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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the TV film, see <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_(miniseries)" title="Nuremberg (miniseries)"><i>Nuremberg</i> (miniseries)</a>. For the city in Pennsylvania, see <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg,_Pennsylvania" title="Nuremberg, Pennsylvania">Nuremberg, Pennsylvania</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nürnberg" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrburg" title="Nürburg">Nürburg</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nürnberg (disambiguation)">Nürnberg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive 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.ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><p><b>Nuremberg</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/nj/: 'n' in 'new'">nj</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NURE</span>-əm-burg</i></a>; German: <i lang="de">Nürnberg</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a8\/N%C3%BCrnberg.ogg\/N%C3%BCrnberg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"N\u00fcrnberg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/N%C3%BCrnberg.ogg/N%C3%BCrnberg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberg.ogg" title="File:Nürnberg.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; in the local <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franconian">East Franconian</a> dialect: <i>Nämberch</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈnɛmbɛrç]</a></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Franconia#Towns_and_cities" title="Franconia">largest</a> city in <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bavaria_by_population" title="List of cities in Bavaria by population">second-largest</a> city in the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, and its 544,414 (2023) inhabitants<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> make it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">14th-largest city</a> in Germany. </p><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Nuremberg </span></div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nürnberg</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br><span title="Mainfränkisch-language text"><i lang="vmf">Nämberch</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Mainfr%C3%A4nkisch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainfränkisch language">Mainfränkisch</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg/268px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg/402px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg/536px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5985" data-file-height="3980"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Castle" title="Nuremberg Castle">Nuremberg Castle</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberg_Gostenhof_gen_Ost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skyline" 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decoding="async" width="79" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/N%C3%BCrnberg_Sch%C3%B6ner_Brunnen_Totale.jpg/119px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Sch%C3%B6ner_Brunnen_Totale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/N%C3%BCrnberg_Sch%C3%B6ner_Brunnen_Totale.jpg/158px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Sch%C3%B6ner_Brunnen_Totale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="2000"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ner_Brunnen" title="Schöner Brunnen">Fountain</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Opera House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg/124px-Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg/186px-Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg/248px-Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Staatstheater Nürnberg">Opera House</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayern_N%C3%BCrnberg_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pegnitz River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bayern_N%C3%BCrnberg_04.jpg/140px-Bayern_N%C3%BCrnberg_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bayern_N%C3%BCrnberg_04.jpg/210px-Bayern_N%C3%BCrnberg_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bayern_N%C3%BCrnberg_04.jpg/280px-Bayern_N%C3%BCrnberg_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pegnitz_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegnitz River">Pegnitz River</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:69px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuernberg-Panorama-Burg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View from Nuremberg Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nuernberg-Panorama-Burg.jpg/268px-Nuernberg-Panorama-Burg.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nuernberg-Panorama-Burg.jpg/402px-Nuernberg-Panorama-Burg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nuernberg-Panorama-Burg.jpg/536px-Nuernberg-Panorama-Burg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1923" data-file-height="500"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">View from Nuremberg Castle</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_N%C3%BCrnberg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Nuremberg"><img alt="Flag of Nuremberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_N%C3%BCrnberg.svg/100px-Flagge_N%C3%BCrnberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_N%C3%BCrnberg.svg/150px-Flagge_N%C3%BCrnberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_N%C3%BCrnberg.svg/200px-Flagge_N%C3%BCrnberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="289"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_N%C3%BCrnberg_COA_(klein).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Nuremberg"><img alt="Coat of arms of Nuremberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DEU_N%C3%BCrnberg_COA_%28klein%29.svg/71px-DEU_N%C3%BCrnberg_COA_%28klein%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="71" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DEU_N%C3%BCrnberg_COA_%28klein%29.svg/107px-DEU_N%C3%BCrnberg_COA_%28klein%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DEU_N%C3%BCrnberg_COA_%28klein%29.svg/142px-DEU_N%C3%BCrnberg_COA_%28klein%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="618"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Nuremberg</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays='["_5e45fc56d2b0b483fc448f13a43297be6a3efa55"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nuremberg&revid=1260129785&groups=_5e45fc56d2b0b483fc448f13a43297be6a3efa55" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nuremberg&revid=1260129785&groups=_5e45fc56d2b0b483fc448f13a43297be6a3efa55 2x" alt="Map"></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuremberg is located in Germany"><img alt="Nuremberg is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.47%;left:55.775%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nuremberg"><img alt="Nuremberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Nuremberg </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavaria_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuremberg is located in Bavaria"><img alt="Nuremberg is located in Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bavaria_location_map.svg/250px-Bavaria_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bavaria_location_map.svg/375px-Bavaria_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bavaria_location_map.svg/500px-Bavaria_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="855"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.003%;left:42.2%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nuremberg"><img alt="Nuremberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Nuremberg </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Bavaria</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nuremberg&params=49_27_14_N_11_04_39_E_type:city(526091)_region:DE-BY"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°27′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°04′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.45389°N 11.07750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.45389; 11.07750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Admin. region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Franconia" title="Middle Franconia">Middle Franconia </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">10 districts</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2020–26) </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Marcus König<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">186.46 km<sup>2</sup> (71.99 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">302 m (991 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">526,091</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,800/km<sup>2</sup> (7,300/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,374,524</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,610,543</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">90000-90491</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0911, 09122, 09129</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">N</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/stadtportal_e/">nuernberg.de</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nuremberg sits on the <a href="/wiki/Pegnitz_(river)" title="Pegnitz (river)">Pegnitz</a>, which carries the name <a href="/wiki/Regnitz" title="Regnitz">Regnitz</a> from its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Rednitz" title="Rednitz">Rednitz</a> in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a> onwards (<a href="/wiki/Pegnitz_(river)" title="Pegnitz (river)">Pegnitz</a>→ <a href="/wiki/Regnitz" title="Regnitz">Regnitz</a>→ <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>→ <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>→ <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>), and on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Main%E2%80%93Danube_Canal" title="Rhine–Main–Danube Canal">Rhine–Main–Danube Canal</a>, that connects the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Lying in the Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">administrative region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Franconia" title="Middle Franconia">Middle Franconia</a>, it is the largest city and unofficial capital of the entire cultural region of <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>. The city is surrounded on three sides by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BCrnberger_Reichswald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nürnberger Reichswald (page does not exist)">Nürnberger Reichswald</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberger_Reichswald" class="extiw" title="de:Nürnberger Reichswald">de</a>]</span></i></span>, a large forest, and in the north lies <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knoblauchsland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knoblauchsland (page does not exist)">Knoblauchsland</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoblauchsland" class="extiw" title="de:Knoblauchsland">de</a>]</span> (<i>garlic land</i>), an extensive vegetable growing area and cultural landscape. </p><p>The city forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schwabach" title="Schwabach">Schwabach</a>, which is the heart of an urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the larger <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Nuremberg Metropolitan Region">Nuremberg Metropolitan Region</a> has a population of approximately 3.6 million. It is the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franconian">East Franconian</a> dialect area (colloquially: "Franconian"; German: <i lang="de">Fränkisch</i>). </p><p>Nuremberg and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a> were once connected by the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Ludwig_Railway" title="Bavarian Ludwig Railway">Bavarian Ludwig Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_first_German_railways_to_1870" title="List of the first German railways to 1870">first steam-hauled and overall second railway opened in Germany</a> (1835). Today, the U1 of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Subway">Nuremberg Subway</a> runs along this route. Subway lines U2 and U3 are the first German driverless subway lines, automatically moving railcars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Airport" title="Nuremberg Airport">Nuremberg Airport</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Flughafen Nürnberg "Albrecht Dürer"</i></span>) is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after <a href="/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Munich Airport</a>, and the tenth-busiest airport in the country. </p><p>Institutions of higher education in Nuremberg include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen-Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Erlangen-Nuremberg">University of Erlangen-Nuremberg</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg</i></span>), Germany's 11th-largest university, with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a <a href="/wiki/University_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="University hospital">university hospital</a> in Erlangen (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Technische Hochschule Nürnberg">Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg">Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg</a></i></span> and the newly founded <a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_Nuremberg" title="University of Technology Nuremberg">University of Technology Nuremberg</a>. The Nuremberg exhibition centre (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Messe Nürnberg</i></span>) is one of the biggest <a href="/wiki/Convention_center" title="Convention center">convention center</a> companies in Germany and operates worldwide. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Castle" title="Nuremberg Castle">Nuremberg Castle</a>, its medieval old town<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/City_walls_of_Nuremberg" title="City walls of Nuremberg">the city's walls</a>, with their many towers, are among the most impressive in Europe. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Staatstheater Nürnberg">Staatstheater Nürnberg</a></i></span> is one of the five Bavarian state theatres,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing <a href="/wiki/Operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Operas">operas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operettas" class="mw-redirect" title="Operettas">operettas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musicals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ballets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballets">ballets</a> (main venue: Nuremberg <a href="/wiki/Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera House">Opera House</a>), <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a> (main venue: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Schauspielhaus</a> Nürnberg</i></span>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Concerts" class="mw-redirect" title="Concerts">concerts</a> (main venue: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Meistersingerhalle" title="Meistersingerhalle">Meistersingerhalle</a></i></span>). Its orchestra, the <a href="/wiki/Staatsphilharmonie_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg">Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg</a>, is Bavaria's second-largest opera orchestra after the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera" title="Bavarian State Opera">Bavarian State Opera</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Orchestra" title="Bavarian State Orchestra">Bavarian State Orchestra</a> in Munich. Nuremberg is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a>. <a href="/wiki/1._FC_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="1. FC Nürnberg">1. FC Nürnberg</a> is the most famous football club of the city and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_football_champions#Performances" title="List of German football champions">most successful football clubs in Germany</a>. Nuremberg was one of the host cities of the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_modern_age"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern age</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#After_the_Napoleonic_Wars"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">After the Napoleonic Wars</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Nazi-Era"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Nazi-Era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Nuremberg_trials"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Nuremberg trials</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Attractions"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Attractions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Culinary_tourism"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Culinary tourism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Pedestrian_zones"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pedestrian zones</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Hospitality"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Hospitality</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Museums"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Museums</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Performing_arts"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Performing arts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Higher_education"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Higher education</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Main_sights"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Main sights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Mayor"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mayor</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#City_council"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">City council</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Railways"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Railways</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#City_and_regional_transport"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">City and regional transport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Motorways"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Motorways</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Airport"><span class="tocnumber">10.4</span> <span class="toctext">Airport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Canals"><span class="tocnumber">10.5</span> <span class="toctext">Canals</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Football"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Football</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Basketball"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Basketball</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Ice_Hockey"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ice Hockey</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#International_relations"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns – sister cities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Cooperation"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cooperation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Associated_cities"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Associated cities</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">15.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">15.2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nuremberg" title="Timeline of Nuremberg">Timeline of Nuremberg</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Burgraviate_of_Nuremberg" title="Burgraviate of Nuremberg">Burgraviate of Nuremberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial City of Nuremberg">Imperial City of Nuremberg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_defensive_wall_north_f_burggarten_bastion_f_w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nuremberg_defensive_wall_north_f_burggarten_bastion_f_w.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_defensive_wall_north_f_burggarten_bastion_f_w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nuremberg_defensive_wall_north_f_burggarten_bastion_f_w.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_defensive_wall_north_f_burggarten_bastion_f_w.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nuremberg_defensive_wall_north_f_burggarten_bastion_f_w.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_defensive_wall_north_f_burggarten_bastion_f_w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nuremberg_defensive_wall_north_f_burggarten_bastion_f_w.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_defensive_wall_north_f_burggarten_bastion_f_w.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Old fortifications of Nuremberg</figcaption></figure> <p>The first documentary mention of the city, in 1050, mentions Nuremberg as the location of an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">imperial castle</a> between <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_the_Nordgau" title="Margraviate of the Nordgau">Margraviate of the Nordgau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1050 to 1572 the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade-routes. <a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">King Conrad III</a>, reigning as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> from 1137 to 1152, established the <a href="/wiki/Burgraviate_of_Nuremberg" title="Burgraviate of Nuremberg">Burgraviate of Nuremberg</a>, with the first <a href="/wiki/Burgrave" title="Burgrave">burgraves</a> coming from the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Raabs_an_der_Thaya" title="Raabs an der Thaya">House of Raabs</a>. With the extinction of their male line around 1189, the last Raabs count's son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Burgrave_of_Nuremberg" title="Frederick I, Burgrave of Nuremberg">Frederick I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>, inherited the burgraviate in 1193. </p><p>From the late 12th century to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire#Interregnum" title="Holy Roman Empire">Interregnum</a> (1254–1573), however, the power of the burgraves diminished as the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> emperors transferred most non-military powers to a castellan, with the city administration and the municipal courts handed over to an Imperial mayor (German: <i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsschulthei%C3%9F_(N%C3%BCrnberg)" class="extiw" title="de:Reichsschultheiß (Nürnberg)">Reichsschultheiß</a></i>) from 1173/74.