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Basyir</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Ilma Fahira Basyir"> <meta name="keywords" content="Ilma Fahira Basyir"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Ilma Fahira Basyir"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 22</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Ilma Fahira Basyir</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Coronary Artery Calcium Score and Statin Treatment Effect on Myocardial Infarction and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yusra%20Pintaningrum">Yusra Pintaningrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Fahira%20Basyir"> Ilma Fahira Basyir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sony%20Hilal%20Wicaksono"> Sony Hilal Wicaksono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vito%20A.%20Damay"> Vito A. Damay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores play an important role in improving prognostic accuracy and can be selectively used to guide the allocation of statin therapy for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease outcomes and potentially associated with the occurrence of MACE (Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event) and MI (Myocardial Infarction). Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to analyze the findings of a study about CAC Score and statin treatment effect on MI and MACE risk. Methods: Search for published scientific articles using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting, Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) method conducted on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Medline databases published in the last 20 years on “coronary artery calcium” AND “statin” AND “cardiovascular disease” Further systematic review and meta-analysis using RevMan version 5.4 were performed based on the included published scientific articles. Results: Based on 11 studies included with a total of 1055 participants, we performed a meta-analysis and found that individuals with CAC score > 0 increased risk ratio of MI 8.48 (RR = 9.48: 95% CI: 6.22 – 14.45) times and MACE 2.48 (RR = 3.48: 95% CI: 2.98 – 4.05) times higher than CAC score 0 individual. Statin compared against non-statin treatment showed a statistically insignificant overall effect on the risk of MI (P = 0.81) and MACE (P = 0.89) in an individual with elevated CAC score 1 – 100 (P = 0.65) and > 100 (P = 0.11). Conclusions: This study found that an elevated CAC scores individual has a higher risk of MI and MACE than a non-elevated CAC score individual. There is no significant effect of statin compared against non-statin treatment to reduce MI and MACE in elevated CAC score individuals of 1 – 100 or > 100. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coronary%20artery%20calcium" title="coronary artery calcium">coronary artery calcium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statin" title=" statin"> statin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardiovascular%20disease" title=" cardiovascular disease"> cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=myocardial%20infarction" title=" myocardial infarction"> myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MACE" title=" MACE"> MACE</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161305/coronary-artery-calcium-score-and-statin-treatment-effect-on-myocardial-infarction-and-major-adverse-cardiovascular-event-of-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161305.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Islamic Education System: Implementation of Curriculum Kuttab Al-Fatih Semarang</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basyir%20Yaman">Basyir Yaman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fades%20Br.%20Gultom"> Fades Br. Gultom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The picture and pattern of Islamic education in the Prophet's period in Mecca and Medina is the history of the past that we need to bring back. The Basic Education Institute called Kuttab. Kuttab or Maktab comes from the word kataba which means to write. The popular Kuttab in the Prophet’s period aims to resolve the illiteracy in the Arab community. In Indonesia, this Institution has 25 branches; one of them is located in Semarang (i.e. Kuttab Al-Fatih). Kuttab Al-Fatih as a non-formal institution of Islamic education is reserved for children aged 5-12 years. The independently designed curriculum is a distinctive feature that distinguishes between Kuttab Al-Fatih curriculum and the formal institutional curriculum in Indonesia. The curriculum includes the faith and the Qur’an. Kuttab Al-Fatih has been licensed as a Community Activity Learning Center under the direct supervision and guidance of the National Education Department. Here, we focus to describe the implementation of curriculum Kuttab Al-Fatih Semarang (i.e. faith and al-Qur’an). After that, we determine the relevance between the implementation of the Kuttab Al-Fatih education system with the formal education system in Indonesia. This research uses literature review and field research qualitative methods. We obtained the data from the head of Kuttab Al-Fatih Semarang, vice curriculum, faith coordinator, al-Qur’an coordinator, as well as the guardians of learners and the learners. The result of this research is the relevance of education system in Kuttab Al-Fatih Semarang about education system in Indonesia. Kuttab Al-Fatih Semarang emphasizes character building through a curriculum designed in such a way and combines thematic learning models in modules. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20education%20system" title="Islamic education system">Islamic education system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implementation%20of%20curriculum" title=" implementation of curriculum"> implementation of curriculum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuttab%20Al-Fatih%20Semarang" title=" Kuttab Al-Fatih Semarang"> Kuttab Al-Fatih Semarang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formal%20education%20system" title=" formal education system"> formal education system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesia" title=" Indonesia"> Indonesia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78277/islamic-education-system-implementation-of-curriculum-kuttab-al-fatih-semarang" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78277.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Inflammatory Markers in the Blood and Chronic Periodontitis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta">Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo"> Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nevila%20Alliu"> Nevila Alliu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tea%20Meta"> Tea Meta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Plasma levels of inflammatory markers are the expression of the infectious wastes of existing periodontitis, as well as of existing inflammation everywhere in the body. Materials and Methods: The study consists of the clinical part of the measurement of inflammatory markers of 23 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and the recording of parental periodontal parameters of patient periodontal status: hemorrhage index and probe values, before and 7-10 days after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Results: The level of fibrinogen drops according to the categorization of disease progression, active and passive, with the biggest % (18%-30%) at the fluctuation 10-20 mg/d. Fluctuations in fibrinogen level according to the age of patients in the range 0-10 mg/dL under 40 years and over 40 years was 13%-26%, in the range 10-20 mg/dL was 26%-22%, in the 20-40 mg/dL was 9%-4%. Conclusions: Non-surgical periodontal treatment significantly reduces the level of non-inflammatory markers in the blood. Oral health significantly reduces the potential source for periodontal bacteria, with the potential of promoting thromboembolism, through interaction between thrombocytes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronic%20periodontitis" title="chronic periodontitis">chronic periodontitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atherosclerosis" title=" atherosclerosis"> atherosclerosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20factor" title=" risk factor"> risk factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflammatory%20markers" title=" inflammatory markers "> inflammatory markers </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116737/inflammatory-markers-in-the-blood-and-chronic-periodontitis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116737.