CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Fringe theory - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5a7d0a78-7a75-4c5e-ae57-6a5a43b0ec71","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Fringe_theory","wgTitle":"Fringe theory","wgCurRevisionId":1226488393,"wgRevisionId":1226488393,"wgArticleId":13639512,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: abbreviated year range","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Commons category link from Wikidata","Fringe theory"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Fringe_theory","wgRelevantArticleId":13639512,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5504601","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","mediawiki.action.styles":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.action.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Fringe theory - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_theory"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_theory"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Fringe_theory rootpage-Fringe_theory skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fringe+theory&returntoquery=oldid%3D1226488393" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fringe+theory&returntoquery=oldid%3D1226488393" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fringe+theory&returntoquery=oldid%3D1226488393" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fringe+theory&returntoquery=oldid%3D1226488393" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demarcation_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demarcation_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Demarcation problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demarcation_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainstream_acceptance_of_fringe_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream_acceptance_of_fringe_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mainstream acceptance of fringe theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainstream_acceptance_of_fringe_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>False balance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fringe theory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نظرية هامشية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظرية هامشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrajov%C3%A1_teorie" title="Okrajová teorie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Okrajová teorie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_marginal" title="Teoría marginal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teoría marginal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="نظریه حاشیه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظریه حاشیه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_marginale" title="Théorie marginale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théorie marginale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EB%91%90%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="변두리 이론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="변두리 이론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_marginal" title="Teoria marginal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teoria marginal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Маргинална теорија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маргинална теорија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="边缘学说 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="边缘学说" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5504601#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fringe_theory" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fringe_theory" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Fringe_theory" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&oldid=1226488393" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Fringe_theory&id=1226488393&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFringe_theory%26oldid%3D1226488393"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFringe_theory%26oldid%3D1226488393"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fringe_theory&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fringe_theory" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5504601" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info-current"><p><b>This is the <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">current revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Inhighspeed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Inhighspeed (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1226488393"><bdi>Inhighspeed</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Inhighspeed" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Inhighspeed">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Inhighspeed" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Inhighspeed">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">23:23, 30 May 2024</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 23:23, 30 May 2024 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Inhighspeed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Inhighspeed (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1226488393"><bdi>Inhighspeed</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Inhighspeed" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Inhighspeed">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Inhighspeed" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Inhighspeed">contribs</a>)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&diff=prev&oldid=1226488393" title="Fringe theory">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&direction=prev&oldid=1226488393" title="Fringe theory">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Idea which departs from accepted scholarship in the field</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For the Wikipedia guideline, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Wikipedia:Fringe theories</a>.</div> <p>A <b>fringe theory</b> is an idea or a viewpoint that differs significantly from the accepted scholarship of the time within its field. Fringe theories include the models and proposals of <a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">fringe science</a>, as well as similar ideas in other areas of scholarship, such as the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>. In a narrower sense, the term <i>fringe theory</i> is commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>, roughly synonymous with the term <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-scholarship" title="Pseudo-scholarship">pseudo-scholarship</a>. Precise definitions that make distinctions between widely held viewpoints, fringe theories, and pseudo-scholarship are difficult to construct because of the <a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">demarcation problem</a>. Issues of <a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">false balance</a> or <a href="/wiki/False_equivalence" title="False equivalence">false equivalence</a> can occur when fringe theories are presented as being equal to widely accepted theories. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circlon_periodic_table_excerpt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Segment of the periodic table reformulated according to the fringe theory of "circlons" proposed by Jim Carter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Circlon_periodic_table_excerpt.jpeg/220px-Circlon_periodic_table_excerpt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/35/Circlon_periodic_table_excerpt.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Jim_Carter_(pseudoscientist)" title="Jim Carter (pseudoscientist)">Jim Carter</a>'s fringe theory</figcaption></figure> <p>Fringe theories are ideas which depart significantly from a prevailing or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mainstream" class="extiw" title="wikt:mainstream">mainstream</a> theory. A fringe theory is neither a majority opinion nor that of a respected minority.