<sup id="cite_ref-HLB:Nürnberg_Entwicklung_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strained relations between the burgraves and the castellans, with gradual transferral of powers to the latter in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, finally broke out into open enmity, which greatly influenced the history of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuernberg_Burg_Panorama_PtGUI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nuernberg_Burg_Panorama_PtGUI.jpg/220px-Nuernberg_Burg_Panorama_PtGUI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="1400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nuernberg_Burg_Panorama_PtGUI.jpg/220px-Nuernberg_Burg_Panorama_PtGUI.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nuernberg_Burg_Panorama_PtGUI.jpg/330px-Nuernberg_Burg_Panorama_PtGUI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nuernberg_Burg_Panorama_PtGUI.jpg/440px-Nuernberg_Burg_Panorama_PtGUI.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Imperial Castle</figcaption></figure> <p>The city and particularly <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Castle" title="Nuremberg Castle">Nuremberg Castle</a> would become one of the most frequent sites of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Nuremberg">Diets of Nuremberg</a> from 1211 to 1543, after the first Nuremberg diet elected <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> as emperor. Because of the many Diets of Nuremberg, the city became an important routine place of the administration of the Empire during this time and a somewhat 'unofficial <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a>' of the Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1219 Emperor Frederick II granted the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Großen Freiheitsbrief</i></span> ('Great Charter of Freedom'), including <a href="/wiki/German_town_law" title="German town law">town rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">Imperial immediacy</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsfreiheit</i></span>), the privilege to mint coins, and an independent customs policy – almost wholly removing the city from the purview of the burgraves.<sup id="cite_ref-HLB:Nürnberg_Entwicklung_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nuremberg soon became, with <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, one of the two great trade-centers on the route from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to Northern Europe. </p><p>In 1298, the <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Germany">Jews</a> of the town were accused of <a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">host desecration</a> and 698 of them were killed in one of the many <a href="/wiki/Rintfleisch_massacres" title="Rintfleisch massacres">Rintfleisch massacres</a>. Behind the massacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were divided by the <a href="/wiki/Pegnitz_(river)" title="Pegnitz (river)">Pegnitz</a>. The Jews of the German lands suffered <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_Jewish_persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Death Jewish persecutions">many massacres</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">plague</a> pandemic of the mid-14th century. </p><p>In 1349, Nuremberg's Jews suffered a <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were burned at the stake or expelled, and a marketplace was built over the former Jewish quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plague returned to the city in 1405, 1435, 1437, 1482, 1494, 1520, and 1534.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Nuremberga.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Nuremberga.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Nuremberga.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Nuremberga.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Nuremberga.png" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Nuremberga.png/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Nuremberga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Nuremberga.png/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Nuremberga.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Nuremberg in 1493 (from the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest growth of Nuremberg occurred in the 14th century. <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1356" title="Golden Bull of 1356">Golden Bull of 1356</a>, naming Nuremberg as the city where newly elected <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Germany">kings of Germany</a> must hold their first Imperial Diet, made Nuremberg one of the three most important cities of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-HLB:Nürnberg_Entwicklung_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles was the patron of the <a href="/wiki/Frauenkirche,_Nuremberg" title="Frauenkirche, Nuremberg">Frauenkirche</a>, built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely <a href="/wiki/Peter_Parler" title="Peter Parler">Peter Parler</a>), where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. The royal and Imperial connection grew stronger in 1423 when the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a> granted the Imperial regalia to be kept permanently in Nuremberg, where they remained until 1796, when the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">advance of French troops</a> required their removal to <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> and thence to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HLB:Nürnberg_Entwicklung_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1349 the members of the <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> unsuccessfully rebelled against the patricians in a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Handwerkeraufstand</i></span> ('Craftsmen's Uprising'), supported by merchants and some by councillors, leading to a ban on any self-organisation of the artisans in the city, abolishing the guilds that were customary elsewhere in Europe; the unions were then dissolved, and the oligarchs remained in power while Nuremberg was a <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City">free city</a> (until the early-19th century).<sup id="cite_ref-HLB:Nürnberg_Entwicklung_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles IV conferred upon the city the right to conclude alliances independently, thereby placing it upon a politically equal footing with the <a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes of the Holy Roman Empire">princes of the Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequent fights took place with the burgraves without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon the city. After fire destroyed the castle in 1420 during a feud between <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick IV</a> (from 1417, <a href="/wiki/Margrave_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave of Brandenburg">Margrave of Brandenburg</a>) and the duke of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Ingolstadt" title="Bavaria-Ingolstadt">Bavaria-Ingolstadt</a>, the city purchased the ruins and the forest belonging to the castle (1427), resulting in the city's total sovereignty within its borders. </p><p>Through these and other acquisitions the city accumulated considerable territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> (1419–1434), the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death#Second_plague_pandemic" title="Black Death">second Black Death pandemic</a> in 1437, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Margrave_War" title="First Margrave War">First Margrave War</a> (1449–1450) led to a severe fall in population in the mid-15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siding with <a href="/wiki/Albert_IV,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria">Albert IV</a>, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Munich" title="Bavaria-Munich">Bavaria-Munich</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Succession_of_Landshut" title="War of the Succession of Landshut">War of the Succession of Landshut</a> of 1503–1505, led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting in lands of 25 sq mi (64.7 km<sup>2</sup>), making it one of the largest imperial cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Middle Ages, Nuremberg fostered a rich, varied, and influential literary culture.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_age">Early modern age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modern age" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Merian_Frankoniae_090.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/De_Merian_Frankoniae_090.jpg/220px-De_Merian_Frankoniae_090.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4620" data-file-height="3504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/De_Merian_Frankoniae_090.jpg/220px-De_Merian_Frankoniae_090.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/De_Merian_Frankoniae_090.jpg/330px-De_Merian_Frankoniae_090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/De_Merian_Frankoniae_090.jpg/440px-De_Merian_Frankoniae_090.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Map of Nuremberg, 1648</figcaption></figure> <p>The cultural flowering of Nuremberg in the 15th and 16th centuries made it the centre of the <a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a>. In 1525 Nuremberg accepted the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, and in 1532 the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Religious_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Religious Peace">Nuremberg Religious Peace</a> was signed there, preventing war between Lutherans and Catholics<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for 15 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the Princes' <a href="/wiki/Second_Schmalkaldic_War" title="Second Schmalkaldic War">1552 revolution</a> against <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, Nuremberg tried to purchase its neutrality, but Margrave <a href="/wiki/Albert_Alcibiades,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach" title="Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach">Albert Alcibiades</a>, one of the leaders of the revolt, attacked the city without a declaration of war and dictated a disadvantageous peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1555 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a>, the possessions of the Protestants were confirmed by the Emperor, their religious privileges extended and their independence from the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Bamberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Bamberg">Bishop of Bamberg</a> affirmed, while the 1520s' secularisation of the monasteries was also approved.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Families like the <a href="/wiki/Tucher_von_Simmelsdorf" title="Tucher von Simmelsdorf">Tucher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imhoff_family" title="Imhoff family">Imhoff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Haller_von_Hallerstein" title="Haller von Hallerstein">Haller</a> ran trading businesses across Europe, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Fugger_family" title="Fugger family">Fugger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welser" class="mw-redirect" title="Welser">Welser</a> families from <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, although on a slightly smaller scale. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_town_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Old_town_hall.jpg/170px-Old_town_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="1997"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Old_town_hall.jpg/170px-Old_town_hall.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Old_town_hall.jpg/255px-Old_town_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Old_town_hall.jpg/340px-Old_town_hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>Wolffscher Bau</i> of the old city hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The state of affairs in the early 16th century<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, increased trade routes elsewhere and the ossification of the social hierarchy and legal structures contributed to the decline in trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)" title="Catholic League (German)">League</a> soldiers, the financial costs of the war and the cessation of trade caused irreparable damage to the city and a near-halving of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1632, the city, occupied by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nuremberg" title="Siege of Nuremberg">besieged</a> by the army of Imperial general <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Albrecht von Wallenstein</a>. The city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th century, when it grew as an industrial centre. Even after the Thirty Years' War, however, there was a late flowering of architecture and culture; secular <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> is exemplified in the layout of the civic gardens built outside the city walls, and in the Protestant city's rebuilding of <a href="/wiki/St._Egidien,_Nuremberg" title="St. Egidien, Nuremberg">St. Egidien church</a>, destroyed by fire at the beginning of the 18th century, considered a significant contribution to the baroque church architecture of Middle Franconia.<sup id="cite_ref-HLB:Nürnberg_Entwicklung_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Thirty Years' War, Nuremberg attempted to remain detached from external affairs, but contributions were demanded for the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and restrictions of imports and exports deprived the city of many markets for its manufactures.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bavarian elector, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Theodore,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria">Charles Theodore</a>, appropriated part of the land obtained by the city during the <a href="/wiki/Landshut_War_of_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Landshut War of Succession">Landshut War of Succession</a>, to which Bavaria had maintained its claim; Prussia also claimed part of the territory. Realising its weakness, the city asked to be incorporated into Prussia but <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Frederick William II</a> refused, fearing to offend Austria, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and France.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Imperial diet in 1803, the independence of Nuremberg was affirmed, but on the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> on 12 July 1806, it was agreed to hand the city over to Bavaria from 8 September, with Bavaria guaranteeing the <a href="/wiki/Amortization_(accounting)" title="Amortization (accounting)">amortisation</a> of the city's 12.5 million guilder public debt.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Napoleonic_Wars">After the Napoleonic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After the Napoleonic Wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Scrapbooks_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Nuremberg_Scrapbooks_cropped.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_Scrapbooks_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="790"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Nuremberg_Scrapbooks_cropped.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_Scrapbooks_cropped.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Nuremberg_Scrapbooks_cropped.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_Scrapbooks_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Nuremberg_Scrapbooks_cropped.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_Scrapbooks_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Old town of Nuremberg in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adler_Originalfoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Adler_Originalfoto.jpg/220px-Adler_Originalfoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="861"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Adler_Originalfoto.jpg/220px-Adler_Originalfoto.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Adler_Originalfoto.jpg/330px-Adler_Originalfoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Adler_Originalfoto.jpg/440px-Adler_Originalfoto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The British-built <i><a href="/wiki/Adler_(locomotive)" title="Adler (locomotive)">Adler</a></i> was the locomotive of the first German Railway between Nuremberg and Fürth.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, the city's trade and commerce revived; the skill of its inhabitants together with its favourable situation soon made the city prosperous, particularly after its public debt had been acknowledged as a part of the Bavarian national debt. Having been incorporated into a Catholic country, the city was compelled to refrain from further discrimination against Catholics, who had been excluded from the rights of citizenship. Catholic services had been celebrated in the city by the priests of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, often under great difficulties. After their possessions had been confiscated by the Bavarian government in 1806, they were given the Frauenkirche on the Market in 1809; in 1810 the first Catholic parish was established, which in 1818 numbered 1,010 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1817, the city was incorporated into the district of <a href="/wiki/Rezatkreis" title="Rezatkreis">Rezatkreis</a> (named for the river <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A4nkische_Rezat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fränkische Rezat">Franconian Rezat</a>), which was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Franconia" title="Middle Franconia">Middle Franconia</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelfranken" class="extiw" title="de:Mittelfranken">Mittelfranken</a></i>) on 1 January 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first German railway, the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Ludwigsbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian Ludwigsbahn">Bavarian Ludwigsbahn</a>, from Nuremberg to nearby <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a>, was opened in 1835. The establishment of railways and the incorporation of Bavaria into <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a> (the 19th-century German Customs Union), commerce and industry opened the way to greater prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1852, there were 53,638 inhabitants: 46,441 Protestants and 6,616 Catholics. It subsequently grew to become the more important industrial city of Southern Germany, one of the most prosperous towns of southern Germany, but after the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> it was given to <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> as part of their telegraph stations they had to give up. In 1905, its population, including several incorporated suburbs, was 291,351: 86,943 Catholics, 196,913 Protestants, 3,738 Jews and 3,766 members of other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Fränkischer Kurier</i> was published as a local newspaper in Nuremberg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi-Era">Nazi-Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nazi-Era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Hitler doing the Nazi salute at a rally in Nuremberg 1928" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nuremberg1928.jpg/220px-Nuremberg1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nuremberg1928.jpg/220px-Nuremberg1928.jpg" data-alt="Hitler doing the Nazi salute at a rally in Nuremberg 1928" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nuremberg1928.jpg/330px-Nuremberg1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nuremberg1928.jpg/440px-Nuremberg1928.