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Indications and Characteristics of Clinical Application of Periodontal Suturing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta">Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo"> Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Ostreni"> Vera Ostreni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Glorja%20Demika"> Glorja Demika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonila%20Kapaj"> Sonila Kapaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Suturing, as a procedure of joining the lips of the lembo or wound, is important at the beginning of the healing process. This procedure helps to pass the healing process from the procedure per secundam to the stages of healing per primam, thus logically reducing the healing time of the wound. The element that remains in the individual selection of the dentist applying the suture is the selection of the suture material. At a moment when some types of sutures are offered for use, some elements should be considered in the selection of the suture depending on the constituent material, the cross-section of the suture elements, and whether it collects bacteria in the "pits" created by the material. The presence of bacteria is a source of infection and possible delay in the healing of the sutured wound. Conclusion: The marketing of suture types offers a variety of materials, from which the selection of the most suitable suture type for specific application cases is a personal indication of the dental surgeon, based on professional experiences and knowledge in the field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suture" title="suture">suture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suture%20material" title=" suture material"> suture material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=types%20of%20sutures" title=" types of sutures"> types of sutures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20application" title=" clinical application"> clinical application</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164020/indications-and-characteristics-of-clinical-application-of-periodontal-suturing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164020.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Biological Activity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Surface of Implants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta">Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo"> Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhimiter%20Papakozma"> Dhimiter Papakozma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduart%20Kapaj"> Eduart Kapaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Ostreni"> Vera Ostreni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The biocompatible materials applied to the implant surfaces are the target of recent literature studies. Methodologies: Modification of implant surfaces in different ways such as application of additional ions, surface microstructure change, surface or laser ultrasound alteration, or application of various substances such as recombinant proteins are among the most affected by articles published in the literature. The study is of review type with the main aim of finding the different ways that the mesenchymal cell reaction to these materials is, according to the literature, in the same percentage positive to the osteointegration process. Results: It is emphasized in the literature that implant success as a key evaluation key has more to implement implant treatment protocol ranging from dental health amenity and subsequent of the choice of implant type depending on the alveolar shape of the ridge level. Conclusions: Osteointegration is a procedure that should initially be physiologically independent of the type of implant pile material. With this physiological process, it can not "boast" for implant success or implantation depending on the brand of the selected implant, as the breadth of synthetic or natural materials that promote osteointegration is relatively large. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesenchymal%20cells" title="mesenchymal cells">mesenchymal cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implants" title=" implants"> implants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=review" title=" review"> review</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocompatible%20materials" title=" biocompatible materials"> biocompatible materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119626/biological-activity-of-mesenchymal-stem-cells-in-the-surface-of-implants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Side Effects of Dental Whitening: Published Data from the Literature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo">Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta"> Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emela%20Dalloshi"> Emela Dalloshi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nevila%20Alliu"> Nevila Alliu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Ostreni"> Vera Ostreni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The dental whitening process, beyond the fact that it is a mini-invasive dental treatment, has effects on the dental structure, or on the pulp of the tooth, where it is applied. The electronic search was performed using keywords to find articles published within the last 10 years about side effects, assessed as such, of minimally invasive dental bleaching treatment. Methodology: In selected articles, the other aim of the study was to evaluate the side effects of bleaching based on the percentage and type of solution used, where the latter was evaluated on the basic solution used for bleaching. Results: The side effects of bleaching are evaluated in selected articles depending on the method of bleaching application, which means it is carried out with recommended solutions, or with mixtures of alternative solutions or substances based on Internet information. Short conclusion: The dental bleaching process has side effects which have not yet been definitively evaluated, experimentally in large samples of individuals or animals (mice or cattle) to arrive at accurate numerical conclusions. The trend of publications about this topic is increasing in recent years, as long as the trend for aesthetic facial treatments, including dental ones, is increasing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teeth%20whitening" title="teeth whitening">teeth whitening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=side%20effects" title=" side effects"> side effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permanent%20teeth" title=" permanent teeth"> permanent teeth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formed%20dental%20apex" title=" formed dental apex"> formed dental apex</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182709/side-effects-of-dental-whitening-published-data-from-the-literature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182709.