<sup id="cite_ref-Jasanoff_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jasanoff-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERundlett20135-88_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERundlett20135-88-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the term <i>fringe theory</i> is closer to the popular understanding of the word <i>theory</i>—a <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Guess" class="mw-redirect" title="Guess">guess</a> or an uncertain idea—than to the concept of an established <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although often used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">fringe science</a>, fringe theories have been discussed in fields of scholarship, such as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> history,<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fritze_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritze-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finance,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002125–126_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002125–126-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> law,<sup id="cite_ref-Bluestone_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bluestone-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-Sabbagh_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabbagh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatt1996206_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatt1996206-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn2012143_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn2012143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They even exist in fields of study which are themselves outside the mainstream, such as <a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">cryptozoology</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiel2013157_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiel2013157-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fringe theories meet with varying levels of academic acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financial journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Davidson_(financial_journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Davidson (financial journalist) (page does not exist)">Alexander Davidson</a> characterized fringe theories as "peddled by a small band of staunch supporters," but not necessarily without merit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002125–126_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002125–126-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_N._Robinson" title="Daniel N. Robinson">Daniel N. Robinson</a> described them as occupying "a limbo between the decisive dead end and the ultimately credible productive theory."<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term is also used <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejoratively</a>; advocates of fringe theories are dismissed as <a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">cranks</a> or crackpots who are out of touch with reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertheim20114_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheim20114-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Timmer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timmer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, there is some overlap with other dismissive labels, such as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">pseudoarchaeology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fritze_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritze-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magnusson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnusson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fritze_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritze-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThursNumbers2013138_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThursNumbers2013138-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing ideas as fringe theories may be less pejorative than describing them as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscholarship">pseudoscholarship</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritze200918_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritze200918-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while it is unlikely that anyone would identify their own work as pseudoscience,<sup id="cite_ref-Hansson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Cochrane_(astrologer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Cochrane (astrologer) (page does not exist)">David Cochrane</a> is "proud to be a fringe theorist."<sup id="cite_ref-Cochrane_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is also used to describe <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>. Such theories "explain" historical or political events as the work of a powerful secret organization — "a vast, insidious, preternaturally effective international conspiratorial network," according to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofstadter_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofstadter-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conspirators are possessed of "almost superhuman power and cunning," as described by historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther_Webman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esther Webman (page does not exist)">Esther Webman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebman20118_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebman20118-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wertheim" title="Margaret Wertheim">Margaret Wertheim</a> suggested that fringe theories should be treated in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">outsider art</a>. In 2003 she curated an exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Monica Museum of Art">Santa Monica Museum of Art</a> which was dedicated to the work of pseudoscientist <a href="/wiki/Jim_Carter_(pseudoscientist)" title="Jim Carter (pseudoscientist)">Jim Carter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertheim201111–12,_44_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheim201111–12,_44-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demarcation_problem">Demarcation problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demarcation problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wertheim wrote that a "credentialed physicist ... can generally recognize a fringe theory by sight" when it comes in the form of an eccentrically formatted manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertheim20114_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheim20114-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is difficult to distinguish between fringe theories and respected minority theories. A workable definition of what constitutes a fringe theory may not actually be possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Jasanoff_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jasanoff-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERundlett20135-88_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERundlett20135-88-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">demarcation problem</a> that occurs within both <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansson201364–65_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansson201364–65-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Dutch (page does not exist)">Steven Dutch</a> approached the demarcation problem by dividing scientific ideas into three categories: fringe, frontier, and center, based upon their adherence to scientific methodology and their level of acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later authors, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Duschl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Duschl (page does not exist)">Richard Duschl</a>, expanded these categories. Under Duschl's system, a fringe theory is a mix of legitimate new ideas and pseudoscience; it awaits analysis to determine whether it will pass into the "frontier" or be rejected entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErduranDagher2013117_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErduranDagher2013117-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mainstream_acceptance_of_fringe_theories">Mainstream acceptance of fringe theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mainstream acceptance of fringe theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alfred Wegener" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/170px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/255px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg/340px-Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Alfred Wegener</a> advanced the theory of continental drift, a fringe theory which was later adopted by mainstream science.