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href="#2021_disagreement_over_appointment_of_ISI_Chief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 2021 disagreement over appointment of ISI Chief </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_disagreement_over_appointment_of_ISI_Chief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Headquarters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruitment_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Recruitment and training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Major operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 By country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Bosnia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.6 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.7 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_post-Soviet_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union_and_post-Soviet_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.8 Soviet Union and post-Soviet states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_post-Soviet_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.9 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.10 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.11 Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al_Qaeda_and_Taliban_militants_captured" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al_Qaeda_and_Taliban_militants_captured"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Al Qaeda and Taliban militants captured </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al_Qaeda_and_Taliban_militants_captured-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 U.S. government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Indian government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_for_militants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_militants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Support for militants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_militants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hizbul_Mujahideen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hizbul_Mujahideen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Hizbul Mujahideen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hizbul_Mujahideen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Badr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Badr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Al-Badr </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Badr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Qaeda_and_bin_Laden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Qaeda_and_bin_Laden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Al-Qaeda and bin Laden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Qaeda_and_bin_Laden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harkat-ul-Mujahideen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harkat-ul-Mujahideen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Harkat-ul-Mujahideen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harkat-ul-Mujahideen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jammu_and_Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.5 Jammu and Kashmir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jammu_and_Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haqqani_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haqqani_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.6 Haqqani network </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haqqani_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_journalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_journalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Attacks on journalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_journalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_Arshad_Sharif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Arshad_Sharif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Death of Arshad Sharif </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Arshad_Sharif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interference_in_Judicial_Matters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interference_in_Judicial_Matters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Interference in Judicial Matters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interference_in_Judicial_Matters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamabad_High_Court_Judges_Letter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamabad_High_Court_Judges_Letter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Islamabad High Court Judges Letter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamabad_High_Court_Judges_Letter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 General bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Inter-Services Intelligence</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وكالة الاستخبارات الباكستانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وكالة الاستخبارات الباكستانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ইন্টার-সার্ভিসেস ইন্টেলিজেন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টার-সার্ভিসেস ইন্টেলিজেন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Междуведомствено разузнаване на Пакистан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Междуведомствено разузнаване на Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سازمان اطلاعات نظامی پاکستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان اطلاعات نظامی پاکستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EB%B6%80" title="파키스탄 정보부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파키스탄 정보부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="इंटर-सर्विसेस इंटेलिजेंस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंटर-सर्विसेस इंटेलिजेंस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91ugranska_obavje%C5%A1tajna_slu%C5%BEba" title="Međugranska obavještajna služba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međugranska obavještajna služba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99" title="המודיעין הבין-שירותי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המודיעין הבין-שירותי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इंटर-सर्व्हिसेस इंटेलिजन्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंटर-सर्व्हिसेस इंटेलिजन्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_for_Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E7%B5%B1%E5%90%88%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" title="軍統合情報局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軍統合情報局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਇੰਟਰ-ਸਰਵਿਸਿਜ਼ ਇੰਟੈਲੀਜੈਂਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਟਰ-ਸਰਵਿਸਿਜ਼ ਇੰਟੈਲੀਜੈਂਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3" title="انٹر سروسز انٹیلیجنس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انٹر سروسز انٹیلیجنس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BC%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3" title="انټر سرويس انټېلېجنس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انټر سرويس انټېلېجنس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Межведомственная разведка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Межведомственная разведка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3" title="انٽر سروسز انٽيليجنس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انٽر سروسز انٽيليجنس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISI" title="ISI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ISI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inter-Services Intelligence" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servisleraras%C4%B1_%C4%B0stihbarat" title="Servislerarası İstihbarat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Servislerarası İstihbarat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Міжвідомча розвідка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжвідомча розвідка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3" title="انٹر سروسز انٹلیجنس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انٹر سروسز انٹلیجنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_quan_T%C3%ACnh_b%C3%A1o_Li%C3%AAn_ng%C3%A0nh" title="Cơ quan Tình báo Liên ngành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ quan Tình báo Liên ngành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%89%E8%BB%8D%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" title="巴基斯坦三軍情報局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴基斯坦三軍情報局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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(March 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Inter-Services Intelligence</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بین الخدماتی استخبارات</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ISI_Emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ISI_Emblem.png/200px-ISI_Emblem.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ISI_Emblem.png/300px-ISI_Emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ISI_Emblem.png/400px-ISI_Emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="565" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Insignia of the ISI</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Intelligence agency</a> overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1948; 77 years ago (1948-01-01)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">G-7, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><a href="#cite_note-Walshreally-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Inter-Services_Intelligence&params=33_42_14.3_N_73_04_47.0_E_">33°42′14.3″N 73°04′47.0″E / 33.703972°N 73.079722°E / 33.703972; 73.079722</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">خُذُواحِذرُکُم [<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D4%3Averse%3D71">4:71</a>] "take your precautions" (<a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">heraldic slogan</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">~10,000 (2009)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Intelligence agency</a> executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lt._Gen." class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. Gen.">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Asim_Malik" title="Asim Malik">Asim Malik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence">Director-General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Intelligence agency</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Covert_Action_Division" title="Covert Action Division">Covert Action Division</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI; <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بین الخدماتی استخبارات, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Urdu">romanized</a>: bain-al-xidmātī istixbārāt) is the premier <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">intelligence agency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. It is responsible for gathering, processing, and analyzing any information from around the world that is deemed relevant to Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>. The ISI reports to <a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence">its director-general</a> and is primarily focused on providing intelligence to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">government of Pakistan</a>. The ISI primarily consists of serving <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">military officers</a> drawn on <a href="/wiki/Secondment" title="Secondment">secondment</a> from the three service branches of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a>, hence the name "Inter-Services"; the agency also recruits civilians. Since 1971, it has been formally headed by a serving <a href="/wiki/Three-star_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-star rank">three-star general</a> of the Pakistan Army, who is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a> in consultation with the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a>, who recommends three officers for the position. As of 30 September 2024, the ISI is headed by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(Pakistan)" title="Lieutenant general (Pakistan)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Asim_Malik" title="Asim Malik">Asim Malik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The Director-General reports directly to both the Prime Minister and the Chief of Army Staff. Relatively unknown outside of Pakistan since its inception, the agency gained global recognition and fame in the 1980s when it backed the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a>. Over the course of the conflict, the ISI worked in close coordination with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> to run <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a>, a program to train and fund the mujahideen in Afghanistan with support from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Following the dissolution of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan">ISI provided strategic support</a> and intelligence to the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War</a> in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sky-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The ISI has strong links with <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadist</a> groups, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-firstpost.com-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-rediff.com-15">[15]</a> Its special warfare unit is the <a href="/wiki/Covert_Action_Division" title="Covert Action Division">Covert Action Division</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI), in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court, said that the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) sponsors and oversees the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">insurgency in Kashmir</a> by arming separatist militant groups.<a href="#cite_note-firstpost.com-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-rediff.com-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> The Inter-Services Intelligence was established in 1948. It was the <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">brainchild</a> of Major General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cawthorn" title="Walter Cawthorn">Walter Cawthorn</a>, then Deputy Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army, following the <a href="/wiki/First_Kashmir_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kashmir War">First Kashmir War</a> which had exposed weaknesses in intelligence gathering, sharing, and coordination between the army, air force, navy, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">Intelligence Bureau</a> (IB) and <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence of Pakistan">Military Intelligence</a> (MI).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The ISI was structured to be operated by officers from the three main military services and to specialize in the collection, analysis, and assessment of external military and non-military intelligence.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While Cawthorn established the ISI, it was <a href="/wiki/Syed_Shahid_Hamid" title="Syed Shahid Hamid">Syed Shahid Hamid</a> who was tasked with fully setting up the agency. In a confidential report to the Joint Service Commander's Committee, Cawthorn wrote: "In October 1948, Brigadier Shahid Hamid was assigned the task of building this organization from scratch. Despite significant challenges, such as the lack of experienced personnel and essential records, as well as continued staff shortages, he successfully developed the Directorate into a functional organization. He also gained the trust and cooperation of the Service Intelligence authorities in the United Kingdom. Although much remains to be done, Brigadier Shahid Hamid has achieved far more than seemed possible when he took on the task less than two years ago."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Naval <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Syed_Mohammad_Ahsan" title="Syed Mohammad Ahsan">Syed Mohammad Ahsan</a>, who served as Deputy Director <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Intelligence of Pakistan">Naval Intelligence of Pakistan</a> and helped formulate ISI procedure, undertook and managed the recruitment and expansion of the ISI. After the <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">1958 coup d'état</a>, all national intelligence agencies were directly controlled by the president and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrator</a>. The maintenance of national security, which was the principal function of these agencies, resulted in the consolidation of the Ayub regime. Any criticism of the regime was seen as a threat to national security.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> On 5 July 1977 through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fair Play">Operation Fair Play</a>, the ISI began collecting intelligence on the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Communist_Party" title="Pakistan Communist Party">Pakistan Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISI_History_2-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> in the 1980s saw the enhancement of the ISI's <a href="/wiki/Covert_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert operations">covert operations</a>. A special Afghanistan section known as the SS Directorate was created under the command of Brigadier Mohammed Yousaf to oversee day-to-day operations in Afghanistan. Officers from the ISI's <a href="/wiki/Covert_Action_Division" title="Covert Action Division">Covert Action Division</a> received training in the United States, and "many covert action experts of the CIA were attached to the ISI to guide it in its operations against Soviet troops by using the Afghan Mujahideen".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Many analysts (mainly Indian and American) believe that the ISI provides support to militant groups, though others think these allegations remain unsubstantiated.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSIS-21">[21]</a> The ISI has often been accused of playing a role in major <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attacks">terrorist attacks</a> across India including <a href="/wiki/Violence_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence in Jammu and Kashmir">militancy in Kashmir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/11_July_2006_Mumbai_train_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings">July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2006_Varanasi_bombings" title="2006 Varanasi bombings">2006 Varanasi bombings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/25_August_2007_Hyderabad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="25 August 2007 Hyderabad bombings">August 2007 Hyderabad bombings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The ISI has been accused of supporting <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> forces<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan's_shadowy_secret_service-27">[27]</a> and recruiting and training <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> to fight in Afghanistan<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and Kashmir. Based on communication interceptions, US intelligence agencies concluded Pakistan's ISI was behind the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul on 7 July 2008, a charge that the governments of India and Afghanistan had laid previously.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> It is believed to be aiding these organisations in eradicating perceived enemies or those opposed to their cause, including India, Russia, China, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and other members of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Satellite imagery from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> suggest the existence of several terrorist camps in Pakistan, with at least one militant admitting to being trained in the country. As part of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a>, Pakistan is alleged to be backing separatist militias.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a> sources believe that officials within Pakistan's military and the ISI sympathise with and aid <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic terrorists">Islamic terrorists</a>, saying that the "ISI has provided covert but well-documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a>".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Javed_Nasir" title="Javed Nasir">Javed Nasir</a> confessed to assisting the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">besieged</a> Bosnian Muslims, supporting <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Muslims">Chinese Muslims</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> despite a UN arms embargo, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordination_Committee_(Pakistan)" title="National Intelligence Coordination Committee (Pakistan)">National Intelligence Coordination Committee (NICC)</a> of Pakistan is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence">Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence</a>. The overarching intelligence coordination body was given assent by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a> in November 2020. It held its inaugural session on 24 June 2021, marking the date the committee became functional.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence">Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence</a></div> A director-general, who is traditionally a serving lieutenant general in the Pakistan Army,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] heads the ISI.<a href="#cite_note-govt_notify-38">[38]</a> Three deputy director generals, who are serving two-star military officers, report directly to the director general with each deputy heading three wings respectively:<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <ul><li>Internal Wing – responsible for domestic intelligence, domestic <a href="/wiki/Counter-intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a>, counter-espionage, and counter-terrorism.</li> <li>External Wing – responsible for external intelligence, external counter-intelligence, and espionage.</li> <li>Foreign Relations Wing – responsible for diplomatic intelligence and foreign relations intelligence.</li></ul> Military officers of the three branches of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> and paramilitary forces such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Narcotics_Force" title="Anti-Narcotics Force">ANF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airports_Security_Force" title="Airports Security Force">ASF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">Pakistan Rangers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Corps" title="Frontier Corps">Frontier Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan_Scouts" title="Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts">Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Maritime_Security_Agency" title="Pakistan Maritime Security Agency">Maritime Security Agency</a> as well as civilian officers from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">Federal Investigation Agency</a> (FIA), <a href="/wiki/Federal_Board_of_Revenue_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Board of Revenue (Pakistan)">Federal Board of Revenue</a> (FBR), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Customs" title="Pakistan Customs">Pakistan Customs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani judiciary">Judiciary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)">Ministry of Defence</a> make up ISI's general staff. They are recruited on deputations for three to four years and enhance the ISI's professional competence. According to some experts, the ISI is the largest intelligence agency in the world in terms of total staff. While the total number has never been made public, experts estimate around 10,000 officers and staff, which does not include informants or assets.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-40">[40]</a> The wings are further divided into various directorates, which are sub-divided into departments, each directorate is usually headed by a <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_marshal" title="Air marshal">air marshal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">rear admiral</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Directorates </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Rank </th></tr> <tr> <td>Director-General, Security and Administration (DG S&A) </td> <td>Amir Naveed Warraich </td> <td>Major general </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director-General Analysis (DG A) </td> <td>Shahid Amir Afsar </td> <td>Major general </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director-General H (DG H) </td> <td>Syed Imdad Hussain Shah </td> <td>Major general </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director-General Counter-Terrorism (DG CT) </td> <td>Akif Iqbal </td> <td>Major general </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director-General Personnel (DG P) </td> <td>Muhammad Kashif Azad </td> <td>Major general </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director-General, K (DG K) </td> <td>Muhammad Hassan Khattak </td> <td>Major general </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director-General X (DG X) </td> <td>Muhammad Shahbaz Tabassum </td> <td>Major general </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director-General, F (DG F) </td> <td>Faheem Amer </td> <td>Major general </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director-General, Technical (DG T) </td> <td>Adeel Haider Minhas </td> <td>Major general </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director-General, Counter Intelligence (DG CI) </td> <td>Faisal Naseer </td> <td>Major general </td></tr> <tr> <td>Director-General, Media (DG M) </td> <td>Muhammad Saleem </td> <td>Rear admiral </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Departments">Departments</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covert_Action_Division" title="Covert Action Division">Covert Action Division</a>: Its roles are similar to the <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a> of the CIA and a handful of officers are trained by that division. The division has been active since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Lancer_Publishers_&_Distributors-41">[41]</a></li> <li>Joint Intelligence X: Coordinates the other departments in the ISI.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-40">[40]</a> Intelligence and information gathered from the other departments are sent to JIX which prepares and processes the information and from there prepares reports which are presented.</li> <li>Joint Intelligence Bureau: Responsible for gathering anti-state intelligence and fake drugs, fake currency, and TTP.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Joint Counterintelligence Bureau: Focused on foreign intelligence agencies.</li> <li>Joint Intelligence North: Exclusively responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> region and <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous: Responsible for espionage, including offensive intelligence operations, in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau: Operates intelligence collections along the India-Pakistan border.