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Persistent Bacteremia in Cases of Endodontic Re-Treatments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo">Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manola%20Kelmendi"> Manola Kelmendi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kleves%20Elezi"> Kleves Elezi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nevila%20Alliu"> Nevila Alliu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The most important stage in deciding whether to re-treat or not endodontically is to find the reason for the clinical in-success. Therefore, endodontic re-treatment aims to eliminate the etiology of the pathology, where the main ones are the bacteria remaining in the inter-radicular spaces or the presence of other irritants that can be not only bacterial toxins but also the elements that keep the batteries fixed or extra-canal toxins such as extraction outside the apex of the canal filling. Shortcomings of endodontic treatment can be corrected, if possible, only with endodontic re-treatment that is initially attempted orthograde, and if clinical endodontic success is not achieved again, it can be performed retrograde or surgically. The elements that do not help in this direction are the anatomical deformations in the canal network of the tooth roots, in the presence of the delta at the apex of the tooth root, in the isthmuses present, all of which can be explained by the endodontic canal anatomical morphology. Actually, even if the causative endodontic bacteria remains isolated and without an exit in the healthy periodontal tissues, then this can also be a clinical endodontic success, regardless of the fact that the endodontic isolation occurred only in the exits such as the apex or the accessory canals. Clinical endodontic in-success occurs only when bacterial residues emerge or provide an exit in the healthy periradicular tissues or along the entire length of the canal where the accessory canals exit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endodontic%20success" title="endodontic success">endodontic success</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20foecalis" title=" E. foecalis"> E. foecalis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20diode" title=" laser diode"> laser diode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial" title=" antibacterial"> antibacterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiseptic" title=" antiseptic"> antiseptic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187314/persistent-bacteremia-in-cases-of-endodontic-re-treatments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">51</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Antibiotic Treatment of Apical Periodontitis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo">Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta"> Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerhard%20Nokaj"> Gerhard Nokaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The method of treatment and the treatment protocols of apical periodontitis are now known, but the ongoing debate remains on whether or not prescription antibiotics should be given to patients suffering from this type of pathology. In fact, as an indication for prescribing antibiotics, this type of pathology remains between clinical indication and contraindication. Material and Methods: This article is of the short-communication type and has the sole purpose of analyzing the clinical picture of apical periodontitis and the fact that the appearance and extent of this pathology in the periapex area passes the stage when the host or the immune cells of the organism of the affected individual, react against bacterial factors. Results: Determining whether or not to prescribe systemic antibiotics according to literature sources can be avoided. In some cases, research in this field about this pathology even indicates endodontic rinsers or irrigants, such as chlorhexidine, in typical cases, mainly in persistent apical periodontitis. Conclusions: In times when bacterial resistance is a hot topic in some fields of scientific research, it is important to divide dental pathologies of bacterial origin into those when systemic antibiotic prescriptions must be given and those when every clinical issue is resolved only with endodontic root canal treatment. Even certain sources of published literature show the specifics of the most effective antibiotics against the bacterial flora causing the pathology of apical periodontitis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endodontic%20treatment" title="endodontic treatment">endodontic treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apical%20periodontitis" title=" apical periodontitis"> apical periodontitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotics" title=" antibiotics"> antibiotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorhexidine" title=" chlorhexidine"> chlorhexidine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182705/antibiotic-treatment-of-apical-periodontitis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182705.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Arteriosclerosis and Periodontitis: Correlation Expressed in the Amount of Fibrinogen in Blood</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nevila%20Alliu">Nevila Alliu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta"> Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo"> Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Ostreni"> Vera Ostreni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Periodontitis as an oral pathology caused by specific bacterial flora functions as a focal infection for the onset and aggravation of arteriosclerosis. These two distant pathologies, since they affect organs at a distance from each other, communicate with each other with correlation at the level of markers of inflammation in the blood. Fluctuations in the level of fibrinogen in the blood, depending on the active or passive phase of the existing periodontitis, affect the promotion of arteriosclerosis. The study is of the review type to analyze the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on fluctuations in the level of fibrinogen in the blood. The reduction of fibrinogen levels in the blood after non-surgical periodontal treatment of periodontitis in the patient's cavity is visible data and supported by literature sources. Also, the influence of a high amount of fibrinogen in the blood on the occurrence of arteriosclerosis is also another important data that again relies on many sources of literature. Conclusions: Thromboembolism and arteriosclerosis, as risk factors expressed in clinical data, have temporary bacteremia in the blood, which can occur significantly and often between phases of non-surgical periodontal treatment of periodontitis, treatments performed with treatment phases and protocols of predetermined treatment. Arterial thromboembolism has a significant factor, such as high levels of fibrinogen in the blood, which are significantly reduced during the period of non-surgical periodontal treatment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fibrinogen" title="fibrinogen">fibrinogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractory%20periodontitis" title=" refractory periodontitis"> refractory periodontitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atherosclerosis" title=" atherosclerosis"> atherosclerosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-surgical" title=" non-surgical"> non-surgical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periodontal%20treatment" title=" periodontal treatment"> periodontal treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164015/arteriosclerosis-and-periodontitis-correlation-expressed-in-the-amount-of-fibrinogen-in-blood" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164015.