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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Genome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replication_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replication_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Replication cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replication_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cell_entry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_entry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Cell entry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_entry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genome_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Genome translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replicase-transcriptase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replicase-transcriptase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Replicase-transcriptase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replicase-transcriptase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assembly_and_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assembly_and_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Assembly and release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assembly_and_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection_in_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection_in_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Infection in humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infection_in_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infection in humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infection_in_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_cold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_cold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Common cold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_cold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_(SARS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_(SARS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_(SARS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome_(MERS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome_(MERS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome_(MERS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronavirus_disease_2019_(COVID-19)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronavirus_disease_2019_(COVID-19)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronavirus_disease_2019_(COVID-19)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronavirus_HuPn-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronavirus_HuPn-2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Coronavirus HuPn-2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronavirus_HuPn-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection_in_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection_in_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Infection in animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infection_in_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infection in animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infection_in_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Farm_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farm_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Farm animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farm_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Domestic pets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Laboratory animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention_and_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention_and_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Prevention and treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention_and_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronavirus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%93%E1%89%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5" title="ኮሮናቫይረስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮሮናቫይረስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronacl%C4%93ofanwyrm" title="Coronaclēofanwyrm – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Coronaclēofanwyrm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فيروس كورونا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيروس كورونا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocoronavirinae" title="Orthocoronavirinae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orthocoronavirinae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronav%C3%ADru" title="Koronavíru – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Koronavíru" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کروناویروس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کروناویروس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="করোনাভাইরাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="করোনাভাইরাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ортакаранавірусы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ортакаранавірусы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="कोरोनावायरस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोरोनावायरस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Ортокоронавируси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ортокоронавируси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronafeirws_(gr%C5%B5p_o_firysau)" title="Coronafeirws (grŵp o firysau) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coronafeirws (grŵp o firysau)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ڤيروس كورونا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤيروس كورونا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocoronavirinae" title="Orthocoronavirinae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orthocoronavirinae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koroonaviirused" title="Koroonaviirused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koroonaviirused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8A%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Κορονοϊοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κορονοϊοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocoronavirinae" title="Orthocoronavirinae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orthocoronavirinae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronvirusoj" title="Kronvirusoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kronvirusoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronabirus" title="Koronabirus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koronabirus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کروناویروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کروناویروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%B3inv%C3%ADreas" title="Coróinvíreas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coróinvíreas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocoronavirinae" title="Orthocoronavirinae – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orthocoronavirinae" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%B3" title="کؤرؤنا ويرۊس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کؤرؤنا ويرۊس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8" title="કોરોનાવાયરસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોરોનાવાયરસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%98%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="코로나바이러스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코로나바이러스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CA%BBi_Kolona" title="Maʻi Kolona – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Maʻi Kolona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="कोरोनावायरस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोरोनावायरस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirusi" title="Koronavirusi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koronavirusi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_Korona" title="Virus Korona – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Virus Korona" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nje_Korona" title="Nje Korona – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nje Korona" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3r%C3%B3naveira" title="Kórónaveira – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kórónaveira" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocoronavirinae" title="Orthocoronavirinae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orthocoronavirinae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="נגיף קורונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נגיף קורונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕೊರೋನಾವೈರಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊರೋನಾವೈರಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კორონავირუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორონავირუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="کورونا وائرس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کورونا وائرس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Коронавирустар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Коронавирустар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi_vya_Corona" title="Virusi vya Corona – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Virusi vya Corona" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowonaviris" title="Kowonaviris – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kowonaviris" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AErusa_Koronay%C3%AA" title="Vîrusa Koronayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vîrusa Koronayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronav%C4%ABrusu_apak%C5%A1dzimta" title="Koronavīrusu apakšdzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Koronavīrusu apakšdzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirusai" title="Koronavirusai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koronavirusai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronav%C3%ADrus" title="Koronavírus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koronavírus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="कोरोना भाइरस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कोरोना भाइरस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Коронавирус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Коронавирус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കൊറോണ വൈറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊറോണ വൈറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="कोरोनाव्हायरस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोरोनाव्हायरस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فيروس كورونا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيروس كورونا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A4%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="کرؤنا ناخؤشي – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کرؤنا ناخؤشي" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81" title="ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯅꯥꯚꯥꯢꯔꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯅꯥꯚꯥꯢꯔꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Титэм вирус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Титэм вирус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirussen" title="Coronavirussen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Coronavirussen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirussen" title="Koronavirussen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Koronavirussen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="कोरोना भाइरस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोरोना भाइरस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E4%BA%9C%E7%A7%91" title="オルトコロナウイルス亜科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オルトコロナウイルス亜科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="କରୋନାଭୂତାଣୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କରୋନାଭୂତାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕੋਰੋਨਾਵਾਇਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਰੋਨਾਵਾਇਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="کورونا وائرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کورونا وائرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کرونا ویروس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کرونا ویروس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronawirusy" title="Koronawirusy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koronawirusy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronav%C3%ADrus" title="Coronavírus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coronavírus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurunawirus" title="Kurunawirus – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kurunawirus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Коронавирусы (подсемейство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коронавирусы (подсемейство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="कोरोना-विषाणुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कोरोना-विषाणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱠᱚᱨᱳᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱨᱳᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirusi" title="Koronavirusi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koronavirusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="කොරෝනා වෛරසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොරෝනා වෛරසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="ڪورونا وائرس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪورونا وائرس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korona_fayras" title="Korona fayras – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Korona fayras" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ڤایرۆسی کۆرۆنا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤایرۆسی کۆرۆنا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Коронавируси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коронавируси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus" title="Koronavirus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Koronavirus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirukset" title="Koronavirukset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koronavirukset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கொரோனா வைரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொரோனா வைரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%9Bunavirus" title="Kuṛunavirus – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kuṛunavirus" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ортокоронавируслар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ортокоронавируслар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ไวรัสโคโรนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวรัสโคโรนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%93%E1%89%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5" title="ኮሮናቫይረስ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኮሮናቫይረስ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D" title="ಕೊರೋನಾ ವೈರಸ್‍ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕೊರೋನಾ ವೈರಸ್‍" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavir%C3%BCs" title="Koronavirüs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koronavirüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirut" title="Koronavirut – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Koronavirut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocoronavirinae" title="Orthocoronavirinae – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Orthocoronavirinae" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="کورونا وائرس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کورونا وائرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3(%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3%D9%89)" title="تاجسىمان ۋىرۇس(كىرونا ۋىرۇسى) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تاجسىمان ۋىرۇس(كىرونا ۋىرۇسى)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocoronavirinae" title="Orthocoronavirinae – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Orthocoronavirinae" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronivir%C3%BBsse" title="Cronivirûsse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cronivirûsse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="冠状病毒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冠状病毒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitsongwatsongwana_xa_Khorona" title="Xitsongwatsongwana xa Khorona – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Xitsongwatsongwana xa Khorona" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קאראנאווירוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאראנאווירוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the group of viruses. For the disease involved in the COVID-19 pandemic, see <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>. For the virus that causes this disease, see <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><i>Orthocoronavirinae</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Group member SARS-CoV-2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/220px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/330px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/440px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Group member <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Illustration key:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#005db7; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Blue: <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">lipid bilayer</a> <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">envelope</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#02e6ff; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Light blue: <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_spike_protein" title="Coronavirus spike protein">spike (S) glycoprotein</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0c78; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Red: <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_envelope_protein" title="Coronavirus envelope protein">envelope (E) proteins</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9bff57; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Green: <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_membrane_protein" title="Coronavirus membrane protein">membrane (M) proteins</a> .