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-40">[40]</a> The JSIB is the <a href="/wiki/ELINT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELINT">ELINT</a>, <a href="/wiki/COMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="COMINT">COMINT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SIGINT" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGINT">SIGINT</a> directorate that is charged with diverting attacks from foreign non-communications <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiations</a> emanating from sources other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Joint Intelligence Technical: Deals with development of science and technology to advance Pakistani intelligence gathering. The directorate is charged with taking steps against <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a> attacks in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-40">[40]</a> Without any exception, officers from this division are reported to be engineer officers and military scientists who deal with the military <a href="/wiki/Military_funding_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Military funding of science">promotion of science</a> and technology.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-40">[40]</a> There are also separate explosives and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> sections.<a href="#cite_note-FAS-40">[40]</a></li> <li>SS Directorate: Comprises officers from the Special Services Group. It monitors the activities of terrorist groups that operate against Pakistan. It is comparable to the FBI and the <a href="/wiki/National_Clandestine_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Clandestine Service">National Clandestine Service</a> (NCS), and is responsible for special operations against terrorists.</li> <li>Political Internal Division: Monitors the financial funding of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">right-wing</a> political science sphere against <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">left-wing</a> political science circles. This department was involved in providing funds to anti-left wing forces during the general elections of <a href="/wiki/1965_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="1965 Pakistani presidential election">1965</a>, <a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_general_election" title="1977 Pakistani general election">1977</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Restoration_of_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Restoration of Democracy">1985</a>, <a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_election" title="1988 Pakistani general election">1988</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election" title="1990 Pakistani general election">1990</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The department has been inactive since March 2012 with the new director general taking operational charge of the ISI.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Director_generals">Director generals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence">Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence</a></div> The Director General of the ISI is among the most powerful posts in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-govt_notify-38">[38]</a> For example, according to Mohammad Sohail, shares at the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Stock_Exchange" title="Pakistan Stock Exchange">Pakistan Stock Exchange</a> went down in October 2021 over concerns regarding the appointment of the ISI chief. The benchmark KSE-100 index fell 1.51%.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> According to retired air marshal Shahzad Chaudhry, three to four names are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a>, and the prime minister selects the director general from that list,<a href="#cite_note-spymaster-47">[47]</a> and the appointed serves for two to three years.<a href="#cite_note-spymaster-47">[47]</a> Before 2021, the appointment process of the Director-General followed no formal protocol other than verbal discussion between the Prime Minister and the head of the army.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cawthorn" title="Walter Cawthorn">Walter Cawthorn</a> was the first head of the ISI. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Shahid_Hamid" title="Syed Shahid Hamid">Syed Shahid Hamid</a> is said to have supported <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a>'s rise to power.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_ISI-49">[49]</a> After his retirement, he helped President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Director General </th> <th>Start of term </th> <th>End of term </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cawthorn" title="Walter Cawthorn">Walter Cawthorn</a> </td> <td>January 1948 </td> <td>June 1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/Syed_Shahid_Hamid" title="Syed Shahid Hamid">Syed Shahid Hamid</a><a href="#cite_note-HK-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-e-Jurat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-e-Jurat">HJ</a> </td> <td>14 July 1948 </td> <td>22 August 1950 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hamid_Hussain" title="Mirza Hamid Hussain">Mirza Hamid Hussain</a><a href="#cite_note-HK-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>23 August 1950 </td> <td>May 1951 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> Muhammad Afzal Malik<a href="#cite_note-HK-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>May 1951 </td> <td>April 1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ghawas" title="Syed Ghawas">Syed Ghawas</a><a href="#cite_note-HK-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>April 1953 </td> <td>August 1955 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a><a href="#cite_note-HK-51">[51]</a> Sher Bahadur </td> <td>August 1955 </td> <td>September 1957 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a><a href="#cite_note-HK-51">[51]</a> Muhammad Hayat </td> <td>September 1957 </td> <td>October 1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence#endnote_a">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Riaz_Hussain_(general)" title="Riaz Hussain (general)">Riaz Hussain</a><a href="#cite_note-HK-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>October 1959 </td> <td>May 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> Muhammed Akbar Khan<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td> <td>May 1966 </td> <td>September 1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence#endnote_b">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Jilani_Khan" title="Ghulam Jilani Khan">Ghulam Jilani Khan</a> </td> <td>September 1971<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td> <td>16 September 1978<a href="#cite_note-Zaheer18-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Riaz_Khan" title="Muhammad Riaz Khan">Muhammad Riaz Khan</a> </td> <td>17 September 1978 </td> <td>20 June 1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Abdur_Rahman" title="Akhtar Abdur Rahman">Akhtar Abdur Rahman</a> <a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Imtiaz" title="Nishan-e-Imtiaz">NI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> </td> <td>21 June 1979 </td> <td>29 March 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Gul" title="Hamid Gul">Hamid Gul</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Basalat" title="Sitara-e-Basalat">SBt</a> </td> <td>29 March 1987 </td> <td>29 May 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamsur_Rahman_Kallu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamsur Rahman Kallu">Shamsur Rahman Kallu</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamgha-e-Basalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha-e-Basalat">TBt</a> </td> <td>30 May 1989 </td> <td>August 1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Asad_Durrani" title="Asad Durrani">Asad Durrani</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> </td> <td>August 1990 </td> <td>13 March 1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Javed_Nasir" title="Javed Nasir">Javed Nasir</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Basalat" title="Sitara-e-Basalat">SBt</a> </td> <td>14 March 1992 </td> <td>13 May 1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Javed_Ashraf_Qazi" title="Javed Ashraf Qazi">Javed Ashraf Qazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Basalat" title="Sitara-e-Basalat">SBt</a> </td> <td>14 May 1993 </td> <td>October 1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Naseem_Rana" title="Naseem Rana">Naseem Rana</a> </td> <td>October 1995 </td> <td>October 1998<a href="#cite_note-Zaheer18-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Butt" title="Ziauddin Butt">Ziauddin Butt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> </td> <td>October 1998 </td> <td>12 October 1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Ahmed" title="Mahmud Ahmed">Mahmud Ahmed</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> </td> <td>20 October 1999 </td> <td>7 October 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_ul_Haq" title="Ehsan ul Haq">Ehsan ul Haq</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> </td> <td>7 October 2001 </td> <td>5 October 2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani" title="Ashfaq Parvez Kayani">Ashfaq Parvez Kayani</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitara-i-Imtiaz" title="Sitara-i-Imtiaz">SI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamgha-e-Imtiaz" title="Tamgha-e-Imtiaz">TI(M)</a> </td> <td>5 October 2004 </td> <td>8 October 2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Nadeem_Taj" title="Nadeem Taj">Nadeem Taj</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamgha-e-Basalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha-e-Basalat">TBt</a> </td> <td>9 October 2007 </td> <td>29 September 2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shuja_Pasha" title="Ahmad Shuja Pasha">Ahmad Shuja Pasha</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> </td> <td>1 October 2008 </td> <td>18 March 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Zaheerul_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaheerul Islam">Zaheerul Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> </td> <td>19 March 2012 </td> <td>7 November 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Rizwan_Akhtar" title="Rizwan Akhtar">Rizwan Akhtar</a> </td> <td>7 November 2014 </td> <td>11 December 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Naveed_Mukhtar" title="Naveed Mukhtar">Naveed Mukhtar</a> </td> <td>11 December 2016 </td> <td>25 October 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Asim_Munir_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asim Munir (general)">Asim Munir</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> </td> <td>25 October 2018 </td> <td>16 June 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Faiz_Hameed" title="Faiz Hameed">Faiz Hameed</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> </td> <td>17 June 2019 </td> <td>19 November 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Nadeem_Anjum" title="Nadeem Anjum">Nadeem Anjum</a> </td> <td>20 November 2021 </td> <td>29 September 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td style="background:#e6e6aa;"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Asim_Malik" title="Asim Malik">Asim Malik</a> </td> <td style="background:#e6e6aa;">30 September 2024 </td> <td style="background:#e6e6aa;">Incumbent </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insubordination_controversies">Insubordination controversies</h3></div> The army has ruled Pakistan for more than half of its history and has always been unwilling to see its influence being compromised by any civilian leaders.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the 1990s, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> appointed retired army officer <a href="/wiki/Shamsur_Rahman_Kallu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamsur Rahman Kallu">Shamsur Rahman Kallu</a> as director-general, but army leaders refused to cooperate with Kallu because he had refused to engage in martial-law duties under the previous dictator. In October 1998, <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Butt" title="Ziauddin Butt">Ziauddin Butt</a> was chosen as director general. Though Butt was not the preferred choice of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>, he grew close with him, and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> took over important ISI files. During a military coup a year later, Musharraf arrested Butt, who had been promoted to Chief of Army Staff by Sharif.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_ISI-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> On 6 October 2016, the daily newspaper <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a> published a report about a government meeting allegedly arranged by Sharif. The article detailed a presentation by Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Aizaz_Ahmad_Chaudhry" title="Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry">Aizaz Chaudhry</a> about international pressure to crack down on Pakistan's extremist segments such as Masood Azhar, the Jaish-i-Mohmmad, Hafiz Saeed, the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and the Haqqani network. According to Ghazi Salahuddin of <a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News International</a>, controversy ensued after the October meeting and the Dawn report, which lingered until May 2016.<a href="#cite_note-isolation-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-dangerous-59">[59]</a> During the October 2016 meeting, Punjab chief minister <a href="/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Shehbaz Sharif">Shahbaz Sharif</a> allegedly revealed that, whenever action had been taken against certain extremist groups by civilian authorities, the security agency had worked secretly to free the arrested parties.<a href="#cite_note-isolation-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-dangerous-59">[59]</a> According to Salahuddin Ghazi, information minister <a href="/wiki/Pervaiz_Rashid" title="Pervaiz Rashid">Pervaiz Rashid</a> lost his portfolio over the Dawn news leak, and a government notification was released about the civilian government's decision after the meeting. On 29 April 2017, the director general released a tweet that said: "Notification on Dawn Leak is incomplete and not in line with recommendations by the Inquiry Board. Notification is rejected." Ghazi stated that a meeting was eventually held between the prime minister and the chief of army staff, and a press conference was held to announce the decision to withdraw the tweet.<a href="#cite_note-dangerous-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021_disagreement_over_appointment_of_ISI_Chief">2021 disagreement over appointment of ISI Chief</h4></div> Pakistan's mainstream media reported on the October 2021 constitutional rift between civil and armed wings over the appointment of the director general post only after ministers spoke on the matter.<a href="#cite_note-Govt_stalemate-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISI_Chief-61">[61]</a> On 6 October 2021, the Pakistan military's media affairs wing announced the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Faiz_Hameed" title="Faiz Hameed">Faiz Hameed</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nadeem_Anjum" title="Nadeem Anjum">Nadeem Anjum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> After two days, it became apparent on social media that the federal government of Pakistan had yet to issue any formal notification for the appointment of the new director general.<a href="#cite_note-Govt_stalemate-60">[60]</a> Rumors became more substantiated when Hameed attended the National Security Committee meeting instead of the expected new director general.<a href="#cite_note-Govt_stalemate-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISI_Chief-61">[61]</a> On 13 October 2021, Information Minister <a href="/wiki/Fawad_Chaudhry" title="Fawad Chaudhry">Fawad Chaudhry</a> informed media that the process of appointing a new director general was in progress, and that the selection is Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a>'s prerogative. He also noted that the army chief and the prime minister agreed on following correct procedures of appointment according to the Constitution. <a href="/wiki/Malik_Aamir_Dogar" title="Malik Aamir Dogar">Malik Dogar</a>, the Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Political Affairs, later said in a talk show that PM Imran Khan wanted Hameed to continue as DG ISI for some more months after taking into consideration Hameed's expertise on the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">situation in Afghanistan</a>. Dogar further stated that during the cabinet meeting, the prime minister stressed that if the army is a respected institution then the PM Office is also a respected one.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-govt_notify-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headquarters">Headquarters</h3></div> The ISI is headquartered in Pakistan's capital, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>. The complex consists of various low-rise buildings separated by lawns and fountains. The entrance to the complex is next to a <a href="/wiki/Private_hospital" title="Private hospital">private hospital</a>. Declan Walsh from <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> said that the entrance is "suitably discreet: no sign, just a plainclothes officer packing a pistol who directs visitors through a chicane of barriers, soldiers, and sniffer dogs".<a href="#cite_note-Walshreally-1">[1]</a> Walsh said that the complex "resembles a well-funded private university" and that the buildings are "neatly tended," the lawns are "smooth," and the fountains are "tinkling." He described the central building, which houses the director general's office on the top floor, as "a modern structure with a round, echoing lobby".<a href="#cite_note-Walshreally-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recruitment_and_training">Recruitment and training</h2></div> Both civilians and members of the armed forces can join the ISI. For civilians, recruitment is advertised and handled by both the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Services_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Public Services Commission">Federal Public Services Commission</a> (FPSC); they are considered employees of the Ministry of Defence. The FPSC conducts examinations that test the candidate's knowledge of current affairs, English, and various analytical abilities. Based on the results, the FPSC shortlists the candidates and sends the list to the ISI who conduct the initial background checks. Selected candidates are then invited for an interview which is conducted by a joint committee comprising both ISI and FPSC officials, and are then sent to the Defence Services Intelligence Academy (DSIA) for six months of training. The candidates are transferred to different sections for open source information where they serve for five years. After five years of basic service, officers are entrusted with sensitive jobs and considered part of the core team.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_operations">Major operations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country">By country</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan</a></div> <ul><li>1982–1997: ISI is believed to have had access to <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph1-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> B. Raman, former <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing</a> (R&AW) officer, claims that the Central Intelligence Agency through the ISI promoted the smuggling of heroin into Afghanistan to turn Soviet troops into heroin addicts and thus greatly reduce their fighting potential.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>1986: Worrying that among the large influx of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghan refugees</a> who had come into Pakistan because of the Soviet–Afghan War were members of <a href="/wiki/KHAD" title="KHAD">KHAD</a> (Afghan Intelligence), the ISI convinced Mansoor Ahmed, who was the <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a> of the Afghan embassy in Islamabad, to turn his back on the Soviet-backed Afghan government. He and his family were secretly escorted out of their residence and given safe passage on a London-bound British Airways flight in exchange for classified information in regard to Afghan agents in Pakistan. The Soviet and Afghan diplomats did not find his family.<a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_Intelligence-69">[69]</a></li> <li>1990: According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tomsen" title="Peter Tomsen">Peter Tomsen</a>, the United States <a href="/wiki/Special_Envoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Envoy">Special Envoy</a> to Afghanistan, neighboring Pakistan had tried to bring <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a> to power in Afghanistan against the opposition of all other mujahideen commanders and factions as early as 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Tomsen-70">[70]</a> In October 1990, the ISI had devised a plan for Hekmatyar to conduct a mass bombardment of the Afghan capital <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, then still under communist rule, with possible Pakistani troop reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-Tomsen-70">[70]</a> This unilateral ISI-Hekmatyar plan was carried out, though the thirty most-important mujahideen commanders had agreed to hold a conference inclusive of all Afghan groups to decide on a common future strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Tomsen-70">[70]</a> The United States finally put pressure on Pakistan to stop the 1990 plan, which was subsequently called off until 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Tomsen-70">[70]</a></li> <li>1994: Former Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf admitted to supporting the Taliban until 9/11.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-71">[71]</a> According to Pakistani Afghanistan expert <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid" title="Ahmed Rashid">Ahmed Rashid</a>, "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan" on the side of the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-Maley-72">[72]</a></li> <li>2008: Militants attacked the Indian Consulate General in Jalalabad in 2007. According to Afghanistan's National Directorate of Security, individuals arrested by the Afghan government stated that the ISI was behind the attack and had given them ₹120,000 for the operation.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>2001 onwards: American officials believe members of the Pakistani intelligence service are alerting militants to imminent American missile strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In October 2009, Davood Moradian, a senior policy adviser to foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Rangeen_Dadfar_Spanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangeen Dadfar Spanta">Rangeen Dadfar Spanta</a>, said the British and American governments were fully aware of the ISI's role but lacked the courage to confront Islamabad. He claimed that the Afghan government had given British and American intelligence agents evidence that proved ISI involvement in bombings.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>2010: A new report by the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE) claimed to provide the most concrete evidence that the ISI is providing funding, training, and sanctuary to the <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> on a scale much larger than previously thought. The report's author, Matt Waldman, spoke to nine Taliban field commanders in Afghanistan and concluded that Pakistan's relationship with the insurgents ran far deeper than previously realised. Some of those interviewed suggested that the organisation even attended meetings of the Taliban's supreme council, the <a href="/wiki/Quetta_Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetta Shura">Quetta Shura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> A spokesman for the Pakistani military dismissed the report, describing it as "malicious".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> General <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a>, commander of the US Central Command, refused to endorse this report in a US congressional hearing and suggested that any contacts between ISI and extremists are for legitimate intelligence purposes; in his words, "you have to have contact with bad guys to get intelligence on bad guys".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li>2021: The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul</a> was seen as a major strategic victory for ISI that has long been seeking a pro-Pakistan government in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The ISI has always aspired to see Islamists as the rulers of Afghanistan. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in Kabul was considered as an achievement for ISI's <a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">strategic depth</a> in Afghanistan.</li> <li>2021: It was reported that ISI mediated talks between different factions of <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> on the power sharing. ISI ensured <a href="/wiki/Haqqani_network" title="Haqqani network">Haqqani Network</a> holds lion's share in the Taliban's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet of Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosnia">Bosnia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Bosnia">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Bosnia</a></div> <ul><li>1993: The ISI was involved in supplying arms to the Bosnian mujahideen in Bosnia-Herzegovina to prevent a total genocide of Muslims at the hands of the Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-Hussain2008-85">[85]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_India" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India</a></div> Indian intelligence agencies have claimed they have proof of ISI involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Naxalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalites">Naxalites</a>. ISI is also reportedly engaged in supporting Khalistani Separatism in India.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A classified report accessed by the Indian newspaper <a href="/wiki/Asian_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Age">Asian Age</a> said "the ISI in particular wants Naxals to cause large-scale damage to infrastructure projects and industrial units operating in the interior parts of the country where ISI's own terror network is non-existent".<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-87">[87]</a> <ul><li>1965: The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a> in Kashmir provoked a major crisis in intelligence. When the war began, there was a complete collapse of operations across all intelligence agencies. They were unable to locate an Indian armored division because of their preoccupation with political affairs. <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Ayub Khan</a> set up a committee headed by General <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> to examine the agencies' workings.