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Hitler at a Nazi rally in Nuremberg, 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>Nuremberg held great significance during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> era. Because of the city's relevance to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and its position in the centre of Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party conventions: the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg rallies</a>. The rallies were held in 1927, 1929 and annually from 1933 through 1938. A number of buildings and large gathering areas known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Rally_Grounds" title="Nazi Party Rally Grounds">Nazi Party Rally Grounds</a>, some of which were not finished, were designed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> and were constructed solely for these assemblies. After <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a> in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> events, a centre of Nazi ideals. The 1934 rally was filmed by <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>, and made into a propaganda film called <i>Triumph des Willens</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></i>). At the 1935 rally, Hitler specifically ordered the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a></i> to convene at Nuremberg to pass the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> which revoked German <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> for all Jews and other non-Aryans. </p><p>The Nazi <i><a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">Oberbürgermeister</a></i> of the city, <a href="/wiki/Willy_Liebel" title="Willy Liebel">Willy Liebel</a>, embarked upon a program of urban architectural renewal that he felt befitted one of the centers of Nazi pageantry. The aim was to restore the city center to the medieval look of centuries past by eliminating late nineteenth-century styling. Among the buildings he slated for demolition was the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Synagogue_of_Nuremberg" title="Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg">Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg</a>. He felt that this "foreign" building with its <a href="/wiki/Moorish_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish revival">Moorish revival</a> architecture could not be reconciled with the image that he strove to create, and he succeeded in having the building completely demolished around the time of the Party rally in September 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many examples of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a> can still be seen in the city. </p><p>The city was also the headquarters of the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propagandist</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a>, the Nazi Party <i><a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>, a vicious <a href="/wiki/Antisemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemite">antisemite</a> and the publisher of <i><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i>. During the anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i> on 10 November 1938, the two remaining synagogues and numerous Jewish-owned shops were burned to the ground. Of the 91 Jews in Germany who met their deaths as a result of <i>Kristallnacht</i>, 26 (including ten suicides) were in Nuremberg. Between 2,000 and 3,000 of Nuremberg's Jews fled from Germany. By 1941, only about 1.800 remained, over 1,600 of whom were rounded-up and transported to various <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a> where they were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the war in 1945, there were no Jews left in Nuremberg. There are many <a href="/wiki/Stolperstein" title="Stolperstein">Stolpersteine</a> installed in the streets of the city;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these commemorate Jews who were persecuted by the Nazi regime. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Nuremberg was the headquarters of <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrkreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wehrkreis">Wehrkreis</a></i> (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including aircraft, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of <a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg concentration camp</a> was located here, and extensively used <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerst%C3%B6rungen_N%C3%BCrnbergs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerst%C3%B6rungen_N%C3%BCrnbergs.jpg/174px-1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerst%C3%B6rungen_N%C3%BCrnbergs.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4081" data-file-height="3561"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 174px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerst%C3%B6rungen_N%C3%BCrnbergs.jpg/174px-1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerst%C3%B6rungen_N%C3%BCrnbergs.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="174" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerst%C3%B6rungen_N%C3%BCrnbergs.jpg/261px-1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerst%C3%B6rungen_N%C3%BCrnbergs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerst%C3%B6rungen_N%C3%BCrnbergs.jpg/348px-1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerst%C3%B6rungen_N%C3%BCrnbergs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of city centre with air raid destruction</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_in_Ruins_1945_HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nuremberg_in_Ruins_1945_HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG/110px-Nuremberg_in_Ruins_1945_HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG" decoding="async" width="110" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nuremberg_in_Ruins_1945_HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG/110px-Nuremberg_in_Ruins_1945_HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG" data-alt="" data-width="110" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nuremberg_in_Ruins_1945_HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG/165px-Nuremberg_in_Ruins_1945_HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nuremberg_in_Ruins_1945_HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG/220px-Nuremberg_in_Ruins_1945_HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bombed-out Nuremberg, 1945</div></div></div></div></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nuremberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II">2 January 1945, the medieval city centre was systematically bombed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Forces</a> and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 displaced. In February 1945, additional attacks followed. In total, about 6,000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids. </p><p>Nuremberg was a heavily fortified city that was captured in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_(1945)" title="Battle of Nuremberg (1945)">a fierce battle</a> lasting from 17 to 20 April 1945 by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Infantry Division (United States)">3rd Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/42nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="42nd Infantry Division (United States)">42nd Infantry Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/45th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="45th Infantry Division (United States)">45th Infantry Division</a>, which fought house-to-house and street-by-street against determined German resistance, causing further urban devastation to the already bombed and shelled buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this intense degree of destruction, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent restored to its pre-war appearance, including the reconstruction of many of its medieval buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this reconstructive work and conservation was done by the organisation '<a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Friends_Nuremberg" title="Old Town Friends Nuremberg">Old Town Friends Nuremberg</a>'. Today 25% of Nürnbergs buildings date to before World War II<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the old town is a declared protected area,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the northeastern half of the old <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Free City">Imperial Free City</a> had to be largely reconstructed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuremberg_trials">Nuremberg trials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nuremberg trials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg/220px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg/220px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg/330px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg/440px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Defendants in the dock at the Nuremberg trials</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and crimes against humanity were brought before an international tribunal in the Nuremberg trials. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had wanted these trials to take place in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. However, Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons: </p> <ul><li>The city had been the location of the Nazi Party's Nuremberg rallies and the laws stripping Jews of their citizenship were passed there. There was symbolic value in making it the place of Nazi demise.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Nuremberg" title="Palace of Justice, Nuremberg">Palace of Justice</a> was spacious and largely undamaged (one of the few that had remained largely intact despite <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">extensive Allied bombing of Germany</a>). The already large courtroom was reasonably easily expanded by the removal of the wall at the end opposite the bench, thereby incorporating the adjoining room. A large prison was also part of the complex.</li> <li>As a compromise, it was agreed that Berlin would become the permanent seat of the International Military Tribunal and that the first trial (several were planned) would take place in Nuremberg. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, subsequent trials never took place.</li></ul> <p>Following the trials, in October 1946, many prominent German Nazi politicians and military leaders were <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_executions" title="Nuremberg executions">executed in Nuremberg</a>. </p><p>The same courtroom in Nuremberg was the venue of the <a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsequent Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a>, organized by the United States as <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">occupying power</a> in the area. </p><p>In order to come to terms with the role Nuremberg played during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>, the city established the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_International_Human_Rights_Award" title="Nuremberg International Human Rights Award">Nuremberg International Human Rights Award</a> in 1995, awarded every two years to individuals or groups defending human rights worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nuremberg_Map.png/200px-Nuremberg_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nuremberg_Map.png/200px-Nuremberg_Map.png" data-width="200" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nuremberg_Map.png/300px-Nuremberg_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nuremberg_Map.png/400px-Nuremberg_Map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Map of Nuremberg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavaria_N.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bavaria_N.svg/220px-Bavaria_N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4944" data-file-height="4924"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bavaria_N.svg/220px-Bavaria_N.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bavaria_N.svg/330px-Bavaria_N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bavaria_N.svg/440px-Bavaria_N.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Location of Nuremberg (in red) in Middle Franconia (light red) in Bavaria (dark grey)</figcaption></figure> <p>Several old villages now belong to the city, for example <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grossgr%C3%BCndlach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grossgründlach (page does not exist)">Grossgründlach</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraftshof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraftshof (page does not exist)">Kraftshof</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thon_(Nuremberg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thon (Nuremberg) (page does not exist)">Thon</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neunhof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neunhof (page does not exist)">Neunhof</a> in the north-west; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziegelstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziegelstein (page does not exist)">Ziegelstein</a> in the northeast, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altenfurt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altenfurt (page does not exist)">Altenfurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fischbach_(Nuremberg)" title="Fischbach (Nuremberg)">Fischbach</a> in the south-east; and <a href="/wiki/Katzwang" title="Katzwang">Katzwang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kornburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kornburg (page does not exist)">Kornburg</a> in the south. <a href="/wiki/Langwasser" title="Langwasser">Langwasser</a> is a modern suburb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nuremberg has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Cfb</i>) with a certain <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> influence (<i>Dfb</i>), categorized in the latter by the 0 °C isotherm.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's climate is influenced by its inland position and higher altitude. Winters are changeable, with either mild or cold weather: the average temperature is around −3 °C (27 °F) to 4 °C (39 °F), while summers are generally warm, mostly around 13 °C (55 °F) at night to 25 °C (77 °F) in the afternoon. Precipitation is evenly spread throughout the year, although February and April tend to be a bit drier whereas July tends to have more rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-dwd_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwd-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Nuremberg (1991–2020 normals, extremes since 1955) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br>(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br>(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br>(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br>(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br>(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br>(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.6<br>(101.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br>(99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br>(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br>(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br>(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br>(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.6<br>(101.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br>(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br>(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br>(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br>(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br>(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br>(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br>(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br>(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br>(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br>(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br>(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br>(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.7<br>(94.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br>(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br>(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br>(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br>(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br>(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br>(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br>(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br>(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br>(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br>(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br>(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br>(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.4<br>(57.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br>(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br>(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br>(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br>(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br>(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br>(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br>(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br>(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br>(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br>(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br>(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br>(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7<br>(49.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br>(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br>(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br>(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br>(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br>(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br>(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br>(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br>(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br>(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br>(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br>(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br>(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.9<br>(40.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.6<br>(11.1) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.2<br>(13.6) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3<br>(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br>(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br>(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br>(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br>(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br>(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br>(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br>(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8<br>(21.6) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.2<br>(13.6) </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.5<br>(5.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.4<br>(−13.7) </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.2<br>(−22.4) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.3<br>(−0.9) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.2<br>(15.4) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3<br>(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br>(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br>(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br>(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7<br>(27.1) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3<br>(18.9) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.7<br>(9.1) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−23.0<br>(−9.4) </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−30.2<br>(−22.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.0<br>(1.57) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br>(1.29) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.1<br>(1.54) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br>(1.30) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.3<br>(2.41) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.0<br>(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.7<br>(3.02) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.5<br>(2.34) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.9<br>(1.93) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.4<br>(1.94) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.1<br>(1.85) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.8<br>(1.92) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">600.5<br>(23.64) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.0 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.1 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">165.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000CC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000C1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000B3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000B2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6B6B6B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.6 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.4 </td> <td style="background: #BABA45; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.7 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.7 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">218.6 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228.6 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">239.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.5 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.2 </td> <td style="background: #B3B371; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.7 </td> <td style="background: #6D6D6D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.9 </td> <td style="background: #505050; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,753.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">DWD</a><sup id="cite_ref-dwd_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwd-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Météo Climat<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infoclimat<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1397</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,626</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1449</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,420</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+227.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1485</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">36,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+95.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1500</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1622</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">40,250</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+5.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1700</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">35,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−13.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1750</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−14.