</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fe8a00; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Orange: <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">glycan</a></div> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Orthocoronavirinae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Realm</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria"><i>Riboviria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthornavirae" title="Orthornavirae"><i>Orthornavirae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pisuviricota" title="Pisuviricota"><i>Pisuviricota</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pisoniviricetes" title="Pisoniviricetes"><i>Pisoniviricetes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nidovirales" title="Nidovirales"><i>Nidovirales</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coronaviridae" title="Coronaviridae"><i>Coronaviridae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><b><i>Orthocoronavirinae</i></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)">Genera<sup id="cite_ref-ICTV2018b_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICTV2018b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><small>Information:</small></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <i><a href="/wiki/Alphacoronavirus" title="Alphacoronavirus">Alphacoronavirus</a></i> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <i><a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus" title="Betacoronavirus">Betacoronavirus</a></i> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <i><a href="/wiki/Gammacoronavirus" title="Gammacoronavirus">Gammacoronavirus</a></i> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <i><a href="/wiki/Deltacoronavirus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltacoronavirus (genus)">Deltacoronavirus</a></i></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-2017.012-015S_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017.012-015S-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OrthocoronavirinaeICTV_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrthocoronavirinaeICTV-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Coronavirinae</i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Coronaviruses</b> are a group of related <a href="/wiki/RNA_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA viruses">RNA viruses</a> that cause diseases in <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>. In humans and birds, they cause <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection" title="Respiratory tract infection">respiratory tract infections</a> that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a> (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Rhinovirus" title="Rhinovirus">rhinoviruses</a>), while more lethal varieties can cause <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MERS" title="MERS">MERS</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>. In cows and pigs they cause <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, while in mice they cause <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">encephalomyelitis</a>. </p><p>Coronaviruses constitute the <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <i><b>Orthocoronavirinae</b></i>, in the family <i><a href="/wiki/Coronaviridae" title="Coronaviridae">Coronaviridae</a></i>, order <i><a href="/wiki/Nidovirales" title="Nidovirales">Nidovirales</a></i> and realm <i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OrthocoronavirinaeICTV_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrthocoronavirinaeICTV-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FanZhao2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FanZhao2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are <a href="/wiki/Enveloped_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Enveloped virus">enveloped viruses</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Positive-strand_RNA_virus" title="Positive-strand RNA virus">positive-sense single-stranded</a> <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Nucleocapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleocapsid">nucleocapsid</a> of helical symmetry.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Genome_size" title="Genome size">genome size</a> of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 <a href="/wiki/Kilobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobase">kilobases</a>, one of the largest among RNA viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have characteristic club-shaped <a href="/wiki/Spike_protein" title="Spike protein">spikes</a> that project from their surface, which in <a href="/wiki/Electron_micrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron micrograph">electron micrographs</a> create an image reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">stellar corona</a>, from which their name derives.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name "coronavirus" is derived from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/corona#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:corona">corona</a></i>, meaning "crown" or "wreath", itself a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κορώνη</span></span> <i>korṓnē</i>, "garland, wreath".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was coined by <a href="/wiki/June_Almeida" title="June Almeida">June Almeida</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Tyrrell_(physician)" title="David Tyrrell (physician)">David Tyrrell</a> who first observed and studied human coronaviruses.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word was first used in print in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> to designate the new family of viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name refers to the characteristic appearance of <a href="/wiki/Virion" title="Virion">virions</a> (the infective form of the virus) by <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a>, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">solar corona</a> or halo.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> is created by the viral spike <a href="/wiki/Peplomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplomer">peplomers</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> on the surface of the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scientific name <i>Coronavirus</i> was accepted as a genus name by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses (later renamed <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a>) in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the number of new species increased, the genus was split into four genera, namely <i><a href="/wiki/Alphacoronavirus" title="Alphacoronavirus">Alphacoronavirus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus" title="Betacoronavirus">Betacoronavirus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deltacoronavirus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltacoronavirus (genus)">Deltacoronavirus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Gammacoronavirus" title="Gammacoronavirus">Gammacoronavirus</a></i> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common name coronavirus is used to refer to any member of the subfamily <i>Orthocoronavirinae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FanZhao2019_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FanZhao2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, 45 species are officially recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_coronavirus" title="History of coronavirus">History of coronavirus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TEM_of_avian_infectious_bronchitis_virus_rotated_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/TEM_of_avian_infectious_bronchitis_virus_rotated_cropped.jpg/220px-TEM_of_avian_infectious_bronchitis_virus_rotated_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/TEM_of_avian_infectious_bronchitis_virus_rotated_cropped.jpg/330px-TEM_of_avian_infectious_bronchitis_virus_rotated_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/TEM_of_avian_infectious_bronchitis_virus_rotated_cropped.jpg/440px-TEM_of_avian_infectious_bronchitis_virus_rotated_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Colorized <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_micrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission electron micrograph">transmission electron micrograph</a> of coronavirus 229E</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest reports of a coronavirus infection in animals occurred in the late 1920s, when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens emerged in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur Schalk and M.C. Hawn in 1931 made the first detailed report which described a new <a href="/wiki/Avian_infectious_bronchitis" title="Avian infectious bronchitis">respiratory infection of chickens</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>. The infection of new-born chicks was characterized by gasping and listlessness with high mortality rates of 40–90%.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leland David Bushnell and Carl Alfred Brandly isolated the virus that caused the infection in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus was then known as <a href="/wiki/Avian_coronavirus" title="Avian coronavirus">infectious bronchitis virus</a> (IBV). Charles D. Hudson and Fred Robert Beaudette cultivated the virus for the first time in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specimen came to be known as the Beaudette strain. In the late 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, JHM that causes brain disease (murine encephalitis) and <a href="/wiki/Murine_coronavirus" title="Murine coronavirus">mouse hepatitis virus</a> (MHV) that causes hepatitis in mice were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not realized at the time that these three different viruses were related.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using two different methods in the United Kingdom and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E.C. Kendall, Malcolm Bynoe, and <a href="/wiki/David_Tyrrell_(physician)" title="David Tyrrell (physician)">David Tyrrell</a> working at the <a href="/wiki/Common_Cold_Unit" title="Common Cold Unit">Common Cold Unit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">British Medical Research Council</a> collected a unique <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a> virus designated B814 in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus could not be cultivated using standard techniques which had successfully cultivated <a href="/wiki/Rhinovirus" title="Rhinovirus">rhinoviruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">adenoviruses</a> and other known common cold viruses. In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe successfully cultivated the novel virus by <a href="/wiki/Serial_passage" title="Serial passage">serially passing</a> it through <a href="/wiki/Organ_culture" title="Organ culture">organ culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">human embryonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new cultivating method was introduced to the lab by Bertil Hoorn.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The isolated virus when intranasally <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculated</a> into volunteers caused a cold and was inactivated by <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a> which indicated it had a <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">lipid envelope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dorothy Hamre and John Procknow at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> isolated a novel cold from medical students in 1962. They isolated and grew the virus in kidney <a href="/wiki/Tissue_culture" title="Tissue culture">tissue culture</a>, designating it 229E. The novel virus caused a cold in volunteers and, like B814, was inactivated by ether.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TEM_of_coronavirus_OC43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/TEM_of_coronavirus_OC43.jpg/220px-TEM_of_coronavirus_OC43.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/TEM_of_coronavirus_OC43.jpg/330px-TEM_of_coronavirus_OC43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/TEM_of_coronavirus_OC43.jpg/440px-TEM_of_coronavirus_OC43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Transmission electron micrograph of organ cultured coronavirus OC43</figcaption></figure> <p>Scottish virologist <a href="/wiki/June_Almeida" title="June Almeida">June Almeida</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital" title="St Thomas' Hospital">St Thomas' Hospital</a> in London, collaborating with Tyrrell, compared the structures of IBV, B814 and 229E in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a> the three viruses were shown to be morphologically related by their general shape and distinctive club-like <a href="/wiki/Peplomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplomer">spikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A research group at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institute of Health</a> the same year was able to isolate another member of this new group of viruses using organ culture and named one of the samples OC43 (OC for organ culture).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like B814, 229E, and IBV, the novel cold virus OC43 had distinctive club-like spikes when observed with the electron microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IBV-like novel cold viruses were soon shown to be also morphologically related to the mouse hepatitis virus.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new group of viruses were named coronaviruses after their distinctive morphological appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">Human coronavirus 229E</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">human coronavirus OC43</a> continued to be studied in subsequent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23202515_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23202515-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coronavirus strain B814 was lost. It is not known which present human coronavirus it was.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS-CoV</a> in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">HCoV NL63</a> in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">HCoV HKU1</a> in 2004, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus">MERS-CoV</a> in 2013, and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been a large number of animal coronaviruses identified since the 1960s.<i><sup id="cite_ref-groot_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groot-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microbiology">Microbiology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaccines-08-00587-g002-A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Vaccines-08-00587-g002-A.png/220px-Vaccines-08-00587-g002-A.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Vaccines-08-00587-g002-A.png/330px-Vaccines-08-00587-g002-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Vaccines-08-00587-g002-A.png/440px-Vaccines-08-00587-g002-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a coronavirus</figcaption></figure> <p>Coronaviruses are large, roughly spherical particles with unique surface projections.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their size is highly variable with average diameters of 80 to 120 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>. Extreme sizes are known from 50 to 200 nm in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular mass</a> is on average 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">kDa</a>. They are enclosed in an envelope embedded with a number of protein molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">viral envelope</a> is made up of a <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">lipid bilayer</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_membrane_protein" title="Coronavirus membrane protein">membrane</a> (M), <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_envelope_protein" title="Coronavirus envelope protein">envelope</a> (E) and <a href="/wiki/Spike_protein" title="Spike protein">spike</a> (S) <a href="/wiki/Viral_structural_protein" title="Viral structural protein">structural proteins</a> are anchored.