<a href="#cite_note-acsa2000.net-88">[88]</a></li> <li>1969–1974: According to Indian spymaster <a href="/wiki/B._Raman" title="B. Raman">B. Raman</a>, the Central Intelligence Agency and ISI worked with the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> administration to assist the <a href="/wiki/Khalistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan">Khalistan</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-South_Asia_Analysis_Group-89">[89]</a></li> <li>1980: An Indian agent captured by the PAF Field Intelligence Unit in Karachi said the leader of the spy ring was being headed by the food and beverages manager at the Intercontinental Hotel in Karachi and a number of serving Air Force officers and ratings were on his payroll. The ISI decided to question the manager to see who he was in contact with, but the former president of Pakistan, Zia-ul-Haq, intervened and wanted the manager and anyone else involved in the case arrested immediately. The manager was proven completely innocent afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_Intelligence-69">[69]</a></li> <li>1983: Ilam Din, also known as Ilmo, was an Indian spy working in Pakistan who had eluded capture multiple times. On 23 March at 3:00 a.m., Ilmo and two other Indian spies were apprehended by Pakistani Rangers as they illegally crossed into Pakistan from India. Their mission was to spy and report back on the new military equipment that Pakistan would be showing in their annual 23 March <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Day_Parade" title="Pakistan Day Parade">Pakistan Day Parade</a>. After being thoroughly interrogated, ISI forced Ilmo to send false information to his <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing</a> handlers in India. This process continued and many more Indian spies in Pakistan, such as Roop Lal, were discovered.<a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_Intelligence-69">[69]</a></li> <li>1984: ISI uncovered a secret deal in which Indian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> granted naval base facilities to the USSR in Vizag and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>, and the alleged attachment of <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> advisers to then-Lieutenant General Sunderji who was the commander of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a> in the Golden Temple in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> in June 1984.<a href="#cite_note-South_Asia_Analysis_Group-89">[89]</a></li> <li>1984: ISI failed to perform a proper background check on the British company which supplied the Pakistan Army with its Arctic-weather gear. When Pakistan attempted to secure the top of the <a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a> in 1984, it placed a large order for Arctic-weather gear with the same company that also supplied the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> with its gear. The Indians were alerted to the large Pakistani purchase and deduced that this large purchase could be used to equip troops to capture the <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> India mounted<a href="/wiki/Operation_Meghdoot" title="Operation Meghdoot">Operation Meghdoot</a> and captured the entire glacier.</li> <li>1988: The ISI implemented <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a>, a three-part action plan for covertly supporting Kashmiri militants in their fight against Indian authorities in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, initiated by President Zia-ul-Haq in 1988 <a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> After the success of Operation Tupac, support of Kashmiri militants became Pakistan's state policy.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> ISI is widely believed to train and support militancy in the Kashmir region.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-95">[95]</a></li> <li>2014: In February (disclosed in March 2015), the then-Indian chief of army staff General Bikram Singh issued orders to deploy troops along the borders with Pakistan in the Rajasthan and Jammu-Kashmir regions, but the ISI got the information in a few hours and in reaction the Pakistan Army deployed its troops near the Indian borders, which alarmed Indian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>2016: Home Minister Balochistan, Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Sarfraz_Bugti" title="Sarfraz Bugti">Sarfraz Bugti</a> stated on 26 March that a serving Indian Naval officer, <a href="/wiki/Kulbhushan_Jadhav" title="Kulbhushan Jadhav">Kulbhushan Yadav</a>, was arrested in Balochistan by the ISI.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4></div> The ISI was accused of being involved in the <a href="/wiki/Mehrangate" title="Mehrangate">Mehran bank scandal</a>, in which high-ranking ISI and Army officers were allegedly given large sums of money by Yunus Habib, owner of the Mehran Bank, to deposit the ISI's foreign exchange reserves in his bank.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazali-101">[101]</a> <ul><li>1980: The ISI became aware of a plot to assassinate Zia-ul-Haq and launch a coup to depose replace the government with an Islamic one. The attempted assassination and coup were planned for 23 March 1980, during the annual 23 March Pakistan Day Parade. The masterminds behind the coup were high-ranking military and intelligence officers, and were led by Major General Tajammal Hussain Malik; his son Captain Naveed; and his nephew Major Riaz, a former military intelligence officer. The ISI decided against arresting the men outright because they did not know how deep the conspiracy went, and kept them under strict surveillance. As the date of the annual parade approached, the ISI was satisfied that it had identified the major players in the conspiracy and arrested the men along with some high-ranking military officers.<a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_Intelligence-69">[69]</a></li> <li>1985: The ISI's Internal Political Division was accused by various members of the Pakistan People's Party of assassinating <a href="/wiki/Shahnawaz_Bhutto" title="Shahnawaz Bhutto">Shahnawaz Bhutto</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>'s two brothers, by poisoning in the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a> in the middle of 1985 as an attempt to intimidate her into not returning to Pakistan to direct the movement against Zia-ul-Haq's military government, but no proof has been found implicating the ISI.<a href="#cite_note-South_Asia_Analysis_Group-89">[89]</a></li> <li>1987: The ISI failed to prevent the <a href="/wiki/KHAD" title="KHAD">KHAD</a>/<a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> terror campaign in Pakistan in 1987, which led to the deaths of about 324 Pakistanis in separate incidents.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>1990: The 1990 elections were widely believed to have been rigged by the ISI in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">Islami Jamhoori Ittehad</a> (IJI) party, a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conglomerate" class="extiw" title="wikt:conglomerate">conglomerate</a> of nine mainly <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">rightist</a> parties by the ISI under <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Gul" title="Hamid Gul">Lieutenant General Hameed Gul</a>, to ensure the defeat of Bhutto's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) in the polls.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-103">[103]</a></li> <li>2000s: The ISI engaged with Pakistan armed forces in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan</a>, and is reported to have lost 78 ISI personnel.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Rangzieb_Ahmed" title="Rangzieb Ahmed">Rangzieb Ahmed</a> brought a civil claim against MI5 for suggesting the ISI arrested him in 2006 and colluded in torturing him by submitting questions which were put to him under torture in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>2011: The ISI arrested five Pakistanis who worked as CIA informants who passed information that led to the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">death of Osama bin Laden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> However, among them in particular, the US was trying to seek the release of <a href="/wiki/Shakil_Afridi" title="Shakil Afridi">Shakil Afridi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> who ran a fake vaccination campaign that provided critical intelligence for the raid on the bin Laden compound.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> However, the Pakistani government and military establishment refused to release Afridi, who has since been serving a 33-year prison sentence.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4></div> <ul><li>1978: The ISI spied on the residence of Colonel Hussain Imam Mabruk, who was a <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">military attaché</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> embassy in Islamabad, after he made some inflammatory statements about the military regime of Zia-ul-Haq. Mabruk was seen talking with two Pakistani men who entered and left the compound suspiciously. The ISI monitored the two men, who were later identified as Pakistani exiles who hated the current military regime and were Bhutto loyalists. They had received terrorist training in Libya and were ready to embark on a terrorist campaign in Pakistan to force the Army to step down from power. All members of the conspiracy were apprehended before any damage could be done.<a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_Intelligence-69">[69]</a></li> <li>1981: A Libyan security company called Al Murtaza Associates sent recruiters to Pakistan to entice former soldiers and servicemen to take high-paying security jobs in Libya. In reality, Libya was recruiting mercenaries to fight against <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> and Egypt, as it had border disputes with both nations. ISI became aware of the plot and the scheme was stopped.<a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_Intelligence-69">[69]</a> (See also <a href="/wiki/CIA_transnational_anti-crime_and_anti-drug_activities#Southwest_Asia" title="CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities">CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities#Southwest Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badaber_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Badaber Uprising">Badaber Uprising</a>.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> <ul><li>2000s: ISI has been accused by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> for supporting <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">insurgency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Sistan-Baluchistan</a> province by aiding groups like <a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a> which carried out score of terror attacks against Iranian forces.2010s.</li> <li>2000s: ISI has been under repeated accusation of aiding <a href="/wiki/Jaish_ul-Adl" title="Jaish ul-Adl">Jaish-ul-Adl</a> which is fighting for the separation of Sistan-Baluchistan from Iran.</li> <li>2010s. ISI was locked into <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">IRGC</a> of Iran to gain the maximum influence in the Southern Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Uzair_Baloch" title="Uzair Baloch">Uzair Baloch</a>, a gangster of the Lyari Gang War who holds Iranian nationality,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> was arrested in an intelligence-based operation by <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Rangers" title="Sindh Rangers">Sindh Rangers</a>. In his handwritten confession, Baloch stated that officials of Iran's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a> offered him an all-expenses-paid residence in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> in exchange for providing sensitive information about the Pakistan Army's operations in Karachi. He says that the offer came through a third-party while he was staying in Iran's port city of <a href="/wiki/Chabahar" title="Chabahar">Chabahar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>2021: Iranian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a> also known as VAJA adopting ISI model to curb the internal dissent which Iranian regime is facing. It was believed that VAJA wants to promote same discipline as ISI to better fight with threats that Iran is facing from the internal chaos.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li></ul> Qatar <ul><li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_State_Security" title="Qatar State Security">Qatar' State Security</a> arrested eight former <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> officials working for <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a> who were spying on Qatar's stealth submarine programme at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. It was alleged by Indian media that Qatar was able to unearth spy network with the information provided by the ISI.</li></ul> Iraq <ul><li>2017: After <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–17)">defeat in Mosul</a>, Iraqi envoy to Pakistan, Ali Yasin Muhammad Karim, held a press conference where he expressed his government's appreciation for Pakistan's help during the fight against the terrorist organization. He praised the intelligence-sharing of the ISI and expressed interest in continuing the intelligence cooperation between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> <ul><li>1979: The ISI discovered a surveillance mission at the <a href="/wiki/Kahuta_Research_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahuta Research Laboratories">Kahuta Research Laboratories</a> nuclear complex on 26 June 1979 by the French Ambassador to Pakistan Le Gourrierec and First Secretary Jean Forlot. Both were arrested and their cameras and other sensitive equipment were confiscated. Documents intercepted later showed that the two were recruited by the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_Intelligence-69">[69]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union_and_post-Soviet_states">Soviet Union and post-Soviet states</h4></div> <ul><li>1980: The ISI had placed a mole in the Soviet Union's embassy in Islamabad. They reported that the Third Secretary in the Soviet Embassy was after information regarding the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a> and was getting it from a middle-level employee, Ejaz, in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Areas_Transport_Corporation" title="Northern Areas Transport Corporation">Northern Areas Transport Corporation</a> (NATCO). The ISI contacted Ejaz, who confessed that a few months earlier a Soviet diplomat approached him and threatened his family unless he divulged sensitive information about the highway such as the road's alignment, bridge locations, and the number of Chinese personnel working on the highway. Instead of confronting the Soviet diplomat, the ISI gave him false information until the Soviet diplomat was satisfied that Ejaz had no further information and dropped him as a source.<a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_Intelligence-69">[69]</a></li> <li>1991–1993: Major General Sultan Habib, who was an operative of the ISI's Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous department, successfully procured nuclear material while being posted as the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Attach%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Attaché">defence attaché</a> in the Pakistani Embassy in Moscow from 1991 to 1993 and concurrently obtained other materials from Central Asian Republics, Poland and the former Czechoslovakia. After Moscow, Habib coordinated shipping missiles from North Korea and the training of Pakistani experts in missile production, both of which strengthened Pakistan's nuclear weapons program and their missile delivery systems.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-116">[116]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United Kingdom">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United Kingdom</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_the_United_States" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United States">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United States</a></div> <ul><li>1980s: The ISI intercepted two American private-sector weapons dealers during the Soviet-Afghan war of the 1980s. One American diplomat lived in the F-7/4 sector of Islamabad and was spotted by an ISI agent in a seedy part of <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, drawing attention because of his automobile's diplomatic plates. He was bugged and subsequently trailed and found to be in contact with tribal groups and supplying them with weapons for their fight against the Soviet Army in Afghanistan. The second American weapons dealer was Eugene Clegg, a teacher in the American International School. One American International School employee and undercover agent, Naeem, was arrested while waiting to clear a shipment from Islamabad customs. All of them were put out of business.<a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_Intelligence-69">[69]</a></li> <li>2000s: The ISI was suspicious about the CIA's attempted penetration of Pakistan nuclear assets and intelligence gathering in the Pakistani lawless tribal areas. Based on these suspicions, it was speculated that the ISI pursued a counter-intelligence program against CIA operations in Pakistan and Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Former director general <a href="/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani" title="Ashfaq Parvez Kayani">Ashfaq Parvez Kayani</a> is also reported to have said, the "real aim of U.S. [war] strategy is to denuclearize Pakistan".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>2011: In the aftermath of a shooting involving American CIA agent <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Allen_Davis_incident" title="Raymond Allen Davis incident">Raymond Davis</a>, the ISI became more alert and suspicious about the CIA's spy network in Pakistan, which had disrupted ISI-CIA cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> At least 30 suspected covert American operatives have suspended their activities in Pakistan and 12 have reportedly left the country.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>A Chinese woman believed to be an ISI agent, who headed the Chinese unit of a US manufacturer, was charged with illegally exporting high-performance coatings for Pakistan's nuclear power plants. Xun Wang, a former managing director of PPG Paints Trading in Shanghai, a Chinese subsidiary of United States-based PPG Industries, Inc., was indicted on a charge of conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and related offences. Wang was accused of conspiring to export and re-export specially designed, high-performance epoxy coatings to the <a href="/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chashma Nuclear Power Plant">Chashma 2 Nuclear Power Plant</a> in Pakistan via a third-party distributor in the People's Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Alleged ISI operative Mohammed Tasleem, an attaché in the New York consulate, was discovered to be issuing threats against Pakistanis living in the United States to prevent them from speaking openly about Pakistan's government in 2010 by the FBI. US officials and scholars say the ISI has a systematic campaign to threaten those who speak critically of the Pakistani military.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4></div> <ul><li>2000s: ISI played pivotal role in crushing <a href="/wiki/LTTE_Insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE Insurgency">Tamil Insurgency</a> in Sri Lanka which was being supported by India's <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a> to carve out separate Tamil country for the Tamils of Sri Lanka. ISI, in response to the RAW's machinations, started to equip, train and provide logistical support to the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lankan Armed Forces</a> in their war against Tamil rebels. ISI supplied multi-barrel rocket launcher systems and other weaponry, which halted the offensive. ISI, by supplying high-tech military equipment such as 22 Al-Khalid main battle tanks, 250,000 rounds of mortar ammunition and 150,000 hand grenades, and sending army officers to Sri Lanka, played a key role in the ultimate defeat of Tamil Tigers in May 2009. The victory of Sri Lankan Armed Forces on Tamil Tigers ultimately strengthened <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Pakistan–Sri Lanka relations">Pakistan-Sri Lanka ties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li>2011: ISI started to train <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police" title="Sri Lanka Police">State Police of Sri Lanka</a> and Sri Lankan <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">State Intelligence Service</a> on intelligence gathering.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Al_Qaeda_and_Taliban_militants_captured">Al Qaeda and Taliban militants captured</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramzi_Yousef" title="Ramzi Yousef">Ramzi Yousef</a>: One of the planners of the <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bojinka_plot" title="Bojinka plot">Bojinka plot</a>. Pakistani intelligence, and the Department of State – <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Security_Service" title="Diplomatic Security Service">U.S. Diplomatic Security Service</a> (DSS) Special Agents, captured Yousef in Islamabad, Pakistan. On 7 February 1995, they raided room number 16 in the Su-Casa Guest House in Islamabad and captured Yousef before he could move to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sacredcows-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shaykh_al-Libi" title="Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi">Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi</a>: A Libyan paramilitary trainer for <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, attempted to flee Afghanistan in November 2001 following the collapse of the Taliban, precipitating the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan</a>. He was captured by Pakistani forces.<a href="#cite_note-risen-125">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Omar_Saeed_Sheikh" title="Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh">Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh</a>: A British-born terrorist of Pakistani descent who was arrested by Pakistani police on 12 February 2002 in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> for his involvement with the Pearl kidnapping. Pearl had been kidnapped, had his throat slit, and then beheaded. He was named the chief suspect,<a href="#cite_note-transcripts.cnn.com-126">[126]</a> but claimed he had surrendered to the ISI a week earlier.<a href="#cite_note-cpj-127">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zubaydah" title="Abu Zubaydah">Abu Zubaydah</a>: An Al-Qaeda terrorist responsible for conceiving multiple terrorist plots, including sending <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ressam" title="Ahmed Ressam">Ahmed Ressam</a> to blow up the Los Angeles airport in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-BinLadenReport-128">[128]</a> He was captured on 28 March 2002, by ISI, CIA, and FBI agents after they raided several safe houses in <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-GuantanamoFiles-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-TimMcGirk-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-JohnBurns-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-AntiTerrorRaid-132">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramzi_bin_al-Shibh" title="Ramzi bin al-Shibh">Ramzi bin al-Shibh</a>: An Al-Qaeda terrorist responsible for planning the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">USS Cole bombing</a>, and the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Ghriba_synagogue_bombing" title="Ghriba synagogue bombing">Ghriba synagogue bombing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-133">[133]</a> On 11 September 2002, the ISI captured Ramzi bin al-Shibh during a raid in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a>: The principal architect of the 9/11 attacks and other significant terrorist plots over the last twenty years, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_1993_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Center 1993 bombings">World Trade Center 1993 bombings</a>, the Bojinka plot, an aborted 2002 attack on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bank_Tower_(Los_Angeles)" title="U.S. Bank Tower (Los Angeles)">U.S. Bank Tower</a> in Los Angeles, the <a href="/wiki/Bali_nightclub_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali nightclub bombings">Bali nightclub bombings</a>, the failed bombing of <a href="/wiki/2001_American_Airlines_Flight_63_bombing_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 American Airlines Flight 63 bombing attempt">American Airlines Flight 63</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2000_millennium_attack_plots" title="2000 millennium attack plots">Millennium Plot</a>, and the murder of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pearl" title="Daniel Pearl">Daniel Pearl</a>. On 1 March 2003, the ISI captured him in a joint raid with the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a> paramilitary operatives and <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Security_Service" title="Diplomatic Security Service">Diplomatic Security Service</a> Special Agents in <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>Abu Faraj Farj al-Liby: Mastermind of two failed attempts on President Pervez Musharraf's life in May 2005.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulvi_Omar" title="Maulvi Omar">Maulvi Omar</a>: Senior aid to <a href="/wiki/Baitullah_Mehsud" title="Baitullah Mehsud">Baitullah Mehsud</a>, who was captured by the ISI in August 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a>: The Taliban's deputy commander who was captured by Pakistani intelligence forces in or near Karachi, Pakistan, in early 2010.<a href="#cite_note-BBC20100216-137">[137]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> Critics of the ISI say that it has become a <a href="/wiki/State_within_a_state" class="mw-redirect" title="State within a state">state within a state</a> and not accountable enough. Some analysts say that it is because intelligence agencies around the world remain secretive. Critics argue the institution should be more accountable to the president or the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-138">[138]</a> The Pakistani government disbanded the ISI's political wing in 2008 after its discovery.