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1810</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,544</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1822</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">31,665</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1830</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">39,870</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+25.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1840</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">46,824</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1849</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,828</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">62,797</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">83,214</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+32.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">99,519</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+19.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">142,590</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">261,081</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+83.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">333,142</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">364,093</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">416,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">429,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">286,833</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−33.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">362,459</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">458,401</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">478,181</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">484,405</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">493,692</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">491,307</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">486,314</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">522,554</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nuremberg has been a destination for immigrants. 50.1% of the residents had an immigrant background in 2022 (counted with MigraPro).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Rank </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Nationality </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Population (31.12.2022)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>17,408 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>14,903 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>12,145 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>7,232 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>6,891 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>6,670 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>5,893 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>5,801 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>4,745 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>4,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>3,617 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>3,137 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>3,027 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>2,456 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>2,142 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nuremberg" title="Special:EditPage/Nuremberg">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nuremberg for many people is still associated with its traditional gingerbread (<i><a href="/wiki/Lebkuchen" title="Lebkuchen">Lebkuchen</a></i>) products, sausages, and handmade toys. <a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">Pocket watches</a> — <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_eggs" title="Nuremberg eggs">Nuremberg eggs</a></i> — were made here in the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Henlein" title="Peter Henlein">Peter Henlein</a>. Only one of the districts in the 1797–1801 sample was early industrial; the economic structure of the region around Nuremberg was dominated by metal and glass manufacturing, reflected by a share of nearly 50% handicrafts and workers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> with companies such as <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> and <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN</a> establishing a strong base in the city. Nuremberg is still an important industrial centre with a strong standing in the markets of Central and Eastern Europe. Items manufactured in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, writing and drawing paraphernalia, stationery products and printed materials. </p><p>The city is also strong in the fields of automation, energy and medical technology. Siemens is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region but a good third of German market research agencies are also located in the city. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_International_Toy_Fair" title="Nuremberg International Toy Fair">Nuremberg International Toy Fair</a>, held at the <a href="/wiki/Messezentrum_Nuremberg" title="Messezentrum Nuremberg">city's exhibition centre</a>, is the largest of its kind in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nuremberg##" title="Talk:Nuremberg">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nuremberg is <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>'s second largest city after <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, and a popular tourist destination for foreigners and Germans alike. It was a leading city 500 years ago, but 90% of the town was destroyed in 1945 during the war. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many medieval-style areas of the town were rebuilt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attractions">Attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Attractions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberg_(A._B._Spritzer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/N%C3%BCrnberg_%28A._B._Spritzer%29.jpg/260px-N%C3%BCrnberg_%28A._B._Spritzer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="328" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="3812"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 328px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/N%C3%BCrnberg_%28A._B._Spritzer%29.jpg/260px-N%C3%BCrnberg_%28A._B._Spritzer%29.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="328" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/N%C3%BCrnberg_%28A._B._Spritzer%29.jpg/390px-N%C3%BCrnberg_%28A._B._Spritzer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/N%C3%BCrnberg_%28A._B._Spritzer%29.jpg/520px-N%C3%BCrnberg_%28A._B._Spritzer%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>View from <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof">Nuremberg Central Station</a> towards <a href="/wiki/St._Lorenz,_Nuremberg" title="St. Lorenz, Nuremberg">Lorenzkirche</a> and into Königstraße (King Street) which is spanned by Christkindlesmarkt symbols</figcaption></figure> <p>Beyond its main attractions of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Castle" title="Nuremberg Castle">Imperial Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Lorenz,_Nuremberg" title="St. Lorenz, Nuremberg">St. Lorenz Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nazi Trial grounds</a>, there are 54 different museums for arts and culture, history, science and technology, family and children, and more niche categories,<sup id="cite_ref-Tourismus_Nürnberg-2019_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourismus_N%C3%BCrnberg-2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where visitors can see the world's oldest globe (built in 1492), a 500-year-old Madonna, and Renaissance-era German art.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several types of tours offered in the city, including historic tours, those that are <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a>-focused, underground and night tours, <a href="/wiki/Walking_tour" title="Walking tour">walking tours</a>, sightseeing buses, self guided tours, and an old town tour on a mini train. Nuremberg also offers several parks and green areas, as well as indoor activities such as <a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">bowling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">rock wall climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escape_room" title="Escape room">escape rooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kart_racing" title="Kart racing">cart racing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miniature_golf" title="Miniature golf">mini golf</a>, theaters and cinemas, pools and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_spa" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal spa">thermal spas</a>. There are also six nearby <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement parks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourismus_Nürnberg-2019_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourismus_N%C3%BCrnberg-2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's tourism board sells the Nurnberg Card which allows for free use of <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transportation</a> and free entry to all museums and attractions in Nuremberg for a two-day period.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourismus_Nürnberg-2019_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourismus_N%C3%BCrnberg-2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary_tourism">Culinary tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culinary tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Notable foods available in the city include <a href="/wiki/Lebkuchen" title="Lebkuchen">lebkuchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">gingerbread</a>, local <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%A4ufele" title="Schäufele">Schäufele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberger_Rostbratwurst" title="Nürnberger Rostbratwurst">Nürnberger Rostbratwürstchen</a>, or Nuremberg grilled sausages. There are hundreds of restaurants for all tastes, including traditional <a href="/wiki/Franconian_cuisine" title="Franconian cuisine">Franconian</a> restaurants and <a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">beer gardens</a>. It also has <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">organic</a> restaurants. Nuremberg boasts a two <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide#Stars" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Star</a>-rated restaurant, Essigbrätlein.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourismus_Nürnberg-2019_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourismus_N%C3%BCrnberg-2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedestrian_zones">Pedestrian zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pedestrian zones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Like many European cities, Nuremberg offers a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian-only zone</a> covering a large portion of the old town, which is a main destination for shopping and specialty retail,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including year-round <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> stores where tourists and locals alike can purchase <a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Christmas ornaments</a>, gifts, decorations, and additions to their toy <a href="/wiki/Christmas_village" title="Christmas village">Christmas villages</a>. The Craftsmen's Courtyard, or Handwerkerhof, is another tourist shopping destination in the style of a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> village. It houses several local family-run businesses which sell handcrafted items from <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>. The Handwerkerhof is also home to traditional German restaurants and beer gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pedestrian zones of Nuremberg host festivals and markets throughout the year, the best known being <a href="/wiki/Christkindlesmarkt,_Nuremberg" title="Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg">Christkindlesmarkt</a>, Germany's largest <a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Christmas market</a> and the gingerbread capital of the world. Visitors to the Christmas market can peruse the hundreds of stalls and purchase local wood crafts and <a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">nutcrackers</a> while sampling Christmas sweets and traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Glühwein</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospitality">Hospitality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hospitality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 2017, Nuremberg saw a total of 3.3 million<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overnight stays, a record for the town, and is expected to have surpassed that in 2018, with more growth in tourism anticipated in the coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are over 175 registered places of accommodation in Nuremberg, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Hostel" title="Hostel">hostels</a> to luxury <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast" title="Bed and breakfast">bed and breakfasts</a>, to multi-hundred room properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourismus_Nürnberg-2019_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourismus_N%C3%BCrnberg-2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht-D%C3%BCrer-Haus_-_Tierg%C3%A4rtnerplatz_-_Nuremberg,_Germany_-_DSC02033.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Albrecht-D%C3%BCrer-Haus_-_Tierg%C3%A4rtnerplatz_-_Nuremberg%2C_Germany_-_DSC02033.jpg/170px-Albrecht-D%C3%BCrer-Haus_-_Tierg%C3%A4rtnerplatz_-_Nuremberg%2C_Germany_-_DSC02033.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3541" data-file-height="4786"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Albrecht-D%C3%BCrer-Haus_-_Tierg%C3%A4rtnerplatz_-_Nuremberg%2C_Germany_-_DSC02033.jpg/170px-Albrecht-D%C3%BCrer-Haus_-_Tierg%C3%A4rtnerplatz_-_Nuremberg%2C_Germany_-_DSC02033.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Albrecht-D%C3%BCrer-Haus_-_Tierg%C3%A4rtnerplatz_-_Nuremberg%2C_Germany_-_DSC02033.jpg/255px-Albrecht-D%C3%BCrer-Haus_-_Tierg%C3%A4rtnerplatz_-_Nuremberg%2C_Germany_-_DSC02033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Albrecht-D%C3%BCrer-Haus_-_Tierg%C3%A4rtnerplatz_-_Nuremberg%2C_Germany_-_DSC02033.jpg/340px-Albrecht-D%C3%BCrer-Haus_-_Tierg%C3%A4rtnerplatz_-_Nuremberg%2C_Germany_-_DSC02033.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%27s_House" title="Albrecht Dürer's House">Albrecht Dürer's House</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg/170px-Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="843"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg/170px-Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg/255px-Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg/340px-Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christkindlesmarkt,_Nuremberg" title="Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg">Christkindlesmarkt</a> with <i>Schöner Brunnen</i></figcaption></figure><p>Nuremberg was an early centre of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention. The city contributed much to the science of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. In 1471 Johannes Mueller of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg,_Bavaria" title="Königsberg, Bavaria">Königsberg</a> (Bavaria), later called <a href="/wiki/Regiomontanus" title="Regiomontanus">Regiomontanus</a>, built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts. </p><p>In 1515, <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, a native of Nuremberg, created woodcuts of the first maps of the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stabius" title="Johannes Stabius">Johannes Stabius</a>. Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of the day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. In 1470 <a href="/wiki/Anton_Koberger" title="Anton Koberger">Anton Koberger</a> opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the <i>Nuremberg Chronicles</i>, also known as the <i>World Chronicles</i> (<i>Schedelsche Weltchronik</i>), an illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by <a href="/wiki/Hartmann_Schedel" title="Hartmann Schedel">Hartmann Schedel</a> and had illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wolgemut" title="Michael Wolgemut">Michael Wohlgemuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Pleydenwurff" title="Hans Pleydenwurff">Wilhelm Pleydenwurff</a>, and Albrecht Dürer. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making. Notable among these was navigator and geographer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Behaim" title="Martin Behaim">Martin Behaim</a>, who made the first world globe. </p><p>Sculptors such as <a href="/wiki/Veit_Stoss" title="Veit Stoss">Veit Stoss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kraft" title="Adam Kraft">Adam Kraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vischer_the_Elder" title="Peter Vischer the Elder">Peter Vischer</a> are also associated with Nuremberg. </p><p>Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the <a href="/wiki/Meistersinger" title="Meistersinger">Meistersingers</a> flourished here. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> made their most famous member, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a>, the hero of his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a></i>. Baroque composer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a> was born here and was organist of <a href="/wiki/St._Sebaldus_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Sebaldus Church">St. Sebaldus Church</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Nuremberg" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Nuremberg">academy of fine arts</a> situated in Nuremberg is the oldest art academy in central Europe and looks back to a tradition of 350 years of artistic education. </p><p>Nuremberg is also famous for its <a href="/wiki/Christkindlesmarkt,_Nuremberg" title="Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg">Christkindlesmarkt</a> (Christmas market), which draws well over a million shoppers each year. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Nuremberg" title="List of museums in Nuremberg">List of museums in Nuremberg</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseum" title="Germanisches Nationalmuseum">Germanisches Nationalmuseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%27s_House" title="Albrecht Dürer's House">House of Albrecht Dürer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Kunsthalle Nürnberg">Kunsthalle Nürnberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunstverein_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Kunstverein Nürnberg">Kunstverein Nürnberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Neues Museum Nürnberg">Neues Museum Nürnberg</a> (Modern Art Museum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Toy_Museum" title="Nuremberg Toy Museum">Nuremberg Toy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Transport_Museum" title="Nuremberg Transport Museum">Nuremberg Transport Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Performing arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg/220px-Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg/220px-Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg/330px-Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg/440px-Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg_2006-08-08.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Nuremberg State Theatre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciocarlia_Bardentreffen_15_2193.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ciocarlia_Bardentreffen_15_2193.jpg/220px-Ciocarlia_Bardentreffen_15_2193.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ciocarlia_Bardentreffen_15_2193.jpg/220px-Ciocarlia_Bardentreffen_15_2193.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ciocarlia_Bardentreffen_15_2193.jpg/330px-Ciocarlia_Bardentreffen_15_2193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ciocarlia_Bardentreffen_15_2193.jpg/440px-Ciocarlia_Bardentreffen_15_2193.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Bardentreffen 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Staatstheater Nürnberg">Nuremberg State Theatre</a>, founded in 1906, is dedicated to all types of opera, ballet and stage theatre. During the season 2009/2010, the theatre presented 651 performances for an audience of 240,000 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-StaatsTheater_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StaatsTheater-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The State Philharmonic Nuremberg (<a href="/wiki/Staatsphilharmonie_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg">Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg</a>) is the orchestra of the <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Staatstheater Nürnberg">State Theatre</a>. Its name was changed in 2011 from its previous name: The Nuremberg Philharmonic (<i>Nürnberger Philharmoniker</i>). It is the second-largest opera orchestra in Bavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-Philharmonic_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philharmonic-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides opera performances, it also presents its own subscription concert series in the <a href="/wiki/Meistersingerhalle" title="Meistersingerhalle">Meistersingerhalle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christof_Perick" title="Christof Perick">Christof Perick</a> was the principal conductor of the orchestra between 2006 and 2011. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Bosch" title="Marcus Bosch">Marcus Bosch</a> heads the orchestra since September 2011. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra">Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra</a> (<i>Nürnberger Symphoniker</i>) performs around 100 concerts a year to a combined annual audience of more than 180,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Symphony_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symphony-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regular subscription concert series are mostly performed in the <i>Meistersingerhalle</i> but other venues are used as well, including the new concert hall of the <i>Kongresshalle</i> and the <i>Serenadenhof</i>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelley" title="Alexander Shelley">Alexander Shelley</a> has been the principal conductor of the orchestra since 2009. </p><p>The Nuremberg International Chamber Music Festival (<i>Internationales Kammermusikfestival Nürnberg</i>) takes place in early September each year, and in 2011 celebrated its tenth anniversary. Concerts take place around the city; opening and closing events are held in the medieval <i>Burg</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Bardentreffen" title="Bardentreffen">Bardentreffen</a>, an annual folk festival in Nuremberg, has been deemed the largest <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a> festival in Germany and takes place since 1976. 2014 the Bardentreffen starred 368 artists from 31 nations.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberger_Bratw%C3%BCrste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/N%C3%BCrnberger_Bratw%C3%BCrste.jpg/220px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Bratw%C3%BCrste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/N%C3%BCrnberger_Bratw%C3%BCrste.jpg/220px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Bratw%C3%BCrste.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/N%C3%BCrnberger_Bratw%C3%BCrste.jpg/330px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Bratw%C3%BCrste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/N%C3%BCrnberger_Bratw%C3%BCrste.jpg/440px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Bratw%C3%BCrste.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Nürnberger <a href="/wiki/Bratwurst" title="Bratwurst">Bratwurst</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nuremberg is known for Nürnberger <a href="/wiki/Bratwurst" title="Bratwurst">Bratwurst</a>, which is shorter and thinner than other bratwurst sausages. </p><p>Another Nuremberg speciality is Nürnberger <a href="/wiki/Lebkuchen" title="Lebkuchen">Lebkuchen</a>, a kind of gingerbread eaten mainly around Christmas time. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg_%281%29.jpg/220px-Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3393" data-file-height="2340"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg_%281%29.jpg/220px-Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg_%281%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg_%281%29.jpg/330px-Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg_%281%29.jpg/440px-Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg">Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nuremberg has 51 public and 6 private elementary schools in nearly all of its districts. Secondary education is offered at 23 <a href="/wiki/Mittelschule" title="Mittelschule">Mittelschulen</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschulen</a> and 17 <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasien</a> (state, city, church, and privately owned). There are also several other providers of secondary education such as Berufsschule, Berufsfachschule, Wirtschaftsschule etc.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Higher education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nuremberg hosts the joint university <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen-Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Erlangen-Nuremberg">Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg</a>, two Fachhochschulen (<a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Technische Hochschule Nürnberg">Technische Hochschule Nürnberg</a> and <i>Evangelische Hochschule Nürnberg</i>), a pure art academy (<a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Nuremberg" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Nuremberg">Akademie der Bildenden Künste Nürnberg</a>, the first art academy in the German-speaking world) in addition to the design faculty at the TH and a music conservatoire (<a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg">Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also private schools such as the <i>Akademie Deutsche POP Nürnberg</i> offering higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Main sights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:100%;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuremberg, seen from the castle"><noscript><img alt="A panoramic city view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg/1500px-Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6102" data-file-height="1281"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1500px;height: 315px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg/1500px-Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg" data-alt="A panoramic city view" data-width="1500" data-height="315" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg/2250px-Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg/3000px-Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg" title="File:Nuremberg from Burg 17.04.2010.jpg"> </a></div>Nuremberg, seen from the castle</div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Castle" title="Nuremberg Castle">Nuremberg Castle</a>: the three castles that tower over the city including central burgraves' castle, with Free Reich's buildings to the east, the Imperial castle to the west.</li> <li><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilig-Geist-Spital_(N%C3%BCrnberg)" class="extiw" title="de:Heilig-Geist-Spital (Nürnberg)">Heilig-Geist-Spital</a></i>. In the centre of the city, on the bank of the river Pegnitz, stands the Hospital of the Holy Spirit. Founded in 1332, this is one of the largest hospitals of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Lepers were kept here at some distance from the other patients. It now houses elderly persons and a restaurant.</li> <li>The <i>Hauptmarkt</i>, dominated by the front of the unique <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Frauenkirche">Frauenkirche</a></i> (Our Lady's Church), provides a picturesque setting for the famous <a href="/wiki/Christkindlesmarkt,_Nuremberg" title="Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg">Christmas market</a>. A main attraction on the square is the Gothic <i><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ner_Brunnen" title="Schöner Brunnen">Schöner Brunnen</a></i> (Beautiful Fountain) which was erected around 1385 but subsequently replaced with a replica (the original fountain is kept in the <a href="/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseum" title="Germanisches Nationalmuseum">Germanisches Nationalmuseum</a>). The unchanged <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> bridge <i><a href="/wiki/Fleischbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleischbrücke">Fleischbrücke</a></i> crosses the Pegnitz nearby.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/St._Lorenz,_Nuremberg" title="St. Lorenz, Nuremberg">Lorenzkirche</a></i> (St. Laurence church) dominates the southern part of the walled city and is one of the most important buildings in Nuremberg. The main body was built around 1270–1350.</li> <li>The even earlier and equally impressive <i><a href="/wiki/St._Sebaldus_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Sebaldus Church">Sebalduskirche</a></i> is St. Lorenz's counterpart in the northern part of the old city.</li> <li>The church of the former <i><a href="/wiki/Katharinenkirche,_Nuremberg" title="Katharinenkirche, Nuremberg">Katharinenkloster</a></i> is preserved as a ruin, the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Charterhouse" title="Nuremberg Charterhouse">charterhouse</a> (<i>Kartause</i>) is integrated into the building of the <a href="/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseum" title="Germanisches Nationalmuseum">Germanisches Nationalmuseum</a> and the choir of the former <i>Franziskanerkirche</i> is part of a modern building.</li> <li>Other churches located inside the city walls are: <a href="/wiki/St._Lorenz_(N%C3%BCrnberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lorenz (Nürnberg)">St. Laurence's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Clare_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Clare of Assisi">Saint Clare's</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Martha,_Nuremberg" title="St. Martha, Nuremberg">Saint Martha's</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Jakob,_Nuremberg" title="St. Jakob, Nuremberg">Saint James the Greater's</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Egidien,_Nuremberg" title="St. Egidien, Nuremberg">Saint Giles's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth,_Nuremberg" title="St. Elizabeth, Nuremberg">Saint Elisabeth's</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseum" title="Germanisches Nationalmuseum">Germanisches Nationalmuseum</a> is Germany's largest museum of cultural history, among its exhibits are works of famous painters such as <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a>.</li> <li>The Neues Museum Nürnberg is a museum for modern and contemporary art.</li> <li>The Walburga Chapel and the Romanesque <i>Doppelkapelle</i> (Chapel with two floors) are part of Nuremberg Castle.</li> <li>The <i>Johannisfriedhof</i> is a medieval cemetery, containing many old graves (Albrecht Dürer, <a href="/wiki/Willibald_Pirckheimer" title="Willibald Pirckheimer">Willibald Pirckheimer</a>, and others). The <i>Rochusfriedhof</i> or the Wöhrder Kirchhof are near the Old Town.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chain_Bridge_(Nuremberg)" title="Chain Bridge (Nuremberg)">Chain Bridge</a> (<i>Kettensteg</i>), the first chain bridge on the European continent.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_N%C3%BCrnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiergarten Nürnberg">Tiergarten Nürnberg</a> is a zoo stretching over more than 60 hectares (148 acres) in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_Reichswald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuremberg Reichswald (page does not exist)">Nuremberg Reichswald</a> (or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nürnberger Reichswald</i></span>) forest.</li> <li>There is also a medieval market just inside the city walls, selling handcrafted goods.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbmuseum.de">German National Railways Museum</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> (an Anchor Point of ERIH, The <a href="/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritage" title="European Route of Industrial Heritage">European Route of Industrial Heritage</a>) is located in Nuremberg.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Ring.jpg" title="File:Nuremberg Ring.jpg">Nuremberg Ring</a> (now welded within an iron fence of Schöner Brunnen) is said to bring good luck to those that spin it.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_party_rally_grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi party rally grounds">Nazi party rally grounds</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Documentation_Center_Nazi_Party_Rally_Grounds" title="Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds">documentation-center</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Popular places in Nuremberg</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuremberg from Spittlertor"><noscript><img alt="Nuremberg from Spittlertor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nuremberg_panorama.jpg/160px-Nuremberg_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3257" data-file-height="1856"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 91px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nuremberg_panorama.jpg/160px-Nuremberg_panorama.jpg" data-alt="Nuremberg from Spittlertor" data-width="160" data-height="91" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nuremberg_panorama.jpg/240px-Nuremberg_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nuremberg_panorama.jpg/320px-Nuremberg_panorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Nuremberg from Spittlertor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_View_Old_Town.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Sebaldus Church and Nuremberg Castle in winter"><noscript><img alt="St. Sebaldus Church and Nuremberg Castle in winter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nuremberg_View_Old_Town.jpg/160px-Nuremberg_View_Old_Town.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="748"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nuremberg_View_Old_Town.jpg/160px-Nuremberg_View_Old_Town.jpg" data-alt="St. Sebaldus Church and Nuremberg Castle in winter" data-width="160" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nuremberg_View_Old_Town.jpg/240px-Nuremberg_View_Old_Town.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nuremberg_View_Old_Town.jpg/320px-Nuremberg_View_Old_Town.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/St._Sebaldus_Church,_Nuremberg" title="St. Sebaldus Church, Nuremberg">St. Sebaldus Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Castle" title="Nuremberg Castle">Nuremberg Castle</a> in winter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberg_(9532545824)_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heilig-Geist-Spital (Hospice of the Holy Spirit)"><noscript><img alt="Heilig-Geist-Spital (Hospice of the Holy Spirit)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/N%C3%BCrnberg_%289532545824%29_%283%29.jpg/160px-N%C3%BCrnberg_%289532545824%29_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/N%C3%BCrnberg_%289532545824%29_%283%29.jpg/160px-N%C3%BCrnberg_%289532545824%29_%283%29.jpg" data-alt="Heilig-Geist-Spital (Hospice of the Holy Spirit)" data-width="160" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/N%C3%BCrnberg_%289532545824%29_%283%29.jpg/240px-N%C3%BCrnberg_%289532545824%29_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/N%C3%BCrnberg_%289532545824%29_%283%29.jpg/320px-N%C3%BCrnberg_%289532545824%29_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i>Heilig-Geist-Spital</i><br>(Hospice of the Holy Spirit)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuernberg_Pilatushaus_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pilatushaus and Nuremberg Castle"><noscript><img alt="Pilatushaus and Nuremberg Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nuernberg_Pilatushaus_001.JPG/155px-Nuernberg_Pilatushaus_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="2208"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 155px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nuernberg_Pilatushaus_001.JPG/155px-Nuernberg_Pilatushaus_001.JPG" data-alt="Pilatushaus and Nuremberg Castle" data-width="155" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nuernberg_Pilatushaus_001.JPG/233px-Nuernberg_Pilatushaus_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nuernberg_Pilatushaus_001.JPG/311px-Nuernberg_Pilatushaus_001.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i>Pilatushaus</i> and Nuremberg Castle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Aerial_Tullnau_Moegeldorf.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuremberg Business Area"><noscript><img alt="Nuremberg Business Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nuremberg_Aerial_Tullnau_Moegeldorf.JPG/160px-Nuremberg_Aerial_Tullnau_Moegeldorf.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1906"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nuremberg_Aerial_Tullnau_Moegeldorf.JPG/160px-Nuremberg_Aerial_Tullnau_Moegeldorf.JPG" data-alt="Nuremberg Business Area" data-width="160" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nuremberg_Aerial_Tullnau_Moegeldorf.JPG/240px-Nuremberg_Aerial_Tullnau_Moegeldorf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nuremberg_Aerial_Tullnau_Moegeldorf.JPG/320px-Nuremberg_Aerial_Tullnau_Moegeldorf.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Nuremberg Business Area</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_-_justice_palace_2012_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace of Justice, place of the Nuremberg Trials"><noscript><img alt="Palace of Justice, place of the Nuremberg Trials" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nuremberg_-_justice_palace_2012_%28aka%29.jpg/160px-Nuremberg_-_justice_palace_2012_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="70" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="3062"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 70px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nuremberg_-_justice_palace_2012_%28aka%29.jpg/160px-Nuremberg_-_justice_palace_2012_%28aka%29.jpg" data-alt="Palace of Justice, place of the Nuremberg Trials" data-width="160" data-height="70" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nuremberg_-_justice_palace_2012_%28aka%29.jpg/240px-Nuremberg_-_justice_palace_2012_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nuremberg_-_justice_palace_2012_%28aka%29.jpg/320px-Nuremberg_-_justice_palace_2012_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Palace of Justice, place of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p>Nuremberg is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> by two <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bundestag_constituencies" title="List of Bundestag constituencies">constituencies</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_North" title="Nuremberg North">Nuremberg North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_South" title="Nuremberg South">Nuremberg South</a>. Since 2002, both constituencies have been held by the CSU. </p><p>At the local level, Nuremberg has historically been left-leaning in the conservative state of Bavaria – since the end of World War II, the city has mainly elected <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> mayors with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Scholz" title="Ludwig Scholz">Ludwig Scholz</a> (elected 1996, served until 2002) and Marcus König (elected 2020). From 1957 to 1987, the position of Chief Mayor (Oberbürgermeister) was continuously held by Andreas Urschlechter (SPD) for 30 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mayor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Nuremberg_mayoral_election_(2nd_round).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2020_Nuremberg_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/350px-2020_Nuremberg_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="370" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="2327"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 370px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2020_Nuremberg_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/350px-2020_Nuremberg_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png" data-width="350" data-height="370" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2020_Nuremberg_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/525px-2020_Nuremberg_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2020_Nuremberg_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/700px-2020_Nuremberg_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election</figcaption></figure> <p>The current mayor of Nuremberg is Marcus König of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a> (CSU). The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"> </td> <td align="left">Marcus König </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a> </td> <td>66,521 </td> <td>36.5 </td> <td>103,865 </td> <td>52.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left">Thorsten Brehm </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>63,742 </td> <td>34.9 </td> <td>95,237 </td> <td>47.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left">Verena Osgyan </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td>27,535 </td> <td>15.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left">Roland Hübscher </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> </td> <td>7,696 </td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left">Titus Schüller </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>4,631 </td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF820A"> </td> <td align="left">Florian Betz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party</a>/<a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> </td> <td>2,153 </td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF6400"> </td> <td align="left">Christian Rechholz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>2,029 </td> <td>1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left">Ümit Sormaz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>1,905 </td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Marion Padua </td> <td align="left">Left List Nuremberg </td> <td>1,469 </td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Fridrich Luft </td> <td align="left">Citizens' Initiative A (BIA) </td> <td>869 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Philipp Schramm </td> <td align="left">The Good Ones (Guten) </td> <td>637 </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>182,493 </th> <th>99.6 </th> <th>199,102 </th> <th>99.2 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>790 </th> <th>0.4 </th> <th>1,626 </th> <th>0.81 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>183,283 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>200,728 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>390,547 </th> <th>47.1 </th> <th>388,998 </th> <th>51.6 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: City of Nuremberg (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datenwahlen.nuernberg.de/ko2020/prod/wahlen/09564000/html5/Buergermeisterwahl_Bayern_5_Gemeinde_Stadt_Nuernberg.html">1st round</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datenwahlen.nuernberg.de/ko2020/prod/wahl-2020-03-29/09564000/html5/Buergermeisterwahl_Bayern_15_Gemeinde_Stadt_Nuernberg.html">2nd round</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: City council" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Nuremberg_City_Council_election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2020_Nuremberg_City_Council_election.svg/350px-2020_Nuremberg_City_Council_election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="370" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="2327"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 370px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2020_Nuremberg_City_Council_election.svg/350px-2020_Nuremberg_City_Council_election.svg.png" data-width="350" data-height="370" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2020_Nuremberg_City_Council_election.svg/525px-2020_Nuremberg_City_Council_election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2020_Nuremberg_City_Council_election.svg/700px-2020_Nuremberg_City_Council_election.