<sup id="cite_ref-Lai_1997_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lai_1997-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The molar ratio of E:S:M in the lipid bilayer is approximately 1:20:300.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1316677_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1316677-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The E and M protein are the structural proteins that combined with the lipid bilayer to shape the viral envelope and maintain its size.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S proteins are needed for interaction with the host cells. But <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">human coronavirus NL63</a> is peculiar in that its M protein has the binding site for the host cell, and not its S protein.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diameter of the envelope is 85 nm. The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron-dense shells (shells that are relatively opaque to the electron beam used to scan the virus particle).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_membrane_protein" title="Coronavirus membrane protein">M protein</a> is the main structural protein of the envelope that provides the overall shape and is a <a href="/wiki/Bitopic_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitopic protein">type III membrane protein</a>. It consists of 218 to 263 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> residues and forms a layer 7.8 nm thick.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has three domains, a short <a href="/wiki/N-terminus" title="N-terminus">N-terminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ectodomain" title="Ectodomain">ectodomain</a>, a triple-spanning <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_domain" title="Transmembrane domain">transmembrane domain</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Endoplasm" title="Endoplasm">endodomain</a>. The C-terminal domain forms a matrix-like lattice that adds to the extra-thickness of the envelope. Different species can have either <i>N</i>- or <i>O</i>-linked <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">glycans</a> in their protein amino-terminal domain. The M protein is crucial during the assembly, <a href="/wiki/Budding" title="Budding">budding</a>, envelope formation, and pathogenesis stages of the virus lifecycle.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_envelope_protein" title="Coronavirus envelope protein">E proteins</a> are minor structural proteins and highly variable in different species.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are only about 20 copies of the E protein molecule in a coronavirus particle.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1316677_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1316677-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are 8.4 to 12 kDa in size and are composed of 76 to 109 amino acids.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are integral proteins (i.e. embedded in the lipid layer) and have two domains namely a transmembrane domain and an extramembrane C-terminal domain. They are almost fully α-helical, with a single α-helical transmembrane domain, and form pentameric (five-molecular) <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a> in the lipid bilayer. They are responsible for virion assembly, <a href="/wiki/Intracellular_transport" title="Intracellular transport">intracellular trafficking</a> and morphogenesis (budding).<sup id="cite_ref-:20_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SARS-CoV_MERS-CoV_genome_organization_and_S-protein_domains.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SARS-CoV_MERS-CoV_genome_organization_and_S-protein_domains.png/220px-SARS-CoV_MERS-CoV_genome_organization_and_S-protein_domains.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SARS-CoV_MERS-CoV_genome_organization_and_S-protein_domains.png/330px-SARS-CoV_MERS-CoV_genome_organization_and_S-protein_domains.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SARS-CoV_MERS-CoV_genome_organization_and_S-protein_domains.png/440px-SARS-CoV_MERS-CoV_genome_organization_and_S-protein_domains.png 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the genome and functional domains of the S<span class="nowrap"> </span>protein for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV</figcaption></figure> <p>The spikes are the most distinguishing feature of coronaviruses and are responsible for the corona- or halo-like surface. On average a coronavirus particle has 74 surface spikes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <a href="/wiki/Peplomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplomer">spike</a> is about 20 nm long and is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Protein_trimer" title="Protein trimer">trimer</a> of the S<span class="nowrap"> </span>protein. The S protein is in turn composed of an S1 and S2 <a href="/wiki/Protein_domain" title="Protein domain">subunit</a>. The homotrimeric S<span class="nowrap"> </span>protein is a <a href="/wiki/Membrane_fusion_protein" title="Membrane fusion protein">class I fusion protein</a> which mediates the <a href="/wiki/Viral_entry" title="Viral entry">receptor binding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer_fusion" title="Lipid bilayer fusion">membrane fusion</a> between the virus and host cell. The S1 subunit forms the head of the spike and has the receptor-binding domain (RBD). The S2 subunit forms the stem which anchors the spike in the viral envelope and on protease activation enables fusion. The two subunits remain noncovalently linked as they are exposed on the viral surface until they attach to the host cell membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a functionally active state, three S1 are attached to two S2 subunits. The subunit complex is split into individual subunits when the virus binds and fuses with the host cell under the action of <a href="/wiki/Proteases" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteases">proteases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cathepsin" title="Cathepsin">cathepsin</a> family and <a href="/wiki/TMPRSS2" title="TMPRSS2">transmembrane protease serine 2</a> (TMPRSS2) of the host cell.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15010_2020_1486_Fig3_HTML.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/15010_2020_1486_Fig3_HTML.webp/220px-15010_2020_1486_Fig3_HTML.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/15010_2020_1486_Fig3_HTML.webp/330px-15010_2020_1486_Fig3_HTML.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/15010_2020_1486_Fig3_HTML.webp/440px-15010_2020_1486_Fig3_HTML.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>After binding of the ACE2 receptor, SARS-CoV spike is activated and cleaved at the S1/S2 level.</figcaption></figure> <p>S1 proteins are the most critical components in terms of infection. They are also the most variable components as they are responsible for host cell specificity. They possess two major domains named N-terminal domain (S1-NTD) and C-terminal domain (S1-CTD), both of which serve as the receptor-binding domains. The NTDs recognize and bind sugars on the surface of the host cell. An exception is the <a href="/wiki/Murine_coronavirus" title="Murine coronavirus">MHV</a> NTD that binds to a protein receptor <a href="/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen-related_cell_adhesion_molecule_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1">carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1</a> (CEACAM1). S1-CTDs are responsible for recognizing different protein receptors such as <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2">angiotensin-converting enzyme 2</a> (ACE2), <a href="/wiki/Aminopeptidase_N" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminopeptidase N">aminopeptidase N</a> (APN), and <a href="/wiki/Dipeptidyl_peptidase_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipeptidyl peptidase 4">dipeptidyl peptidase 4</a> (DPP4).<sup id="cite_ref-:20_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A subset of coronaviruses (specifically the members of <a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus" title="Betacoronavirus">betacoronavirus</a> <a href="/wiki/Embecovirus" title="Embecovirus">subgroup A</a>) also has a shorter spike-like surface protein called <a href="/wiki/Hemagglutinin_esterase" title="Hemagglutinin esterase">hemagglutinin esterase</a> (HE).<sup id="cite_ref-groot_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groot-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HE proteins occur as homodimers composed of about 400 amino acid residues and are 40 to 50 kDa in size. They appear as tiny surface projections of 5 to 7 nm long embedded in between the spikes. They help in the attachment to and detachment from the host cell.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inside the envelope, there is the <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">nucleocapsid</a>, which is formed from multiple copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense single-stranded <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> genome in a continuous <a href="/wiki/Bead" title="Bead">beads</a>-on-a-string type conformation.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_nucleocapsid_protein" title="Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein">N protein</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Phosphoprotein" title="Phosphoprotein">phosphoprotein</a> of 43 to 50 kDa in size, and is divided into three conserved domains. The majority of the protein is made up of domains 1 and 2, which are typically rich in <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysines</a>. Domain 3 has a short carboxy terminal end and has a net negative charge due to excess of acidic over basic amino acid residues.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome">Genome</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus#Genome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus § Genome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SARS_Coronavirus_Genome_Organization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SARS_Coronavirus_Genome_Organization.png/220px-SARS_Coronavirus_Genome_Organization.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SARS_Coronavirus_Genome_Organization.png/330px-SARS_Coronavirus_Genome_Organization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SARS_Coronavirus_Genome_Organization.png/440px-SARS_Coronavirus_Genome_Organization.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>SARS-CoV genome and proteins</figcaption></figure> <p>Coronaviruses contain a <a href="/wiki/Positive-sense_single-stranded_RNA_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus">positive-sense, single-stranded RNA</a> genome. The <a href="/wiki/Genome_size" title="Genome size">genome size</a> for coronaviruses ranges from 26.4 to 31.7 <a href="/wiki/Kilobase#Length_measurements" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobase">kilobases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genome size is one of the largest among RNA viruses. The genome has a <a href="/wiki/Five-prime_cap" title="Five-prime cap">5′ methylated cap</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Polyadenylation" title="Polyadenylation">3′ polyadenylated tail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genome organization for a coronavirus is <a href="/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region" title="Five prime untranslated region">5′-leader-UTR</a>-replicase (ORF1ab)-spike (S)-envelope (E)-membrane (M)-nucleocapsid (N)-<a href="/wiki/Three_prime_untranslated_region" title="Three prime untranslated region">3′UTR</a>-poly (A) tail. The <a href="/wiki/Open_reading_frame" title="Open reading frame">open reading frames</a> 1a and 1b, which occupy the first two-thirds of the genome, encode the replicase polyprotein (pp1ab). The replicase polyprotein self cleaves to form 16 <a href="/wiki/Viral_nonstructural_protein" title="Viral nonstructural protein">nonstructural proteins</a> (nsp1–nsp16).<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later reading frames encode the four major structural proteins: <a href="/wiki/Spike_protein" title="Spike protein">spike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_envelope_protein" title="Coronavirus envelope protein">envelope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_envelope_protein" title="Coronavirus envelope protein">membrane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_nucleocapsid_protein" title="Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein">nucleocapsid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interspersed between these reading frames are the reading frames for the accessory proteins. The number of accessory proteins and their function is unique depending on the specific coronavirus.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replication_cycle">Replication cycle</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cell_entry">Cell entry</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronavirus_replication.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coronavirus_replication.png/220px-Coronavirus_replication.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coronavirus_replication.png/330px-Coronavirus_replication.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coronavirus_replication.png/440px-Coronavirus_replication.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>The life cycle of a coronavirus</figcaption></figure> <p>Infection begins when the viral spike protein attaches to its complementary host cell receptor. After attachment, a <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a> of the host cell <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">cleaves</a> and activates the receptor-attached spike protein. Depending on the host cell protease available, cleavage and activation allows the <a href="/wiki/Viral_entry" title="Viral entry">virus to enter</a> the host cell by <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a> or direct fusion of the viral envelope with the <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">host membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coronaviruses can enter cells by either fusing to their lipid envelope with the cell membrane on the cell surface or by internalization via endocytosis.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genome_translation">Genome translation</h4></div> <p>On entry into the <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host cell</a>, the virus particle is <a href="/wiki/Uncoating" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncoating">uncoated</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> enters the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cell cytoplasm</a>. The coronavirus RNA genome has a 5′ methylated cap and a 3′ polyadenylated tail, which allows it to act like a <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> and be directly translated by the host cell's <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a>. The host ribosomes translate the initial overlapping <a href="/wiki/Reading_frame" title="Reading frame">open reading frames</a> <a href="/wiki/ORF1a" class="mw-redirect" title="ORF1a">ORF1a</a> and <a href="/wiki/ORF1b" class="mw-redirect" title="ORF1b">ORF1b</a> of the virus genome into two large overlapping polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larger polyprotein pp1ab is a result of a <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_frameshift" title="Ribosomal frameshift">-1 ribosomal frameshift</a> caused by a <a href="/wiki/Slippery_sequence" title="Slippery sequence">slippery sequence</a> (UUUAAAC) and a downstream <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_secondary_structure" title="Nucleic acid secondary structure">RNA pseudoknot</a> at the end of open reading frame ORF1a.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ribosomal frameshift allows for the continuous translation of ORF1a followed by ORF1b.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The polyproteins have their own <a href="/wiki/C30_Endopeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="C30 Endopeptidase">proteases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papain" title="Papain">PLpro</a> (nsp3) and <a href="/wiki/C30_Endopeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="C30 Endopeptidase">3CLpro</a> (nsp5), which cleave the polyproteins at different specific sites. The cleavage of polyprotein pp1ab yields 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to nsp16). Product proteins include various replication proteins such as <a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nsp12" title="Nsp12">nsp12</a>), <a href="/wiki/RNA_helicase" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA helicase">RNA helicase</a> (nsp13), and <a href="/wiki/Exoribonuclease" title="Exoribonuclease">exoribonuclease</a> (nsp14).