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._government">U.S. government</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the ISI and the CIA worked together to send <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">spy planes</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The two organisations also worked closely during the Soviet–Afghan War supporting groups such as <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hezb-i_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezb-i Islami">Hezb-i Islami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Haqqani_network" title="Haqqani network">Haqqani network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neamatollah_Nojumi-141">[141]</a> Some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] report the ISI and CIA stepped up cooperation in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a> to kill and capture senior <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> leaders such as Sheikh Younis Al Mauritan and <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Shaikh_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid Shaikh Mohammed">Khalid Shaikh Mohammed</a>, the planner of the 9/11 attacks who was residing in Pakistan. Pakistan claims that around 100 top level al-Qaeda leaders/operators were killed or arrested by the ISI.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> said Pakistan is paying a "big price for supporting the U.S. war against terror groups. [...] I think it is important to note that as they have made these adjustments in their own assessment of their national interests, they're paying a big price for it."<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Other senior international officials maintain that senior Al Qaeda leaders such as bin Laden have been hidden by the ISI in major settled areas of Pakistan with the full knowledge of the Pakistani military leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-144">[144]</a> A December 2011 analysis report by the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a> came to the conclusion that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In spite of denials by the Pakistani military, evidence is emerging that elements within the Pakistani military harbored Osama bin Laden with the knowledge of former army chief General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> and possibly former Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General <a href="/wiki/Ashfaq_Pervez_Kayani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashfaq Pervez Kayani">Ashfaq Pervez Kayani</a>. Former Pakistani General <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Butt" title="Ziauddin Butt">Ziauddin Butt</a> (a.k.a. General Ziauddin Khawaja) revealed at a conference on Pakistani-U.S. relations in October 2011 that according to his knowledge the then former Director-General of Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan (2004–2008), Brigadier Ijaz Shah (retd.), had kept Osama bin Laden in an Intelligence Bureau safe house in Abbottabad.<a href="#cite_note-Jamestown_Foundation-145">[145]</a></blockquote> Pakistani general <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Butt" title="Ziauddin Butt">Ziauddin Butt</a> said bin Laden had been hidden in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a> by the ISI "with the full knowledge" of General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamestown_Foundation-145">[145]</a> but later denied making any such statement, saying his words were altered by the media, he said: "It is the hobby of the Western media to distort the facts for their own purposes."<a href="#cite_note-Ashraf_Javed-146">[146]</a> U.S. military officials have increasingly said they do not notify Pakistani officials before conducting operations against the Afghan Taliban or Al Qaeda, because they fear Pakistani officials may tip them off.<a href="#cite_note-Kissinger_on_foxnews-147">[147]</a> International officials have accused the ISI of continuing to support and even lead the Taliban during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001-2021 War in Afghanistan</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Mullen">Mike Mullen</a> stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The fact remains that the Quetta Shura [Taliban] and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with impunity ... Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan troops and civilians as well as US soldiers. ... For example, we believe the Haqqani Network—which has long enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government ... is, in many ways, a strategic arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency.<a href="#cite_note-longwarjournal1-148">[148]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported that "the president said Mullen's statement 'expressed frustration' over the insurgent safe havens in Pakistan. But Obama said 'the intelligence is not as clear as we might like in terms of what exactly that relationship is.' Obama added that whether Pakistan's ties with the Haqqani network are active or passive, Pakistan has to deal with it."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_files_leak" title="Guantanamo Bay files leak">Guantanamo Bay files leak</a> showed that the US authorities unofficially consider the ISI a terrorist organization that was equally as dangerous as Al Qaeda and the Taliban, and many allegations of it supporting terrorist activities have been made.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burke-152">[152]</a> In 2017, General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunford" title="Joseph Dunford">Joseph Dunford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, accused the ISI of having ties to terror groups.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In a Senate hearing, Dunford told members of the U.S. Senate: "It is clear to me that the ISI has connections with terrorist groups."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_government">Indian government</h3></div> India has accused the ISI of plotting the <a href="/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings" title="1993 Bombay bombings">1993 Bombay bombings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISI-155">[155]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">United States diplomatic cables leak</a>, the ISI had previously shared intelligence information with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> regarding possible terrorist attacks against Jewish and Israeli sites in India in late 2008.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The ISI is also accused of supporting pro independence militias in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> while Pakistan denies all such claims,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> or says it gives them moral support only.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div> The ISI has been accused of using <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of designated terrorist organizations">designated terrorist groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militant_(word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant (word)">militants</a> to conduct <a href="/wiki/Proxy_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxy wars">proxy wars</a> against its neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-Bajoria-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laruelle-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hussain-164">[164]</a> According to Grant Holt and David H. Gray, "The agency specializes in utilizing terrorist organizations as proxies for Pakistani foreign policy, covert action abroad, and controlling domestic politics."<a href="#cite_note-Holt-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_J.F._Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="James J.F. Forest">James Forest</a> says, "There has been increasing proof from counter-terrorism organizations that militants and the Taliban continue to receive assistance from the ISI, as well as the establishment of camps to train terrorists on Pakistani territory."<a href="#cite_note-Forest-166">[166]</a> All external operations are carried out under the supervision of the ISI's S Wing.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence/North" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Intelligence/North">Joint Intelligence/North</a> is responsible for conducting operations in Jammu and Kashmir and Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Camp-168">[168]</a> The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) provides support with communications to groups in Jammu and Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Camp-168">[168]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin" title="Daniel Benjamin">Daniel Benjamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Simon" title="Steven Simon">Steven Simon</a>, both former members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>, the ISI acted as a "kind of terrorist conveyor belt" radicalizing young men in the Madrassas in Pakistan and delivering them to training camps affiliated with or run by Al-Qaeda and from there moving them into Jammu and Kashmir to launch attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_militants">Support for militants</h3></div> Since the 1990s, the ISI began communicating with the jihadists who emerged from the conflict against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, and by 2000 most militant groups operating in Kashmir were based in Pakistan or were pro-Pakistan. These groups are used to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">low-intensity conflict</a> against India.<a href="#cite_note-Zahab-170">[170]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen" title="Stephen P. Cohen">Stephen P. Cohen</a> and John Wilson, the ISI's aid to and creation of designated terrorist groups and religious extremist groups is well-documented.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1-172">[172]</a> The ISI has been accused of having close ties to <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a>, who carried out the attacks in Mumbai in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Green-173">[173]</a> The organisation has also given aid to <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sisk-174">[174]</a> Terrorism expert Gus Martin said, "The ISI has a long history of supporting designated terrorist groups and pro-Independence groups operating in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir which fight against Indian interests."<a href="#cite_note-Martin-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-175">[175]</a> The ISI also helped with the founding of the group <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hizbul_Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</h4></div> The group Hizbul Mujahideen was created as the Kashmiri branch of <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-i-Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaat-i-Islami">Jamaat-i-Islami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Juergensmeyer-177">[177]</a> It was reported that JI founded Hizbul Mujahideen at the request of the ISI to counter the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front">Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front</a> who are advocates for the independence of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hizb-ul-Mujahideen-178">[178]</a> The failure of 1987 elections in Kashmir, and afterwards the arrest of Muhammad Yusuf, a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Syed_Salahuddin" title="Syed Salahuddin">Syed Salahuddin</a>, led to the events that created armed struggle in the valley. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Badr">Al-Badr</h4></div> There have been three incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)">Al-Badr</a>. According to Tomsen, the ISI, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami</a>, formed the first Al-Badr, who resisted the Indian-trained influx of <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a> in Bangladesh in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Tomsen,240-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmid_(Editor)-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Qaeda_and_bin_Laden">Al-Qaeda and bin Laden</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_(1989%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)">Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></div> The ISI supported Al-Qaeda during the war along with the CIA against the Soviet government, through the Taliban, and it is believed by some that there is still contact between Al-Qaeda and the ISI.<a href="#cite_note-Aubrey-181">[181]</a> An assessment by British Intelligence in 2000 into Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan showed the ISI were playing an active role in some of them.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins-182">[182]</a> In 2002, it was alleged that when the Egyptian investigators tracked down Al-Qaeda member Ahmed Said Khadr in Pakistan, the Egyptian authorities informed Pakistani authorities of his location. However, the Afghan Taliban at night came in a car and took Khadir along with them to Afghanistan. The next day, Pakistani authorities claimed they were unable to capture Khadir.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The leak in 2012 of <a href="/wiki/2012_Stratfor_email_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Stratfor email leak">e-mails</a> from <a href="/wiki/Stratfor" title="Stratfor">Stratfor</a> claimed papers captured during all the compounds during <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">the raid</a> in Abbottabad on Osama bin Laden's compound showed up to 12 ISI officials knew where he was and that Bin Laden had been in regular contact with the ISI.<a href="#cite_note-McElroy-184">[184]</a> Despite the <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_support_system_in_Pakistan_for_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden">allegations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Steve Coll</a> stated that as of 2019 there is no direct evidence showing Pakistani knowledge of bin Laden's presence in Abbottabad, even by a rogue or compartmented faction within the government, other than the circumstantial fact of bin Laden's compound being located near (albeit not directly visible from) the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Military_Academy" title="Pakistan Military Academy">Pakistan Military Academy</a>. Documents captured from the Abbottabad compound generally show that bin Laden was wary of contact with ISI and Pakistani police, especially in light of Pakistan's role in the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a>; it has also been suggested that the $25 million U.S. reward for information leading to bin Laden would have been enticing to Pakistani officers given their reputation for corruption. The compound itself, although unusually tall, was less conspicuous than sometimes envisaged by Americans, given the common local habit of walling off homes for protection against violence or to ensure the privacy of female family members.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Al-Qaeda has repeatedly labelled ISI their enemy, and claimed the Pakistani military and intelligence are their main targets in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayman al-Zawahari">Ayman al-Zawahari</a> labelled ISI and the Pakistani military a "puppet" of the United States in a video message.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat-ul-Mujahideen</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat-ul-Mujahideen</a> was founded in the 1980s by the ISI to fight against Indian interests.<a href="#cite_note-O._Riedel-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jammu_and_Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</h4></div> in 1984, under the orders of Zia-ul-Haq, the ISI prepared for a rebellion, which was to be set in motion in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Haqqani-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haqqani_network">Haqqani network</h4></div> The ISI allegedly have links to the Haqqani network<a href="#cite_note-Cordesman-191">[191]</a> and contributed to their funding.<a href="#cite_note-Shanty-192">[192]</a> It is widely believed the <a href="/wiki/2008_Indian_embassy_bombing_in_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul">suicide attack</a> on the Indian embassy in Kabul in 2008 was planned with the help of the ISI.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-193">[193]</a> A report in 2008 from the US <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">director of National Intelligence</a> stated that the ISI provides intelligence and funding to help with attacks against the <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a>, the Afghan government, and Indian targets.<a href="#cite_note-Aid-194">[194]</a> On 5 November 2014, Lieutenant-General Joseph Anderson, a senior commander for US and NATO forces in Afghanistan, said that the Haqqani network is now "fractured" like the Taliban in a Pentagon-hosted video briefing from Afghanistan. "They are fractured. They are fractured like the Taliban is. That's based pretty much on Pakistan's operations in North Waziristan this entire summer-fall," he said, acknowledging the effectiveness of Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Zarb-e-Azb" title="Operation Zarb-e-Azb">military offensive</a> in North Waziristan. "That has very much disrupted their efforts in Afghanistan and has caused them to be less effective in terms of their ability to pull off an attack in Kabul," Anderson added.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_journalists">Attacks on journalists</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> published a document concerning the investigation of ISI over the murder of <a href="/wiki/Saleem_Shahzad" title="Saleem Shahzad">Saleem Shahzad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_of_Arshad_Sharif">Death of Arshad Sharif</h4></div> Following General Bajwa's retirement, the mother of slain journalist Arshad Sharif requested the Chief Justice of Pakistan to formally charge General Bajwa, among other military officers, for the "targeted, premeditated, planned and calculated murder" of her son, claiming members of the military's Public Relations division began threatening Sharif after he emerged as a critic of General Bajwa following the success of the vote-of-no-confidence against Imran Khan, particularly in a program called “Woh Kon Tha”, aired on ARY News, in which Sharif insinuated General Bajwa had a hand in overthrowing his democratically elected Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interference_in_Judicial_Matters">Interference in Judicial Matters</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamabad_High_Court_Judges_Letter">Islamabad High Court Judges Letter</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2024_IHC_judges%27_letter" title="2024 IHC judges' letter">2024 IHC judges' letter</a></div> Aljazeera reported <a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> that six judges of the Islamabad High Court (IHC) accused the ISI of interference in judicial matters, citing abduction, torture, and surveillance. Despite assurances from ISI leadership, these claims persisted, leading to an investigation by the Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan. The incident underscored ongoing tensions between Pakistan's judiciary and intelligence agencies, reflecting broader issues of governance and institutional integrity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> Since Pakistan launched offensives on Al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and other jihadist groups, the country's armed forces, intelligence services (particularly the ISI), military industrial complexes, paramilitary forces, and police forces have come under intense attacks. The ISI has played a major role in targeting these groups and has faced retaliatory strikes as well. As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inter-Services_Intelligence&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 300 ISI officials have been killed.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Major incidents when attempts were made to target the ISI include: <ul><li>A suicide bomber drove his vehicle into a bus carrying officials killing at least 28 people on 28 November 2007, outside the ISI office in Rawalpindi.<a href="#cite_note-PindiAttackNewsRef-201">[201]</a></li> <li>30 people, including four ISI officials and 14 policemen, were killed and over 300 were injured when three people attacked the ISI office in Lahore on 27 May 2009. The attackers fired at the ISI office and policemen present there. The guards at the ISI building fought back. During the incident an explosive-laden vehicle detonated.<a href="#cite_note-LahoreAttackNationRef-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-LahoreAttackBBCRef-203">[203]</a></li> <li>At least 13 people and 10 military personnel were killed when a suicide bomber blew up his van at the agency's Peshawar office on 13 November 2009. Around 400 kilograms (880 lb) of explosives were used which destroyed a significant portion of the building.<a href="#cite_note-PeshawarAttack-204">[204]</a></li> <li>Two attackers ambushed the Multan office where eight people were killed and 45 were injured on 8 December 2009. Two army personnel were killed while seven officials were injured. About 800–1,000 kilograms (1,800–2,200 lb) of explosives were used.<a href="#cite_note-MultanAttack-205">[205]</a></li> <li>A car bomb exploded at CNG Station in Faisalabad on 8 March 2011, killing 25 people and injuring more than 100. Taliban spokesman Ehsanullah Ehsan said that the nearby ISI office was the target. No losses of ISI personnel were reported, and only one official was injured.<a href="#cite_note-FaisalabadAttack-206">[206]</a></li> <li>Three intelligence officials were killed and one was wounded when a vehicle carrying agency personnel was ambushed in FR Bannu on 14 September 2011.<a href="#cite_note-BannuVehicleAttack1-207">[207]</a></li> <li>Four people, including ISI officials, were killed and 35 were injured when the local office of the ISI was attacked by five suicide bombers in Sukkur on 24 July 2013.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_War_documents_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan War documents leak">Afghan War documents leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_Services_Public_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter Services Public Relations">Inter Services Public Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence of Pakistan">Military Intelligence of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_intelligence_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani intelligence community">Pakistani intelligence community</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Walshreally-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walshreally_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walshreally_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walshreally_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2011" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, Declan (12 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/12/isi-bin-laden-death-pakistan-alqaida">"Whose side is Pakistan's ISI really on?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410210128/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/12/isi-bin-laden-death-pakistan-alqaida">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Whose+side+is+Pakistan%27s+ISI+really+on%3F&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmay%2F12%2Fisi-bin-laden-death-pakistan-alqaida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1432622">"PM visits ISI headquarters, given eight-hour briefing"</a>. DAWN. 13 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN&rft.atitle=PM+visits+ISI+headquarters%2C+given+eight-hour+briefing&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1432622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2021" class="citation web cs1">Siddiqui, Naveed (26 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1653379">"PM Imran appoints Lt Gen Nadeem Anjum as new DG ISI"</a>. DAWN.COM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=PM+Imran+appoints+Lt+Gen+Nadeem+Anjum+as+new+DG+ISI&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Naveed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1653379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPear1988" class="citation news cs1">Pear, Robert (18 April 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/18/world/arming-afghan-guerrillas-a-huge-effort-led-by-us.html">"Arming Afghan Guerrillas: A Huge Effort Led by U.S. (Published 1988)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709124837/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/18/world/arming-afghan-guerrillas-a-huge-effort-led-by-us.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. 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Retrieved 7 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=We+created+Islamic+extremism%3A+Those+blaming+Islam+for+ISIS+would+have+supported+Osama+bin+Laden+in+the+%2780s&rft.date=2015-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2015%2F11%2F17%2Fwe_created_islamic_extremism_those_blaming_islam_for_isis_would_have_supported_osama_bin_laden_in_the_80s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200522-9-11-convict-osama-bin-laden-a-useful-idiot-of-the-cia/">"9/11 convict: Osama Bin Laden a 'useful idiot' of the CIA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Monitor" title="Middle East Monitor">Middle East Monitor</a>. 22 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209150136/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200522-9-11-convict-osama-bin-laden-a-useful-idiot-of-the-cia/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.atitle=9%2F11+convict%3A+Osama+Bin+Laden+a+%27useful+idiot%27+of+the+CIA&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20200522-9-11-convict-osama-bin-laden-a-useful-idiot-of-the-cia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/us/2002/jan/24ny2.htm">"Rediff.com US edition: India protests airlift of Pakistanis from Kunduz"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525191655/https://www.rediff.com/us/2002/jan/24ny2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rediff.com+US+edition%3A+India+protests+airlift+of+Pakistanis+from+Kunduz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fus%2F2002%2Fjan%2F24ny2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sky-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Sky_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Waldman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Matt Waldman (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/mritems/Documents/2010/6/13/20106138531279734lse-isi-taliban.pdf">"The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship between Pakistan's ISI and Afghan Insurgents"</a> (PDF). Crisis States Working Papers (series no.2, no. 18). Crisis States Research Centre, <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> and Political Science: 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226000552/http://english.aljazeera.net/mritems/Documents/2010/6/13/20106138531279734lse-isi-taliban.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2011. <q>In the 1980s the ISI was instrumental in supporting seven Sunni Muslim mujahideen groups in their jihad against the Soviets and was the principal conduit of covert US and Saudi funding. It subsequently played a pivotal role in the emergence of the Taliban (Coll 2005:292) and Pakistan provided significant political, financial, military and logistical support to the former <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (1996–2001)(Rashid 2001).