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Results of the 2020 city council election</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nuremberg city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party</th> <th>Votes</th> <th>%</th> <th>±</th> <th>Seats</th> <th>± </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#008AC5"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a> (CSU)</td> <td>3,584,755</td> <td>31.3</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 1.9</td> <td>22</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD)</td> <td>2,943,118</td> <td>25.7</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 18.4</td> <td>18</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 13 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne)</td> <td>2,283,988</td> <td>20.0</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 11.0</td> <td>14</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD)</td> <td>650,369</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>New</td> <td>4</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke)</td> <td>449,463</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>New</td> <td>3</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F7A800"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters_of_Bavaria" title="Free Voters of Bavaria">Free Voters of Bavaria</a> (FW)</td> <td>324,475</td> <td>2.8</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 0.0</td> <td>2</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF6400"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> (ÖDP)</td> <td>265,079</td> <td>2.3</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 0.2</td> <td>2</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP)</td> <td>241,329</td> <td>2.1</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 0.1</td> <td>1</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF820A"></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party</a> (PARTEI/Piraten)</td> <td>194,693</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>New</td> <td>1</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Socio-Cultural Freedom, Participation and Sustainability (Politbande)</td> <td>190,710</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>New</td> <td>1</td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Left List Nuremberg</td> <td>151,992</td> <td>1.3</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 2.8</td> <td>1</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">The Good Ones (Guten)</td> <td>95,862</td> <td>0.8</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 0.9</td> <td>1</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Citizens' Initiative A (BIA)</td> <td>62,374</td> <td>0.6</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 2.5</td> <td>0</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Valid votes</th> <th>178,999</th> <th>97.7</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Invalid votes</th> <th>4,124</th> <th>2.3</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total</th> <th>183,123</th> <th>100.0</th> <th></th> <th>70</th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Electorate/voter turnout</th> <th>389,547</th> <th>47.0</th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> 2.7</th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datenwahlen.nuernberg.de/ko2020/prod/wahlen/09564000/html5/Gemeinderatswahl_Bayern_6_Gemeinde_Stadt_Nuernberg.html">City of Nuremberg</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <p>The city's location next to numerous highways, railways, and a waterway has contributed to its rising importance for trade with Eastern Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Railways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg.Central_railway_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nuremberg.Central_railway_station.jpg/220px-Nuremberg.Central_railway_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1156"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nuremberg.Central_railway_station.jpg/220px-Nuremberg.Central_railway_station.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nuremberg.Central_railway_station.jpg/330px-Nuremberg.Central_railway_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nuremberg.Central_railway_station.jpg/440px-Nuremberg.Central_railway_station.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The main railway station</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subway_station_nuremberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Subway_station_nuremberg.jpg/220px-Subway_station_nuremberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4279" data-file-height="2787"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Subway_station_nuremberg.jpg/220px-Subway_station_nuremberg.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Subway_station_nuremberg.jpg/330px-Subway_station_nuremberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Subway_station_nuremberg.jpg/440px-Subway_station_nuremberg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>An U-Bahn station in Nuremberg</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof">Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof</a></span></span> is a stop for <a href="/wiki/InterCity" title="InterCity">IC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">ICE</a> trains on the German long-distance railway network. The <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Munich_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway">Nuremberg–Ingolstadt–Munich high-speed line</a> with 300 km/h (186 mph) operation opened 28 May 2006, and was fully integrated into the rail schedule on 10 December 2006. Travel times to Munich have been reduced to as little as one hour. The <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Erfurt_high-speed_railway" title="Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway">Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway</a> opened in December 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_and_regional_transport">City and regional transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: City and regional transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG/220px-DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="1956"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG/220px-DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG/330px-DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG/440px-DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>An automatic <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahn" title="Nuremberg U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a> train on the line <i><a href="/wiki/U3_(Nuremberg_U-Bahn)" title="U3 (Nuremberg U-Bahn)">U3</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Nuremberg" title="Trams in Nuremberg">Nuremberg tramway network</a> was opened in 1881. As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it extends a total length of 36 km (22 mi), has six lines, and carried 39.152 million passengers annually. The first segment of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahn" title="Nuremberg U-Bahn">Nuremberg U-Bahn</a> metro system was opened in 1972. Nuremberg's trams, <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> and U-Bahn are operated by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft Nürnberg">Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft Nürnberg</a></i></span> (VAG; Nuremberg Transport Corporation), a member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Gro%C3%9Fraum_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg">Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg</a></i> (VGN; Greater Nuremberg Transport Network). </p><p>There is also a <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_S-Bahn" title="Nuremberg S-Bahn">Nuremberg S-Bahn</a> suburban metro railway and a regional train network, both centred on <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Hauptbahnhof" title="Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof">Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof</a></span></span>. Since 2008, Nuremberg has had the first U-Bahn in Germany (U2/U21 and U3) that works without a driver. It also was the first subway system worldwide in which both driver-operated trains and computer-controlled trains shared tracks. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/S-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/270px-S-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="52" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8250" data-file-height="1579"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 52px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/S-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/270px-S-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png" data-width="270" data-height="52" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/S-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/405px-S-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/S-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/540px-S-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>S-Bahn network</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/U-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/270px-U-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="46" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5635" data-file-height="970"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 46px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/U-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/270px-U-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png" data-width="270" data-height="46" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/U-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/405px-U-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/U-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/540px-U-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>U-Bahn network</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/210px-Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="1626"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 75px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/210px-Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png" data-width="210" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/315px-Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png/420px-Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Tramway Network</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S-R-Bahnnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S-R-Bahnnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/220px-S-R-Bahnnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3241" data-file-height="2322"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S-R-Bahnnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/220px-S-R-Bahnnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S-R-Bahnnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/330px-S-R-Bahnnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S-R-Bahnnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/440px-S-R-Bahnnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>S- and R-Bahn network</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_network_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuremberg_network_map.png/220px-Nuremberg_network_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4964" data-file-height="3358"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuremberg_network_map.png/220px-Nuremberg_network_map.png" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuremberg_network_map.png/330px-Nuremberg_network_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuremberg_network_map.png/440px-Nuremberg_network_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>S-, U-Bahn and Tramway network</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg_12_2016_small.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Busnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg_12_2016_small.png/220px-Busnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg_12_2016_small.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5958" data-file-height="5779"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Busnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg_12_2016_small.png/220px-Busnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg_12_2016_small.png" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Busnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg_12_2016_small.png/330px-Busnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg_12_2016_small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Busnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg_12_2016_small.png/440px-Busnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg_12_2016_small.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Bus map</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nightliner_Netz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nightliner_Netz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/220px-Nightliner_Netz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5958" data-file-height="5779"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nightliner_Netz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/220px-Nightliner_Netz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nightliner_Netz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/330px-Nightliner_Netz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nightliner_Netz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/440px-Nightliner_Netz_N%C3%BCrnberg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Nightbus and S-Bahn map</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorways">Motorways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Motorways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nuremberg is located at the junction of several important Autobahn routes. The <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_3" title="Bundesautobahn 3">A3</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></i>–<a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a>–<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>–<i><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></i>) passes in a south-easterly direction along the north-east of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_9" title="Bundesautobahn 9">A9</a> (Berlin–Munich) passes in a north–south direction on the east of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_6" title="Bundesautobahn 6">A6</a> (<i>France</i>–<a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>–<i><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></i>) passes in an east–west direction to the south of the city. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_73" title="Bundesautobahn 73">A73</a> begins in the south-east of Nuremberg and travels north-west through the city before continuing towards Fürth and <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Airport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NUE_Flughafen_Nuernberg_Luftaufnahme_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NUE_Flughafen_Nuernberg_Luftaufnahme_2009.jpg/220px-NUE_Flughafen_Nuernberg_Luftaufnahme_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1096"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NUE_Flughafen_Nuernberg_Luftaufnahme_2009.jpg/220px-NUE_Flughafen_Nuernberg_Luftaufnahme_2009.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NUE_Flughafen_Nuernberg_Luftaufnahme_2009.jpg/330px-NUE_Flughafen_Nuernberg_Luftaufnahme_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/NUE_Flughafen_Nuernberg_Luftaufnahme_2009.jpg/440px-NUE_Flughafen_Nuernberg_Luftaufnahme_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Aerial image of Nuremberg Airport</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Airport" title="Nuremberg Airport">Nuremberg Airport</a> has flights to major German cities and many European destinations. The largest operators are currently <a href="/wiki/Eurowings" title="Eurowings">Eurowings</a> and <a href="/wiki/TUI_fly_Deutschland" title="TUI fly Deutschland">TUI fly Deutschland</a>, while the low-cost <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wizz_Air" title="Wizz Air">Wizz Air</a> companies connect the city to various European centres. A significant amount of the airport's traffic flies to and from mainly touristic destinations during the peak winter season. The airport (Flughafen) is the terminus of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahn" title="Nuremberg U-Bahn">Nuremberg U-Bahn Line 2</a>; until 2021, it was the only airport in Germany served by a <a href="/wiki/U-Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a> subway system. <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Airport" title="Stuttgart Airport">Stuttgart Airport</a> is also now served by its U-Bahn network, with the line U6 terminating there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canals">Canals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Canals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nuremberg is an important port on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Main%E2%80%93Danube_Canal" title="Rhine–Main–Danube Canal">Rhine–Main–Danube Canal</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankenstadion_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frankenstadion_3.JPG/220px-Frankenstadion_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frankenstadion_3.JPG/220px-Frankenstadion_3.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frankenstadion_3.JPG/330px-Frankenstadion_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frankenstadion_3.JPG/440px-Frankenstadion_3.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max-Morlock-Stadion" title="Max-Morlock-Stadion">Max-Morlock-Stadion</a> is the football stadium of <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> club <a href="/wiki/1._FC_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="1. FC Nürnberg">1. FC Nürnberg</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Football" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/1._FC_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="1. FC Nürnberg">1. FC Nürnberg</a>, known locally as <i>Der Club</i> (English: "The Club"), was founded in 1900 and currently plays in the <a href="/wiki/2.Bundesliga" class="mw-redirect" title="2.Bundesliga">2.Bundesliga</a>. The official colours of the association are red and white, but the traditional colours are red and black. They won their first regional title in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_German_football_championship" title="Southern German football championship">Southern German championship</a> in 1916 closely followed by their first national title in 1920. Besides the eleven regional championships they won the <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_football_champions" title="List of German football champions">German championship</a> for a total of nine times. With this they held the record for the most German championship titles until 1986 when the current record holder FC Bayern München surpassed them. The current chairmen are Nils Rossow and Dieter Hecking. They play in <a href="/wiki/Max-Morlock-Stadion" title="Max-Morlock-Stadion">Max-Morlock-Stadion</a> which was refurbished for the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a> and accommodates 50,000 spectators. </p> <ul><li><b>German Champion:</b> 1920, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1927, 1936, 1948, 1961, 1968</li> <li><b>German Cup:</b> 1935, 1939, 1962, 2007</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/TuS_Bar_Kochba_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="TuS Bar Kochba Nürnberg">TuS Bar Kochba</a> is a league that was founded in 1913 as a social-sport club for the Jewish community in Nürnberg. Established as the "Jewish Gymnastics and Sports Club Nuremberg", the league was dissolved by the Nazi party in 1939. It was reformed in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club plays in the senior A-league of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Football_Association" title="Bavarian Football Association">Bavarian Football Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Basketball" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Baskets_N%C3%BCrnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Baskets Nürnberg">Baskets Nürnberg</a> played in the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga" title="Basketball Bundesliga">Basketball Bundesliga</a> from 2005 to 2007. Since then, teams from Nuremberg have attempted to return to Germany's elite league. The recently founded <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Falcons_BC" title="Nürnberg Falcons BC">Nürnberg Falcons BC</a> have already established themselves as one of the main teams in Germany's second division <a href="/wiki/ProA" title="ProA">ProA</a> and aim to take on the heritage of the SELLBYTEL Baskets Nürnberg. The Falcons play their home games at the <i>KIA Metropol Arena</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_Hockey">Ice Hockey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ice Hockey" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Ice_Tigers" title="Nürnberg Ice Tigers">Nürnberg Ice Tigers</a> play in the country's premier league, the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga" title="Deutsche Eishockey Liga">Deutsche Eishockey Liga</a>. They've been runner-up in 1999 and 2007. The Ice Tigers play their home games at the <i><a href="/wiki/Arena_N%C3%BCrnberger_Versicherung" title="Arena Nürnberger Versicherung">Arena Nürnberger Versicherung</a></i>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nuremberg is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France, since 1954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland, since 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia, since 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_R%C3%ADo_San_Juan" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos, Río San Juan">San Carlos</a>, Nicaragua, since 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland, since 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic, since 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, Ukraine, since 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadera" title="Hadera">Hadera</a>, Israel, since 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, China, since 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>, Turkey, since 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, United States, since 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Kavala</a>, Greece, since 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, Spain, since 2010</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation">Cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cooperation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nuremberg also cooperates with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy; since 1954 a twin town, relations renewed in 1999 as a cooperation agreement<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_cities">Associated cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Associated cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partnerst%C3%A4dte_N%C3%BCrnberg.