<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Replicase-transcriptase">Replicase-transcriptase</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replication-transcription_complex_for_Coronaviruses_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Replication-transcription_complex_for_Coronaviruses_cropped.png/220px-Replication-transcription_complex_for_Coronaviruses_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Replication-transcription_complex_for_Coronaviruses_cropped.png/330px-Replication-transcription_complex_for_Coronaviruses_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Replication-transcription_complex_for_Coronaviruses_cropped.png/440px-Replication-transcription_complex_for_Coronaviruses_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Replicase-transcriptase complex</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of the nonstructural proteins coalesce to form a <a href="/wiki/Protein_complex" title="Protein complex">multi-protein</a> replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC). The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the <a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</a> (RdRp). It is directly involved in the <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">replication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcription</a> of RNA from an RNA strand. The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process. The <a href="/wiki/Exoribonuclease" title="Exoribonuclease">exoribonuclease</a> nonstructural protein, for instance, provides extra fidelity to replication by providing a <a href="/wiki/Proofreading_(biology)" title="Proofreading (biology)">proofreading</a> function which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks.<sup id="cite_ref-SextonSmith2016_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SextonSmith2016-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Replication</i> – One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">synthesis</a> of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transcription_of_nested_mRNAs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Transcription_of_nested_mRNAs.jpg/220px-Transcription_of_nested_mRNAs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Transcription_of_nested_mRNAs.jpg/330px-Transcription_of_nested_mRNAs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Transcription_of_nested_mRNAs.jpg/440px-Transcription_of_nested_mRNAs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2162" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Transcription of nested mRNAs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nested_subgenomic_RNA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nested_subgenomic_RNA.jpg/220px-Nested_subgenomic_RNA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nested_subgenomic_RNA.jpg/330px-Nested_subgenomic_RNA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nested_subgenomic_RNA.jpg/440px-Nested_subgenomic_RNA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>Nested set of subgenomic mRNAs</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Transcription</i> – The other important function of the complex is to transcribe the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">synthesis</a> of negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This process is followed by the transcription of these negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules to their corresponding positive-sense <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">mRNAs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subgenomic mRNAs form a "<a href="/wiki/Subgenomic_mRNA" title="Subgenomic mRNA">nested set</a>" which have a common 5'-head and partially duplicate 3'-end.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Recombination</i> – The replicase-transcriptase complex is also capable of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">genetic recombination</a> when at least two viral genomes are present in the same infected cell.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RNA recombination appears to be a major driving force in determining genetic variability within a coronavirus species, the capability of a coronavirus species to jump from one host to another and, infrequently, in determining the emergence of novel coronaviruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Su2016_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Su2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact mechanism of recombination in coronaviruses is unclear, but likely involves template switching during genome replication.<sup id="cite_ref-Su2016_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Su2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assembly_and_release">Assembly and release</h4></div> <p>The replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the <a href="/wiki/Viral_shedding" title="Viral shedding">progeny viruses</a>. The mRNAs are gene transcripts of the last third of the virus genome after the initial overlapping reading frame. These mRNAs are translated by the host's ribosomes into the structural proteins and many accessory proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RNA translation occurs inside the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>. The viral structural proteins S, E, and M move along the secretory pathway into the <a href="/wiki/Vesicular-tubular_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicular-tubular cluster">Golgi intermediate compartment</a>. There, the M<span class="nowrap"> </span>proteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for the assembly of viruses following its binding to the <a href="/wiki/Nucleocapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleocapsid">nucleocapsid</a>. Progeny viruses are then released from the host cell by <a href="/wiki/Exocytosis" title="Exocytosis">exocytosis</a> through secretory vesicles. Once released the viruses can infect other host cells.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission">Transmission</h3></div> <p>Infected carriers are able to <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">shed viruses</a> into the environment. The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complementary <a href="/wiki/Viral_entry" title="Viral entry">cell receptor</a> is central in determining the <a href="/wiki/Tissue_tropism" title="Tissue tropism">tissue tropism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectivity" title="Infectivity">infectivity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Host_tropism" title="Host tropism">species range</a> of the released virus.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coronaviruses mainly target <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial cells</a>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-groot_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groot-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> They are transmitted from one host to another host, depending on the coronavirus species, by either an <a href="/wiki/Bioaerosol" title="Bioaerosol">aerosol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fomite" title="Fomite">fomite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">fecal-oral route</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human coronaviruses infect the epithelial cells of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>, while animal coronaviruses generally infect the epithelial cells of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">digestive tract</a>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-groot_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groot-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">SARS coronavirus</a>, for example, infects the human epithelial cells of the lungs via an aerosol route<sup id="cite_ref-:13_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by binding to the <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2">angiotensin-converting enzyme 2</a> (ACE2) receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-li_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transmissible_gastroenteritis_virus" title="Transmissible gastroenteritis virus">Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus</a> (TGEV) infects the pig epithelial cells of the digestive tract via a fecal–oral route<sup id="cite_ref-:12_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by binding to the <a href="/wiki/Alanine_aminopeptidase" title="Alanine aminopeptidase">alanine aminopeptidase</a> (APN) receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more detailed list of members, see <a href="/wiki/Coronaviridae" title="Coronaviridae">Coronaviridae</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_coronaviruses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Phylogenetic_tree_of_coronaviruses.jpg/220px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_coronaviruses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Phylogenetic_tree_of_coronaviruses.jpg/330px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_coronaviruses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Phylogenetic_tree_of_coronaviruses.jpg/440px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_coronaviruses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses</figcaption></figure> <p>Coronaviruses form the subfamily <i>Orthocoronavirinae,</i><sup id="cite_ref-2017.012-015S_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017.012-015S-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OrthocoronavirinaeICTV_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrthocoronavirinaeICTV-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FanZhao2019_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FanZhao2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is one of two subfamilies in the family <i><a href="/wiki/Coronaviridae" title="Coronaviridae">Coronaviridae</a>,</i> order <i><a href="/wiki/Nidovirales" title="Nidovirales">Nidovirales</a>,</i> and realm <i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-groot_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groot-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> They are divided into the four genera: <i>Alphacoronavirus</i>, <i>Betacoronavirus</i>, <i>Gammacoronavirus</i> and <i>Deltacoronavirus</i>. Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals, while gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses primarily infect birds.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <ul><li>Genus: <i><b><a href="/wiki/Alphacoronavirus" title="Alphacoronavirus">Alphacoronavirus</a></b></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-:12_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Species: <i><a href="/wiki/Alphacoronavirus_1" title="Alphacoronavirus 1">Alphacoronavirus 1</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Transmissible_gastroenteritis_virus" title="Transmissible gastroenteritis virus">TGEV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feline_coronavirus" title="Feline coronavirus">Feline coronavirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canine_coronavirus" title="Canine coronavirus">Canine coronavirus</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">Human coronavirus 229E</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">Human coronavirus NL63</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Miniopterus_bat_coronavirus_1" title="Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1">Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Miniopterus_bat_coronavirus_HKU8" title="Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8">Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Porcine_epidemic_diarrhea_virus" title="Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus">Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophus_bat_coronavirus_HKU2" title="Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2">Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scotophilus_bat_coronavirus_512" title="Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512">Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><b><a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus" title="Betacoronavirus">Betacoronavirus</a></b></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-:13_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Species: <i><a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus_1" title="Betacoronavirus 1">Betacoronavirus 1</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bovine_coronavirus" title="Bovine coronavirus"><i>Bovine Coronavirus</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">Human coronavirus OC43</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_coronavirus_1" title="Hedgehog coronavirus 1">Hedgehog coronavirus 1</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">Human coronavirus HKU1</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus">Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Murine_coronavirus" title="Murine coronavirus">Murine coronavirus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pipistrellus_bat_coronavirus_HKU5" title="Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5">Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rousettus_bat_coronavirus_HKU9" title="Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9">Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-1" title="SARS-CoV-1">SARS-CoV-1</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Tylonycteris_bat_coronavirus_HKU4" title="Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4">Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gammacoronavirus" title="Gammacoronavirus">Gammacoronavirus</a></b></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Species: <i><a href="/wiki/Avian_coronavirus" title="Avian coronavirus">Avian coronavirus</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale_coronavirus_SW1" title="Beluga whale coronavirus SW1">Beluga whale coronavirus SW1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><b><a href="/wiki/Deltacoronavirus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltacoronavirus (genus)">Deltacoronavirus</a></b></i> <ul><li>Species: <i><a href="/wiki/Bulbul_coronavirus_HKU11" title="Bulbul coronavirus HKU11">Bulbul coronavirus HKU11</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Porcine_coronavirus_HKU15" class="mw-redirect" title="Porcine coronavirus HKU15"><i>Porcine</i> <i>coronavirus HKU15</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_origins_of_human_coronaviruses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Animal_origins_of_human_coronaviruses.png/220px-Animal_origins_of_human_coronaviruses.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Animal_origins_of_human_coronaviruses.png/330px-Animal_origins_of_human_coronaviruses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Animal_origins_of_human_coronaviruses.png/440px-Animal_origins_of_human_coronaviruses.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Origins of human coronaviruses with possible intermediate hosts</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a> (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>, although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species.<sup id="cite_ref-Wertheim2013_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wertheim2013-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent common ancestor of the alphacoronavirus line has been placed at about 2400 BCE, of the betacoronavirus line at 3300 BCE, of the gammacoronavirus line at 2800 BCE, and the deltacoronavirus line at about 3000 BCE. Bats and birds, as <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a> flying vertebrates, are an ideal <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">natural reservoir</a> for the coronavirus gene pool (with <a href="/wiki/Bat-borne_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bat-borne virus">bats the reservoir</a> for alphacoronaviruses and betacoronavirus – and birds the reservoir for gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses). The large number and global range of bat and avian species that host viruses have enabled extensive evolution and dissemination of coronaviruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo2012_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo2012-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many human coronaviruses have their origin in bats.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human coronavirus NL63 shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (ARCoV.2) between 1190 and 1449 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Huynh2012_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huynh2012-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human coronavirus 229E shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (GhanaGrp1 Bt CoV) between 1686 and 1800 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a> coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged sometime before 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossley2012_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossley2012-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MERS-CoV emerged in humans from bats through the intermediate host of camels.