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most fringe theories never become part of established scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-Timmer_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timmer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rejected ideas may help to refine mainstream thought,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUllmann-Margalit200620_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUllmann-Margalit200620-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most outside theories are simply incorrect and have no wider impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Timmer_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timmer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some ideas gradually receive wider acceptance until they are no longer viewed as fringe theories, and occasionally, such theories even become the mainstream view. </p><p>A widely known example is <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Alfred Wegener</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a>, which eventually served as the basis for the accepted model of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Timmer_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timmer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2005138_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2005138-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ideas that have made the transition include the <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory of disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelasquez-Manoff201340_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelasquez-Manoff201340-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kristian_Birkeland" title="Kristian Birkeland">Birkeland's</a> explanation of the <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJago2002270–272_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJago2002270–272-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Timmer_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timmer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Complexity_theory_and_organizations" title="Complexity theory and organizations">complexity theory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurleeGordon2013198_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurleeGordon2013198-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral finance">Behavioral finance</a> was described in a 2002 journal article as "at the fringe of ... modern financial theory",<sup id="cite_ref-Leong_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leong-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has since been widely applied in many fields of business.<sup id="cite_ref-Steverman_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steverman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, the change is not gradual but represents a <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a>. Writing for the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Law_Journal" title="New York Law Journal">New York Law Journal</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Bluestone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Bluestone (page does not exist)">Andrew Bluestone</a> described how a single court case in New York changed the use of an obscure <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> statute regarding <a href="/wiki/Attorney_misconduct" title="Attorney misconduct">attorney misconduct</a> from a "fringe theory of law" to an accepted, mainstream cause for legal action in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Bluestone_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bluestone-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, former mainstream theories such as <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">luminiferous aether</a> may be <a href="/wiki/Superseded_scientific_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded scientific theories">superseded</a> and relegated to the fringe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShermer2013220–221_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShermer2013220–221-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such shifts between fringe theory and accepted theories are not always clear-cut. In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a> wrote that mainstream psychology had adopted aspects of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> but that many students of the discipline believed psychoanalysis to be a "lunatic fringe theory which has little to do with scientific psychology,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2013228_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2013228-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and psychoanalysis is now generally considered discredited, according to author <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Crews" title="Frederick Crews">Frederick Crews</a> who stated, "if you consult psychology faculties in top American universities, you will find almost no one now who believes in the Freudian system of thought. As a research paradigm it's pretty much dead."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="False_balance">False balance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: False balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a> may play a role in the dissemination and popularization of fringe theories. The media sometimes reduce complex topics to two sides and frame issues in terms of an <a href="/wiki/Underdog_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underdog (term)">underdog</a> challenger fighting the mainstream theory. <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical scholar</a> Matthew Collins wrote that this simplification can be "both misrepresentative and misleading, especially when a far-fetched fringe theory is, in the name of neutrality and fairness, elevated to the role of equally legitimate contender."<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">false equivalence</a> can become the expected media behavior. When <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> published an article strongly supporting the mainstream scientific stance on <a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">thiomersal and vaccines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others in the media condemned the <i>Times</i> for portraying the <a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">alleged vaccine-autism connection</a> as a fringe theory, calling the article a "hit piece".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffit2010182_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffit2010182-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Issues of false balance also arise in education, especially in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">creation–evolution controversy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a> has been discredited as a fringe theory akin to <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a> or the cosmology of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky">Immanuel Velikovsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Worlds_in_Collision" title="Worlds in Collision">Worlds in Collision</a></i>. Because advocates of creationism want schools to present only their preferred alternative, not the entire variety of minority views, they have attempted to portray scholarship on the issue as being equally divided between only two models.