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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info-current"><p><b>This is the <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">current revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/User:Demetrios1993" class="mw-redirect mw-userlink" title="User:Demetrios1993" data-mw-revid="1260413099"><bdi>Demetrios1993</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Demetrios1993" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Demetrios1993">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Demetrios1993" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Demetrios1993">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">16:52, 30 November 2024</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span class="comment">(Undid revision <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/1260124679" title="Special:Diff/1260124679">1260124679</a> by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Kopilimadhi" title="Special:Contributions/Kopilimadhi">Kopilimadhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Kopilimadhi" title="User talk:Kopilimadhi">talk</a>) Redundant; "Albanian language varieties" includes Arbëresh.)</span></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 16:52, 30 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:Demetrios1993" class="mw-redirect mw-userlink" title="User:Demetrios1993" data-mw-revid="1260413099"><bdi>Demetrios1993</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Demetrios1993" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Demetrios1993">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Demetrios1993" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Demetrios1993">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(Undid revision <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/1260124679" title="Special:Diff/1260124679">1260124679</a> by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Kopilimadhi" title="Special:Contributions/Kopilimadhi">Kopilimadhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Kopilimadhi" title="User talk:Kopilimadhi">talk</a>) Redundant; "Albanian language varieties" includes Arbëresh.)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&diff=prev&oldid=1260413099" title="Albanoid">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&direction=prev&oldid=1260413099" title="Albanoid">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of the Indo-European language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Albanoid</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Albanic, Adriatic Indo-European, Illyric, Illyrian complex, Western Paleo-Balkan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Western <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Albanoid</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data">Proto-Albanoid</td></tr><tr class="flatlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> (<small>supported by the available fragmentary material, but still under research)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> (?) <small>(if defined as sibling language of Albanian)</small></li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Romance">Eastern Romance</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> (?) <small>(the non-Albanian, but Albanian-like features in Eastern Romance)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguasphere.info/?page=zone&id_zone=1019360">55 (phylozone)</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Albanoid</b> or <b>Albanic</b> is a branch or subfamily of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European (IE) languages</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> varieties are the only surviving representatives. In current classifications of the IE language family, Albanian is grouped in the same IE branch with <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a>, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> language of Balkan provenance that is preserved in about six hundred inscriptions from Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This IE subfamily is alternatively referred to as <b>Illyric</b>, <b>Illyrian complex</b>, <b>Western Paleo-Balkan</b>, or <b>Adriatic Indo-European</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Branch_names_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch_names-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning "<a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, it is not clear whether the scantly documented evidence actually represents one language and not material from several languages, but if "Illyrian" is defined as the ancient precursor of Albanian or the sibling of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Albanian">Proto-Albanian</a> it is automatically included in this IE branch.<sup id="cite_ref-Illyrian_inclusion_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illyrian_inclusion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanoid is also used to explain Albanian-like pre-Romance features found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pre-Eastern_Romance_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pre-Eastern_Romance-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the relatively poor knowledge of Messapic, its belonging to the IE branch of Albanian has been described by some as currently speculative,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022240_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022240-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is supported by available fragmentary linguistic evidence that shows common characteristic innovations and a number of significant lexical correspondences between the two languages.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IE subfamily that gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> is alternatively referred to as 'Albanoid', 'Illyric', 'Illyrian complex', 'Western Palaeo-Balkan', or 'Adriatic Indo-European'.<sup id="cite_ref-Branch_names_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch_names-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Albanoid' is considered more appropriate as it refers to a specific ethnolinguistically pertinent and historically compact language group.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning "<a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, it is not clear whether the scantly documented evidence actually represents one language and not material from several languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolst200965–66_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst200965–66-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if "Illyrian" is defined as the ancient precursor language to Albanian, for which there is some linguistic evidence,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which is often supported for obvious geographic and historical reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-Illyrian_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illyrian-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the sister language of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Albanian">Proto-Albanian</a>, it is automatically included in this IE branch.