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MERS-CoV, although related to several bat coronavirus species, appears to have diverged from these several centuries ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau2013_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most closely related bat coronavirus and SARS-CoV diverged in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Vijaykrishna2007_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vijaykrishna2007-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestors of SARS-CoV first infected leaf-nose bats of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Hipposideridae</a></i>; subsequently, they spread to horseshoe bats in the species <i><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophidae">Rhinolophidae</a></i>, then to <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civets</a>, and finally to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18258002_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18258002-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike other betacoronaviruses, <a href="/wiki/Bovine_coronavirus" title="Bovine coronavirus">bovine coronavirus</a> of the species <i><a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus_1" title="Betacoronavirus 1">Betacoronavirus 1</a></i> and subgenus <i><a href="/wiki/Embecovirus" title="Embecovirus">Embecovirus</a></i> is thought to have originated in <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> and not in bats.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1790s, equine coronavirus diverged from the bovine coronavirus after a <a href="/wiki/Cross-species_transmission" title="Cross-species transmission">cross-species jump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 1890s, human coronavirus OC43 diverged from bovine coronavirus after another cross-species spillover event.<sup id="cite_ref-Vijgen2005_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vijgen2005-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is speculated that the <a href="/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1889–1890 flu pandemic">flu pandemic of 1890</a> may have been caused by this spillover event, and not by the <a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">influenza virus</a>, because of the related timing, neurological symptoms, and unknown causative agent of the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides causing respiratory infections, human coronavirus OC43 is also suspected of playing a role in <a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">neurological diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29551135_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29551135-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, the human coronavirus OC43 began to diverge into its present <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotypes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau2011_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau2011-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phylogenetically, mouse hepatitis virus (<i><a href="/wiki/Murine_coronavirus" title="Murine coronavirus">Murine coronavirus</a></i>), which infects the mouse's liver and <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_viral_disease" title="Central nervous system viral disease">central nervous system</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is related to human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus. Human coronavirus HKU1, like the aforementioned viruses, also has its origins in rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infection_in_humans">Infection in humans</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg/220px-Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg/330px-Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg/440px-Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Transmission and life-cycle of SARS-CoV-2 causing <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Coronaviruses vary significantly in risk factor. Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, such as <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus">MERS-CoV</a>, and some are relatively harmless, such as the common cold.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coronaviruses can cause colds with major symptoms, such as fever, and a <a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">sore throat</a> from swollen <a href="/wiki/Adenoid" title="Adenoid">adenoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coronaviruses can cause <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> (either direct <a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a> or secondary <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">bacterial pneumonia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a> (either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19199189_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19199189-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human coronavirus discovered in 2003, <a href="/wiki/SARS_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS coronavirus">SARS-CoV</a>, which causes <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS), has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">lower respiratory tract infections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19199189_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19199189-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six species of human coronaviruses are known, with one species subdivided into two different strains, making seven strains of human coronaviruses altogether. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journal.pmed.0020240.g001.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Journal.pmed.0020240.g001.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Journal.pmed.0020240.g001.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Journal.pmed.0020240.g001.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Journal.pmed.0020240.g001.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Journal.pmed.0020240.g001.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Journal.pmed.0020240.g001.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5573" data-file-height="3323" /></a><figcaption>Seasonal distribution of HCoV-NL63 in Germany shows a preferential detection from November to March.</figcaption></figure> <p>Four human coronaviruses produce symptoms that are generally mild, even though it is contended they might have been more aggressive in the past:<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">Human coronavirus OC43</a> (HCoV-OC43), <a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus" title="Betacoronavirus">β-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">Human coronavirus HKU1</a> (HCoV-HKU1), β-CoV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">Human coronavirus 229E</a> (HCoV-229E), <a href="/wiki/Alphacoronavirus" title="Alphacoronavirus">α-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">Human coronavirus NL63</a> (HCoV-NL63), α-CoV–</li></ol> <p>Three human coronaviruses produce potentially severe symptoms: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus</a> (SARS-CoV), β-CoV (identified in 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus">Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus</a> (MERS-CoV), β-CoV (identified in 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a> (SARS-CoV-2), β-CoV (identified in 2019)</li></ol> <p>These cause the diseases commonly called <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">MERS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_cold">Common cold</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a> is usually caused by <a href="/wiki/Rhinovirus" title="Rhinovirus">rhinoviruses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CecilGoldman2012_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CecilGoldman2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in about 15% of cases the cause is a coronavirus.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human coronaviruses HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63 continually circulate in the human population in adults and children worldwide and produce the generally mild symptoms of the common cold.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29551135_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29551135-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four mild coronaviruses have a seasonal incidence occurring in the winter months in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no preponderance in any season in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdul-Rasool_2010_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdul-Rasool_2010-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Outbreaks"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_(SARS)"><span id="Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_.28SARS.29"></span>Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:auto; float:right; clear:right; margin:0px 0px 0.5em 1em;"> <caption>Characteristics of zoonotic coronavirus strains<br />MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2,<br />and related diseases </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/MERS-CoV" class="mw-redirect" title="MERS-CoV">MERS-CoV</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS-CoV</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Disease</td> <td><a href="/wiki/MERS" title="MERS">MERS</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Outbreaks</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_MERS_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 MERS outbreak">2012</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">2019−present</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Epidemiology </th></tr> <tr> <td>Date of first<br /> identified case</td> <td>June <br />2012</td> <td>November <br />2002</td> <td>December <br />2019<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Location of first<br /> identified case</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <br />Saudi Arabia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunde">Shunde</a>, <br />China</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, <br />China </td></tr> <tr> <td>Age average</td> <td>56</td> <td>44<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>56<sup id="cite_ref-CIDRAP_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIDRAP-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sex ratio (M:F)</td> <td>3.3:1</td> <td>0.8:1<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1.6:1<sup id="cite_ref-CIDRAP_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIDRAP-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confirmed cases</td> <td>2494</td> <td>8096<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_report_2004_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_report_2004-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>676,609,955<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_ticker_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sars-cov-2_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sars-cov-2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deaths</td> <td>858</td> <td>774<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_report_2004_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_report_2004-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>6,881,955<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_ticker_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sars-cov-2_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sars-cov-2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Case fatality rate</td> <td>37%</td> <td>9.2%</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000101712293015257♠" style="display:none"></span>1.02%<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_ticker_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Symptoms </th></tr> <tr> <td>Fever</td> <td>98%</td> <td>99–100%</td> <td>87.9%<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dry cough</td> <td>47%</td> <td>29–75%</td> <td>67.7%<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">Dyspnea</a></td> <td>72%</td> <td>40–42%</td> <td>18.6%<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a></td> <td>26%</td> <td>20–25%</td> <td>3.7%<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sore throat</td> <td>21%</td> <td>13–25%</td> <td>13.9%<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_107-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">Ventilatory</a> use</td> <td>24.5%<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>14–20%</td> <td>4.1%<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td colspan="4"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Notes</b><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on data from Hong Kong.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sars-cov-2-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sars-cov-2_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sars-cov-2_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Data as of 10 March 2023.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></span><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coronavirus_characteristics_comparison" title="Template:Coronavirus characteristics comparison"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coronavirus_characteristics_comparison" title="Template talk:Coronavirus characteristics comparison"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coronavirus_characteristics_comparison" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coronavirus characteristics comparison"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2003, following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which had begun the prior year in Asia, and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) issued a press release stating that a novel coronavirus identified by several laboratories was the causative agent for SARS. The virus was officially named the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). More than 8,000 people from 29 countries and territories were infected, and at least 774 died.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-li_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome_(MERS)"><span id="Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome_.28MERS.29"></span>Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MERS" title="MERS">MERS</a></div> <p>In September 2012, a new type of coronavirus was identified, initially called Novel Coronavirus 2012, and now officially named Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Health Organization issued a global alert soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WHO update on 28 September 2012 said the virus did not seem to pass easily from person to person.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters2012_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters2012-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 12 May 2013, a case of <a href="/wiki/Human-to-human_transmission" title="Human-to-human transmission">human-to-human transmission</a> in France was confirmed by the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.<sup id="cite_ref-may12_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may12-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, cases of human-to-human transmission were reported by the Ministry of Health in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. Two confirmed cases involved people who seemed to have caught the disease from their late father, who became ill after a visit to Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Despite this, it appears the virus had trouble spreading from human to human, as most individuals who are infected do not transmit the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 30 October 2013, there were 124 cases and 52 deaths in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-may22_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may22-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_MC" title="Erasmus MC">Erasmus Medical Centre</a> sequenced the virus, the virus was given a new name, Human Coronavirus–Erasmus Medical Centre (HCoV-EMC). The final name for the virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The only U.S. cases (both survived) were recorded in May 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a>, when a man who had traveled to the Middle East, visited four hospitals in the Seoul area to treat his illness. This caused one of the largest outbreaks of MERS-CoV outside the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2019, 2,468 cases of MERS-CoV infection had been confirmed by laboratory tests, 851 of which were fatal, a <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> of approximately 34.