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwords_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwords-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wexler_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wexler-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jasanoff-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jasanoff_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jasanoff_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJasanoff1992" class="citation journal cs1">Jasanoff, Sheila (1992). "What judges should know about the sociology of science". <i>Jurimetrics</i>: 345–359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurimetrics&rft.atitle=What+judges+should+know+about+the+sociology+of+science&rft.pages=345-359&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Jasanoff&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERundlett20135-88-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERundlett20135-88_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERundlett20135-88_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRundlett2013">Rundlett 2013</a>, p. 5-88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrison-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2005" class="citation journal cs1">Morrison, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/only_a_theory_framing_the_evolution_creation_issue/">"Only a Theory? Framing the Evolution/Creation Issue"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>29</b> (6): 35–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Only+a+Theory%3F+Framing+the+Evolution%2FCreation+Issue&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=35-41&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fonly_a_theory_framing_the_evolution_creation_issue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Matthew A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chesterrep.openrepository.com/bitstream/10034/613253/1/Collins%2c%20M.A.%20-%20Examining%20the%20Reception%20and%20Impact%20of%20the%20Dead%20Sea%20Scrolls.pdf">"Examining the Reception and Impact of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Some Possibilities for Future Investigation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dead Sea Discoveries</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 226–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851711X582541">10.1163/156851711X582541</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10034%2F613253">10034/613253</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dead+Sea+Discoveries&rft.atitle=Examining+the+Reception+and+Impact+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+Some+Possibilities+for+Future+Investigation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=226-246&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10034%2F613253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851711X582541&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchesterrep.openrepository.com%2Fbitstream%2F10034%2F613253%2F1%2FCollins%252c%2520M.A.%2520-%2520Examining%2520the%2520Reception%2520and%2520Impact%2520of%2520the%2520Dead%2520Sea%2520Scrolls.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2012" class="citation journal cs1">Joseph, Simon J. (2012). "Jesus in India? Transgressing Social and Religious Boundaries". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>80</b> (1): 161–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfr094">10.1093/jaarel/lfr094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Jesus+in+India%3F+Transgressing+Social+and+Religious+Boundaries&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=161-199&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfr094&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritze-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Fritze, Ronald H. (2009). "On the Perils and Pleasures of Confronting Pseudohistory". <i>Historically Speaking</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 2–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhsp.0.0067">10.1353/hsp.0.0067</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144988932">144988932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historically+Speaking&rft.atitle=On+the+Perils+and+Pleasures+of+Confronting+Pseudohistory&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2-5&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhsp.0.0067&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144988932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fritze&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002125–126-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002125–126_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002125–126_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2002">Davidson 2002</a>, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bluestone-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bluestone_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bluestone_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluestone2014" class="citation web cs1">Bluestone, Andrew Lavoott (25 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorklawjournal.com/home/id=1202671219590/Judiciary-Law-sect487-Cases-on-the-Rise-After-Amalfitano">"Judiciary Law §487 Cases on the Rise After 'Amalfitano'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>New York Law Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Judiciary+Law+%C2%A7487+Cases+on+the+Rise+After+%27Amalfitano%27&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft.aulast=Bluestone&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Lavoott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorklawjournal.com%2Fhome%2Fid%3D1202671219590%2FJudiciary-Law-sect487-Cases-on-the-Rise-After-Amalfitano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabbagh-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sabbagh_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabbagh1985–86" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Sabbagh, Karl (1985–86). "The Psychopathology of Fringe Medicine". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 154–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Psychopathology+of+Fringe+Medicine&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154-164&rft.date=1985%2F1986&rft.aulast=Sabbagh&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatt1996206-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatt1996206_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatt1996">Batt 1996</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn2012143-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn2012143_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuinn2012">Quinn 2012</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiel2013157-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiel2013157_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShiel2013">Shiel 2013</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stokes-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stokes_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1999" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, Douglas M. (1999). "Reviews of Scholarly Books—Christine Hardy; <i>Networks of Meaning: A Bridge Between Mind and Matter</i>". <i>Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research</i>. <b>93</b> (4): 366–372.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Psychical+Research&rft.atitle=Reviews+of+Scholarly+Books%E2%80%94Christine+Hardy%3B+Networks+of+Meaning%3A+A+Bridge+Between+Mind+and+Matter&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=366-372&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrams_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramsWandersee1995" class="citation journal cs1">Abrams, Eleanor; Wandersee, James H. (1995). "How to infuse actual scientific research practices into science classroom instruction". <i>International Journal of Science Education</i>. <b>17</b> (6): 683–694. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995IJSEd..17..683A">1995IJSEd..17..683A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0950069950170601">10.1080/0950069950170601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Science+Education&rft.atitle=How+to+infuse+actual+scientific+research+practices+into+science+classroom+instruction&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=683-694&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0950069950170601&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995IJSEd..17..683A&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft.au=Wandersee%2C+James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Daniel N. (2007). "Theoretical Psychology: What Is It and Who Needs It?". <i>Theory & Psychology</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 187–188. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1031.1373">10.1.1.1031.1373</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959354307075042">10.1177/0959354307075042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143248701">143248701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+%26+Psychology&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Psychology%3A+What+Is+It+and+Who+Needs+It%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-188&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1031.1373%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143248701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959354307075042&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Daniel+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheim20114-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertheim20114_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertheim20114_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWertheim2011">Wertheim 2011</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timmer-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timmer_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timmer_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timmer_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timmer_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timmer_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmer2009" class="citation web cs1">Timmer, John (2009-11-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2009/11/examining-science-on-the-fringes-vital-but-generally-wrong/">"Examining science on the fringes: vital, but generally wrong"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Examining+science+on+the+fringes%3A+vital%2C+but+generally+wrong&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft.aulast=Timmer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2009%2F11%2Fexamining-science-on-the-fringes-vital-but-generally-wrong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magnusson-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magnusson_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson1974" class="citation journal cs1">Magnusson, Magnus (1974-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/2nd-february-1974/16/mortar-board-cagney">"Mortar-board Cagney"</a>. <i>The Spectator</i> (7597): 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Mortar-board+Cagney&rft.issue=7597&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=1974-02-02&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F2nd-february-1974%2F16%2Fmortar-board-cagney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gordin, Michael D (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579391">"The problem with pseudoscience: Pseudoscience is not the antithesis of professional science but thrives in science's shadow"</a>. <i>EMBO Reports</i>. <b>18</b> (9): 1482–1485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15252%2Fembr.201744870">10.15252/embr.201744870</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-221X">1469-221X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579391">5579391</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794200">28794200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Reports&rft.atitle=The+problem+with+pseudoscience%3A+Pseudoscience+is+not+the+antithesis+of+professional+science+but+thrives+in+science%27s+shadow&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1482-1485&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5579391%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-221X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28794200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15252%2Fembr.201744870&rft.aulast=Gordin&rft.aufirst=Michael+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5579391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThursNumbers2013138-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThursNumbers2013138_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThursNumbers2013">Thurs & Numbers 2013</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritze200918-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritze200918_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFritze2009">Fritze 2009</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansson-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hansson_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansson2008" class="citation book cs1">Hansson, Sven Ove (3 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/pseudo-science/">"Science and Pseudo-Science"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2014 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+and+Pseudo-Science&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Spring+2014&rft.date=2008-09-03&rft.aulast=Hansson&rft.aufirst=Sven+Ove&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2014%2Fentries%2Fpseudo-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cochrane-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cochrane_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2011" class="citation web cs1">Cochrane, David (2011-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrosoftware.com/FringeTheorist.htm">"Proud to be a Fringe Theorist"</a>. <i>Cosmic Patterns</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmic+Patterns&rft.atitle=Proud+to+be+a+Fringe+Theorist&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrosoftware.com%2FFringeTheorist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hofstadter-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hofstadter_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter1964" class="citation journal cs1">Hofstadter, Richard (1964). "The paranoid style in American politics". <i>Harper's Magazine</i>. <b>229</b> (1374): 77–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+paranoid+style+in+American+politics&rft.volume=229&rft.issue=1374&rft.pages=77-86&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebman20118-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebman20118_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebman2011">Webman 2011</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheim201111–12,_44-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertheim201111–12,_44_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWertheim2011">Wertheim 2011</a>, pp. 11–12, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansson201364–65-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansson201364–65_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansson2013">Hansson 2013</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutch-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dutch_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutch,_Steven_I.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Dutch, Steven I. (1982). "Notes on the Nature of Fringe Science". <i>Journal of Geological Education</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 6–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982JGeoE..30....6D">1982JGeoE..30....6D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5408%2F0022-1368-30.1.6">10.5408/0022-1368-30.1.