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Chlorhexidine, Effects in Application to Hybrid Layers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo">Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta"> Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edona%20Hasanaj"> Edona Hasanaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Ostreni"> Vera Ostreni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The hybrid layer, the way it is created and how it is protected against degradation over time, is the key to the clinical success of a composite restoration. The composite supports the dentinal structure exactly with the realized surface of microretension. Thus, this surface is in direct proportion to its size versus the duration of clinical use of composite dental restoration. Micro-retention occurs between dentin or acidified enamel and adhesive resin extensions versus pre-prepared spaces, such as hollow dentinal tubules. The way the adhesive resin binds to the acidified dentinal structure depends on the physical or chemical factors of this interrelationship between two structures with very different characteristics. During the acidification process, a precursor to the placement of the adhesive resin layer, activation of metaloproteinases of dental origin occurs, enzymes which are responsible for the degradation of the hybrid layer. These enzymes have expressed activity depending on the presence of Zn2 + or Ca2 + ions. There are several ways to inhibit these enzymes, and consequently, there are several ways to inhibit the degradation process of the hybrid layer. The study aims to evaluate chlorhexidine as a solution element, inhibitor of dentin activated metalloproteinases, as a result of the application of acidification. This study aims to look at this solution in advantage or contraindication theories, already published in the literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20layer" title="hybrid layer">hybrid layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorhexidine" title=" chlorhexidine"> chlorhexidine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degradation" title=" degradation"> degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=application" title=" application"> application</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149320/chlorhexidine-effects-in-application-to-hybrid-layers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149320.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Gingival Tissue Appearance Changes According Hormonal Oscillations at Female Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo">Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta"> Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Ostreni"> Vera Ostreni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elsaida%20Agrushi"> Elsaida Agrushi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduart%20Kapaj"> Eduart Kapaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Cyclic hormonal fluctuations are known from literature to have a clinically visible effects on gingival tissue reactions, to the diagnosed processes of gingival inflammation. Materials and methods: At a total of 47 female patients, ad-hock presented at the University Clinic, were recorded data on effect of hormonal oscillations at periodontal treatment protocol. Oral examination was performed on soft tissue of gingiva and the oral mucous membrane, always respecting the air-drying procedure and then checking with free eye differences in oral mucosal relief. After the patients were informed about the study protocol, the purpose of the study and the ongoing procedure, verbal consensus was required. Results: The study was conducted in a total of 47 patients, out of which 13 patients were under the gingivitis classification, and 24 patients under the periodontal classification. Patients included in the study are divided by age, cycle week respectively 1,2,3 and 4.The younger age of female patients is more prone to the appearance of gingivitis, which is further aggravated by the effects of sexual hormones and the effect of the controlled or non-regulated fluctuations of the latter. Conclusions: The healing process is more fuel-intensive in the absence of high hormone levels, as they are these pro-inflammatory hormones, both in or near the ho Younger women are more open to volunteering in studies that record individual and study data that may last in time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gingiva" title="gingiva">gingiva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hormonal%20oscillations" title=" hormonal oscillations"> hormonal oscillations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20patients" title=" female patients"> female patients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mucosa" title=" mucosa"> mucosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periodontal%20non-surgical%20treatment" title=" periodontal non-surgical treatment"> periodontal non-surgical treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163244/gingival-tissue-appearance-changes-according-hormonal-oscillations-at-female-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163244.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Dependence of Premature Births from Periodontal Status of Pregnant Women</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonila%20Robo">Sonila Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo"> Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduart%20Kapaj"> Eduart Kapaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta"> Saimir Heta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Early birth is 37 weeks or less, pregnancy maturity! Clinically active presence, or positive culture of vaginal secretions, means excessive production of cytokines and prostaglandins also encountered in amniotic fluid. Bacterial vaginosis appears with their clinical outbreak in a combination of bacteria. Some of these bacteria are basic members in the creation of bacterial plaque. Objective: The purpose of this study is to find the link between the presence of specific bacteria in the mouth, bacterial vaginosis as one of the causes of premature birth, and the latter. Methods: The study was applied to 30 pregnant women in the burden pathology ward at Fier maternity, divided into two groups. The first group consisting of 20 women in the 2-month period, August-September. The number of women in the ward was 10 days maximum! All women were treated with cortisone and serum IV, magnesium sulphate, antibiotic prophylaxis! Results: 55% of women were under the age of 25 and 45% of women were over the age of 25. The age effect is mentioned for classifying the diseases that causes Actinomyces. Under the age of 25, a teenager and a 25-year-old are chronically ill. The final index was G2! All females were positive for the presence of salicylic acid in saliva and vaginal secretions. Conclusions:Premature birth is a complex process with some gynecological reasons, but in high percentage of cases there is coverage with the presence of infection by Actinomyces Actinomycetemcomitans in the oral cavity, which depending on the age causes two different types of periodontitis with special characteristics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20birth" title="early birth">early birth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periodontal%20status" title=" periodontal status"> periodontal status</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacterial%20vaginosis" title=" bacterial vaginosis"> bacterial vaginosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=actinomyces%20actinomycetemcomitans" title=" actinomyces actinomycetemcomitans"> actinomyces actinomycetemcomitans</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163246/dependence-of-premature-births-from-periodontal-status-of-pregnant-women" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163246.