<sup id="cite_ref-Illyrian_inclusion_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illyrian_inclusion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Albanoid' is also used to explain Albanian-like pre-Romance features found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pre-Eastern_Romance_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pre-Eastern_Romance-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term 'Albanoid' for the IE subfamily of Albanian was firstly introduced by Indo-European historical linguist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Pratt_Hamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Pratt Hamp">Eric Pratt Hamp</a> (1920 – 2019),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011128_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011128-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thereafter adopted by a series of linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variant term is 'Albanic'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The root ultimately originated from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> tribe <i><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> early generalized to all the Illyrian tribes speaking <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">the same idiom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj202033_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj202033-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was similar to the spread of the name <i><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></i> from a small group of people on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> coast, the <i><a href="/wiki/Illyrii_proprie_dicti" title="Illyrii proprie dicti">Illyrioi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2009120_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2009120-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Albanoid and other <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a> had their formative core in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-European_diversification_and_dispersal">Indo-European diversification and dispersal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indo-European diversification and dispersal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg/400px-IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg/600px-IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg/800px-IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Indo-European phylogenetic tree where the IE dialect that gave rise to Albanian splits from Post-Tocharian Indo-European, that is the residual Indo-European unity ("Core Indo-European") which remained after <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a>'s splitting from Post-<a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a> Indo-European (by Chang et al. 2015).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChangChundraHall2015199–200_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChangChundraHall2015199–200-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tree model is also supported by Hyllested & Joseph 2022, with the difference that they consider the splitting of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a> instead of Albanian from <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022241_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022241-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although research is ongoing, in current phylogenetic <a href="/wiki/Tree_model" title="Tree model">tree models</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a>, the IE dialect that gave rise to Albanian splits from "Post-Tocharian Indo-European", that is the residual Indo-European unity ("Core Indo-European") which remained after <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a>'s splitting from "Post-<a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a> Indo-European".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transition between the Basal IE and Core IE speech communities appears to have been marked by an economic shift from a mainly non-agricultural economy to a mixed <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agro</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> economy. The lack of evidence for agricultural practices in early, eastern <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Don_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Don river">Don</a>-<a href="/wiki/Volga_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga river">Volga</a> steppe does not offer a perfect archaeological proxy for the Core IE language community, rather western Yamnaya groups around or to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a> better reflect that archaeological proxy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common stage between the Late <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> dialects of Pre-Albanian, Pre-Armenian, and Pre-Greek, is considered to have occurred in the Late <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya</a> period after the westward migrations of Early Yamnaya across the Pontic–Caspian steppe, also remaining in the western steppe for a prolonged period of time separated from the Proto-Indo-European dialects that later gave rise in Europe to the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Corded Ware">Corded Ware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Beaker">Bell Beaker</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsen2023225,_231–235_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen2023225,_231–235-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya</a> steppe pastoralists apparently migrated into the Balkans about 3000 to 2500 BCE, and they soon admixed with the local populations, which resulted in a tapestry of various ancestry from which speakers of the Albanian and other Paleo-Balkan languages emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg20221,_10_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg20221,_10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanoid speech was among the Indo-European languages that replaced the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">pre-Indo-European languages</a> of the Balkans,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2023345_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2023345-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which left traces of the Mediterranean-Balkan substratum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj201332–33_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj201332–33-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, as well as possibly <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>, apparently emerged on the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware</a> archaeological horizon of the late 4th and the 3rd millennium BCE. The distinction between the southern European languages (in particular Albanian and Greek) and the northern and western European languages (Baltic, Slavic, Germanic, Celtic, and Italic) is further reflected by the frequently shared lexical items of northwest pre-Indo-European substratum among the latter languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović201397_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović201397-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a><br /><small>(extinct)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illyric</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a><br /><small>(extinct)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">The Palaeo-Balkanic Indo-European branch based on the chapters "Albanian" (Hyllested & Joseph 2022) and "Armenian" (Olsen & Thorsø 2022) in Olander (ed.) <i>The Indo-European Language Family</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent IE phylogenetic studies group the Albanoid subfamily in the same IE branch with <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, labelled '(Palaeo-)Balkanic Indo-European',<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on shared Indo-European morphological, lexical, and phonetic innovations, archaisms, as well as shared lexical proto-forms from a common pre-Indo-European substratum.