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crisis+States+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Sun+in+the+Sky%3A+The+Relationship+between+Pakistan%27s+ISI+and+Afghan+Insurgents&rft.issue=series+no.2%2C+no.+18&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2010-06&rft.au=Matt+Waldman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fmritems%2FDocuments%2F2010%2F6%2F13%2F20106138531279734lse-isi-taliban.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. pp. 289–297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594200076" title="Special:BookSources/9781594200076"><bdi>9781594200076</bdi></a>. <q>Yet ISI's ambition was greater than its purse. Pakistan's army suffered from acute money problems during 1995. The army commanded the lion's share of Pakistan's budget, but with American aid cut over the nuclear issue, there was not much to go around. ... As it had during the 1980s, ISI needed Saudi intelligence, and it needed wealthy Islamist patrons from the Persian Gulf. ... The Pakistanis were advertising the Taliban to the Saudis as an important new force on the Afghan scene. ... The scale of Saudi payments and subsidies to Pakistan's army and intelligence service during the mid-1990s has never been disclosed. Judging by the practices of the previous decade, direct transfers and oil price subsidies to Pakistan's military probably amounted in some years to at least several hundred million dollars. This bilateral support helped ISI build up its proxy jihad forces in both Kashmir and Afghanistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+10+September+2001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781594200076&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/inter-services-intelligence-isi">"Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) | World news | The Guardian"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 15 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Inter-Services+Intelligence+%28ISI%29+%7C+World+news+%7C+The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Finter-services-intelligence-isi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13272009">"Pakistan's shadowy secret service, the ISI"</a>. BBC News. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+shadowy+secret+service%2C+the+ISI&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-13272009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2011" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Jason (25 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/25/guantanamo-files-isi-inter-services-intelligence">"Guantánamo Bay files: Pakistan's ISI spy service listed as terrorist group"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/">the original</a> on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile%3A+Lashkar-e-Taiba+%28Army+of+the+Pure%29+%28a.k.a.+Lashkar+e-Tayyiba%2C+Lashkar+e-Toiba%3B+Lashkar-i-Taiba%29+-+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2010-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fpublication%2F17882%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3181925.stm">"Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba"</a>. 3 May 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Lashkar-e-Taiba&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F3181925.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310220755/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1044850">"DNA - World - FBI identifies terror camp in Pakistan through satellite pictures - Daily News & Analysis"</a>. 10 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1044850">the original</a> on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNA+-+World+-+FBI+identifies+terror+camp+in+Pakistan+through+satellite+pictures+-+Daily+News+%26+Analysis&rft.date=2007-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Freport.asp%3FNewsID%3D1044850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190536/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-6-2005_pg1_4">"Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan"</a>. 30 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-6-2005_pg1_4">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Times+-+Leading+News+Resource+of+Pakistan&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3Dstory_14-6-2005_pg1_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718135741/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/">"Terrorism Havens: Pakistan - Council on Foreign Relations"</a>. 18 July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/">the original</a> on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terrorism+Havens%3A+Pakistan+-+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2006-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fpublication%2F9514%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2015" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Hassan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148">Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46328-3"><bdi>978-1-317-46328-3</bdi></a>. <q>Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians, he successfully airlifted sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles which turned the tide in favor of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under his leadership, the ISI also got involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Drift+Into+Extremism%3A+Allah%2C+the+Army%2C+and+America%27s+War+on+Terror&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46328-3&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHKsBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed2020" class="citation web cs1">Syed, Baqir Sajjad (24 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1592030">"PM okays creation of liaison body for spy agencies"</a>. DAWN.COM. Retrieved 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=PM+okays+creation+of+liaison+body+for+spy+agencies&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Baqir+Sajjad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1592030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-govt_notify-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govt_notify_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govt_notify_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govt_notify_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaza2021" class="citation web cs1">Raza, Syed Irfan (14 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1651915">"Crisis lingers as govt yet to notify new ISI chief"</a>. DAWN.COM. Retrieved 14 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Crisis+lingers+as+govt+yet+to+notify+new+ISI+chief&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft.aulast=Raza&rft.aufirst=Syed+Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1651915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Shuja Nawaz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shuja-nawaz/focusing-the-spy-glass-on_b_131153.html">"Focusing the Spy Glass on Pakistan's ISI"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210150827/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shuja-nawaz/focusing-the-spy-glass-on_b_131153.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Huffington Post, 2 October 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-FAS-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAS_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAS_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAS_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAS_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAS_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAS_40-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAS_40-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAS_40-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAS_40-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAS_40-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike,_John2002" class="citation web cs1">Pike, John (25 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131913/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/">"Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/">the original</a> on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directorate+for+Inter-Services+Intelligence&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft.date=2002-07-25&rft.au=Pike%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fworld%2Fpakistan%2Fisi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancer_Publishers_&_Distributors-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Lancer_Publishers_&_Distributors_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman2002" class="citation book cs1">Raman, B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTf1vRYx_U4C&pg=PA46">Intelligence : past, present & future</a>. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170622220" title="Special:BookSources/8170622220"><bdi>8170622220</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410043516/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTf1vRYx_U4C&pg=PA46">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+%3A+past%2C+present+%26+future&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=8170622220&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmTf1vRYx_U4C%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/351366/the-political-role-of-the-isi/">ISI funded political parties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320170353/http://tribune.com.pk/story/351366/the-political-role-of-the-isi/">Archived</a> 20 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tribune.com.pk. Retrieved on 24 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awamipolitics.com/isi-political-cell-temporary-suspended-4236.html">Political wing in ISI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403171108/http://www.awamipolitics.com/isi-political-cell-temporary-suspended-4236.html">Archived</a> 3 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Awamipolitics.com (1 April 2012). Retrieved on 2012-08-24. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/pakistan-stocks-end-in-red-on-wednesday-amid-isi-chief-appointment-controversy">"Pakistan stocks end in red on Wednesday amid ISI chief appointment controversy"</a>. Free Press Journal. Retrieved 14 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Press+Journal&rft.atitle=Pakistan+stocks+end+in+red+on+Wednesday+amid+ISI+chief+appointment+controversy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepressjournal.in%2Fbusiness%2Fpakistan-stocks-end-in-red-on-wednesday-amid-isi-chief-appointment-controversy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReporter2021" class="citation web cs1">Reporter, The Newspaper's Staff (14 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1651902">"Stocks tumble 661 points on political noise"</a>. DAWN.COM. Retrieved 14 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Stocks+tumble+661+points+on+political+noise&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft.aulast=Reporter&rft.aufirst=The+Newspaper%27s+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1651902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2021" class="citation web cs1">Editorial (15 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/900372-confusion-galore">"Confusion galore"</a>. www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 15 October 2021. <q>Editorial quote:"With the markets constantly in flux over the past few days, the people of the country wonder whether their fates are in fact linked to the signing of a summary or notification"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=Confusion+galore&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F900372-confusion-galore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spymaster-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spymaster_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spymaster_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhry2021" class="citation web cs1">Chaudhry, Urooj Imran | Sana (13 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1651789">"What is the process of appointing Pakistan's spymaster?"</a>. DAWN.COM. Retrieved 14 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=What+is+the+process+of+appointing+Pakistan%27s+spymaster%3F&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft.aulast=Chaudhry&rft.aufirst=Urooj+Imran+%7C+Sana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1651789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbasi2021" class="citation web cs1">Abbasi, Ansar (15 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/900481-an-undiscussed-angle-of-mess-surrounding-dg-isi-s-appointment">"An undiscussed angle of mess surrounding DG ISI's appointment"</a>. www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=An+undiscussed+angle+of+mess+surrounding+DG+ISI%27s+appointment&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft.aulast=Abbasi&rft.aufirst=Ansar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F900481-an-undiscussed-angle-of-mess-surrounding-dg-isi-s-appointment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_ISI-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_ISI_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_ISI_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shaffer, Ryan (2 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16161262.2017.1286447">"Faith, unity, discipline: the Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan, by Hein G. 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Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+support+of+the+taliban&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2001%2Fafghan2%2FAfghan0701-02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maley-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Maley_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaley2009" class="citation book cs1">Maley, William (2009). 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Retrieved 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reddif.com&rft.atitle=ISI+behind+plot+to+target+Indian+Consulate&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2Freport%2Fplot-to-attack-jalalabad-consulate-worrisome-says-pm%2F20110512.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaintor2014" class="citation web cs1">Taintor, David (7 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/panetta-explains-why-us-didnt-alert-pakistan-bin-laden-raid-msna430086">"Panetta explains why US didn't alert Pakistan of bin Laden raid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210317004657/https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/panetta-explains-why-us-didnt-alert-pakistan-bin-laden-raid-msna430086">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=Panetta+explains+why+US+didn%27t+alert+Pakistan+of+bin+Laden+raid&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.aulast=Taintor&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fmsnbc%2Fpanetta-explains-why-us-didnt-alert-pakistan-bin-laden-raid-msna430086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2009" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Dean (15 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6338349/Pakistans-ISI-still-supporting-the-Taliban-say-Afghans.html">"Pakistan's ISI still supporting the Taliban, say Afghans – Pakistan's intelligence agency is directing Taliban attacks on Western targets in Afghanistan, Davood Moradian, a senior government official has claimed"</a>. 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Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518060232/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/07/world/fg-pakistan-india7">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistan+denies+official+involvement+in+Mumbai+attacks&rft.date=2009-01-07&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2009-jan-07-fg-pakistan-india7-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Gus (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ6MeYq_FbkC">Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues</a> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7059-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-7059-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410035412/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ6MeYq_FbkC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Terrorism%3A+Challenges%2C+Perspectives%2C+and+Issues&rft.pages=189&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-7059-4&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJ6MeYq_FbkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bajoria-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Bajoria_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajoriaEben_Kaplan2011" class="citation news cs1">Bajoria, Jayshree; Eben Kaplan (4 May 2011). "The ISI and Terrorism: Behind the Accusations". <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=The+ISI+and+Terrorism%3A+Behind+the+Accusations&rft.date=2011-05-04&rft.aulast=Bajoria&rft.aufirst=Jayshree&rft.au=Eben+Kaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laruelle-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Laruelle_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaruelleSébastien_Peyrouse2011" class="citation book cs1">Laruelle, Marlène; Sébastien Peyrouse (2011). Mapping Central Asia: Indian Perceptions and Strategies. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0985-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0985-4"><bdi>978-1-4094-0985-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Central+Asia%3A+Indian+Perceptions+and+Strategies&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-0985-4&rft.aulast=Laruelle&rft.aufirst=Marl%C3%A8ne&rft.au=S%C3%A9bastien+Peyrouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussain-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Hussain_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2008" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Zahid (2008). Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle With Militant Islam. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. VII. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14225-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14225-0"><bdi>978-0-231-14225-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontline+Pakistan%3A+The+Struggle+With+Militant+Islam&rft.pages=VII&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14225-0&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Zahid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Holt_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltDavid_H._Gray2011" class="citation journal cs1">Holt, Grant; David H. Gray (Winter 2011). "A Pakistani Fifth Column? The Pakistani Inter-Service Intelligence Directorate's Sponsorship of Terrorism". Global Security Studies. 2 (1): 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Security+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Pakistani+Fifth+Column%3F+The+Pakistani+Inter-Service+Intelligence+Directorate%27s+Sponsorship+of+Terrorism&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft.au=David+H.+Gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forest-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Forest_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForest2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_J.F._Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="James J.F. Forest">Forest, James J. F.</a> (2007). Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century: International Perspectives. <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishing">Praeger Publishing</a>. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99034-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99034-3"><bdi>978-0-275-99034-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countering+Terrorism+and+Insurgency+in+the+21st+Century%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99034-3&rft.aulast=Forest&rft.aufirst=James+J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-167"><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2011" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Kevin (2011). Confronting Al Qaeda: New Strategies to Combat Terrorism. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-503-5"><bdi>978-1-59114-503-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Al+Qaeda%3A+New+Strategies+to+Combat+Terrorism&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-503-5&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Camp-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Camp_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camp_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamp2011" class="citation book cs1">Camp, Dick (2011). Boots on the Ground: The Fight to Liberate Afghanistan from Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, 2001–2002. Zenith. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4111-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4111-7"><bdi>978-0-7603-4111-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boots+on+the+Ground%3A+The+Fight+to+Liberate+Afghanistan+from+Al-Qaeda+and+the+Taliban%2C+2001%E2%80%932002&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Zenith&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-4111-7&rft.aulast=Camp&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellRobert_Williams2011" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Dan; Robert Williams (2011). Seeking Security in an Insecure World (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0803-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0803-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-0803-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Security+in+an+Insecure+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0803-2&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Robert+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zahab-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Zahab_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahab2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mariam_Abou_Zahab" title="Mariam Abou Zahab">Zahab, Mariam Abou</a> (2011). Aparna Rao; Michael Bollig; Monika Bock (eds.). The Practice of War: Production, Reproduction and Communication of Armed Violence (Reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-141-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-141-5"><bdi>978-0-85745-141-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+War%3A+Production%2C+Reproduction+and+Communication+of+Armed+Violence&rft.pages=134&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-141-5&rft.aulast=Zahab&rft.aufirst=Mariam+Abou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2011" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Stephen P. (2011). The Future of Pakistan. Brookings Institution. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2180-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2180-2"><bdi>978-0-8157-2180-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2180-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson1-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John (2005). Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia Countering the Financing of Terrorism. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson plc</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8129709981" title="Special:BookSources/978-8129709981"><bdi>978-8129709981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Implications+for+South+Asia+Countering+the+Financing+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Pearson+plc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8129709981&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Green_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2011" class="citation book cs1">Green, M. Christian (2011). "Chapter 21". Religion and Human Rights. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973345-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973345-3"><bdi>978-0-19-973345-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+21&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973345-3&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=M.+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sisk-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Sisk_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisk2008" class="citation book cs1">Sisk, Timothy D. (2008). International Mediation in Civil Wars: Bargaining with Bullets. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47705-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47705-5"><bdi>978-0-415-47705-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Mediation+in+Civil+Wars%3A+Bargaining+with+Bullets&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-47705-5&rft.aulast=Sisk&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2007" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Monte (2007). At the Heart of Terror: Islam, Jihadists, and America's War on Terrorism. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3603-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3603-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-3603-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Heart+of+Terror%3A+Islam%2C+Jihadists%2C+and+America%27s+War+on+Terrorism&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3603-6&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Monte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John (2005). Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia Countering the Financing of Terrorism. Pearson. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8129709981" title="Special:BookSources/978-8129709981"><bdi>978-8129709981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Implications+for+South+Asia+Countering+the+Financing+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8129709981&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juergensmeyer-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Juergensmeyer_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyer2008" class="citation book cs1">Juergensmeyer, Mark (2008). Global Rebellion Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qaeda (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25554-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25554-8"><bdi>978-0-520-25554-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Rebellion+Religious+Challenges+to+the+Secular+State%2C+from+Christian+Militias+to+al+Qaeda&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25554-8&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hizb-ul-Mujahideen-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Hizb-ul-Mujahideen_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/hizbul_mujahideen.htm">"Hizb-ul-Mujahideen"</a>. Institute For Conflict Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817113725/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/hizbul_mujahideen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hizb-ul-Mujahideen&rft.pub=Institute+For+Conflict+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satp.org%2Fsatporgtp%2Fcountries%2Findia%2Fstates%2Fjandk%2Fterrorist_outfits%2Fhizbul_mujahideen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomsen,240-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Tomsen,240_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Tomsen, Peter (2011). Wars of Afghanistan. Public Affairs. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-763-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-763-8"><bdi>978-1-58648-763-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+Afghanistan&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-763-8&rft.aulast=Tomsen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid_(Editor)-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmid_(Editor)_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2011" class="citation book cs1">Schmid, Alex (2011). The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. Routledge. p. 540. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41157-8"><bdi>978-0-415-41157-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Terrorism+Research&rft.pages=540&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41157-8&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aubrey-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Aubrey_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubrey2004" class="citation book cs1">Aubrey, Stefan M. (2004). The New Dimension of International Terrorism. vdf Hochschulverlag AG. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7281-2949-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7281-2949-9"><bdi>978-3-7281-2949-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Dimension+of+International+Terrorism&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=vdf+Hochschulverlag+AG&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-7281-2949-9&rft.aulast=Aubrey&rft.aufirst=Stefan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2011" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Stephen E (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 540. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-921-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-921-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-921-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+9%2F11+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=540&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-921-9&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGirk2002" class="citation magazine cs1">McGirk, Tim (29 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020506-233999,00.html">"Rogues No More?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227112532/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020506-233999,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Rogues+No+More%3F&rft.date=2002-04-29&rft.aulast=McGirk&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C501020506-233999%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McElroy-184"><a href="#cite_ref-McElroy_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy2012" class="citation news cs1">McElroy, Damien (27 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9109457/Stratfor-Osama-bin-Laden-was-in-routine-contact-with-Pakistans-spy-agency.html">"Stratfor: Osama bin Laden 'was in routine contact with Pakistan's spy agency'"</a>. The Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303165254/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9109457/Stratfor-Osama-bin-Laden-was-in-routine-contact-with-Pakistans-spy-agency.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Stratfor%3A+Osama+bin+Laden+%27was+in+routine+contact+with+Pakistan%27s+spy+agency%27&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fal-qaeda%2F9109457%2FStratfor-Osama-bin-Laden-was-in-routine-contact-with-Pakistans-spy-agency.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. pp. 547–554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143132509" title="Special:BookSources/9780143132509"><bdi>9780143132509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directorate+S%3A+The+C.I.A.+and+America%27s+Secret+Wars+in+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E547-%3C%2Fspan%3E554&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780143132509&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/world/al-qaeda-indian-subcontinent-pakistan.html">"Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent threatens to wage war against Pak"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Week_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Week (India)">The Week (India)</a>. 27 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190102053557/https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/world/al-qaeda-indian-subcontinent-pakistan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week+%28India%29&rft.atitle=Al+Qaeda+in+the+Indian+Subcontinent+threatens+to+wage+war+against+Pak&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fcontent%2Farchival%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fal-qaeda-indian-subcontinent-pakistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/al-qaeda-releases-maiden-video-on-kashmir-issues-threats-to-army-govt/articleshow/70158497.cms">"Al Qaeda releases maiden video on Kashmir; issues threats to army, govt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. 10 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117170321/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/al-qaeda-releases-maiden-video-on-kashmir-issues-threats-to-army-govt/articleshow/70158497.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Al+Qaeda+releases+maiden+video+on+Kashmir%3B+issues+threats+to+army%2C+govt&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdefence%2Fal-qaeda-releases-maiden-video-on-kashmir-issues-threats-to-army-govt%2Farticleshow%2F70158497.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/al-qaeda-releases-its-first-video-on-kashmir/article28363676.ece">"Al-Qaeda releases its first video on Kashmir"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 10 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711114725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/al-qaeda-releases-its-first-video-on-kashmir/article28363676.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+releases+its+first+video+on+Kashmir&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fal-qaeda-releases-its-first-video-on-kashmir%2Farticle28363676.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O._Riedel-189"><a href="#cite_ref-O._Riedel_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._Riedel2011" class="citation book cs1">O. Riedel, Bruce (2011). Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad. Brookings Institution. p. Preface. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0557-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0557-4"><bdi>978-0-8157-0557-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Embrace%3A+Pakistan%2C+America%2C+and+the+Future+of+the+Global+Jihad&rft.pages=Preface&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0557-4&rft.aulast=O.+Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haqqani-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Haqqani_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaqqani2005" class="citation book cs1">Haqqani, Husain (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq/page/273">Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military</a>. Carnegie. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq/page/273">273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1"><bdi>978-0-87003-214-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Between+Mosque+and+Military&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Carnegie&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-214-1&rft.aulast=Haqqani&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistanbetweenm00haqq%2Fpage%2F273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordesman-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Cordesman_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordesmanAdam_MausnerDavid_Kasten2009" class="citation book cs1">Cordesman, Anthony H.; Adam Mausner; David Kasten (2009). Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89206-566-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89206-566-0"><bdi>978-0-89206-566-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winning+in+Afghanistan%3A+Creating+Effective+Afghan+Security+Forces&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-89206-566-0&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rft.au=Adam+Mausner&rft.au=David+Kasten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shanty-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Shanty_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanty2011" class="citation book cs1">Shanty, Frank (2011). The Nexus: International Terrorism and Drug Trafficking from Afghanistan (1st ed.). Praeger. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38521-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38521-6"><bdi>978-0-313-38521-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nexus%3A+International+Terrorism+and+Drug+Trafficking+from+Afghanistan&rft.pages=191&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38521-6&rft.aulast=Shanty&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Brian Glyn (2011). Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4403-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4403-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-4403-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+Declassified%3A+A+Guide+to+America%27s+Longest+War&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4403-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian+Glyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aid-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Aid_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAid2012" class="citation cs2">Aid, Matthew M. (3 January 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOKL4kbhgIIC">Intel Wars: The Secret History of the Fight Against Terror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury USA">Bloomsbury USA</a>, p. 113, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-481-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-481-0"><bdi>978-1-60819-481-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410041618/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOKL4kbhgIIC">archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2017, retrieved 19 October 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intel+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+Fight+Against+Terror&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2012-01-03&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-481-0&rft.aulast=Aid&rft.aufirst=Matthew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdOKL4kbhgIIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107130307/http://www.dawn.com/news/1142664/">"Operation Zarb-i-Azb disrupted Haqqani network: US general"</a>. Dawn. 6 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1142664/">the original</a> on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Operation+Zarb-i-Azb+disrupted+Haqqani+network%3A+US+general&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1142664%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation news cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/country,,AMNESTY,,PAK,,53c661084,0.html">"Refworld | Pakistan must investigate Inter-Services Intelligence over attacks against journalists"</a>. Refworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226234945/http://www.refworld.org/country,,AMNESTY,,PAK,,53c661084,0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+Pakistan+must+investigate+Inter-Services+Intelligence+over+attacks+against+journalists&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fcountry%2C%2CAMNESTY%2C%2CPAK%2C%2C53c661084%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2022/12/07/slain-journalist-arshad-sharifs-mother-wants-gen-bajwa-dg-isi-to-be-nominated-in-the-fir/">"Slain Journalist Arshad Sharif's Mother Wants Gen Bajwa, DG ISI To Be Nominated In The FIR"</a>. The Friday Times. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Friday+Times&rft.atitle=Slain+Journalist+Arshad+Sharif%27s+Mother+Wants+Gen+Bajwa%2C+DG+ISI+To+Be+Nominated+In+The+FIR&rft.date=2022-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefridaytimes.com%2F2022%2F12%2F07%2Fslain-journalist-arshad-sharifs-mother-wants-gen-bajwa-dg-isi-to-be-nominated-in-the-fir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2022" class="citation web cs1">Malik, Hasnaat (7 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2389880/sc-orders-special-jit-on-journalists-murder">"SC orders special JIT on journalist's murder"</a>. The Express Tribune. Retrieved 7 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=SC+orders+special+JIT+on+journalist%27s+murder&rft.date=2022-12-07&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Hasnaat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2389880%2Fsc-orders-special-jit-on-journalists-murder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain" class="citation web cs1">Hussain, Abid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/27/judges-vs-spies-pakistans-jurists-accuse-intel-agency-isi-of-intimidation">"Judges vs spies: Pakistan's jurists accuse intel agency ISI of intimidation"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Judges+vs+spies%3A+Pakistan%27s+jurists+accuse+intel+agency+ISI+of+intimidation&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Abid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F3%2F27%2Fjudges-vs-spies-pakistans-jurists-accuse-intel-agency-isi-of-intimidation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaliban_links2011" class="citation web cs1">Taliban links, ISPR denies (27 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/669328/pakistan-military-denies-bbc-report-on-taliban-links">"Pakistan military denies BBC report on Taliban links"</a>. Dawn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626134758/http://www.dawn.com/news/669328/pakistan-military-denies-bbc-report-on-taliban-links">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Pakistan+military+denies+BBC+report+on+Taliban+links&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.aulast=Taliban+links&rft.aufirst=ISPR+denies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F669328%2Fpakistan-military-denies-bbc-report-on-taliban-links&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PindiAttackNewsRef-201"><a href="#cite_ref-PindiAttackNewsRef_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-12549-11-Adiala-Jail-detainees-are-hardcore">"11 Adiala Jail detainees are hardcore"</a>. The News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129100211/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-12549-11-Adiala-Jail-detainees-are-hardcore">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News&rft.atitle=11+Adiala+Jail+detainees+are+hardcore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2FTodays-News-13-12549-11-Adiala-Jail-detainees-are-hardcore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LahoreAttackNationRef-202"><a href="#cite_ref-LahoreAttackNationRef_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nation.com.pk/Politics/28-May-2009/Terrorists-attack-Lahore-ISI-office">"Terrorists attack Lahore ISI office"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129091512/http://nation.com.pk/Politics/28-May-2009/Terrorists-attack-Lahore-ISI-office">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Terrorists+attack+Lahore+ISI+office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2FPolitics%2F28-May-2009%2FTerrorists-attack-Lahore-ISI-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LahoreAttackBBCRef-203"><a href="#cite_ref-LahoreAttackBBCRef_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8069467.stm">"Huge blast rocks Pakistani city"</a>. BBC News. 27 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129063050/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8069467.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Huge+blast+rocks+Pakistani+city&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8069467.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeshawarAttack-204"><a href="#cite_ref-PeshawarAttack_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626103526/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/main/14-Nov-2009/13-killed-60-injured-in-peshawar-suicide-attack-terrorists-strike-isi">"13 killed, 60 injured in Peshawar suicide attack: Terrorists strike ISI"</a>. Daily Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/main/14-Nov-2009/13-killed-60-injured-in-peshawar-suicide-attack-terrorists-strike-isi">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=13+killed%2C+60+injured+in+Peshawar+suicide+attack%3A+Terrorists+strike+ISI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fmain%2F14-Nov-2009%2F13-killed-60-injured-in-peshawar-suicide-attack-terrorists-strike-isi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MultanAttack-205"><a href="#cite_ref-MultanAttack_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/507455/ttp-claims-responsibility-isi-building-targeted-in-multan-8-die">"TTP claims responsibility: ISI building targeted in Multan; 8 die"</a>. Dawn News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082702/http://www.dawn.com/news/507455/ttp-claims-responsibility-isi-building-targeted-in-multan-8-die">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+News&rft.atitle=TTP+claims+responsibility%3A+ISI+building+targeted+in+Multan%3B+8+die&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F507455%2Fttp-claims-responsibility-isi-building-targeted-in-multan-8-die&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FaisalabadAttack-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FaisalabadAttack_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/129384/blast-in-faisalabad-injures-12/">"Faisalabad carnage: Car bomb kills 25, injures over 100"</a>. The Express Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224011904/https://tribune.com.pk/story/129384/blast-in-faisalabad-injures-12/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Faisalabad+carnage%3A+Car+bomb+kills+25%2C+injures+over+100&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F129384%2Fblast-in-faisalabad-injures-12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BannuVehicleAttack1-207"><a href="#cite_ref-BannuVehicleAttack1_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-8814-Three-ISI-officials-killed-in-FR-Bannu-attack">"Three ISI officials killed in FR Bannu Attack"</a>. The News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129100208/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-8814-Three-ISI-officials-killed-in-FR-Bannu-attack">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News&rft.atitle=Three+ISI+officials+killed+in+FR+Bannu+Attack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2FTodays-News-13-8814-Three-ISI-officials-killed-in-FR-Bannu-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1031613">"Suicide bombers target ISI compound in Sukkur"</a>. dawn.com. 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dawn.com&rft.atitle=Suicide+bombers+target+ISI+compound+in+Sukkur&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1031613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory,_The_ISI_and_the_War_on_Terrorism2007" class="citation cs2">Gregory, Shaun (2007), "The ISI and the War on Terrorism", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30 (12): 1013–1031, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10576100701670862">10.1080/10576100701670862</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-610X">1057-610X</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71331428">71331428</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conflict+%26+Terrorism&rft.atitle=The+ISI+and+the+War+on+Terrorism&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1013-%3C%2Fspan%3E1031&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71331428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1057-610X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10576100701670862&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyub2005" class="citation cs2">Ayub, Muhammad (2005), An Army, Its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil from 1947–1999, Pittsburgh: RoseDog Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8059-9594-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8059-9594-3"><bdi>0-8059-9594-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Army%2C+Its+Role+and+Rule%3A+A+History+of+the+Pakistan+Army+from+Independence+to+Kargil+from+1947%E2%80%931999&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=RoseDog+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8059-9594-3&rft.aulast=Ayub&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2004" class="citation cs2">Bamford, James (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pretextforwar91100bamf">A Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of America's Intelligence Agencies</a>, New York: Doubleday, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50672-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50672-4"><bdi>0-385-50672-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pretext+for+War%3A+9%2F11%2C+Iraq%2C+and+the+Abuse+of+America%27s+Intelligence+Agencies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-385-50672-4&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpretextforwar91100bamf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation cs2">Coll, Steve (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll">Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001</a>, New York: Penguin Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-007-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-007-6"><bdi>1-59420-007-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+10+September+2001&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59420-007-6&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fghostwarssecreth00coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2018" class="citation cs2">Coll, Steve (2018), Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 2001–2016, UK: Penguin Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-660-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-660-2"><bdi>978-1-84614-660-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/996422824">996422824</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directorate+S%3A+The+C.I.A.+and+America%27s+Secret+Wars+in+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan%2C+2001%E2%80%932016&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F996422824&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-660-2&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrile2003" class="citation cs2">Crile, George (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charliewilsonswa00geor">Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History</a>, New York: Grove Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-4124-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-4124-2"><bdi>0-8021-4124-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlie+Wilson%27s+War%3A+The+Extraordinary+Story+of+the+Largest+Covert+Operation+in+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8021-4124-2&rft.aulast=Crile&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharliewilsonswa00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2003" class="citation cs2">Henderson, Robert D'A (2003), Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook, Dulles, VA: Brassey's, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-550-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-550-2"><bdi>1-57488-550-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brassey%27s+International+Intelligence+Yearbook&rft.place=Dulles%2C+VA&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57488-550-2&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Robert+D%27A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan2006" class="citation cs2">Jan, Abid Ullah (2006), <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">From BCCI to ISI: The Saga of Entrapment Continues</a>, Ottawa: Pragmatic Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9733687-6-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9733687-6-4"><bdi>0-9733687-6-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+BCCI+to+ISI%3A+The+Saga+of+Entrapment+Continues&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Pragmatic+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9733687-6-4&rft.aulast=Jan&rft.aufirst=Abid+Ullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiessling2016" class="citation cs2">Kiessling, Hein G. (2016), Faith, Unity, Discipline: The ISI of Pakistan, India: HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5177-796-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5177-796-0"><bdi>978-93-5177-796-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith%2C+Unity%2C+Discipline%3A+The+ISI+of+Pakistan&rft.place=India&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-5177-796-0&rft.aulast=Kiessling&rft.aufirst=Hein+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderChariCheemaCohen2003" class="citation cs2">Schneider, Jerrold E.; Chari, P. R.; Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal; Cohen, Stephen Phillip (2003), Perception, Politics and Security in South Asia: The Compound Crisis in 1990, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30797-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30797-X"><bdi>0-415-30797-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perception%2C+Politics+and+Security+in+South+Asia%3A+The+Compound+Crisis+in+1990&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-30797-X&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Jerrold+E.