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Dental Ethics versus Malpractice, as Phenomenon with a Growing Trend</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta">Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kers%20Kapaj"> Kers Kapaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rialda%20Xhizdari"> Rialda Xhizdari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo"> Ilma Robo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dealing with emerging cases of dental malpractice with justifications that stem from the clear rules of dental ethics is a phenomenon with an increasing trend in today's dental practice. Dentists should clearly understand how far the limit of malpractice goes, with or without minimal or major consequences, for the affected patient, which can be justified as a complication of dental treatment, in support of the rules of dental ethics in the dental office. Indeed, malpractice can occur in cases of lack of professionalism, but it can also come as a consequence of anatomical and physiological limitations in the implementation of the dental protocols, predetermined and indicated by the patient in the paragraph of the treatment plan in his personal card. This study is of the review type with the aim of the latest findings published in the literature about the problem of dealing with these phenomena. The combination of keywords is done in such a way with the aim to give the necessary space for collecting the right information in the networks of publications about this field, always first from the point of view of the dentist and not from that of the lawyer or jurist. From the findings included in this article, it was noticed the diversity of approaches towards the phenomenon depends on the different countries based on the legal basis that these countries have. There is a lack of or a small number of articles that touch on this topic, and these articles are presented with a limited number of data on the same topic. Conclusions: Dental malpractice should not be hidden under the guise of various dental complications that we justify with the strict rules of ethics for patients treated in the dental chair. The individual experience of dental malpractice must be published with the aim of serving as a source of experience for future generations of dentists. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dental%20ethics" title="dental ethics">dental ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malpractice" title=" malpractice"> malpractice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=professional%20protocol" title=" professional protocol"> professional protocol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20deviation" title=" random deviation"> random deviation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164017/dental-ethics-versus-malpractice-as-phenomenon-with-a-growing-trend" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164017.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Integrated Farming Barns as a Strategy for National Food Security</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Ulfatul%20Janah">Ilma Ulfatul Janah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibnu%20Rizky%20Briwantara"> Ibnu Rizky Briwantara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Afif"> Muhammad Afif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The agricultural sector is one of the sectors that contribute to national development. The benefit of the agricultural sector can be felt directly by the majority of Indonesian people. Indonesia is one of the agricultural countries and most of the people working in the agricultural sector. Hence, the agricultural sector’s become the second sector which has contributed greatly to the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) after the manufacture sector. Based on the National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN) from 2015 to 2019, one of the targets to be achieved by the Indonesian government is rice’s self-sufficient. Rice is the main food commodities which as most people in Indonesia, and it is making Indonesian government attempt self-sufficient in rice. Indonesia as an agricultural country becomes one of the countries that have a lower percentage of food security than other ASEAN countries. Rice self-sufficiency can be created through agricultural productivity and the availability of a market for the output. There are some problems still to be faced by the farmers such as farmer exchange rate is low. The low exchange rate of farmers showed that the level of the welfare’s Indonesian farmers is still low. The aims of this paper are to resolve problems related to food security and improve the welfare of the national rice farmers. The method by using materials obtained from the analysis of secondary data with the descriptive approach and conceptual framework. Integrated Farmers barn raising rice production is integrated and managed by the government coupled with the implementation of technology in the form of systems connected and accessible to farmers, namely 'SIBUNGTAN'. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title="agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-sufficiency" title=" self-sufficiency"> self-sufficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology" title=" technology"> technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=productivity" title=" productivity"> productivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54350/integrated-farming-barns-as-a-strategy-for-national-food-security" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54350.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">251</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Evaluation of Gingival Hyperplasia Caused by Medications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo">Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta"> Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greta%20Plaka"> Greta Plaka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Ostreni"> Vera Ostreni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Drug gingival hyperplasia is an uncommon pathology encountered during routine work in dental units. The purpose of this paper is to present the clinical appearance of gingival hyperplasia caused by medications. There are already three classes of medications that cause hyperplasia and based on data from the literature, the clinical cases encountered and included in this study have been compared. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a total of 311 patients, out of which 182 patients were included in our study, meeting the inclusion criteria. After each patient's history was recorded and it was found that patients were in their knowledge of chronic illness, undergoing treatment of gingivitis hypertrophic drugs was performed with a clinical examination of oral cavity and assessment by vertical and horizontal evaluation according to the periodontal indexes. Results: Of the data collected during the study, it was observed that 97% of patients with gingival hyperplasia are treated with nifedipine. 84% of patients treated with selected medicines and gingival hyperplasia in the oral cavity has been exposed at time period for more than 1 year and 1 month. According to the GOI, in the first rank of this index are about 21% of patients, in the second rank are 52%, in the third rank are 24% and in the fourth grade are 3%. According to the horizontal growth index of gingival hyperplasia, grade 1 included about 61% of patients and grade 2 included about 39% of patients with gingival hyperplasia. Bacterial index divides patients by degrees: grading 0 - 8.2%, grading 1 - 32.4%, grading 2 - 14% and grading 3 - 45.1%. Conclusions: The highest percentage of gingival hyperplasia caused by drugs is due to dosing of nifedipine for a duration of dosing and application for systemic healing for more than 1 year. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20gingival%20hyperplasia" title="drug gingival hyperplasia">drug gingival hyperplasia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horizontal%20growth%20index" title=" horizontal growth index"> horizontal growth index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20growth%20index" title=" vertical growth index"> vertical growth index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135630/evaluation-of-gingival-hyperplasia-caused-by-medications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Border Between the Violation of Dental Ethics and the Occurrence of Dental Malpractice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta">Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rialda%20Xhizdari"> Rialda Xhizdari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kers%20Kapaj"> Kers Kapaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo"> Ilma Robo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The interests of both individuals involved, both the dentist with his professionalism, and the patient who claims and expects the proper professional dental service, are determined in cases of dental malpractice. The latter is a phenomenon that is also wearing the "cloak" of bilateral manipulations, which in themselves require strong legal control to regulate the relations between the involved parties. The two individuals are involved both individually and even professionally and emotionally, with support in the "ultimate" interests of the two people, which in the case of conflicts or grievances, which as a result are transported to the family or society of the affected individual. Main text: The reason for malpractice is the most difficult part to find and then to interpret. It can be professional in the view of "so much I know how to do, so much done", or in the view of the impossibility of individual health conditions to achieve high professional expectations. But, the reason can also be individual with the intention of doing bad without reason or with the source of an unhealthy mind and the source of malicious thinking. The professional himself is a human being and as such may be under the effect of individual treatments or vices, therefore causing misuse, a case that must be distinguished from intentional misuse and which must be judged for the results or damages caused by the professional based on criminal law. Conclusions: Malpractice in some cases may be unavoidable, beyond the good intention of the dental intervention, which should be well understood by both parties involved in this relationship. Malpractice is not necessarily related only to difficult clinical cases, but sometimes also appears as a random deviation of a dental treatment with a welldefined professional protocol. The legal support in the interpretation of malpractice cases should be much more specific according to previous cases, this practice specifically, perhaps also according to different religious states. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dental%20ethics" title="dental ethics">dental ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malpractice" title=" malpractice"> malpractice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=professional%20dental%20service" title=" professional dental service"> professional dental service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20support" title=" legal support"> legal support</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163692/border-between-the-violation-of-dental-ethics-and-the-occurrence-of-dental-malpractice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Relationship between Trauma and Acute Scrotum: Test Torsion and Epididymal Appendix Torsion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta">Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kastriot%20Haxhirexha"> Kastriot Haxhirexha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Virtut%20Velmishi"> Virtut Velmishi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nevila%20Alliu"> Nevila Alliu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo"> Ilma Robo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Testicular rotation can occur at any age. The possibility to save the testicle is the fastest possible surgical intervention which is indicated by the presence of acute pain even at rest. The time element is more important to diagnose and proceed further with surgical intervention. Testicular damage is a consequence which mainly depends on the moment of onset of symptoms, at the time when the symptoms are diagnosed, the earliest action to be performed is surgical intervention. Sometimes medical tests are needed to confirm a diagnosis, or to help identify another cause for symptoms; for example, the urine test, that is used to check for infection, associated with the scrotal ultrasound test. Control of blood flow to the longitudinal supply vessels of the testicles is indicated. The sign that indicates testicular rotation is a reduction in blood flow. This is the element which is distinguished from ultrasound examination. Surgery may be needed to determine if the patient’s symptoms are caused by the rotation of the testis or any other condition. Discussion: As a surgical intervention of the emergency, the torsion of the test depends very much on the duration of the torsion, as the success in the life of the testicle depends on the fastest surgical intervention. From the previous clinic, it is noted that in any case presented to the pediatric patient diagnosed with testicular rotation, there is always a link with personal history that the patient refers to the presence of a previous episode of testicular trauma. Literature supports this fact very logically. Conclusions: Salvation without testicular atrophy depends closely on establishing the diagnosis of testicular rotation as soon as possible. Following the logic above, it can be said that the diagnosis for rotation should be performed as soon as possible, to avoid consequences that will not be favorable for the patient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acute%20scrotum" title="acute scrotum">acute scrotum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=test%20torsion" title=" test torsion"> test torsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=newborns" title=" newborns"> newborns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20presentation" title=" clinical presentation"> clinical presentation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130384/relationship-between-trauma-and-acute-scrotum-test-torsion-and-epididymal-appendix-torsion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130384.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Analysis of Cross-Sectional and Retrograde Data on the Prevalence of Marginal Gingivitis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo">Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta"> Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nedja%20Hysi"> Nedja Hysi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Ostreni"> Vera Ostreni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Marginal gingivitis is a disease with considerable frequency among patients who present routinely for periodontal control and treatment. In fact, this disease may not have alarming symptoms in patients and may go unnoticed by themselves when personal hygiene conditions are optimal. The aim of this study was to collect retrograde data on the prevalence of marginal gingiva in the respective group of patients, evaluated according to specific periodontal diagnostic tools. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in two patient groups. The first group was with 34 patients, during December 2019-January 2020, and the second group was with 64 patients during 2010-2018 (each year in the mentioned monthly period). Bacterial plaque index, hemorrhage index, amount of gingival fluid, presence of xerostomia and candidiasis were recorded in patients. Results: Analysis of the collected data showed that susceptibility to marginal gingivitis shows higher values according to retrograde data, compared to cross-sectional ones. Susceptibility to candidiasis and the occurrence of xerostomia, even in the combination of both pathologies, as risk factors for the occurrence of marginal gingivitis, show higher values according to retrograde data. The female are presented with a reduced bacterial plaque index than the males, but more importantly, this index in the females is also associated with a reduced index of gingival hemorrhage, in contrast to the males. Conclusions: Cross-sectional data show that the prevalence of marginal gingivitis is more reduced, compared to retrograde data, based on the hemorrhage index and the bacterial plaque index together. Changes in production in the amount of gingival fluid show a higher prevalence of marginal gingivitis in cross-sectional data than in retrograde data; this is based on the sophistication of the way data are recorded, which evolves over time and also based on professional sensitivity to this phenomenon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marginal%20gingivitis" title="marginal gingivitis">marginal gingivitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-sectional" title=" cross-sectional"> cross-sectional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retrograde" title=" retrograde"> retrograde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevalence" title=" prevalence"> prevalence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128774/analysis-of-cross-sectional-and-retrograde-data-on-the-prevalence-of-marginal-gingivitis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128774.