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1368">0022-1368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geological+Education&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Nature+of+Fringe+Science&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-13&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0022-1368&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5408%2F0022-1368-30.1.6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982JGeoE..30....6D&rft.au=Dutch%2C+Steven+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErduranDagher2013117-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErduranDagher2013117_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErduranDagher2013">Erduran & Dagher 2013</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUllmann-Margalit200620-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUllmann-Margalit200620_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUllmann-Margalit2006">Ullmann-Margalit 2006</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2005138-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2005138_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell2005">Bell 2005</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelasquez-Manoff201340-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelasquez-Manoff201340_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVelasquez-Manoff2013">Velasquez-Manoff 2013</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJago2002270–272-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJago2002270–272_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJago2002">Jago 2002</a>, pp. 270–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurleeGordon2013198-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurleeGordon2013198_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurleeGordon2013">Curlee & Gordon 2013</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leong-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leong_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeongSeilerLane2002" class="citation journal cs1">Leong, Clint Tan Chee; Seiler, Michael J.; Lane, Mark (2002). "Explaining Apparent Stock Market Anomalies: Irrational Exuberance or Archetypal Human Psychology?". <i>Journal of Wealth Management</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 8–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3905%2Fjwm.2002.320422">10.3905/jwm.2002.320422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155028711">155028711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wealth+Management&rft.atitle=Explaining+Apparent+Stock+Market+Anomalies%3A+Irrational+Exuberance+or+Archetypal+Human+Psychology%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=8-23&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3905%2Fjwm.2002.320422&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155028711%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leong&rft.aufirst=Clint+Tan+Chee&rft.au=Seiler%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Lane%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steverman-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steverman_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteverman2014" class="citation web cs1">Steverman, Ben (2014-04-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-07/manipulate-me-the-booming-business-in-behavioral-finance.html">"Manipulate Me: The Booming Business in Behavioral Finance"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Manipulate+Me%3A+The+Booming+Business+in+Behavioral+Finance&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft.aulast=Steverman&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2014-04-07%2Fmanipulate-me-the-booming-business-in-behavioral-finance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShermer2013220–221-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShermer2013220–221_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShermer2013">Shermer 2013</a>, pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2013228-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2013228_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine2013">Fine 2013</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624012939/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health-jan-june99-freud_crews/"><i>PBS NewsHour: Professor Frederick Crews</i></a>, PBS, 6 Jan 1999, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health-jan-june99-freud_crews/">the original</a> on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PBS+NewsHour%3A+Professor+Frederick+Crews&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=1999-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fhealth-jan-june99-freud_crews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisO'Connor2005" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Gardiner; O'Connor, Anahad (2005-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/25/science/25autism.html">"On Autism's Cause, It's Parents vs. Research"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Autism%27s+Cause%2C+It%27s+Parents+vs.+Research&rft.date=2005-06-25&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Gardiner&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Anahad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F06%2F25%2Fscience%2F25autism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffit2010182-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffit2010182_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffit2010">Offit 2010</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwords-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwords_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwords1980" class="citation journal cs1">Edwords, Frederick (1980). "Why creationism should not be taught as science". <i>Creation/Evolution Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 2–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creation%2FEvolution+Journal&rft.atitle=Why+creationism+should+not+be+taught+as+science&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-23&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Edwords&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wexler-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wexler_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wexler" title="Jay Wexler">Wexler, Jay D.</a> (2006). "Intelligent Design and the First Amendment: A Response". <i>Washington University Law Review</i>. <b>84</b>: 63–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Intelligent+Design+and+the+First+Amendment%3A+A+Response&rft.volume=84&rft.pages=63-98&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=Jay+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatt1996" class="citation book cs1">Batt, Sharon (1996) [1994]. <i>Patient No More: The Politics of Breast Cancer</i> (Australian ed.). Spinifex Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875559-39-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-875559-39-8"><bdi>978-1-875559-39-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patient+No+More%3A+The+Politics+of+Breast+Cancer&rft.edition=Australian&rft.pub=Spinifex+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-875559-39-8&rft.aulast=Batt&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2005" class="citation book cs1">Bell, David (2005). <i>Science, Technology, and Culture</i>. Issues in Cultural and Media Studies. Open University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-21326-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-21326-9"><bdi>978-0-335-21326-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Culture&rft.series=Issues+in+Cultural+and+Media+Studies&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-335-21326-9&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurleeGordon2013" class="citation book cs1">Curlee, Wanda; Gordon, Robert Lee (2013). <i>Successful Program Management: Complexity Theory, Communication, and Leadership</i>. Best Practices and Advances in Program Management Series. Auerbach. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-6879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-6879-2"><bdi>978-1-4665-6879-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Successful+Program+Management%3A+Complexity+Theory%2C+Communication%2C+and+Leadership&rft.series=Best+Practices+and+Advances+in+Program+Management+Series&rft.pub=Auerbach&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4665-6879-2&rft.aulast=Curlee&rft.aufirst=Wanda&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Robert+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2002" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alexander (2002). <i>How to Win in a Volatile Stock Market: The Definitive Guide to Investment Bargain Hunting</i> (2nd ed.). Kogan Page. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7494-3803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7494-3803-6"><bdi>978-0-7494-3803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Win+in+a+Volatile+Stock+Market%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+Investment+Bargain+Hunting&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Kogan+Page&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7494-3803-6&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErduranDagher2013" class="citation book cs1">Erduran, Sibel; Dagher, Zoubeida (2013). <i>Reconceptualizing the Nature of Science for Science Education: Scientific Knowledge, Practices and Other Family Categories</i>. Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9056-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9056-7"><bdi>978-94-017-9056-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconceptualizing+the+Nature+of+Science+for+Science+Education%3A+Scientific+Knowledge%2C+Practices+and+Other+Family+Categories&rft.series=Contemporary+Trends+and+Issues+in+Science+Education&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-017-9056-7&rft.aulast=Erduran&rft.aufirst=Sibel&rft.au=Dagher%2C+Zoubeida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2013" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Reuben (2013) [1963]. <i>Freud: A Critical Re-evaluation of his Theories</i> (Reprint ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-71708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-71708-3"><bdi>978-0-415-71708-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+A+Critical+Re-evaluation+of+his+Theories&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-71708-3&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritze2009" class="citation book cs1">Fritze, Ronald H. (2009). <i>Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-religions</i>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-430-4"><bdi>978-1-86189-430-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invented+Knowledge%3A+False+History%2C+Fake+Science+and+Pseudo-religions&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-430-4&rft.aulast=Fritze&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansson2013" class="citation book cs1">Hansson, Sven Ove (2013). "Defining Pseudoscience and Science". In <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci">Pigliucci, Massimo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Boudry" title="Maarten Boudry">Boudry, Maarten</a> (eds.). <i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 61–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-05196-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-05196-3"><bdi>978-0-226-05196-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defining+Pseudoscience+and+Science&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Pseudoscience%3A+Reconsidering+the+Demarcation+Problem&rft.pages=61-78&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-226-05196-3&rft.aulast=Hansson&rft.aufirst=Sven+Ove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJago2002" class="citation book cs1">Jago, Lucy (2002) [2001]. <i>The Northern Lights</i> (Reprint ed.). Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70882-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70882-4"><bdi>978-0-375-70882-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Lights&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70882-4&rft.aulast=Jago&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffit2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Offit, Paul A.</a> (2010). <i>Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14637-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14637-1"><bdi>978-0-231-14637-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autism%27s+False+Prophets%3A+Bad+Science%2C+Risky+Medicine%2C+and+the+Search+for+a+Cure&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14637-1&rft.aulast=Offit&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2012" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Paul (2012). "Anti-Catholicism, Islamophobia, and Modern Christian Multi-Media". In Ansari, Humayun; Hafez, Farid (eds.). <i>From the Far Right to the Mainstream: Islamophobia in Party Politics and the Media</i>. Campus Verlag. pp. 130–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-593-39648-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-593-39648-4"><bdi>978-3-593-39648-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Catholicism%2C+Islamophobia%2C+and+Modern+Christian+Multi-Media&rft.btitle=From+the+Far+Right+to+the+Mainstream%3A+Islamophobia+in+Party+Politics+and+the+Media&rft.pages=130-153&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-593-39648-4&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRundlett2013" class="citation book cs1">Rundlett, Ellsworth T. III (2013) [1991]. <i>Maximizing Damages in Small Personal Injury Cases</i> (Revision ed.). James Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938065-55-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938065-55-5"><bdi>978-0-938065-55-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximizing+Damages+in+Small+Personal+Injury+Cases&rft.edition=Revision&rft.pub=James+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-938065-55-5&rft.aulast=Rundlett&rft.aufirst=Ellsworth+T.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermer2013" class="citation book cs1">Shermer, Michael (2013). "Science and Pseudoscience". In <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci">Pigliucci, Massimo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Boudry" title="Maarten Boudry">Boudry, Maarten</a> (eds.). <i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 203–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-05196-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-05196-3"><bdi>978-0-226-05196-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+and+Pseudoscience&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Pseudoscience%3A+Reconsidering+the+Demarcation+Problem&rft.pages=203-224&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-226-05196-3&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiel2013" class="citation book cs1">Shiel, Lisa A. (2013). <i>Forbidden Bigfoot: Exposing the Controversial Truth about Sasquatch, Stick Signs, UFOs, Human Origins, and the Strange Phenomena in Our Own Backyards</i>. Jacobsville Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934631-29-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934631-29-4"><bdi>978-1-934631-29-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidden+Bigfoot%3A+Exposing+the+Controversial+Truth+about+Sasquatch%2C+Stick+Signs%2C+UFOs%2C+Human+Origins%2C+and+the+Strange+Phenomena+in+Our+Own+Backyards&rft.pub=Jacobsville+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-934631-29-4&rft.aulast=Shiel&rft.aufirst=Lisa+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThursNumbers2013" class="citation book cs1">Thurs, Daniel L.; Numbers, Ronald L. (2013). "Science, Pseudoscience, and Science Falsely So-Called". In <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci">Pigliucci, Massimo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Boudry" title="Maarten Boudry">Boudry, Maarten</a> (eds.). <i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 121–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-05196-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-05196-3"><bdi>978-0-226-05196-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science%2C+Pseudoscience%2C+and+Science+Falsely+So-Called&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Pseudoscience%3A+Reconsidering+the+Demarcation+Problem&rft.pages=121-144&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-226-05196-3&rft.aulast=Thurs&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft.au=Numbers%2C+Ronald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllmann-Margalit2006" class="citation book cs1">Ullmann-Margalit, Edna (2006). <i>Out of the Cave: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Dead Sea Scrolls Research</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02223-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02223-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Cave%3A+A+Philosophical+Inquiry+into+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Research&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02223-2&rft.aulast=Ullmann-Margalit&rft.aufirst=Edna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelasquez-Manoff2013" class="citation book cs1">Velasquez-Manoff, Moises (2013) [2012]. <i>An Epidemic of Absence: A New Way of Understanding Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases</i> (Reprint ed.). Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9939-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9939-8"><bdi>978-1-4391-9939-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Epidemic+of+Absence%3A+A+New+Way+of+Understanding+Allergies+and+Autoimmune+Diseases&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-9939-8&rft.aulast=Velasquez-Manoff&rft.aufirst=Moises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebman2011" class="citation book cs1">Webman, Esther (2011). "Introduction—hate and absurdity: the impact of <i>The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</i>". In Webman, Esther (ed.). <i>The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Century-Old Myth</i>. Routledge Jewish Studies Series. Routledge. pp. 1–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59892-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59892-7"><bdi>978-0-415-59892-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%E2%80%94hate+and+absurdity%3A+the+impact+of+The+Protocols+of+the+Elders+of+Zion&rft.btitle=The+Global+Impact+of+the+Protocols+of+the+Elders+of+Zion%3A+A+Century-Old+Myth&rft.series=Routledge+Jewish+Studies+Series&rft.pages=1-24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-59892-7&rft.aulast=Webman&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheim2011" class="citation book cs1">Wertheim, Margaret (2011). <i>Physics on the Fringe: Smoke Rings, Circlons, and Alternative Theories of Everything</i>. Walker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-7872-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-7872-7"><bdi>978-0-8027-7872-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+on+the+Fringe%3A+Smoke+Rings%2C+Circlons%2C+and+Alternative+Theories+of+Everything&rft.pub=Walker+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-7872-7&rft.aulast=Wertheim&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFringe+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fringe_theory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epistemology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epistemology" title="Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epistemology" title="Template talk:Epistemology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epistemology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_DeRose" title="Keith DeRose">Keith DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)" title="Anil Gupta (philosopher)">Anil Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Klein" title="Peter D. Klein">Peter Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Kornblith" title="Hilary Kornblith">Hilary Kornblith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Pritchard" title="Duncan Pritchard">Duncan Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pryor" title="James Pryor">James Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Siegel" title="Susanna Siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism">Representational realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A posteriori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">Epistemic injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Privileged access">Privileged access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regress_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_epistemology" title="Virtue epistemology">Virtue epistemology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics <br />characterized as <br />pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of<br />pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&oldid=1226488393">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&oldid=1226488393</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fringe_theory" title="Category:Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_abbreviated_year_range" title="Category:CS1: abbreviated year range">CS1: abbreviated year range</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 May 2024, at 23:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fringe_theory&oldid=1226488393&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zpn8c","wgBackendResponseTime":138,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.601","walltime":"0.713","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3839,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":127200,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3207,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":153977,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 600.726 1 -total"," 34.82% 209.146 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.44% 134.810 17 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.24% 85.531 3 Template:Navbox"," 13.89% 83.453 20 Template:Cite_book"," 13.27% 79.724 23 Template:Sfn"," 12.95% 77.805 1 Template:Epistemology"," 11.06% 66.466 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.54% 45.316 2 Template:Pagetype"," 3.84% 23.073 1 Template:Commons_category-inline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.387","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6625619,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbramsWandersee1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatt1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBluestone2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochrane2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurleeGordon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutch,_Steven_I.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwords1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErduranDagher2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritze2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisO\u0026#039;Connor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofstadter1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJago2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasanoff1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeongSeilerLane2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnusson1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffit2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRundlett2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabbagh1985–86\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteverman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThursNumbers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimmer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUllmann-Margalit2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelasquez-Manoff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertheim2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWexler2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Epistemology\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pseudoscience\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Self reference\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 23,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qr4c8","timestamp":"20241122142648","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Fringe theory","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fringe_theory","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5504601","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5504601","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-10-09T01:11:42Z","dateModified":"2024-05-30T23:23:11Z","headline":"theory unsupported by the accepted scholarship in its field"}</script> </body> </html>