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Innovative creations of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> terms shared only between Albanian and Greek were formed from non-agricultural PIE roots through semantic changes to adapt them for agriculture. Since they are limited only to Albanian and Greek, they could be traced back with certainty only to their <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">last common IE ancestor</a>, and not projected back into <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after they had diverged from one another, Pre-Albanian, Pre-Greek, and Pre-Armenian undoubtedly also underwent a longer period of contact, as shown by common correspondences that are irregular for other IE languages. Furthermore, intense Greek–Albanian contacts certainly have occurred thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorsø2019258_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorsø2019258-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_language_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albanian_language_map_en.svg/300px-Albanian_language_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albanian_language_map_en.svg/450px-Albanian_language_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albanian_language_map_en.svg/600px-Albanian_language_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>The various dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro" title="Albanians in Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Serbia" title="Albanians in Serbia">Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Albanoid</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Common Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg Albanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">Northern Albanian dialect</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian#Northern_Gheg" title="Gheg Albanian">Northern Gheg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Gheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Gheg">Northwestern Gheg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Gheg#Malsia_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Gheg">Malsia e Madhe</a> (in the region of <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%ABsia" title="Malësia">Malësia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Gheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Gheg">Shkodra and Lezha</a> (in the regions of Shkodër and Lezhë)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_dialect" title="Arbanasi dialect">Arbanasi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Albanian" title="Istrian Albanian">Istrian Albanian</a> <i>(extinct)</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Gheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Gheg">Northeastern Gheg</a> (in northeast Albania and most of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Central-Southern Gheg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian#Central_Gheg" title="Gheg Albanian">Central Gheg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Reka_dialect" title="Upper Reka dialect">Upper Reka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian#Southern_Gheg" title="Gheg Albanian">Southern Gheg</a> (includes the capital <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>) <ul><li>Transitional Gheg <ul><li>Southern Elbasan</li> <li>Southern Peqin</li> <li>Northwestern Gramsh</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk Albanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">Southern Albanian dialect</a>) <ul><li>Northern Tosk (basis of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Albanian">Standard Modern Albanian</a> but not identical) <ul><li>Northeastern Tosk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandritsa" title="Mandritsa">Mandritsa</a> Tosk (in far southeast <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>)</li> <li>Ukrainian Tosk (in <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine" title="Albanians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</li> <li>Western Thracian Tosk (in <a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Western_Thrace" title="Albanians of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Tosk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lab_Albanian_dialect" title="Lab Albanian dialect">Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Souliotes#Language" title="Souliotes">Suliot</a> <i>(extinct)</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>) <ul><li>Puglia Arbëresh / Apulo-Arbëresh</li> <li>Molise Arbëresh / Molisan-Arbëresh</li> <li>Campania Arbëresh / Campano-Arbëresh</li> <li>Basilicata Arbëresh / Basilicatan-Arbëresh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Calabria Arbëresh / Calabro-Arbëresh</a></li> <li>Sicilia Arbëresh / Siculo-Arbëresh</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>) <ul><li>Northwestern Arvanitika</li> <li>Southcentral Arvanitika <ul><li>Southern Arvanitika</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> <i>(extinct)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a> <i>(extinct)</i> (?) <small>(if sibling and not precursor of Albanian)</small></li> <li>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Romance">Eastern Romance</a> <i>(extinct)</i> (?) <small>(the non-Albanian, but Albanian-like features in Eastern Romance)</small></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A remarkable PIE root that underwent in Albanian, Armenian, and Greek a common evolution and semantic shift in the post PIE period is PIE <i>*mel-i(t)-</i> 'honey', from which Albanian <i>bletë</i>, Armenian <i>mełu</i>, and Greek <i>μέλισσα</i>, 'bee' derived.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Armenian term features <i>-u-</i> through the influence of the PIE <i>*médʰu</i> 'mead', which constitutes an Armenian innovation that isolates it from the <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a> word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022238_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022238-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A remarkable common proto-form for "<a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>" of non-Indo-European origin is exclusively shared between Albanian, Armenian, and Greek. It could have been borrowed at a pre-stage that was common to these languages from a pre-Indo-European substrate language that in turn had loaned the word from a third source, from which the pre-IE substrate of the proto-form that is shared between Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian could also have borrowed it. Hence it can be viewed as an old cultural word, which was slowly transmitted to two different pre-Indo-European substrate languages, and then independently adopted by two groups of Indo-European speakers, reflecting a post-Proto-Indo-European linguistic and geographic separation between a Balkan group consisting of Albanian, Greek, and Armenian, and a group to the North of the Black Sea consisting of Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The map does not imply that the Albanian language is the majority or the only spoken language in these areas.