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Some Characteristics Based on Literature, for an Ideal Disinfectant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta">Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo"> Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rialda%20Xhizdari"> Rialda Xhizdari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kers%20Kapaj"> Kers Kapaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The stability of an ideal disinfectant should be constant regardless of the change in the atmospheric conditions of the environment where it is kept. If the conditions such as temperature or humidity change, it is understood that it will also be necessary to approach possible changes in the holding materials such as plastic or glass bottles with the aim of protecting, for example, the disinfectant from the excessive lighting of the environment, which can also be translated as an increase in the temperature of disinfectant as a fluid. Material and Methods: In this study, an attempt was made to find the most recent published data about the best possible combination of disinfectants indicated for use after dental procedures. This purpose of the study was realized by comparing the basic literature that is studied in the field of dentistry by students with the most published data in the literature of recent years about this topic. Each disinfectant is represented by a number called the disinfectant count, in which different factors can influence the increase or reduction of variables whose production remains a specific statistic for a specific disinfectant. Results: The changes in the atmospheric conditions where the disinfectant is deposited and stored in the environment are known to affect the stability of the disinfectant as a fluid; this fact is known and even cited in the leaflets accompanying the manufactured boxes of disinfectants. It is these cares, in the form of advice, which are based not only on the preservation of the disinfectant but also on the application in order to have the desired clinical result. Aldehydes have the highest constant among the types of disinfectants, followed by acids. The lowest value of the constant belongs to the class of glycols, the predecessors of which were the halogens, in which class there are some representatives with disinfection applications. The class of phenols and acids have almost the same intervals of constants. Conclusions: If the goal were to find the ideal disinfectant among the large variety of disinfectants produced, a good starting point would be to find something unchanging or a fixed, unchanging element on the basis of which the comparison can be made properties of different disinfectants. Precisely based on the results of this study, the role of the specific constant according to the specific disinfectant is highlighted. Finding an ideal disinfectant, like finding a medication or the ideal antibiotic, is an ongoing but unattainable goal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=different%20disinfectants" title="different disinfectants">different disinfectants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ideal" title=" ideal"> ideal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20constant" title=" specific constant"> specific constant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dental%20procedures" title=" dental procedures"> dental procedures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174981/some-characteristics-based-on-literature-for-an-ideal-disinfectant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174981.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Malpractice, Even in Conditions of Compliance With the Rules of Dental Ethics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta">Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kers%20Kapaj"> Kers Kapaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rialda%20Xhizdari"> Rialda Xhizdari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo"> Ilma Robo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the existence of different dental specialties, the dentist-patient relationship is unique, in the very fact that the treatment is performed by one doctor and the patient identifies the malpractice presented as part of that doctor's practice; this is in complete contrast to cases of medical treatments where the patient can be presented to a team of doctors, to treat a specific pathology. The rules of dental ethics are almost the same as the rules of medical ethics. The appearance of dental malpractice affects exactly this two-party relationship, created on the basis of professionalism, without deviations in this direction, between the dentist and the patient, but with very narrow individual boundaries, compared to cases of medical malpractice. Main text: Malpractice can have different reasons for its appearance, starting from professional negligence, but also from the lack of professional knowledge of the dentist who undertakes the dental treatment. It should always be seen in perspective that we are not talking about the individual - the dentist who goes to work with the intention of harming their patients. Malpractice can also be a consequence of the impossibility, for anatomical or physiological reasons of the tooth under dental treatment, to realize the predetermined dental treatment plan. On the other hand, the dentist himself is an individual who can be affected by health conditions, or have vices that affect the systemic health of the dentist as an individual, which in these conditions can cause malpractice. So, depending on the reason that led to the appearance of malpractice, the method of treatment from a legal point of view also varies, for the dentist who committed the malpractice, evaluating the latter if the malpractice came under the conditions of applying the rules of dental ethics. Conclusions: The deviation from the predetermined dental plan is the minimum sign of malpractice and the latter should not be definitively related only to cases of difficult dental treatments. The identification of the reason for the appearance of malpractice is the initial element, which makes the difference in the way of its treatment, from a legal point of view, and the involvement of the dentist in the assessment of the malpractice committed, must be based on the legislation in force, which must be said to have their specific changes in different states. Malpractice should be referred to, or included in the lectures or in the continuing education of professionals, because it serves as a method of obtaining professional experience in order not to repeat the same thing several times, by different professionals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dental%20ethics" title="dental ethics">dental ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malpractice" title=" malpractice"> malpractice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negligence" title=" negligence"> negligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20basis" title=" legal basis"> legal basis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=continuing%20education" title=" continuing education"> continuing education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dental%20treatments" title=" dental treatments"> dental treatments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168147/malpractice-even-in-conditions-of-compliance-with-the-rules-of-dental-ethics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168147.