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Partnerst%C3%A4dte_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/500px-Partnerst%C3%A4dte_N%C3%BCrnberg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3628" data-file-height="1455"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Partnerst%C3%A4dte_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/500px-Partnerst%C3%A4dte_N%C3%BCrnberg.png" data-width="500" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Partnerst%C3%A4dte_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/750px-Partnerst%C3%A4dte_N%C3%BCrnberg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Partnerst%C3%A4dte_N%C3%BCrnberg.png/1000px-Partnerst%C3%A4dte_N%C3%BCrnberg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Twin towns/sister cities and associated cities of Nuremberg</figcaption></figure> <p>Nuremberg maintains friendly relations with:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klausen,_South_Tyrol" title="Klausen, South Tyrol">Klausen</a>, Italy, since 1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a>, Germany, since 1988, renewed 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkudah" title="Kalkudah">Kalkudah</a>, Sri Lanka, since 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Municipality" title="Bar Municipality">Bar</a>, Montenegro, since 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, Romania, since 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changping_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Changping District">Changping</a>, China, since 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montan" class="mw-redirect" title="Montan">Montan</a>, Italy, since 2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, Palestine, since 2015</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Nuremberg" title="List of people from Nuremberg">List of people from Nuremberg</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Nuremberg" title="List of mayors of Nuremberg">List of mayors of Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norisring" title="Norisring">Norisring</a> Racetrack, where <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(racing_driver)" title="Pedro Rodríguez (racing driver)">Pedro Rodriguez</a> died in 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Architecture_Prize" title="Nuremberg Architecture Prize">Nuremberg Architecture Prize</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes and references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> 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ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bavarian state theatres in Munich: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera" title="Bavarian State Opera">Bavarian State Opera</a>, Bayerisches Staatsschauspiel, and <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_am_G%C3%A4rtnerplatz" title="Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz">Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz</a>; in Nuremberg: <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Staatstheater Nürnberg">Staatstheater Nürnberg</a>; in Augsburg: <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_Augsburg" title="Staatstheater Augsburg">Staatstheater Augsburg</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liste+der+Oberb%C3%BCrgermeister+in+den+kreisfreien+St%C3%A4dten&rft.pub=Bayerisches+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.bayern.de%2Fwahlen%2Fkommunalwahlen%2Fbgm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online?operation=result&code=12411-003r&leerzeilen=false&language=de">Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag</a> (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/stadtportal/daten_und_fakten.html">"Daten und Fakten - Stadtportal Nürnberg"</a>. <i>www.nuernberg.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170723133920/https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/stadtportal/daten_und_fakten.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nuernberg.de&rft.atitle=Daten+und+Fakten+-+Stadtportal+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuernberg.de%2Finternet%2Fstadtportal%2Fdaten_und_fakten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hey.bayern/region/nuernberg">Region Nürnberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704125051/https://hey.bayern/region/nuernberg">Archived</a> 4 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on hey.bayern</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/vag-15-jahre-automatische-u-bahn-nuernberg-ein-erfolgs-projekt,Th9t7c9">"VAG: 15 years of the automatic Nuremberg subway – a successful project"</a> (in German). 14 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324073423/https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/vag-15-jahre-automatische-u-bahn-nuernberg-ein-erfolgs-projekt,Th9t7c9">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VAG%3A+15+years+of+the+automatic+Nuremberg+subway+%E2%80%93+a+successful+project&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.br.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fbayern%2Fvag-15-jahre-automatische-u-bahn-nuernberg-ein-erfolgs-projekt%2CTh9t7c9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bigboytravel.com/europe/topmedievalcities/">"Top 25 Medieval Cities in Europe: Best Preserved Towns to Visit"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240620235520/https://www.bigboytravel.com/europe/topmedievalcities/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+25+Medieval+Cities+in+Europe%3A+Best+Preserved+Towns+to+Visit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigboytravel.com%2Feurope%2Ftopmedievalcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_45427">Nürnberg, Reichsstadt: Politische und soziale Entwicklung</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118055026/http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_45427">Archived</a> 18 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Political and Social Development of the Imperial City of Nuremberg), <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_Bayerns" class="extiw" title="de:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns">Historisches Lexikon Bayerns</a></i>: "Nürnberg ist erstmals 1050 als Reichsburg inmitten eines großen Reichsgutkomplexes schriftlich bezeugt. [...] Die Stadt Nürnberg entstand um die Wende zum 11. Jahrhundert in Anlehnung an eine 1050 erstmals erwähnte Reichsburg inmitten eines ausgedehnten Reichsgutkomplexes in Ostfranken und dem bayerischen Nordgau." [The first written attestation of Nuremberg occurs in 1050 as an Imperial castle in the middle of an extensive complex of Imperial property. [...] The city of Nuremberg originated about the turn of the 11th century inconnection with an Imperial castle (first mentioned in 1050) in the centre of an expansive complex of Imperial property in East Franconia and in the Bavarian Nordgau.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HLB:Nürnberg_Entwicklung-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLB:N%C3%BCrnberg_Entwicklung_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_45427">Nürnberg, Reichsstadt: Politische und soziale Entwicklung</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118055026/http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_45427">Archived</a> 18 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Political and Social Development of the Imperial City of Nuremberg), <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_Bayerns" class="extiw" title="de:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns">Historisches Lexikon Bayerns</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cath:Nuremberg-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath:Nuremberg_10-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11168a.htm">"Nuremberg"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nuremberg&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F11168a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalcoinage.com/gallery/germany-nurnberg.htm">"Image Gallery of the Coins of Nürnberg"</a>. <i>www.medievalcoinage.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308233952/http://www.medievalcoinage.com/gallery/germany-nurnberg.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medievalcoinage.com&rft.atitle=Image+Gallery+of+the+Coins+of+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalcoinage.com%2Fgallery%2Fgermany-nurnberg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1114&letter=B">Black Death</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804223403/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1114&letter=B">Archived</a> 4 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". JewishEncyclopedia.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History</i>, Mark Girouard, Yale University Press, 1985, p.69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Stannard, Katherine E. Stannard, Richard Kay (1999). <i>Herbs and herbalism in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.</i> University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-774-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-774-5">0-86078-774-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobecki2016" class="citation book cs1">Sobecki, Sebastian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en&"><i>Nuremberg</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 566–581. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873535-9"><bdi>978-0-19-873535-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183041/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en&">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuremberg&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=566-581&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873535-9&rft.aulast=Sobecki&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Feurope-9780198735359%3Fcc%3Dnl%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Eyster_JacobsJohn_Augustus_William_Haas1899" class="citation book cs1">Henry Eyster Jacobs; John Augustus William Haas (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA351"><i>The Lutheran Cyclopedia</i></a>. Scribner. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790550565" title="Special:BookSources/9780790550565"><bdi>9780790550565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lutheran+Cyclopedia&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=9780790550565&rft.au=Henry+Eyster+Jacobs&rft.au=John+Augustus+William+Haas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3NBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagenOstergren2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hagen, Joshua; Ostergren, Robert (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00572185/file/PEER_stage2_10.1191%252F1474474006eu355oa.pdf">"Spectacle, architecture and place at the Nuremberg Party Rallies: projecting a Nazi vision of past, present and future"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cultural Geographies</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 169–170. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006CuGeo..13..157H">2006CuGeo..13..157H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F1474474006eu355oa">10.1191/1474474006eu355oa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504143957/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00572185/file/PEER_stage2_10.1191%2F1474474006eu355oa.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Geographies&rft.atitle=Spectacle%2C+architecture+and+place+at+the+Nuremberg+Party+Rallies%3A+projecting+a+Nazi+vision+of+past%2C+present+and+future&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-170&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F1474474006eu355oa&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006CuGeo..13..157H&rft.aulast=Hagen&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Ostergren%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00572185%2Ffile%2FPEER_stage2_10.1191%25252F1474474006eu355oa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nuremberg#google_vignette">Nuremberg, Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408230340/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nuremberg#google_vignette">Archived</a> 8 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/">Jewish Virtual Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195128/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/">Archived</a> 21 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stolpersteine-nuernberg.de/en">"Stumbling Stones in Nuremberg"</a>. Geschichte Für Alle e.V.- Institut für Regionalgeschichte. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402083938/https://www.stolpersteine-nuernberg.de/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stumbling+Stones+in+Nuremberg&rft.pub=Geschichte+F%C3%BCr+Alle+e.V.-+Institut+f%C3%BCr+Regionalgeschichte&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stolpersteine-nuernberg.de%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeffe" class="citation web cs1">Keeffe, Christine O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919072014/http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html">"Concentration Camps List"</a>. Tartanplace.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html">the original</a> on 19 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concentration+Camps+List&rft.pub=Tartanplace.com&rft.aulast=Keeffe&rft.aufirst=Christine+O&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tartanplace.com%2Ftartanhistory%2Fconcentrationcamps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Shelby, <i>World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946</i>, Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 90, 129, 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil Gregor, Haunted City. Nuremberg and the Nazi Past (New Haven, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4">https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329165923/https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4">Archived</a> 29 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.geodaten.bayern.de/denkmal_static_data/externe_denkmalliste/pdf/denkmalliste_merge_564000.pdf">https://www.geodaten.bayern.de/denkmal_static_data/externe_denkmalliste/pdf/denkmalliste_merge_564000.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624001955/https://www.geodaten.bayern.de/denkmal_static_data/externe_denkmalliste/pdf/denkmalliste_merge_564000.pdf">Archived</a> 24 June 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.bayern.de/denkmalatlas/searchResult.html?koid=80428&objtyp=bau&top=1">"DenkmalAtlas 2.0"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DenkmalAtlas+2.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.bayern.de%2Fdenkmalatlas%2FsearchResult.html%3Fkoid%3D80428%26objtyp%3Dbau%26top%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/menschenrechte_e/menschenrechtspreis_e.html">"International Nuremberg Human Rights Award - Human Rights Office of the City of Nuremberg"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007213847/https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/menschenrechte_e/menschenrechtspreis_e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Nuremberg+Human+Rights+Award+-+Human+Rights+Office+of+the+City+of+Nuremberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuernberg.de%2Finternet%2Fmenschenrechte_e%2Fmenschenrechtspreis_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=36701&cityname=Nuremberg,+Germany">"Nuremberg, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"</a>. <i>Weatherbase</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014741/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=36701&cityname=Nuremberg,+Germany">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Nuremberg%2C+Germany+K%C3%B6ppen+Climate+Classification+%28Weatherbase%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D36701%26cityname%3DNuremberg%2C%2BGermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwd-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dwd_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dwd_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">"Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte"</a>. Dwd.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140612043121/http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausgabe+der+Klimadaten%3A+Monatswerte&rft.pub=Dwd.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2Fbvbw%2Fappmanager%2Fbvbw%2FdwdwwwDesktop%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_pageLabel%3D_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland%26T82002gsbDocumentPath%3DNavigation%252FOeffentlichkeit%252FKlima__Umwelt%252FKlimadaten%252Fkldaten__kostenfrei%252Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%253F__nnn%253Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012163523/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Nuernberg_10763.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Nuernberg_10763.csv">the original</a> on 12 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FNuernberg_10763.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-2-p5.php">"German climate normals 1981–2010"</a> (in French). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+climate+normals+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Flistenormale-1981-2010-2-p5.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/nuernberg/valeurs/10763.html">"Climatologie de l'année à Nuernberg"</a> (in French). Infoclimat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029202426/https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/nuernberg/valeurs/10763.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climatologie+de+l%27ann%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+Nuernberg&rft.pub=Infoclimat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoclimat.fr%2Fclimatologie%2Fannee%2F1991%2Fnuernberg%2Fvaleurs%2F10763.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/stadtportal/daten_und_fakten.html">"Stadt Nürnberg: Daten und Fakten"</a>. nuernberg.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170723133920/https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/stadtportal/daten_und_fakten.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stadt+N%C3%BCrnberg%3A+Daten+und+Fakten&rft.pub=nuernberg.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuernberg.de%2Finternet%2Fstadtportal%2Fdaten_und_fakten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/statistik/sta_1068.html">"Bevölkerungsstand"</a>. <i>Stadtforschung und Statistik für Nürnberg und Fürth</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922071152/https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/statistik/sta_1068.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stadtforschung+und+Statistik+f%C3%BCr+N%C3%BCrnberg+und+F%C3%BCrth&rft.atitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuernberg.de%2Finternet%2Fstatistik%2Fsta_1068.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten2000" class="citation journal cs1">Baten, Joerg (2000). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spielwarenmesse+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft.atitle=10+Reasons+for+visiting&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spielwarenmesse.de%2Ffor-visitors%2F10-reasons%2Flanguage%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourismus_Nürnberg-2019-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tourismus_N%C3%BCrnberg-2019_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tourismus_N%C3%BCrnberg-2019_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tourismus_N%C3%BCrnberg-2019_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tourismus_N%C3%BCrnberg-2019_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tourismus_N%C3%BCrnberg-2019_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tourismus.nuernberg.de/en/">"Home"</a>. <i>Tourismus Nürnberg</i>. 21 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502093439/https://tourismus.nuernberg.de/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tourismus+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft.atitle=Home&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftourismus.nuernberg.de%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/video/tv-show/germany-frankfurt-nuernberg">"Germany: Frankfurt and Nürnberg – Video – Rick Steves' Europe"</a>. <i>www.ricksteves.