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronavirus_disease_2019_(COVID-19)"><span id="Coronavirus_disease_2019_.28COVID-19.29"></span>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></div> <p>In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20200129_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200129-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO9Jan2020_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO9Jan2020-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO20200110_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO20200110-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC20200113_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC20200113-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later renamed <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a>. </p><p>As of 10 March 2023, there were at least 6,881,955<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_ticker_105-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">confirmed deaths</a> and more than 676,609,955<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_ticker_105-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">confirmed cases</a> in the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of <a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus" title="Betacoronavirus">Betacoronavirus</a> from group 2B with approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat coronavirus, so it is widely suspected to originate from bats as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronavirus_HuPn-2018">Coronavirus HuPn-2018</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canine_coronavirus_HuPn-2018" title="Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018">Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018</a></div> <p>During a surveillance study of archived samples of Malaysian viral pneumonia patients, virologists identified a strain of <a href="/wiki/Canine_coronavirus" title="Canine coronavirus">canine coronavirus</a> which has infected humans in 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infection_in_animals">Infection in animals</h2></div> <p>Coronaviruses have been recognized as causing pathological conditions in <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a> since the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They infect a range of animals including swine, cattle, horses, camels, cats, dogs, rodents, birds and bats.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of animal related coronaviruses infect the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">intestinal tract</a> and are transmitted by a fecal-oral route.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the <a href="/wiki/Viral_pathogenesis" title="Viral pathogenesis">viral pathogenesis</a> of these animal coronaviruses, especially by <a href="/wiki/Virologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Virologist">virologists</a> interested in veterinary and <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a> diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20627412_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20627412-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farm_animals">Farm animals</h3></div> <p>Coronaviruses infect domesticated birds.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Infectious_bronchitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious bronchitis virus">Infectious bronchitis virus</a> (IBV), a type of coronavirus, causes <a href="/wiki/Avian_infectious_bronchitis" title="Avian infectious bronchitis">avian infectious bronchitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25954763_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25954763-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus is of concern to the <a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">poultry industry</a> because of the high mortality from infection, its rapid spread, and its effect on production.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus affects both meat production and egg production and causes substantial economic loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavanagh_2007_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavanagh_2007-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chickens, infectious bronchitis virus targets not only the respiratory tract but also the <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urogenital tract">urogenital tract</a>. The virus can spread to different organs throughout the chicken.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25954763_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25954763-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus is transmitted by aerosol and food contaminated by feces. Different <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> against IBV exist and have helped to limit the spread of the virus and its variants.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infectious bronchitis virus is one of a number of strains of the species <i><a href="/wiki/Avian_coronavirus" title="Avian coronavirus">Avian coronavirus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another strain of avian coronavirus is <a href="/wiki/Turkey_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey coronavirus">turkey coronavirus</a> (TCV) which causes <a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">enteritis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkeys">turkeys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_129-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coronaviruses also affect other branches of <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">pig farming</a> and cattle raising.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_129-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swine_acute_diarrhea_syndrome_coronavirus" title="Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus">Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus</a> (SADS-CoV), which is related to <a href="/wiki/Rhinolophus_bat_coronavirus_HKU2" title="Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2">bat coronavirus HKU2</a>, causes <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> in pigs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29618817_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29618817-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Porcine_epidemic_diarrhea_virus" title="Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus">Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus</a> (PEDV) is a coronavirus that has recently emerged and similarly causes diarrhea in pigs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32041637_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32041637-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transmissible_gastroenteritis_virus" title="Transmissible gastroenteritis virus">Transmissible gastroenteritis virus</a> (TGEV), which is a member of the species <i>Alphacoronavirus 1</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:17_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is another coronavirus that causes diarrhea in young pigs.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the cattle industry <a href="/wiki/Bovine_coronavirus" title="Bovine coronavirus">bovine coronavirus</a> (BCV), which is a member of the species <i><a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus_1" title="Betacoronavirus 1">Betacoronavirus 1</a></i> and related to HCoV-OC43,<sup id="cite_ref-:18_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is responsible for severe profuse enteritis in young calves.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_129-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_pets">Domestic pets</h3></div> <p>Coronaviruses infect domestic pets such as cats, dogs, and ferrets.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two forms of <a href="/wiki/Feline_coronavirus" title="Feline coronavirus">feline coronavirus</a> which are both members of the species <i>Alphacoronavirus 1</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feline enteric coronavirus is a pathogen of minor clinical significance, but spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> of this virus can result in <a href="/wiki/Feline_infectious_peritonitis" title="Feline infectious peritonitis">feline infectious peritonitis</a> (FIP), a disease with high mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_129-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two different coronaviruses that infect dogs. <a href="/wiki/Canine_coronavirus" title="Canine coronavirus">Canine coronavirus</a> (CCoV), which is a member of the species <i>Alphacoronavirus 1</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:17_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causes mild gastrointestinal disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_129-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canine_coronavirus#Canine_respiratory_coronavirus" title="Canine coronavirus">Canine respiratory coronavirus</a> (CRCoV), which is a member of the species <i><a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus_1" title="Betacoronavirus 1">Betacoronavirus 1</a></i> and related to HCoV-OC43,<sup id="cite_ref-:18_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cause respiratory disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_129-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, there are two types of coronavirus that infect ferrets.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ferret_coronavirus" title="Ferret coronavirus">Ferret enteric coronavirus</a> causes a gastrointestinal syndrome known as epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE), and a more lethal systemic version of the virus (like FIP in cats) known as ferret systemic coronavirus (FSC).<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_animals">Laboratory animals</h3></div> <p>Coronaviruses infect laboratory animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_129-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), which is a member of the species <i><a href="/wiki/Murine_coronavirus" title="Murine coronavirus">Murine coronavirus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:19_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causes an epidemic <a href="/wiki/Murinae" title="Murinae">murine</a> illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory mice.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16339739_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16339739-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV, MHV was the best-studied coronavirus both <i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> as well as at the molecular level. Some strains of MHV cause a progressive <a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">demyelinating encephalitis</a> in mice which has been used as a murine model for <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20627412_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20627412-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rat_coronavirus" title="Rat coronavirus">Sialodacryoadenitis virus</a> (SDAV), which is a strain of the species <i>Murine coronavirus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:19_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is highly infectious coronavirus of laboratory rats, which can be transmitted between individuals by direct contact and indirectly by aerosol. Rabbit enteric coronavirus causes acute gastrointestinal disease and diarrhea in young <a href="/wiki/European_rabbits" class="mw-redirect" title="European rabbits">European rabbits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_129-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mortality rates are high.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention_and_treatment">Prevention and treatment</h2></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">number of vaccines</a> using different methods have been developed against human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.<sup id="cite_ref-milken_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milken-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biorender_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biorender-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Antiviral targets</a> against human coronaviruses have also been identified such as viral proteases, polymerases, and entry proteins. <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development" title="COVID-19 drug development">Drugs are in development</a> which target these proteins and the different steps of viral replication.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32147628_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32147628-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biorender_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biorender-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vaccines are available for animal coronaviruses IBV, TGEV, and Canine CoV, although their effectiveness is limited. In the case of outbreaks of highly contagious animal coronaviruses, such as PEDV, measures such as <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">destruction of entire herds</a> of pigs may be used to prevent transmission to other herds.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_diseases" title="Coronavirus diseases">Coronavirus diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonosis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICTV2018b-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICTV2018b_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ictv.global/taxonomy">"Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release"</a>. <i>International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)</i>. 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Elsevier Health Sciences. p. PT6615. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-39281-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-39281-5"><bdi>978-0-323-39281-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feigin+and+Cherry%27s+Textbook+of+Pediatric+Infectious+Diseases&rft.pages=PT6615&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-323-39281-5&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Demmler-Harrison%2C+GJ&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+SL&rft.au=Steinbach%2C+WJ&rft.au=Hotez%2C+PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-ZIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT6615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooHuangLauYuen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen KY (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185738">"Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis"</a>. <i>Viruses</i>. <b>2</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1804–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fv2081803">10.3390/v2081803</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1999-4915">1999-4915</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185738">3185738</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21994708">21994708</a>. <q>Coronaviruses possess the largest genomes [26.4 kb (ThCoV HKU12) to 31.7 kb (SW1)] among all known RNA viruses (Figure 1) [2,13,16].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viruses&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+genomics+and+bioinformatics+analysis&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1804-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3185738%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1999-4915&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21994708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fv2081803&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=PC&rft.au=Huang%2C+Y&rft.au=Lau%2C+SK&rft.au=Yuen%2C+KY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3185738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmeidaBerryCunninghamHamre1968" class="citation journal cs1">Almeida JD, Berry DM, Cunningham CH, Hamre D, Hofstad MS, Mallucci L, et al. (November 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086490">"Virology: Coronaviruses"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>220</b> (5168): 650. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Natur.220..650.">1968Natur.220..650.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F220650b0">10.1038/220650b0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086490">7086490</a></span>. <q>[T]here is also a characteristic "fringe" of projections 200 A long, which are rounded or petal shaped<span class="nowrap"> </span>... This appearance, recalling the solar corona, is shared by mouse hepatitis virus and several viruses recently recovered from man, namely strain B814, 229E and several others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Virology%3A+Coronaviruses&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=5168&rft.pages=650&rft.date=1968-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7086490%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F220650b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968Natur.220..650.&rft.aulast=Almeida&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Berry%2C+DM&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+CH&rft.au=Hamre%2C+D&rft.au=Hofstad%2C+MS&rft.au=Mallucci%2C+L&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+K&rft.au=Tyrrell%2C+DA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7086490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coronavirus">"Definition of Coronavirus by Merriam-Webster"</a>. Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323161218/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coronavirus">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Coronavirus+by+Merriam-Webster&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcoronavirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corona">"Definition of Corona by Merriam-Webster"</a>. Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324161709/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corona">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Corona+by+Merriam-Webster&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcorona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrellFielder2002" class="citation book cs1">Tyrrell DA, Fielder M (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALxG44e0bfAC&q=june"><i>Cold Wars: The Fight Against the Common Cold</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-263285-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-263285-2"><bdi>978-0-19-263285-2</bdi></a>. <q>We looked more closely at the appearance of the new viruses and noticed that they had a kind of halo surrounding them. Recourse to a dictionary produced the Latin equivalent, corona, and so the name coronavirus was born.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+Wars%3A+The+Fight+Against+the+Common+Cold&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-263285-2&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=David+Arthur+John&rft.au=Fielder%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALxG44e0bfAC%26q%3Djune&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturmanHolmes1983" class="citation journal cs1">Sturman LS, Holmes KV (1983-01-01). 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spherical, sometimes pleomorphic, particles that averaged 78 nm in diameter (Figure 1A).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Ultrastructural+characterization+of+SARS+coronavirus&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3322934%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15030705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1002.030913&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=CS&rft.au=Tatti%2C+KM&rft.au=Ksiazek%2C+TG&rft.au=Rollin%2C+PE&rft.au=Comer%2C+JA&rft.au=Lee%2C+WW&rft.au=Rota%2C+PA&rft.au=Bankamp%2C+B&rft.au=Bellini%2C+WJ&rft.au=Zaki%2C+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3322934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2006" class="citation journal cs1">Masters PS (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112330">"The molecular biology of coronaviruses"</a>. <i>Advances in Virus Research</i>. <b>66</b>: <span class="nowrap">193–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-3527%2806%2966005-3">10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66005-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Virus+Research&rft.atitle=The+molecular+biology+of+coronaviruses&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7112330%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16877062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-3527%2806%2966005-3&rft.isbn=978-0-12-039869-0&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=PS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7112330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalchhandama2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lalchhandama K (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33493%2Fscivis.20.02.03">"The chronicles of coronaviruses: the electron microscope, the doughnut, and the spike"</a>. <i>Science Vision</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">78–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33493%2Fscivis.20.02.03">10.33493/scivis.20.02.03</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Vision&rft.atitle=The+chronicles+of+coronaviruses%3A+the+electron+microscope%2C+the+doughnut%2C+and+the+spike&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33493%2Fscivis.20.02.03&rft.aulast=Lalchhandama&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.33493%252Fscivis.20.02.03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumanKissKundingBhella2011" class="citation journal cs1">Neuman BW, Kiss G, Kunding AH, Bhella D, Baksh MF, Connelly S, et al. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Structural+Biology&rft.atitle=A+structural+analysis+of+M+protein+in+coronavirus+assembly+and+morphology&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4486061%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21130884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsb.2010.11.021&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=BW&rft.au=Kiss%2C+G&rft.au=Kunding%2C+AH&rft.au=Bhella%2C+D&rft.au=Baksh%2C+MF&rft.au=Connelly%2C+S&rft.au=Droese%2C+B&rft.au=Klaus%2C+JP&rft.au=Makino%2C+S&rft.au=Sawicki%2C+SG&rft.au=Siddell%2C+SG&rft.au=Stamou%2C+DG&rft.au=Wilson%2C+IA&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+P&rft.au=Buchmeier%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4486061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lai_1997-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lai_1997_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaiCavanagh1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lai MM, Cavanagh D (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7130985">"The molecular biology of coronaviruses"</a>. <i>Advances in Virus Research</i>. <b>48</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-3527%2808%2960286-9">10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60286-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-039848-5" 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href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_2015_49-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiviral+Research&rft.atitle=The+SARS+coronavirus+nucleocapsid+protein%E2%80%94forms+and+functions&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7113676%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24418573&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.antiviral.2013.12.009&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=CK&rft.au=Hou%2C+MH&rft.au=Chang%2C+CF&rft.au=Hsiao%2C+CD&rft.au=Huang%2C+TH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7113676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnijderBredenbeekDobbeThiel2003" 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(July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212970">"SARS-CoV-2 infects an in vitro model of the human developing pancreas through endocytosis"</a>. <i>iScience</i>. <b>25</b> (7): 104594. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022iSci...25j4594S">2022iSci...25j4594S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.isci.2022.104594">10.1016/j.isci.2022.104594</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212970">9212970</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35756892">35756892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iScience&rft.atitle=SARS-CoV-2+infects+an+in+vitro+model+of+the+human+developing+pancreas+through+endocytosis&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=104594&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9212970%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35756892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.isci.2022.104594&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022iSci...25j4594S&rft.aulast=Szlachcic&rft.aufirst=Wojciech+J.&rft.au=Dabrowska%2C+Agnieszka&rft.au=Milewska%2C+Aleksandra&rft.au=Ziojla%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Blaszczyk%2C+Katarzyna&rft.au=Barreto-Duran%2C+Emilia&rft.au=Sanak%2C+Marek&rft.au=Surmiak%2C+Marcin&rft.au=Owczarek%2C+Katarzyna&rft.au=Grzanka%2C+Dariusz&rft.au=Durzynska%2C+Julia&rft.au=Pyrc%2C+Krzysztof&rft.au=Borowiak%2C+Malgorzata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9212970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2006" class="citation journal cs1">Masters PS (2006-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112330">"The molecular biology of coronaviruses"</a>. <i>Advances in Virus Research</i>. <b>66</b>. Academic Press: <span class="nowrap">193–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-3527%2806%2966005-3">10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66005-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-039869-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-039869-0"><bdi>978-0-12-039869-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112330">7112330</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16877062">16877062</a>. <q>See Figure 8.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Virus+Research&rft.atitle=The+molecular+biology+of+coronaviruses&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7112330%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16877062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-3527%2806%2966005-3&rft.isbn=978-0-12-039869-0&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=PS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7112330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SextonSmith2016-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SextonSmith2016_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSextonSmithBlancVignuzzi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sexton NR, Smith EC, Blanc H, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB, Denison MR (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4984655">"Homology-Based Identification of a Mutation in the Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase That Confers Resistance to Multiple Mutagens"</a>. <i>Journal of Virology</i>. <b>90</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">7415–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.00080-16">10.1128/JVI.00080-16</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4984655">4984655</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27279608">27279608</a>. <q>Finally, these results, combined with those from previous work (33, 44), suggest that CoVs encode at least three proteins involved in fidelity (nsp12-RdRp, nsp14-ExoN, and nsp10), supporting the assembly of a multiprotein replicase-fidelity complex, as described previously (38).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virology&rft.atitle=Homology-Based+Identification+of+a+Mutation+in+the+Coronavirus+RNA-Dependent+RNA+Polymerase+That+Confers+Resistance+to+Multiple+Mutagens&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7415-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4984655%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27279608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.00080-16&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=NR&rft.au=Smith%2C+EC&rft.au=Blanc%2C+H&rft.au=Vignuzzi%2C+M&rft.au=Peersen%2C+OB&rft.au=Denison%2C+MR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4984655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2017" class="citation book cs1">Payne S (2017-01-01). "Chapter 17 - Family Coronaviridae". <i>Viruses</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COVID-19+vaccine+and+therapeutics+tracker&rft.pub=BioRender&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiorender.com%2Fcovid-vaccine-tracker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32147628-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid32147628_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongHuGao2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dong L, Hu S, Gao J (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5582%2Fddt.2020.01012">"Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)"</a>. <i>Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">58–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5582%2Fddt.2020.01012">10.5582/ddt.2020.01012</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32147628">32147628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Discoveries+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Discovering+drugs+to+treat+coronavirus+disease+2019+%28COVID-19%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5582%2Fddt.2020.01012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32147628&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Hu%2C+S&rft.au=Gao%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5582%252Fddt.2020.01012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronavirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Orthocoronavirinae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Orthocoronavirinae">Orthocoronavirinae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Orthocoronavirinae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Orthocoronavirinae">Orthocoronavirinae</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/coronavirus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/coronavirus">coronavirus</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcheson2011" class="citation book cs1">Acheson NH (2011). 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738" class="extiw" title="d:Q57751738">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B97.2">B97.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D017934">D017934</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_cold84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinovirus" title="Rhinovirus">Rhinovirus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">Symptoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">Cough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">Fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">Fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">Loss of appetite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">Malaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myalgia" title="Myalgia">Muscle aches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_congestion" title="Nasal congestion">Nasal congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">Rhinorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneeze" title="Sneeze">Sneezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">Sore throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">Weakness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_bronchitis" title="Acute bronchitis">Acute bronchitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">Croup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">Otitis media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">Pharyngitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Strep throat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antiviral drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template talk:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infectious diseases</a> – <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral systemic diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">HPV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">Anal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penile cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulvar cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vaginal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HPV-positive_oropharyngeal_cancer" title="HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer">Oropharyngeal cancer</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">KSHV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">EBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">Nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cell_sarcoma" title="Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma">Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extranodal_NK/T-cell_lymphoma,_nasal_type" title="Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type">Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_polyomavirus" title="Merkel cell polyomavirus">MCPyV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Splenic_marginal_zone_lymphoma" title="Splenic marginal zone lymphoma">Splenic marginal zone lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma" title="Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_viral_disease" title="Central nervous system viral disease">Central<br /> nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Encephalitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_meningitis" title="Viral meningitis">meningitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_polyomavirus_2" title="Human polyomavirus 2">Human polyomavirus 2</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy" title="Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy">Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Measles morbillivirus">MeV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis" title="Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis">Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">LCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitis</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i> (probable) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">RV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura vesiculovirus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral meningitis">Herpesviral meningitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_2" title="Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2">Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelitis" title="Myelitis">Myelitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">Poliovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Poliomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome" title="Post-polio