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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_history_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_history_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Other history months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_history_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Heritage months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="شهر تاريخ السود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شهر تاريخ السود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Black History Month" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bs%C3%ADc_%C4%8Derno%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_historie" title="Měsíc černošské historie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měsíc černošské historie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis_Hanes_Pobl_Dduon" title="Mis Hanes Pobl Dduon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mis Hanes Pobl Dduon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Black History Month" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes_de_la_Historia_Negra" title="Mes de la Historia Negra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mes de la Historia Negra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monato_pri_Nigrula_Historio" title="Monato pri Nigrula Historio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monato pri Nigrula Historio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mois_de_l%27histoire_des_Noirs" title="Mois de l'histoire des Noirs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mois de l'histoire des Noirs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Սևամորթների պատմության ամիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սևամորթների պատմության ամիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan_Sejarah_Hitam" title="Bulan Sejarah Hitam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bulan Sejarah Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mese_della_storia_dei_neri" title="Mese della storia dei neri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mese della storia dei neri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Black History Month" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E6%9C%88%E9%96%93" title="黒人歴史月間 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒人歴史月間" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_history_month" title="Black history month – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Black history month" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Black History Month" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAs_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_Negra" title="Mês da História Negra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mês da História Negra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86_%D1%87%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Месяц чёрной истории – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Месяц чёрной истории" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black History Month" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Black History Month" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_history_month" title="Black history month – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Black history month" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Місяць афроамериканської історії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Місяць афроамериканської історії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%9C%88" title="黑人历史月 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑人历史月" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Annual celebration of Black history</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output 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States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CanBHMstamp2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanBHMstamp2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-BHMUKTheresaMay_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHMUKTheresaMay-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Celebration of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> including, <a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African-American history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Racism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the US census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Black History Month</b> is an annually observed <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_month" title="Commemorative month">commemorative month</a> originating in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where it is also known as <b>African-American History Month.</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It began as a way of remembering important people and events in the history of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>, initially lasting a week before becoming a month-long observation since 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is celebrated in February in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-Involvement_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Involvement-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AboutCIC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutCIC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it has received official recognition from governments, and more recently has also been celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> where it is observed in October.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BHMdotORG_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHMdotORG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_G_Woodson_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Carter_G_Woodson_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a> (1875–1950)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negro_History_Week_(1926)"><span id="Negro_History_Week_.281926.29"></span>Negro History Week (1926)</h3></div> <p>The precursor to Black History Month was created in 1926 in the United States, when historian <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_Negro_Life_and_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Association for the Study of Negro Life and History">Association for the Study of Negro Life and History</a> (ASNLH) announced the second week of February to be "Negro History Week".<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This week was chosen because it coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday">birthday of Abraham Lincoln</a> on February 12 and that of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> on February 14, both of which Black communities had celebrated since the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in January 1897, school teacher <a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a> persuaded the Washington, D.C. school board to set aside the afternoon of Douglass's birthday as Douglass Day to teach about his life and work in the city's <a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States#Jim_Crow_era" title="School segregation in the United States">segregated public schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTBHM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTBHM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thought process behind the week was never recorded, but scholars acknowledge two reasons for its birth: recognition and importance.