a>. <i>Flight International</i>. 24 September 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Engine+Directory&rft.date=1997-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1997%2F1997%2520-%25202471.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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