syndrome">Post-polio syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_spastic_paraparesis" title="Tropical spastic paraparesis">Tropical spastic paraparesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_retinitis" title="Cytomegalovirus retinitis">Cytomegalovirus retinitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_keratitis" title="Herpes simplex keratitis">Herpes of the eye</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">acute viral<br />nasopharyngitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">Epstein–Barr virus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_infection" title="Epstein–Barr virus infection">EBV infection</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV_–_positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">IV</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human coronavirus">Human coronavirus</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">229E</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">NL63</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">HKU1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">OC43</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V_–_negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">V</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">Influenza virus A</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_B_virus" title="Influenza B virus">B</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_C_virus" title="Influenza C virus">C</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_D_virus" title="Influenza D virus">D</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a>/<a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>V, <i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Human parainfluenza viruses</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Parainfluenza</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_orthopneumovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human orthopneumovirus">Human orthopneumovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_metapneumovirus" title="Human metapneumovirus">hMPV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human<br /> digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a>/<a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_esophagitis" title="Cytomegalovirus esophagitis">Cytomegalovirus esophagitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Viral" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Virus" title="Gastroenteritis">diarrhea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenovirus</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_infection" title="Adenovirus infection">Adenovirus infection</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rotaviral_gastroenteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotaviral gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Astrovirus" title="Astrovirus">Astrovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coronavirus</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Hepatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">B</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A#Virology" title="Hepatitis A">HAV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">A</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">HDV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">D</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthohepevirus_A" title="Orthohepevirus A">HEV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">E</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BK_virus" title="BK virus">BK virus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxonomy_of_the_Coronaviridae414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coronaviridae" title="Template:Coronaviridae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coronaviridae" title="Template talk:Coronaviridae"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coronaviridae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coronaviridae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taxonomy_of_the_Coronaviridae414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxonomy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Coronaviridae" title="Coronaviridae">Coronaviridae</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Higher taxonomy: <i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i> > <i><a href="/wiki/Orthornavirae" title="Orthornavirae">Orthornavirae</a></i> > <i><a href="/wiki/Pisuviricota" title="Pisuviricota">Pisuviricota</a></i> > <i><a href="/wiki/Pisoniviricetes" title="Pisoniviricetes">Pisoniviricetes</a></i> > <i><a href="/wiki/Nidovirales" title="Nidovirales">Nidovirales</a></i> > <i><a href="/wiki/Cornidovirineae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornidovirineae">Cornidovirineae</a></i> > <i>Coronaviridae</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Orthocoronavirinae121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Orthocoronavirinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthocoronavirinae">Orthocoronavirinae</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Alphacoronavirus" title="Alphacoronavirus">Alphacoronavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Colacovirus" title="Colacovirus">Colacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Bat coronavirus CDPHE15</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Decacovirus" title="Decacovirus">Decacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bat_coronavirus_HKU10" title="Bat coronavirus HKU10">Bat coronavirus HKU10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinolophus_ferrumequinum_alphacoronavirus_HuB-2013" title="Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013">Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duvinacovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Duvinacovirus">Duvinacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Human coronavirus 229E</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Luchacovirus" title="Luchacovirus">Luchacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Minacovirus" title="Minacovirus">Minacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Mink coronavirus 1</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Minunacovirus" title="Minunacovirus">Minunacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Miniopterus_bat_coronavirus_1" title="Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1">Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miniopterus_bat_coronavirus_HKU8" title="Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8">Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Myotacovirus" title="Myotacovirus">Myotacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Myotis ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-2011</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctacovirus" title="Nyctacovirus">Nyctacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctalus_velutinus_alphacoronavirus_SC-2013" title="Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013">Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pipistrellus_kuhlii_coronavirus_3398" title="Pipistrellus kuhlii coronavirus 3398">Pipistrellus kuhlii coronavirus 3398</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pedacovirus" title="Pedacovirus">Pedacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Porcine_epidemic_diarrhea_virus" title="Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus">Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scotophilus_bat_coronavirus_512" title="Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512">Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinacovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinacovirus">Rhinacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Setracovirus" title="Setracovirus">Setracovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">Human coronavirus NL63</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NL63-related_bat_coronavirus_strain_BtKYNL63-9b" title="NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b">NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Soracovirus" title="Soracovirus">Soracovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Sorex araneus coronavirus T14</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunacovirus" title="Sunacovirus">Sunacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Suncus murinus coronavirus X74</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tegacovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegacovirus">Tegacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Alphacoronavirus 1</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feline_coronavirus" title="Feline coronavirus">Feline coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canine_coronavirus" title="Canine coronavirus">Canine coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canine_coronavirus_HuPn-2018" title="Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018">Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmissible_gastroenteritis_virus" title="Transmissible gastroenteritis virus">Transmissible gastroenteritis virus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus" title="Betacoronavirus">Betacoronavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Embecovirus" title="Embecovirus">Embecovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Betacoronavirus_1" title="Betacoronavirus 1">Betacoronavirus 1</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_coronavirus" title="Bovine coronavirus">Bovine coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">Human coronavirus OC43</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Rattus_coronavirus_HKU24" class="mw-redirect" title="China Rattus coronavirus HKU24">China Rattus coronavirus HKU24</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">Human coronavirus HKU1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murine_coronavirus" title="Murine coronavirus">Murine coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rat_coronavirus" title="Rat coronavirus">Rat coronavirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myodes_coronavirus_2JL14" title="Myodes coronavirus 2JL14">Myodes coronavirus 2JL14</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hibecovirus" title="Hibecovirus">Hibecovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Bat Hp-betacoronavirus Zhejiang2013</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Merbecovirus" title="Merbecovirus">Merbecovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_coronavirus_1" title="Hedgehog coronavirus 1">Hedgehog coronavirus 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus">Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London1_novel_CoV/2012" title="London1 novel CoV/2012">London1_novel CoV/2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERS_coronavirus_EMC/2012" title="MERS coronavirus EMC/2012">MERS coronavirus EMC/2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pipistrellus_bat_coronavirus_HKU5" title="Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5">Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tylonycteris_bat_coronavirus_HKU4" title="Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4">Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nobecovirus" title="Nobecovirus">Nobecovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eidolon_bat_coronavirus_C704" title="Eidolon bat coronavirus C704">Eidolon bat coronavirus C704</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rousettus_bat_coronavirus_GCCDC1" title="Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1">Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rousettus_bat_coronavirus_HKU9" title="Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9">Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sarbecovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbecovirus">Sarbecovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/SARS-related_coronavirus" title="SARS-related coronavirus">SARS-related coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1">SARS-CoV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Variants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BANAL-52&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BANAL-52 (page does not exist)">BANAL-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_SARS-like_coronavirus_WIV1" title="Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1">Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RacCS203" title="RacCS203">RacCS203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaTG13" title="RaTG13">RaTG13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RmYN02" title="RmYN02">RmYN02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RpYN06" title="RpYN06">RpYN06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHC014-CoV" title="SHC014-CoV">SHC014-CoV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Gammacoronavirus" title="Gammacoronavirus">Gammacoronavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brangacovirus" title="Brangacovirus">Brangacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Goose coronavirus CB17</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cegacovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cegacovirus">Cegacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale_coronavirus_SW1" title="Beluga whale coronavirus SW1">Beluga whale coronavirus SW1</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Igacovirus" title="Igacovirus">Igacovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avian_coronavirus" title="Avian coronavirus">Avian coronavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avian_coronavirus_9203" title="Avian coronavirus 9203">Avian coronavirus 9203</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duck_coronavirus_2714" title="Duck coronavirus 2714">Duck coronavirus 2714</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Deltacoronavirus" title="Deltacoronavirus">Deltacoronavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Andecovirus" title="Andecovirus">Andecovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Wigeon coronavirus HKU20</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Buldecovirus" title="Buldecovirus">Buldecovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulbul_coronavirus_HKU11" title="Bulbul coronavirus HKU11">Bulbul coronavirus HKU11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_moorhen_coronavirus_HKU21" title="Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21">Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_HKU15" title="Coronavirus HKU15">Coronavirus HKU15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munia_coronavirus_HKU13" title="Munia coronavirus HKU13">Munia coronavirus HKU13</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-eye_coronavirus_HKU16" title="White-eye coronavirus HKU16">White-eye coronavirus HKU16</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Herdecovirus" title="Herdecovirus">Herdecovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Night heron coronavirus HKU19</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Letovirinae19" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Letovirinae" title="Letovirinae">Letovirinae</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphaletovirus18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i>Alphaletovirus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Milecovirus15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Milecovirus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Microhyla letovirus 1</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">ICTV</a> –– <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikispecies page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Coronaviridae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Coronaviridae">Wikispecies</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Orthocoronavirinae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q57751738">Q57751738</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Orthocoronavirinae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Orthocoronavirinae">Orthocoronavirinae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=980924">980924</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NLXS">7NLXS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/55549458">55549458</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2501931">2501931</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Coronavirinae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15233924" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q15233924">Q15233924</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=693995">693995</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=600077">600077</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Coronavirus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290805" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q290805">Q290805</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/80635">80635</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/10347353">10347353</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1034694">1034694</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox392" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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