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, Woodson had participated in the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Jubilee">Lincoln Jubilee</a>, a celebration of the 50 years since <a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">emancipation from slavery</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Bronzeville,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronzeville, Chicago">Bronzeville, Chicago</a>. The summer-long Jubilee, which drew thousands of attendees from across the county to see exhibitions of heritage and culture, impressed Woodson with the need to draw organized focus to the history of black people. He led the founding of the ASNLH in Chicago that fall, toward the end of the Jubilee.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTBHM_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTBHM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in the event's history, <a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">African-American newspapers</a> lent crucial support.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the event's initial phase, primary emphasis was placed on encouraging the coordinated teaching of the history of Black Americans in the nation's <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a>. The first Negro History Week was met with a lukewarm response, gaining the cooperation of the departments of education of the states of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> as well as the city school administrations of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Woodson238_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodson238-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this limited observance, Woodson regarded the event as "one of the most fortunate steps ever taken by the Association", and plans for an annual repeat of the event continued.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodson238_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodson238-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of Negro History Week's launch, Woodson contended that the teaching of Black History was essential to ensure the physical and intellectual survival of Blacks within broader society: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If a race has no history, it has no worthwhile tradition, it becomes a negligible factor in the thought of the world, and it stands in danger of being exterminated. The American Indian left no continuous record. He did not appreciate the value of tradition; and where is he today? The Hebrew keenly appreciated the value of tradition, as is attested by the Bible itself. In spite of worldwide persecution, therefore, he is a great factor in our civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1929, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Negro_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Negro History">The Journal of Negro History</a></i> noted that, with only two exceptions, officials with the state departments of education of "every state with considerable Negro population" had made the event known to that state's teachers and distributed official literature associated with the event.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churches also played a significant role in the distribution of literature in association with Negro History Week during this initial period, with the mainstream and Black press aiding in the publicity effort. </p><p>Throughout the 1930s, Negro History Week countered the growing myth of the South's <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">"lost cause"</a>, which argued that enslaved people had been well-treated, that the Civil War was a war of "northern aggression", and that Black people had been better off under slavery. Woodson wrote, "When you control a man's thinking you do not have to worry about his actions, you do not have to tell him not to stand here or go yonder. He will find his 'proper place' and will stay in it."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negro History Week grew in popularity throughout the following decades, with mayors across the United States endorsing it as a holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_History_Month_(1970)"><span id="Black_History_Month_.281970.29"></span>Black History Month (1970)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuumba_House_-_Black_United_Students_1st_Black_Culture_Center_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kuumba_House_-_Black_United_Students_1st_Black_Culture_Center_1969.jpg/220px-Kuumba_House_-_Black_United_Students_1st_Black_Culture_Center_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Kuumba_House_-_Black_United_Students_1st_Black_Culture_Center_1969.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>The Black United Students first Black culture center, Kuumba House in <a href="/wiki/Kent_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State">Kent State</a>, where many events of the first Black History Month celebration took place<sup id="cite_ref-Involvement_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Involvement-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Black educators and Black United Students at <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a> first proposed Black History Month in February 1969. The first celebration of Black History Month took place at <a href="/wiki/Kent_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State">Kent State</a> a year later, from January 2 to February 28, 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Involvement_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Involvement-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six years later, Black History Month was being celebrated all across the country in educational institutions, centers of Black culture, and community centers, both great and small, when President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> recognized Black History Month in 1976, during the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">United States Bicentennial</a>. He urged Americans to "seize the opportunity to honor the too-often neglected accomplishments of Black Americans in every area of endeavor throughout our history".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observance_by_region">Observance by region</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p>In the Black community, the creation of Black History Month was met with enthusiastic response; it prompted the creation of Black history clubs, an increase in interest among teachers, and interest from progressive whites.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its inception, Black History Month has expanded beyond its initial acceptance in educational establishments. Carter Woodson's organization, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History</a> (ASALH), designates a theme each year.