&rft.au=Chari%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Cheema%2C+Pervaiz+Iqbal&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Stephen+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToddBloch2003" class="citation cs2">Todd, Paul; Bloch, Jonathan (2003), Global Intelligence: The World's Secret Services Today, Dhaka: University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-113-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-113-2"><bdi>1-84277-113-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Intelligence%3A+The+World%27s+Secret+Services+Today&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84277-113-2&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousafAdkin2001" class="citation cs2">Yousaf, Mohammad; Adkin, Mark (2001), Afghanistan the Bear Trap: The Defeat of a Superpower, Barnsley: Leo Cooper, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-860-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-860-7"><bdi>0-85052-860-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+the+Bear+Trap%3A+The+Defeat+of+a+Superpower&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-85052-860-7&rft.aulast=Yousaf&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Adkin%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInter-Services+Intelligence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Template:Inter-Services Intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Template talk:Inter-Services Intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inter-Services Intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inter-Services_Intelligence552" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inter-Services Intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rising_Sun" title="Operation Rising Sun">Operation Rising Sun (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fair Play">Operation Fair Play (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a> (1979–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Midnight_Jackal" title="Operation Midnight Jackal">Operation Midnight Jackal (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Clean-up" title="Operation Clean-up">Operation Clean-up (1992–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone Strikes in Pakistan (2004–2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_India" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_the_United_States" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_the_Inter-Services_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence">Directors General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cawthorn" title="Walter Cawthorn">Walter Cawthorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Shahid_Hamid" title="Syed Shahid Hamid">Syed Shahid Hamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hamid_Hussain" title="Mirza Hamid Hussain">Mirza Hamid Hussain</a></li> <li>Muhammad Afzal Malik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ghawas" title="Syed Ghawas">Syed Ghawas</a></li> <li>Sher Bahadur</li> <li>Muhammad Hayat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Hussain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riaz Hussain (politician)">Riaz Hussain</a></li> <li>Muhammed Akbar Khan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Jilani_Khan" title="Ghulam Jilani Khan">Ghulam Jilani Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Riaz_Khan" title="Muhammad Riaz Khan">Muhammad Riaz Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Abdur_Rehman" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhtar Abdur Rehman">Akhtar Abdur Rehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Gul" title="Hamid Gul">Hamid Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsur_Rahman_Kallu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamsur Rahman Kallu">Shamsur Rahman Kallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Durrani" title="Asad Durrani">Asad Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javed_Nasir" title="Javed Nasir">Javed Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javed_Ashraf_Qazi" title="Javed Ashraf Qazi">Javed Ashraf Qazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseem_Rana" title="Naseem Rana">Naseem Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Butt" title="Ziauddin Butt">Ziauddin Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Ahmed" title="Mahmud Ahmed">Mahmud Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_ul_Haq" title="Ehsan ul Haq">Ehsan ul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani" title="Ashfaq Parvez Kayani">Ashfaq Parvez Kayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadeem_Taj" title="Nadeem Taj">Nadeem Taj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shuja_Pasha" title="Ahmad Shuja Pasha">Ahmad Shuja Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaheerul_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaheerul Islam">Zaheerul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizwan_Akhtar" title="Rizwan Akhtar">Rizwan Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naveed_Mukhtar" title="Naveed Mukhtar">Naveed Mukhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asim_Munir_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asim Munir (general)">Asim Munir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Hameed" title="Faiz Hameed">Faiz Hameed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadeem_Anjum" title="Nadeem Anjum">Nadeem Anjum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asim_Mailk" class="mw-redirect" title="Asim Mailk">Asim Mailk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan</li> <li>Faith, Unity, Discipline: The ISI of Pakistan</li> <li>Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations</li> <li>Spy Stories: Inside the Secret World of the RAW and the ISI</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Category:Inter-Services Intelligence">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Inter-Services_Intelligence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Inter-Services Intelligence">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Inter-Services_Intelligence" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Inter-Services Intelligence">Wikinews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_intelligence_agencies748" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template talk:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_intelligence_agencies748" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Intelligence" title="General Directorate of Intelligence">GDI</a></li> <li>Albania: <a href="/wiki/SHISH" title="SHISH">SHISH</a></li> <li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">DRS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Externa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Externa (page does not exist)">SIE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Azerbaijan)">XKX</a></li> <li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Bahrain)" title="National Security Agency (Bahrain)">NSA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence-Security_Agency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Intelligence-Security Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">OSA-OBA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Intelligence_Agency" title="Brazilian Intelligence Agency">ABIN</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunei_Research_Department_(International)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brunei Research Department (International) (page does not exist)">BRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Agency_(Bulgaria)" title="State Intelligence Agency (Bulgaria)">DAR</a></li> <li>Cameroon: <a href="/wiki/Brigade_Mixte_Mobile" title="Brigade Mixte Mobile">BMM</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chad: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Agency_(Chad)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Agency (Chad) (page does not exist)">ANS</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia" title="Dirección de Inteligencia">DI</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Foreign_Relations_and_Information" title="Office for Foreign Relations and Information">ÚZSI</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Djibouti: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigade_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Recherche_de_la_Gendarmerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigade Spéciale de Recherche de la Gendarmerie (page does not exist)">BSRG</a></li> <li>Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Secretariat_(Ecuador)" title="National Intelligence Secretariat (Ecuador)">SENAIN</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)">Mukhabarat</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Foreign_Intelligence_Service" title="Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service">EFIS</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">NISS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Gambia: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Services_(The_Gambia)" title="State Intelligence Services (The Gambia)">SIS</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Intelligence_Service" title="Georgian Intelligence Service">GIS</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_National_Investigations" title="Bureau of National Investigations">BNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Unit" title="Border Guard Unit">BGU</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_Hivatal" title="Információs Hivatal">IH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a></li> <li>Iraq: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Intelligence_Service" title="Iraqi National Intelligence Service">INIS</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Esterna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna">AISE</a></li> <li>Ivory Coast: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Council_(Ivory_Coast)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Council (Ivory Coast) (page does not exist)">NSC</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Intelligence_and_Research_Office" title="Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office">CIRO</a></li> <li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)">GID</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Kazakhstan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Kazakhstan)">Syrbar</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan: <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_National_Security_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz National Security Service">UKMK</a></li> <li>Kuwait: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait_State_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwait State Security (page does not exist)">KSS</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satversmes_aizsardz%C4%ABbas_birojs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satversmes aizsardzības birojs (page does not exist)">SAB</a></li> <li>Liberia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Liberia)" title="National Security Agency (Liberia)">NSA</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Department_of_Lithuania" title="State Security Department of Lithuania">VSD</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_General_Security" title="General Directorate of General Security">GDGS</a></li> <li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Mukhabarat_el-Jamahiriya" title="Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya">MJ</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Research_Division_of_the_Prime_Minister%27s_Department" title="Research Division of the Prime Minister's Department">MEIO</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_y_Seguridad_Nacional_(M%C3%A9xico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (México)">CISEN</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Mongolia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Agency_of_Mongolia" title="General Intelligence Agency of Mongolia">GIA</a></li> <li>Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">ANB</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Studies_and_Documentation" title="General Directorate of Studies and Documentation">DGED</a></li> <li>Mozambique: <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Security_and_Intelligence_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Security and Intelligence Service (page does not exist)">SISE</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="General Intelligence and Security Service">AIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">NIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: ANB</li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Palace_Office_(Oman)" title="Palace Office (Oman)">Palace Office</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ISI</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Palestine)" title="General Intelligence Service (Palestine)">GIS</a></li> <li>Papua New Guinea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Intelligence Organization (Papua New Guinea)">NIO</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Estrat%C3%A9gicas_de_Defesa" title="Serviço de Informações Estratégicas de Defesa">SIED</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_State_Security" title="Qatar State Security">QSS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Romania)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania)">SIE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">GIP</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Sierra Leone: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_and_Security_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence and Security Unit (page does not exist)">CISU</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Division" title="Security and Intelligence Division">SID</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Slovenská informačná služba">SIS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency">SOVA</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Korea)">NIS</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">CNI</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Sudan)" title="General Intelligence Service (Sudan)">GIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Kontoret_f%C3%B6r_s%C3%A4rskild_inh%C3%A4mtning" title="Kontoret för särskild inhämtning">KSI</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Service (Syria)">GIS</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Bureau (Republic of China)">NSB</a></li> <li>Tajikistan: <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_National_Security_(Tajikistan)" title="State Committee for National Security (Tajikistan)">GKNB</a></li> <li>Tanzania: <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Tanzania Intelligence and Security Service">TISS</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Thailand)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Thailand)">NIA</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Intelligence_Agency_(Togo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Intelligence Agency (Togo) (page does not exist)">NIA</a></li> <li>Tunisia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Intelligence Agency (page does not exist)">TIA</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a></li> <li>Turkmenistan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_National_Security_(Turkmenistan)" title="Ministry for National Security (Turkmenistan)">MNS</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/External_Security_Organisation" title="External Security Organisation">ESO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine">SZRU</a></li> <li>United Arab Emirates: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">SIS (MI6)</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SSS</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Defence_Intelligence" title="General Department of Defence Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">CSS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_e_Seguran%C3%A7a_de_Estado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência e Segurança de Estado (page does not exist)">SINSE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="State Security Service (Azerbaijan)">DTX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">SB</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Belgium)" title="State Security Service (Belgium)">VS/SE</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency" title="State Investigation and Protection Agency">SIPA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">PF</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Brunei)" title="Internal Security Department (Brunei)">IRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Agency_for_National_Security" title="State Agency for National Security">DANS</a></li> <li>Burundi: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Burundi)" title="National Intelligence Service (Burundi)">SNR</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chad: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_the_Security_Services_of_State_Institutions" title="General Directorate of the Security Services of State Institutions">DGSSIE</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Colombia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Directorate_(Colombia)" title="National Intelligence Directorate (Colombia)">DNI</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Security_Information_Service" title="Security Information Service">BIS</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Security and Intelligence Service">PET</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security (Egypt)">EHS</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Internal_Security_Service" title="Estonian Internal Security Service">KAPO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Finnish Security and Intelligence Service">SUPO</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security" title="General Directorate for Internal Security">DGSI</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_of_Georgia" title="State Security Service of Georgia">SSSG</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">BfV</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="State Office for the Protection of the Constitution">LfV</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">GPS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Investigative_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Investigative Department (page does not exist)">CID</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Department" title="National Security Department">NSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security_of_the_CPG_in_the_HKSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR">CPGNSO</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Protection_Office" title="Constitution Protection Office">AH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">IB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">IRGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Security_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Security Police">PAVA</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_Crime_and_Security_Branch" title="Garda Crime and Security Branch">CSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit" title="Special Detective Unit">SDU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Surveillance_Unit" title="Garda National Surveillance Unit">NSU</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Interna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna">AISI</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_Security_Bureau" title="National Police Agency Security Bureau">NPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department_Public_Security_Bureau" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Public Security Bureau">TMPD PSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">PSIA</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kosovo: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Intelligence_Agency" title="Kosovo Intelligence Agency">AKI</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Latvia)" title="State Security Service (Latvia)">VDD</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">STT</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/Information_Branch" title="Information Branch">ISF IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_State_Security" title="Lebanese State Security">LSS</a></li> <li>Luxembourg: <a href="/wiki/Service_de_Renseignement_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Service de Renseignement de l'État">SREL</a></li> <li>Macau: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol%C3%ADcia_Judici%C3%A1ria_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polícia Judiciária (Macau) (page does not exist)">DS</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Special_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Special Branch">SB</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Territorial_Surveillance" title="General Directorate for Territorial Surveillance">DGST</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/National_Coordinator_for_Security_and_Counterterrorism" title="National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism">NCTV</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Nigeria)" title="State Security Service (Nigeria)">SSS</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of State Security (North Korea)">SSD</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Agency_of_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Agency of Republic of Macedonia">IA</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">PST</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Service" title="Internal Security Service">ISS</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">FIA</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Preventive_Security" title="Palestinian Preventive Security">PPS</a></li> <li>Paraguay: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretar%C3%ADa_Nacional_de_Inteligencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaría Nacional de Inteligencia (page does not exist)">SNI</a></li> <li>Peru: <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Peru)" title="National Directorate of Intelligence (Peru)">DINI</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Ochrony_Pa%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Ochrony Państwa">SOP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stra%C5%BC_Marsza%C5%82kowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Straż Marszałkowska">SM</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Seguran%C3%A7a" title="Serviço de Informações de Segurança">SIS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Intelligence_Service" title="Romanian Intelligence Service">SRI</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Department (Singapore)">ISD</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">KNPA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Center_for_Counter-Terrorism_and_Organized_Crime" title="Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime">CITCO</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">SÄPO</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Service (Syria)">GIS</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_Investigation_Bureau" title="Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau">MJIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Operations_Command" title="Internal Security Operations Command">ISOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_Bureau" title="Special Branch Bureau">SB</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_des_renseignements_(Togo)" title="Agence nationale des renseignements (Togo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Presidency_of_General_Directorate_of_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Presidency of General Directorate of Security (page does not exist)">İB</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Organisation" title="Internal Security Organisation">ISO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">SBU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service (MI5)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">NDEDIU</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">NBIS</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/DHS_Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis" title="DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis">I&A (DHS)</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement#Homeland_Security_Investigations_(HSI)" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ID (HSI)</a>, <a href="/wiki/FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">IB (FBI)</a>, <a href="/wiki/DEA_Office_of_National_Security_Intelligence" title="DEA Office of National Security Intelligence">ONSI (DEA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">OSII (ATF)</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SNB</a></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Intelligence Service">SEBIN</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Department_of_Public_Security_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Department of Public Security Intelligence (page does not exist)">TC5</a> (<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_c%E1%BB%A5c_T%C3%ACnh_b%C3%A1o,_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_an_(Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam)" class="extiw" title="vi:Tổng cục Tình báo, Bộ Công an (Việt Nam)">vi</a>)</li> <li>Zimbabwe: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Central Intelligence Organisation">CIO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direction_centrale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direction centrale de la sécurité de l'armée (page does not exist)">DCSA</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Militar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Militar (page does not exist)">SIM</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/Heeresnachrichtenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeresnachrichtenamt">HNaA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Belarus (page does not exist)">GRU MO RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamento_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Estrat%C3%A9gica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamento de Inteligência Estratégica (page does not exist)">DIE</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></li> <li>Chad: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_the_Security_Services_of_State_Institutions" title="General Directorate of the Security Services of State Institutions">DGSSIE</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_of_the_Joint_Staff_Department" title="Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department">CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/DEMIAP" title="DEMIAP">DEMIAP</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Security and Intelligence Agency">VSOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">DCIM</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Czech_Republic)" title="Military Intelligence (Czech Republic)">VZ</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_and_reconnaissance_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence and reconnaissance (Egypt)">DMISR</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Division_(Finland)" title="Intelligence Division (Finland)">PE TIEDOS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Direction_du_renseignement_militaire" title="Direction du renseignement militaire">DRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Service_(Germany)" title="Military Counterintelligence Service (Germany)">MAD</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Intelligence_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Intelligence Unit (page does not exist)">MIU</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katonai_Nemzetbiztons%C3%A1gi_Szolg%C3%A1lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat (page does not exist)">KNBSZ</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (page does not exist)">General Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran Army">SAHEFAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">SAHEFASA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (page does not exist)">SAHEFAVEDJA</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(India)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)">DMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">DIA</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Strategic_Intelligence_Agency" title="Indonesian Strategic Intelligence Agency">BAIS TNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army_Intelligence_Centre" title="Indonesian Army Intelligence Centre">Pusintelad</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Aman</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Centro_Intelligence_Interforze" title="Centro Intelligence Interforze">CII</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Second_Investigation_Department" title="Second Investigation Department">AOTD</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Maldives: <a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">MNDF</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_Bureau_(Morocco)" title="Deuxième Bureau (Morocco)">DB</a></li> <li>Myanmar: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence of Myanmar">Sa Ya Pa</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service">MIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Defence_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security">DDIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">DIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_for_Security_and_Intelligence" title="Military Service for Security and Intelligence">MSSI</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)">NI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">AI</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86)" class="extiw" title="ar:الاستخبارات العسكرية (فلسطين)">MIS</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines#AFP-wide_service_support_and_separate_units" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">ISAFP</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/CISMIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CISMIL">CISMIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C5%A3ia_General%C4%83_de_Informa%C5%A3ii_a_Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii" class="mw-redirect" title="Direcţia Generală de Informaţii a Apărării">DGIA</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_and_Security_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Armed Forces Intelligence and Security Commission (page does not exist)">AFISC</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_Agency" title="Military Security Agency">VBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Agency" title="Military Intelligence Agency">VOA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence Organisation">MIO</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Vojensk%C3%A9_spravodajstvo" title="Vojenské spravodajstvo">VS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Service_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_(Slovenia)" title="Intelligence and Security Service of the Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)">OVS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Division_(SANDF)" title="Defence Intelligence Division (SANDF)">SANDF-ID</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="Defense Intelligence Agency (South Korea)">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Counterintelligence_Command" title="Defense Counterintelligence Command">DCC</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_Center" title="Spanish Armed Forces Intelligence Center">CIFAS</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">DMI</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service">MUST</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rischer_Nachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Militärischer Nachrichtendienst">MND</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffennachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffennachrichtendienst">LWND</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">AFID</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Military Intelligence Bureau">MIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Security_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Security Center (page does not exist)">AFSC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Genelkurmay_%C4%B0stihbarat_Daire_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genelkurmay İstihbarat Daire Başkanlığı">GENKUR İ.D.B.