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Reasons for Lack of an Ideal Disinfectant after Dental Treatments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo">Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta"> Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rialda%20Xhizdari"> Rialda Xhizdari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kers%20Kapaj"> Kers Kapaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The ideal disinfectant for surfaces, instruments, air, skin, both in dentistry and in the fields of medicine, does not exist.This is for the sole reason that all the characteristics of the ideal disinfectant cannot be contained in one; these are the characteristics that if one of them is emphasized, it will conflict with the other. A disinfectant must be stable, not be affected by changes in the environmental conditions where it stands, which means that it should not be affected by an increase in temperature or an increase in the humidity of the environment. Both of these elements contradict the other element of the idea of an ideal disinfectant, as they disrupt the solubility ratios of the base substance of the disinfectant versus the diluent. Material and methods: The study aims to extract the constant of each disinfectant/antiseptic used during dental disinfection protocols, accompanied by the side effects of the surface of the skin or mucosa where it is applied in the role of antiseptic. In the end, attempts were made to draw conclusions about the best possible combination for disinfectants after a dental procedure, based on the data extracted from the basic literature required during the development of the pharmacology module, as a module in the formation of a dentist, against data published in the literature. Results: The sensitivity of the disinfectant to changes in the atmospheric conditions of the environment where it is kept is a known fact. The care against this element is always accompanied by the advice on the application of the specific disinfectant, in order to have the desired clinical result. The constants of disinfectants according to the classification based on the data collected and presented are for alcohols 70-120, glycols 0.2, aldehydes 30-200, phenols 15-60, acids 100, povidone iodine halogens 5-75, hypochlorous acid halogens 150, sodium hypochlorite halogens 30-35, oxidants 18-60, metals 0.2-10. The part of halogens should be singled out, where specific results were obtained according to the representatives of this class, since it is these representatives that find scope for clinical application in dentistry. Conclusions: The search for the "ideal", in the conditions where its defining criteria are also established, not only for disinfectants but also for any medication or pharmaceutical product, is an ongoing search, without any definitive results. In this mine of data in the published literature if there is something fixed, calculable, such as the specific constant for disinfectants, the search for the ideal is more concrete. During the disinfection protocols, different disinfectants are applied since the field of action is different, including water, air, aspiration devices, tools, disinfectants used in full accordance with the production indications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disinfectant" title="disinfectant">disinfectant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constant" title=" constant"> constant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ideal" title=" ideal"> ideal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=side%20effects" title=" side effects"> side effects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174983/reasons-for-lack-of-an-ideal-disinfectant-after-dental-treatments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174983.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Endodontic Pretreatments, Clinical Opportunities and Challenges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilma%20Robo">Ilma Robo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manola%20Kelmendi"> Manola Kelmendi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saimir%20Heta"> Saimir Heta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Megi%20Tafa"> Megi Tafa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Ostreni"> Vera Ostreni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Preservation of a natural tooth, even if endodontically treated, is more indicated than its replacement with an artificial tooth placed in prosthetic ways or with implant treatment. It is known how technology and endodontic treatment procedures have evolved significantly. It is also known that significant developments have been made in both dental prostheses and implant treatments, and again, in both specialties, it is emphasized that both the tooth placed with dental prostheses and the tooth placed with implant treatment cannot replace the natural tooth. The issue is whether long-term periapical tissue healing is achieved after a successful endodontic treatment, and for this, clinical data should be collected. In the cases when the apical closure or "apical filling" with the endodontic filling was carried out correctly clinically, but for various reasons, the healing of the periapical tissues did not occur, but also for those cases when the endodontic treatment did not reach the "apical filling" of the root canal. Teeth Endodontic retreatments have their clinical difficulty, but knowing the reason why endodontic treatment success has not been achieved clinically, the clinical endodontic approach is easier. In this process, it is important for the dentist to recognize the clinical and radiographic signs of persistent apical periodontitis or renewed apical periodontitis. After this initial procedure, dentists must know and evaluate the possibility of clinical endodontic retreatment by reporting, not precisely, but with very approximate values, the percentage of clinical success of endodontic retreatment. Depending on the reason for the performance, endodontic re-treatment may also need more specialized equipment or tools, for which even the professional who undertakes the re-treatment must be equipped with the relevant knowledge of their use and clinical application. Evaluating the clinical success of endodontic re-treatment is actually a more difficult process and requires more clinical responsibility since it must be considered that the initial treatment was performed by the same specialist as the specialist who undertakes the same endodontic re-treatment. Tooth So, the clinical endodontic re-treatment of a tooth should not be seen as a fund of clinical practice only of a good successful endodontist, but as part of routine endodontic treatments, nor should it be seen as a typical case where the tools and the most advanced technological devices in the endodontic field. So, the clinical picture of endodontic re-treatments offers the possibility of finding endodontic malpractice, the possibility of more accurate assessment of dental morphological anomalies, and above all, the cognitive and professional possibilities of the diagnosis of persistent apical periodontitis. This study offers the possibility of evaluating these three directions by presenting in numbers and in percentage the frequency of the reasons why the endodontic success of the root canal treatment is not always achieved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apical%20periodontitis" title="apical periodontitis">apical periodontitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20susccess" title=" clinical susccess"> clinical susccess</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endodontics" title=" endodontics"> endodontics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.faecalis" title=" E.faecalis"> E.faecalis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194904/endodontic-pretreatments-clinical-opportunities-and-challenges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194904.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">10</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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