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "Black Health and Wellness" in 2022 focused on medical scholars, health care providers, and health outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> describes Black History Month as "a time when the culture and contributions of African Americans take center stage" in a variety of cultural institutions, including theaters, libraries, and museums.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black History Month has garnered attention from the U.S. business community.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> created its first Black History Month program with the help of its Head of Global Music & Youth Culture Communications, <a href="/wiki/Shavone_Charles" title="Shavone Charles">SHAVONE.</a> Instagram's Black History Month program featured a series of first-time initiatives, including a #BlackGirlMagic partnership with <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> and the launch of the #CelebrateBlackCreatives program, which reached more than 19 million followers.<sup id="cite_ref-PAPER_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAPER-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2020, many American corporations commemorated Black History Month, including <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">Macy's</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">United Parcel Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Under_Armour" title="Under Armour">Under Armour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 18, 2016, 106-year Washington, D.C., resident and school volunteer <a href="/wiki/Virginia_McLaurin" title="Virginia McLaurin">Virginia McLaurin</a> visited the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> as part of Black History Month. When asked by <a href="/wiki/President_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="President Barack Obama">President Barack Obama</a> why she was there, McLaurin said: "A Black president. A Black wife. And I'm here to celebrate Black history. That's what I'm here for."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="United_Kingdom"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handbill_-_Pugilism,_or_Self-Defence_-_1822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Handbill_-_Pugilism%2C_or_Self-Defence_-_1822.jpg/220px-Handbill_-_Pugilism%2C_or_Self-Defence_-_1822.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Handbill_-_Pugilism%2C_or_Self-Defence_-_1822.jpg/330px-Handbill_-_Pugilism%2C_or_Self-Defence_-_1822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Handbill_-_Pugilism%2C_or_Self-Defence_-_1822.jpg/440px-Handbill_-_Pugilism%2C_or_Self-Defence_-_1822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption>1822 handbill advertising a Black boxing tutor in <a href="/wiki/Alnwick" title="Alnwick">Alnwick</a>, Northumberland; tweeted by <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Archives" title="Northumberland Archives">Northumberland Archives</a> as part of Black History Month in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, Black History Month was first celebrated in <a href="/wiki/1987_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1987 in the United Kingdom">October 1987</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year of 1987, recognized as the African Jubilee, was coincidentally the year of the 150th anniversary of Caribbean emancipation, the centenary of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a> and the 25th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a>, an institution dedicated to advancing the progress of African states.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black History Month in the UK was organised through the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghanaian</a> analyst <a href="/wiki/Akyaaba_Addai-Sebo" title="Akyaaba Addai-Sebo">Akyaaba Addai-Sebo</a>, who had served as a coordinator of special projects for the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a> (GLC) and created a collaboration to get it underway.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Black History Month celebration in the UK was held in London on October 1, 1987, when Dr. <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a> from the US was invited to an event by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a> about Black people's contributions to history.<sup id="cite_ref-BHMUK_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHMUK-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some institutions have faced criticism for supporting Black History Month with images of people from British Asian backgrounds, using the term "black" to refer to <a href="/wiki/Political_blackness" title="Political blackness">political blackness</a> encompassing all people of color.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohdin_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohdin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div> <p>In Berlin in 1990, members of the <a href="/wiki/Black_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Black German">Black German</a> community began observing Black History Month. Programs have included discussions of black Europeans, international African perspectives, the history of civil rights in the U.S., and apartheid in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <p>In 1995, after a motion by politician <a href="/wiki/Jean_Augustine" title="Jean Augustine">Jean Augustine</a>, representing the riding of <a href="/wiki/Etobicoke%E2%80%94Lakeshore_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Etobicoke—Lakeshore (federal electoral district)">Etobicoke—Lakeshore</a> in Ontario, Canada's <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> officially recognized February as Black History Month (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Mois de l'histoire des Noirs</i>) and honored <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black Canadians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Senator <a href="/wiki/Donald_Oliver" title="Donald Oliver">Donald Oliver</a> moved to have the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> officially recognize Black History Month, which was unanimously approved.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutCIC_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutCIC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada defines the festivity as an opportunity to celebrate "the achievements and contributions of Black Canadians and their communities who … have done so much to make Canada a culturally diverse, compassionate, and prosperous country".