</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">HUR MO</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DI</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">ONI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)">MIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Intelligence">USAFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Intelligence" title="Marine Corps Intelligence">MCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Intelligence" title="Coast Guard Intelligence">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Intelligence_Center" title="National Space Intelligence Center">NSIC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Contrainteligencia_Militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar">DGCIM</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Defence_Intelligence" title="General Department of Defence Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunication_Monitoring_Centre" title="National Telecommunication Monitoring Centre">NTMC</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Subchefia_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_do_Estado-Maior_de_Defesa" title="Subchefia de Inteligência do Estado-Maior de Defesa">2ª Sch/EMD</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission">SIGINT</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Operational_Technology_Centre_for_the_Surveillance_of_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Technology Centre for the Surveillance of Telecommunications">OTC</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/Information_Network_Security_Agency" title="Information Network Security Agency">INSA</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRSD" title="DRSD">DRSD</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Cipher_Bureau" title="Joint Cipher Bureau">JCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Research_Organisation" title="National Technical Research Organisation">NTRO</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_And_Crypto_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cyber And Crypto Agency">BSSN</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Siber_dan_Sandi_Negara" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara">id</a>)</li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Communications_and_Information_Services_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications and Information Services Corps">CIS</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Unit_8200" title="Unit 8200">8200</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Nationale_SIGINT_Organisatie" title="Nationale SIGINT Organisatie">NSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Sigint_Cyber_Unit" title="Joint Sigint Cyber Unit">JSCU</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Authority_(Norway)" title="National Security Authority (Norway)">NSM</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">JSIB</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narodowe_Centrum_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Cyberprzestrzeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narodowe Centrum Bezpieczeństwa Cyberprzestrzeni (page does not exist)">NCBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Ship_Flotilla#Sub-Units" title="3rd Ship Flotilla">gOR 3.FO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Radioelectronic_Combat_Reconnaissance_and_Support_%E2%80%B3Lieutenant_Colonel_Jan_Kowalewski%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Radioelectronic Combat Reconnaissance and Support ″Lieutenant Colonel Jan Kowalewski″ (page does not exist)">CRiWWRE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Przasnysz_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Przasnysz Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment (page does not exist)">2.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Oliwa_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment_%E2%80%B3Admiral_Arendt_Dickman%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Oliwa Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment ″Admiral Arendt Dickman″ (page does not exist)">6.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Serviciul_de_Telecomunica%C8%9Bii_Speciale" title="Serviciul de Telecomunicații Speciale">STS</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia">Spetssvyaz</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_State_Security" title="Presidency of State Security">PSS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Cryptologic_Center" title="National Cryptologic Center">CCN</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Radio_Establishment" title="National Defence Radio Establishment">FRA</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Sinyal_%C4%B0stihbarat%C4%B1_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyal İstihbaratı Başkanlığı">MİT-SİB</a></li> <li>UAE: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Derzhspetszviazok" class="mw-redirect" title="Derzhspetszviazok">Derzhspetszviazok</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">AGO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Air_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Air Intelligence">DAI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Badan_Informasi_Geospasial" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Informasi Geospasial">BIG</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_Group" title="Air Intelligence Group">Air Intelligence Group</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Centre_for_Geospatial_Data_Infrastructure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaysian Centre for Geospatial Data Infrastructure (page does not exist)">MaCGDI</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies#Other_organisations" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">GEOINT NZ</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a>, <a href="/wiki/12th_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_Base" title="12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base">12.BBSP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">Air Intelligence</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency#NMARSC" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NMARSC</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Geoespacial_do_Ex%C3%A9rcito" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Informação Geoespacial do Exército">CIGeoE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">TsVTI GRU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Financial_intelligence" title="Financial intelligence">Financial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Argentina)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Argentina)">UIF</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Centre" title="Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre">AUSTRAC</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Monitoring_Service_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Monitoring Service (Azerbaijan)">MMX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Financial_Activities_Control" title="Council for Financial Activities Control">COAF</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Transactions_and_Reports_Analysis_Centre_of_Canada" title="Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada">FINTRAC</a></li> <li>Fiji: <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Fiji Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Tracfin" title="Tracfin">Tracfin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direction_Nationale_du_Renseignement_et_des_Enqu%C3%AAtes_Douani%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction Nationale du Renseignement et des Enquêtes Douanières">DNRED</a></li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Skattranns%C3%B3knarstj%C3%B3ri_R%C3%ADkisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Skattrannsóknarstjóri Ríkisins">SR</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Central Economic Intelligence Bureau">CEIB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Financial_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Center" title="Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center">PPATK</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Economic_Crime_Bureau" title="Garda National Economic Crime Bureau">GNECB</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit%C3%A0_di_Informazione_Finanziaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unità di Informazione Finanziaria (page does not exist)">UIF</a></li> <li>Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Financial_Crime_Investigation_Service" title="Financial Crime Investigation Service">FNTT</a>)</li> <li>Malta: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Intelligence_Analysis_Unit" title="Financial Intelligence Analysis Unit">FIAU</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Mexico)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Mexico)">UIF</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_Information_and_Investigation_Service" title="Fiscal Information and Investigation Service">FIOD</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Financial_Information_Inspector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Financial Information Inspector (page does not exist)">GIIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_and_Customs_Service_(Poland)" title="Tax and Customs Service (Poland)">SCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">CBA</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Financial_Information_Unit" title="Qatar Financial Information Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Rosfinmonitoring" title="Rosfinmonitoring">Rosfinmonitoring</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Financial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Financial Intelligence (page does not exist)">GDOFI</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">SVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEPBLAC" title="SEPBLAC">SEPBLAC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Investigation_Board_(Turkey)" title="Financial Crimes Investigation Board (Turkey)">MASAK</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Terrorism_and_Financial_Intelligence" title="Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence">TFI</a></li> <li>Vatican: <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" title="Supervisory and Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">ASIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">Criminal intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Inteligencia_Criminal" title="Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Criminal">DNIC</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">ACIC</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Intelligence_Service_Canada" title="Criminal Intelligence Service Canada">CISC</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)">NBI</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">CBI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>)</li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Direzione_Investigativa_Antimafia" title="Direzione Investigativa Antimafia">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divisione_Investigazioni_Generali_e_Operazioni_Speciali" title="Divisione Investigazioni Generali e Operazioni Speciali">DIGOS</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police#Operational_units" title="Philippine National Police">PNP-IG</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Headquarters_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Headquarters (Poland)">BWiIK KGP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centralne_Biuro_%C5%9Aledcze_Policji" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralne Biuro Śledcze Policji">CBŚP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_(Poland)" title="Border Guard (Poland)">ZOŚ KGSG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Gendarmerie_(Poland)" title="Military Gendarmerie (Poland)">ZK KGŻW</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C8%9Bia_General%C4%83_de_Protec%C8%9Bie_Intern%C4%83" title="Direcția Generală de Protecție Internă"> DGPI</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Crime_Intelligence_Division" title="Crime Intelligence Division">Crime Intelligence Division</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Information" title="General Commissariat of Information">CGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_Information_Service" title="Civil Guard Information Service">SIGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Judiciary_Police" title="General Commissariat of Judiciary Police">CGPJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Operative_Unit" title="Central Operative Unit">UCO</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">IB (FBI)</a>, <a href="/wiki/DEA_Office_of_National_Security_Intelligence" title="DEA Office of National Security Intelligence">ONSI (DEA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">OSII (ATF)</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement#Homeland_Security_Investigations_(HSI)" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ID (HSI)</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_security_and_intelligence_system" title="Croatian security and intelligence system">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies_of_France" title="List of intelligence agencies of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Berne" title="Club de Berne">Club de Berne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximator_(intelligence_alliance)" title="Maximator (intelligence alliance)">Maximator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmont_Group_of_Financial_Intelligence_Units" title="Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units">Egmont Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Special_Higher_Police" title="Special Higher Police">Tokko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Depot" title="Eastern Depot">Eastern Depot</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Depot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Depot (page does not exist)">Western Depot</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8E%82" class="extiw" title="zh:西厂">zh</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_Depot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internal Depot (page does not exist)">Internal Depot</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%BB%A0" class="extiw" title="zh:內行廠">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigation_and_Statistics" title="Bureau of Investigation and Statistics">NBIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom)">DMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Service_(Yugoslavia)" title="Counterintelligence Service (Yugoslavia)">KOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies" title="List of intelligence agencies">List of intelligence agencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_leak" title="News leak">Leaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">Diplomatic cable leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">NSA leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_7" title="Vault 7">CIA leaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Firewall of China">Great Firewall of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Mass surveillance in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">Security agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">Call detail record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishfire" title="Dishfire">Dishfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Ghost" title="Stone Ghost">Stone Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence (NSA programme)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">Surveillance issues in smart cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Border_protection_agencies" title="Template:Border protection agencies">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coast_guards" title="Template:Coast guards">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Customs_services" title="Template:Customs services">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Police" title="Template:Police">Law enforcement agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Template:Types of law enforcement agencies">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies">Intelligence agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Pakistani_Intelligence_Community344" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistani_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:Pakistani intelligence agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistani_intelligence_agencies" title="Template talk:Pakistani intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani_intelligence_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Pakistani_Intelligence_Community344" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistani Intelligence Community</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan National Security Council">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security">C2NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JS_HQ_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="JS HQ (Pakistan)">JS HQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordination_Committee_(Pakistan)" title="National Intelligence Coordination Committee (Pakistan)">National Intelligence Coordination Committee</a> (NICC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_security" title="Internal security">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">Intelligence Bureau</a> (IB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">Federal Investigation Agency</a> (FIA)</li> <li>Police <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)" title="Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)">Counter Terrorism Department</a> (CTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Pakistan)" title="Special Branch (Pakistan)">Special Branch</a> (SB)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Counter_Terrorism_Authority" title="National Counter Terrorism Authority">National Counter Terrorism Authority</a> (NACTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Narcotics_Force#ANF_Setup" title="Anti-Narcotics Force">ANF Intelligence Branch</a> (ANF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">Military Intelligence</a> (MI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)">Naval Intelligence</a> (NI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">Air Intelligence</a> (AI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a> Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Corps#Organisation" title="Frontier Corps">Frontier Corps Field Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">Pakistan Rangers Intelligence Wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%88%92Baltistan_Scouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit−Baltistan Scouts">GB Scouts Intelligence Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Coast_Guards#The_Organization" title="Pakistan Coast Guards">Pakistan Coast Guards Field Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Constabulary" title="Frontier Constabulary">Frontier Constabulary Intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">National Accountability Bureau</a> (NAB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Intelligence_and_Investigation" title="Directorate General of Intelligence and Investigation">DG Intelligence and Investigation</a> (DGII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Monitoring_Unit" title="Financial Monitoring Unit">Financial Monitoring Unit</a> (FMU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence measurement">Intelligence measurement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threat_Matrix_(database)" title="Threat Matrix (database)">Threat Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Strategic depth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ordinance VIII (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission_Report" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report">HRC Report</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%E2%80%93ur%E2%80%93Rehman_Commission_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi–ur–Rehman Commission Report">SuRC Report</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_Commission_Report" title="Abbottabad Commission Report">AC Report</a> (2013)</li> <li>Protection of Pakistan Ordinance (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#95;_Pakistan_Armed_Forces4396" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#95;_Pakistan_Armed_Forces4396" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/20px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/30px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/40px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Military history of Pakistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chief Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_committees_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan">Senate Committee on Defence</a></li> <li>National Assembly Committee on Defence</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">Cabinet Committee on National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)"> National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Defence Secretary (Pakistan)">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Production_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)">Defence Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inter-Services14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Public_Relations" title="Inter-Services Public Relations">Public Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_Services_Selection_Board_(Pakistan)" title="Inter Services Selection Board (Pakistan)">Selection Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">National Command Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Nursing_Service" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Nursing Service">Nursing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Band" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Band">Armed Forces Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Pakistan)" title="National Guard (Pakistan)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Plans_Division_Force" title="Strategic Plans Division Force">Strategic Plans Division Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ranks_and_insignia18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Army ranks and insignia">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Navy ranks and insignia">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines#Commissioned_officers_and_Enlisted_rank" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Air Force ranks and insignia">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Business interests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Pakistani Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority" title="Defence Housing Authority">Defence Housing Authority</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Foundations11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Fauji (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Welfare_Trust" title="Army Welfare Trust">Askari (Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahria_Foundation" title="Bahria Foundation">Bahria (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheen_Foundation" title="Shaheen Foundation">Shaheen (Air Force)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" title="The Establishment (Pakistan)">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Military of Pakistan">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Army" title="Category:Pakistan Army">Army</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Category:Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Navy" title="Category:Pakistan Navy">Navy</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010701370X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146854719">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4502583-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00089932">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16935541b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16935541b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2018997833&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a 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