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420221545/https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/video/tv-show/germany-frankfurt-nuernberg">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ricksteves.com&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+Frankfurt+and+N%C3%BCrnberg+%E2%80%93+Video+%E2%80%93+Rick+Steves%27+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricksteves.com%2Fwatch-read-listen%2Fvideo%2Ftv-show%2Fgermany-frankfurt-nuernberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonheim1992" class="citation journal cs1">Monheim, Rolf (January 1992). "Town and transport planning and the development of retail trade in metropolitan areas of West Germany". <i>Landscape and Urban Planning</i>. <b>22</b> (2–4): 121–136. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992LUrbP..22..121M">1992LUrbP..22..121M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-2046%2892%2990017-t">10.1016/0169-2046(92)90017-t</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landscape+and+Urban+Planning&rft.atitle=Town+and+transport+planning+and+the+development+of+retail+trade+in+metropolitan+areas+of+West+Germany&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.pages=121-136&rft.date=1992-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0169-2046%2892%2990017-t&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992LUrbP..22..121M&rft.aulast=Monheim&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christkindlesmarkt.de/en/your-visit/shopping-souvenirs/craftmen-s-courtyard-in-nuremberg-a-friendly-welcome-awaits-you-1.3145792">"Craftmen's Courtyard in Nuremberg – a friendly welcome awaits you!"</a>. <i>www.christkindlesmarkt.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420223044/https://www.christkindlesmarkt.de/en/your-visit/shopping-souvenirs/craftmen-s-courtyard-in-nuremberg-a-friendly-welcome-awaits-you-1.3145792">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.christkindlesmarkt.de&rft.atitle=Craftmen%27s+Courtyard+in+Nuremberg+%E2%80%93+a+friendly+welcome+awaits+you%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christkindlesmarkt.de%2Fen%2Fyour-visit%2Fshopping-souvenirs%2Fcraftmen-s-courtyard-in-nuremberg-a-friendly-welcome-awaits-you-1.3145792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/video/tv-show/pledge-spe/european-christmas-pledge-special">"European Christmas TV Special | Rick Steves' Europe"</a>. <i>www.ricksteves.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420221544/https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/video/tv-show/pledge-spe/european-christmas-pledge-special">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ricksteves.com&rft.atitle=European+Christmas+TV+Special+%7C+Rick+Steves%27+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricksteves.com%2Fwatch-read-listen%2Fvideo%2Ftv-show%2Fpledge-spe%2Feuropean-christmas-pledge-special&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tourismus.nuernberg.de/en/pressroom/press-material/press-releases/record-results-for-tourism-in-2017-overnight-stays-in-nuremberg-exceed-all-expectations/">"Record results for tourism in 2017: Overnight stays in Nuremberg exceed all expectations"</a>. <i>Congress- und Tourismus-Zentrale Nürnberg</i>. 2 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323081731/https://tourismus.nuernberg.de/en/pressroom/press-material/press-releases/record-results-for-tourism-in-2017-overnight-stays-in-nuremberg-exceed-all-expectations/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress-+und+Tourismus-Zentrale+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft.atitle=Record+results+for+tourism+in+2017%3A+Overnight+stays+in+Nuremberg+exceed+all+expectations&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftourismus.nuernberg.de%2Fen%2Fpressroom%2Fpress-material%2Fpress-releases%2Frecord-results-for-tourism-in-2017-overnight-stays-in-nuremberg-exceed-all-expectations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420221545/https://tourismus.nuernberg.de/en/pressroom/press-material/press-releases/news/record-results-for-tourism-in-2017-overnight-stays-in-nuremberg-exceed-all-expectations/">"Record results for tourism in 2017: Overnight stays in Nuremberg exceed all expectations"</a>. <i>Tourismus Nürnberg</i>. 2 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tourismus.nuernberg.de/en/pressroom/press-material/press-releases/news/record-results-for-tourism-in-2017-overnight-stays-in-nuremberg-exceed-all-expectations/">the original</a> on 20 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tourismus+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft.atitle=Record+results+for+tourism+in+2017%3A+Overnight+stays+in+Nuremberg+exceed+all+expectations&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftourismus.nuernberg.de%2Fen%2Fpressroom%2Fpress-material%2Fpress-releases%2Fnews%2Frecord-results-for-tourism-in-2017-overnight-stays-in-nuremberg-exceed-all-expectations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaetzoldt1935" class="citation book cs1">Waetzoldt, Wilhelm (1935). <i>Dürer und seine Zeit</i>. Vienna: Phaedon. pp. 306–309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%BCrer+und+seine+Zeit&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=306-309&rft.pub=Phaedon&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Waetzoldt&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StaatsTheater-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StaatsTheater_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722162934/http://www.mittelbayerische.de/nachrichten/oberpfalz-bayern/artikel/mehr_besucher_im_staatstheater/596528/mehr_besucher_im_staatstheater.html">"Audience of the <i>Staatstheater</i> (Mehr Besucher im Staatstheater Nürnberg)"</a> (in German). Mittelbayerische.de. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mittelbayerische.de/nachrichten/oberpfalz-bayern/artikel/mehr_besucher_im_staatstheater/596528/mehr_besucher_im_staatstheater.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audience+of+the+Staatstheater+%28Mehr+Besucher+im+Staatstheater+N%C3%BCrnberg%29&rft.pub=Mittelbayerische.de&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mittelbayerische.de%2Fnachrichten%2Foberpfalz-bayern%2Fartikel%2Fmehr_besucher_im_staatstheater%2F596528%2Fmehr_besucher_im_staatstheater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philharmonic-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philharmonic_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507092830/http://staatstheater-nuernberg.de/inhalte/index.php?menu=401">"Die Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg"</a> (in German). Staatstheater-nuernberg.de. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staatstheater-nuernberg.de/inhalte/index.php?menu=401">the original</a> on 7 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Staatsphilharmonie+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft.pub=Staatstheater-nuernberg.de&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staatstheater-nuernberg.de%2Finhalte%2Findex.php%3Fmenu%3D401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Symphony-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Symphony_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321191012/http://www.kulturfreunde-bayreuth.de/info_konzert_10.htm">"Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra, audience and concerts stats"</a> (in German). 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulturfreunde-bayreuth.de/info_konzert_10.htm">the original</a> on 21 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuremberg+Symphony+Orchestra%2C+audience+and+concerts+stats.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kulturfreunde-bayreuth.de%2Finfo_konzert_10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankenfernsehen.tv/krieg-und-frieden-liedermacher-pippo-pollina-eroeffnet-bardentreffen-56711/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Krieg und Frieden" – Pippo Pollina eröffnet Bardentreffen"</a>. Frankenfernsehen.tv. 2 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203115056/http://www.frankenfernsehen.tv/krieg-und-frieden-liedermacher-pippo-pollina-eroeffnet-bardentreffen-56711/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Krieg+und+Frieden%22+%E2%80%93+Pippo+Pollina+er%C3%B6ffnet+Bardentreffen&rft.pub=Frankenfernsehen.tv&rft.date=2014-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frankenfernsehen.tv%2Fkrieg-und-frieden-liedermacher-pippo-pollina-eroeffnet-bardentreffen-56711%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulreferat2015" class="citation web cs1">Schulreferat, Stadt Nürnberg (20 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/schulen_in_nuernberg/">"Schulen in Nürnberg"</a>. <i>nuernberg.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915022914/https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/schulen_in_nuernberg/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuernberg.de&rft.atitle=Schulen+in+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.aulast=Schulreferat&rft.aufirst=Stadt+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuernberg.de%2Finternet%2Fschulen_in_nuernberg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadt_Nürnberg2016" class="citation web cs1">Stadt Nürnberg (1 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/statistik/dokumente/veroeffentlichungen/berichte/niz/nuernberg_in_zahlen_2016.pdf">"Nürnberg in Zahlen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nuernberg.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220431/https://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/statistik/dokumente/veroeffentlichungen/berichte/niz/nuernberg_in_zahlen_2016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuernberg.de&rft.atitle=N%C3%BCrnberg+in+Zahlen&rft.date=2016-05-01&rft.au=Stadt+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuernberg.de%2Fimperia%2Fmd%2Fstatistik%2Fdokumente%2Fveroeffentlichungen%2Fberichte%2Fniz%2Fnuernberg_in_zahlen_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deutsche-pop.com/de/nuernberg">"Deutsche Pop Nürnberg"</a>. 14 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913164145/http://deutsche-pop.com/de/nuernberg">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Pop+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeutsche-pop.com%2Fde%2Fnuernberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nordbayern.de/region/nuernberg/die-chronik-des-tus-bar-kochba-1.2955617">"Die Chronik des TuS Bar Kochba"</a>. <i>nordbayern.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200326052932/https://www.nordbayern.de/region/nuernberg/die-chronik-des-tus-bar-kochba-1.2955617">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tusbarkochba.de&rft.atitle=TuS+Bar+Kochba+N%C3%BCrnberg+e.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tusbarkochba.de%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/international/partnerstaedte.html">"Partnerstädte"</a>. <i>nuernberg.de</i> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuernberg.de&rft.atitle=Partnerst%C3%A4dte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuernberg.de%2Finternet%2Finternational%2Fpartnerstaedte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.venezia.it/content/norimberga-accordi-gemellaggi-e-accordi-venezia-mondo">"Norimberga – Germania"</a>. <i>comune.venezia.it</i> (in Italian). Venezia. 29 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127213757/https://www.comune.venezia.it/content/norimberga-accordi-gemellaggi-e-accordi-venezia-mondo">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comune.venezia.it&rft.atitle=Norimberga+%E2%80%93+Germania&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.venezia.it%2Fcontent%2Fnorimberga-accordi-gemellaggi-e-accordi-venezia-mondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/international/befreundete_kommunen.html">"Befreundete Kommunen"</a>. <i>nuernberg.de</i> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuernberg.de&rft.atitle=Befreundete+Kommunen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuernberg.de%2Finternet%2Finternational%2Fbefreundete_kommunen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nuremberg#Q2090" class="extiw" title="voy:Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nuremberg"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nuremberg">"Nuremberg" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nuremberg&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuremberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/stadtportal_e/">English website of the city</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kunstnuernberg.de">KUNSTNÜRNBERG – Online – Magazine for Contemporary Art and History of Art in Nuremberg and Franconia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/?lang=en&coll=collections:a0000&q=%28%22nuremberg%22%29">49 digitised objects on Nuremberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/European_Library" title="European Library">The European Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&oldid=1260129785">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&oldid=1260129785</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Indodapro" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732843195"> <span>Last edited on 29 November 2024, at 01:19</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurenberg" title="Neurenberg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neurenberg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%91%E1%88%A8%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8D" title="ኑረምበርግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኑረምበርግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="نورنبرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورنبرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Նիւրնպերկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիւրնպերկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAremberg" title="Núremberg – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Núremberg" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberq" title="Nürnberq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nürnberq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="نورنبرق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نورنبرق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="নুরেমবার্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নুরেমবার্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нюрнберг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нюрнберг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нюрнбэрг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нюрнбэрг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нюрнберг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нюрнберг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamberg" title="Niamberg – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Niamberg" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нюрнберг – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нюрнберг" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_(munisipyo)" title="Nürnberg (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nürnberg (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norimberk" title="Norimberk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Norimberk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B7" title="Νυρεμβέργη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νυρεμβέργη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAremberg" title="Núremberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Núremberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurenbergo" title="Nurenbergo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nurenbergo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurenberg" title="Nurenberg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nurenberg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="نورنبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورنبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurenberch" title="Neurenberch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Neurenberch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%98%EB%A5%B8%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="뉘른베르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉘른베르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Նյուրնբերգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյուրնբերգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нюрнберг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нюрнберг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norimberga" title="Norimberga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Norimberga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="נירנברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נירנברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ನ್ಯುರೆಂಬರ್ಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನ್ಯುರೆಂಬರ್ಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ნიურნბერგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიურნბერგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нюрнберг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нюрнберг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нюрнберг – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нюрнберг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norimberga" title="Norimberga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Norimberga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirnberga" title="Nirnberga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nirnberga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niurnbergas" title="Niurnbergas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niurnbergas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norimb%C3%A8rga" title="Norimbèrga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Norimbèrga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нирнберг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нирнберг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ന്യൂറംബർഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂറംബർഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="न्युर्नबर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्युर्नबर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="نورنبرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نورنبرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нюрнберг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нюрнберг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurenberg" title="Neurenberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neurenberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="ニュルンベルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニュルンベルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нуьрнберг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нуьрнберг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremb%C3%A8rg" title="Nurembèrg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nurembèrg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyurnberg" title="Nyurnberg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nyurnberg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="نیورمبرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیورمبرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norimberga" title="Norimberga – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Norimberga" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnbarg" title="Nürnbarg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nürnbarg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norymberga" title="Norymberga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Norymberga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberga" title="Nuremberga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nuremberga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyurnberg" title="Nyurnberg – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nyurnberg" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нюрнберг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нюрнберг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norimberga" title="Norimberga – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Norimberga" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyr%C3%ABmberg" title="Nyrëmberg – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nyrëmberg" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="نورمبرگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نورمبرگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norimberg" title="Norimberg – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Norimberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="نۆریمبێرگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نۆریمبێرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нирнберг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нирнберг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="நியூரம்பெர்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியூரம்பெர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="เนือร์นแบร์ค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนือร์นแบร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нюрнберг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нюрнберг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Нюрнберг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нюрнберг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="نورنبرگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نورنبرگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyurnb%C3%A9rg" title="Nyurnbérg – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Nyurnbérg" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nuremberg" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="纽伦堡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纽伦堡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%92" title="נירנבערג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נירנבערג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E5%80%AB%E5%A0%A1" title="紐倫堡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紐倫堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Nürnberg – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nürnberg" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="纽伦堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纽伦堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page 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