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 235; <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2020">Friedman 2020</a>, p. 388; <a href="#CITEREFMajer2019">Majer 2019</a>, p. 258; <a href="#CITEREFTrumper2018">Trumper 2018</a>, p. 385; <a href="#CITEREFYntema2017">Yntema 2017</a>, p. 337; <a href="#CITEREFMërkuri2015">Mërkuri 2015</a>, pp. 65–67; <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, pp. 36–38, 44–45; <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2013">Ismajli 2013</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFHampAdams2013">Hamp & Adams 2013</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2004">Demiraj 2004</a>, pp. 58–59; <a href="#CITEREFHamp1996">Hamp 1996</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Branch_names-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branch_names_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branch_names_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrăciun2023">Crăciun 2023</a>, pp. 77–81; <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2023">Friedman 2023</a>, p. 345; <a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 235; <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2022">Friedman 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWB2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT257">189–231</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTrumper2020">Trumper 2020</a>, p. 101; <a href="#CITEREFTrumper2018">Trumper 2018</a>, p. 385; <a href="#CITEREFBaldiSavoia2017">Baldi & Savoia 2017</a>, p. 46; <a href="#CITEREFYntema2017">Yntema 2017</a>, p. 337; <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, pp. 36–38, 44–45; <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2013">Ismajli 2013</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFHampAdams2013">Hamp & Adams 2013</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFSchaller2008">Schaller 2008</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2004">Demiraj 2004</a>, pp. 58–59; <a href="#CITEREFHamp2002">Hamp 2002</a>, p. 249; <a href="#CITEREFKödderitzsch1998">Ködderitzsch 1998</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFLedesma1996">Ledesma 1996</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illyrian_inclusion-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Illyrian_inclusion_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Illyrian_inclusion_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman2022">Friedman 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWB2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT257">189–231</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2020">Friedman 2020</a>, p. 388; <a href="#CITEREFBaldiSavoia2017">Baldi & Savoia 2017</a>, p. 46; <a href="#CITEREFHampAdams2013">Hamp & Adams 2013</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFHolst2009">Holst 2009</a>, pp. 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pre-Eastern_Romance-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pre-Eastern_Romance_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pre-Eastern_Romance_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamp1981">Hamp 1981</a>, p. 130; <a href="#CITEREFJoseph1999">Joseph 1999</a>, p. 222; <a href="#CITEREFHamp2002">Hamp 2002</a>, p. 249; <a href="#CITEREFJoseph2011">Joseph 2011</a>, p. 128; <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, pp. 36–38, 44–45; <a href="#CITEREFTrumper2018">Trumper 2018</a>, pp. 383–386; <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2019">Friedman 2019</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022240-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022240_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 240: "Technically speaking, from a genealogical standpoint, Messapic likely is the closest IE language to Albanian (Matzinger 2005). However, in the absence of sufficient evidence, that connection must remain speculative.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrumper2018">Trumper 2018</a>, pp. 383–386; <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2020">Friedman 2020</a>, p. 388; <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2011">Friedman 2011</a>, pp. 275–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrumper2018">Trumper 2018</a>, p. 385; <a href="#CITEREFManzini2018">Manzini 2018</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst200965–66-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolst200965–66_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolst2009">Holst 2009</a>, p. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman2022">Friedman 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWB2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT257">189–231</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHolst2009">Holst 2009</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illyrian-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Illyrian_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman2022">Friedman 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWB2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT257">189–231</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCorettaRiverin-CoutléeKapiaNichols2022">Coretta et al. 2022</a>, p. 1122; <a href="#CITEREFMatasović2019">Matasović 2019</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFParpola2012">Parpola 2012</a>, p. 131; <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 446; <a href="#CITEREFHolst2009">Holst 2009</a>, pp. 65–66; <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011128-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011128_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoseph2011">Joseph 2011</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuld1984">Huld 1984</a>, p. 158; <a href="#CITEREFLedesma1996">Ledesma 1996</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFJoseph1999">Joseph 1999</a>, p. 222; <a href="#CITEREFTrumper2018">Trumper 2018</a>, p. 385; <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2023">Friedman 2023</a>, p. 345; <a href="#CITEREFCrăciun2023">Crăciun 2023</a>, pp. 77–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman2022">Friedman 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWB2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT257">189–231</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFriedmanJoseph2017">Friedman & Joseph 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXuJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT158">55–87</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2000">Friedman 2000</a>, p. 1; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguasphere.info/?page=zone&id_zone=1019360">"Albanic"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere Observatory</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2020">Demiraj 2020</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2009">Campbell 2009</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj202033-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj202033_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2020">Demiraj 2020</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2009120-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2009120_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2009">Campbell 2009</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman2022">Friedman 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWB2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT257">189–231</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022">Lazaridis & Alpaslan-Roodenberg 2022</a>, pp. 1, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChangChundraHall2015199–200-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChangChundraHall2015199–200_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChangChundraHall2015">Chang, Chundra & Hall 2015</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022241-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022241_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 241; <a href="#CITEREFKoch2020">Koch 2020</a>, pp. 24, 50, 54; <a href="#CITEREFChangChundraHall2015">Chang, Chundra & Hall 2015</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroonenJakobPalmérvan_Sluis2022">Kroonen et al. 2022</a>, pp. 1, 11, 26, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen2023225,_231–235-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsen2023225,_231–235_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsen2023">Nielsen 2023</a>, pp. 225, 231–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg20221,_10-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg20221,_10_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022">Lazaridis & Alpaslan-Roodenberg 2022</a>, pp. 1, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2023345-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2023345_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman2023">Friedman 2023</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj201332–33-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj201332–33_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2013">Demiraj 2013</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović201397-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović201397_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatasović2013">Matasović 2013</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 241; <a href="#CITEREFOlsenThorsø2022">Olsen & Thorsø 2022</a>, p. 209; <a href="#CITEREFThorsø2019">Thorsø 2019</a>, p. 258; <a href="#CITEREFChangChundraHall2015">Chang, Chundra & Hall 2015</a>, pp. 199–200; <a href="#CITEREFHolst2009">Holst 2009</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 241; <a href="#CITEREFOlsenThorsø2022">Olsen & Thorsø 2022</a>, p. 209; <a href="#CITEREFThorsø2019">Thorsø 2019</a>, p. 258; <a href="#CITEREFKroonen2012">Kroonen 2012</a>, p. 246; <a href="#CITEREFHolst2009">Holst 2009</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Sluis2022">van Sluis 2022</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022238-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022238_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorsø2019">Thorsø 2019</a>, p. 255; <a href="#CITEREFKroonen2012">Kroonen 2012</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroonenJakobPalmérvan_Sluis2022">Kroonen et al. 2022</a>, pp. 11, 26, 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorsø2019258-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorsø2019258_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorsø2019">Thorsø 2019</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaldiSavoia2017" class="citation journal cs1">Baldi, Benedetta; 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John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 217–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556197604" title="Special:BookSources/9781556197604"><bdi>9781556197604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romanian+and+the+Balkans%3A+Some+comparative+perspectives&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Modern+Language+Sciences%3A+Methodological+perspectives+and+applications&rft.series=The+Emergence+of+the+Modern+Language+Sciences%3A+Studies+on+the+Transition+from+Historical-comparative+to+Structural+Linguistics+in+Honour+of+E.F.K.+Koerner&rft.pages=217-238&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781556197604&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Brian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjLi7sN22EoC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanoid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_D._Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian D. 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University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907029325" title="Special:BookSources/9781907029325"><bdi>9781907029325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celto-Germanic%2C+Later+Prehistory+and+Post-Proto-Indo-European+vocabulary+in+the+North+and+West&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Centre+for+Advanced+Welsh+and+Celtic+Studies&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781907029325&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanoid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen2012" class="citation book cs1">Kroonen, Guus (2012). "Non-Indo-European root nouns in Germanic: evidence in support of the Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis". 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Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 337–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614513001" title="Special:BookSources/9781614513001"><bdi>9781614513001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pre-Roman+Peoples+of+Apulia+%281000-100+BC%29&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Ancient+Italy&rft.series=De+Gruyter+Reference&rft.pages=337-&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781614513001&rft.aulast=Yntema&rft.aufirst=Douwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUElADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanoid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albanian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albanian_language" title="Template:Albanian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albanian_language" title="Template talk:Albanian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albanian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albanian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albanian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">language family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Palaeo-Balkanic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian languages">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Daco-Moesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Eastern_Romance_linguistic_parallels" title="Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels">Linguistic parallels with Eastern Romance languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian language dialects">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Southeast Tosk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Albanian">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lab_Albanian_dialect" title="Lab Albanian dialect">Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Reka_dialect" title="Upper Reka dialect">Reka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbanasi language">Arbanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Albanian" title="Istrian Albanian">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srem_Albanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srem Albanian (page does not exist)">Srem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_alphabet" title="Elbasan alphabet">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_alphabet" title="Vithkuqi alphabet">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_alphabet" title="Todhri alphabet">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_language" title="Category:Albanian language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paleo-Balkan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Template:Paleo-Balkan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Template talk:Paleo-Balkan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paleo-Balkan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paleo-Balkan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a>?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Albanian">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&oldid=1260413099">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanoid&oldid=1260413099</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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