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ireland%27s_Great_Hunger_Museum" title="Ireland's Great Hunger Museum">Ireland's Great Hunger Institute</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University" title="Quinnipiac University">Quinnipiac University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, notes: "Black History Month Ireland was initiated in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> in 2010. This location seems particularly appropriate as, in the 19th century, the city was a leading center of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition</a>, and the male and female anti-slavery societies welcomed several black abolitionists to lecture there, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lenox_Remond" title="Charles Lenox Remond">Charles Lenox Remond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3></div> <p>In France, Black History Month was first organized in 2018 in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, there have been celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>. In 2022 the month was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker">Josephine Baker</a>, a dancer and member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> born in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <p>In 2020, Black History Month was celebrated in seven African countries for the first time. Participating countries were <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comores" class="mw-redirect" title="Comores">Comores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. The event was initiated by the organisation Africa Mondo founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9lina_Seymour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mélina Seymour (page does not exist)">Mélina Seymour</a>. From 2021 onwards an African History Month was celebrated in March.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments">Developments</h2></div> <p>When first established, Black History Month resulted in some controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who believed that Black History Month was limited to educational institutions questioned whether it was appropriate to confine the celebration of Black history to one month, as opposed to the integration of Black history into mainstream education for the whole year. Another concern was that, contrary to the original inspiration for Black History Month, which was a desire to redress how American schools failed to represent Black historical figures as anything other than enslaved people or colonial subjects, Black History Month could reduce complex historical figures to overly simplified objects of "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hero_worship" class="extiw" title="wikt:hero worship">hero worship</a>". Other critics refer to the celebration as a form of racism.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actor and director <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a> and actress <a href="/wiki/Stacey_Dash" title="Stacey Dash">Stacey Dash</a> have criticized the concept of declaring only one month as Black History Month.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freeman noted, "I don't want a Black history month. Black history is American history."<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2></div> <p>In the US, a theme for each Black History Month is selected by the ASALH:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>1928: Civilization: A World Achievement</li> <li>1929: Possibility of Putting Negro History in the Curriculum</li> <li>1930: Significant Achievements of the Negro</li> <li>1931: Neglected Aspects of Negro History</li> <li>1932: What George Washington Bicentennial Commission Fail to Do</li> <li>1933: Ethiopia Meets Error in Truth</li> <li>1934: Contribution of the Negro in Poetry, in Painting, in Sculpture and in Science</li> <li>1935: The Negro Achievements in Africa</li> <li>1936: African Background Outlined</li> <li>1937: American Negro History from the Time of Importation from Africa up to the Present Day</li> <li>1938: Special Achievements of the Race: Oratory, Drama, Music, Painting, Sculpture, Science and Inventions</li> <li>1939: Special Achievements of the Race: Religion, Education, Business, Architecture, Engineering, Innovation, Pioneering</li> <li>1940: Negro Labor</li> <li>1941: The Career of Frederick Douglass</li> <li>1942: The Negro in Democracy</li> <li>1943: The Negro in the Modern World</li> <li>1944: The Negro and the New Order</li> <li>1945: The Negro and Reconversion</li> <li>1946: Let us Have Peace</li> <li>1947: Democracy Possible only Through Brotherhood</li> <li>1948: The Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth</li> <li>1949: The Use of Spirituals in the Classroom</li> <li>1950: Outstanding Moments in Negro History</li> <li>1951: Eminent Negroes in World Affairs</li> <li>1952: Great Negro Educators (Teachers)</li> <li>1953: Negro History and Human Relations</li> <li>1954: Negro History: A Foundation for Integration</li> <li>1955: Negro History: A Contribution to America's Intercultural Life</li> <li>1956: Negro History in an Era of Changing Human Relations</li> <li>1957: Negro History</li> <li>1958: Negro History: A Factor in Nationalism and Internationalism</li> <li>1959: Negro History: A Foundation for a Proud America</li> <li>1960: Strengthening America Through Education in Negro History and African Culture</li> <li>1961: Freedom and Democracy for the Negro after 100 years (1861–1961)</li> <li>1962: Negro History and a New Birth of Freedom</li> <li>1963: Negro History Evaluates Emancipation (1863–1963)</li> <li>1964: Negro History: A Basis for the New Freedom</li> <li>1965: Negro History: Freedom's Foundation</li> <li>1966: Freedom from Racial Myths and Stereotypes Through Negro History</li> <li>1967: Negro History in the Home, School, and the Community</li> <li>1968: The Centennial of the Fourteenth Amendment Afro American History Week</li> <li>1969: Changing the Afro American Image through History</li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a> and Black America in the Century (1870–1970)</li> <li>1971: African Civilization and Culture: A Worthy Historical Background</li> <li>1972: African Art, Music, Literature; a Valuable Cultural Experience</li> <li>1973: Biography Illuminates the Black Experience</li> <li>1974: Helping America Understand</li> <li>1975: Fulfilling America's Promise: Black History Month</li> <li>1976: America for All Americans</li> <li>1977: Heritage Days: The Black Perspective; the Third Century</li> <li>1978: Roots, Achievements and Projections</li> <li>1979: History: Torch for the future</li> <li>1980: Heritage for America</li> <li>1981: Black History: Role Model for Youth</li> <li>1982: Afro American Survival</li> <li>1983: Afro Americans in the United States</li> <li>1984: Afro Americans and Education</li> <li>1985: Afro American Family</li> <li>1986: Afro American Experience: International Connection</li> <li>1987: Afro Americans and the Constitution from Colonial Times to the Present</li> <li>1988: Constitutional Status of Afro Americans in the 21st Century</li> <li>1989: Afro Americans and Religion</li> <li>1990: Seventy-Five Years of Scholarly Excellence: A Homage to Our Forebearers</li> <li>1991: Educating America: Black Universities and Colleges, Strengths and Crisis</li> <li>1992: African Roots Experience New Worlds, Pre-Columbus to Space Exploration</li> <li>1993: Afro-American Scholars: Leaders, Activists and Writers</li> <li>1994: Empowering Black Americans</li> <li>1995: Reflections on 1895: Douglass, Du Bois & Washington</li> <li>1996: Black Women</li> <li>1997: African Americans and Civil Rights; a Reprisal</li> <li>1998: Black Business</li> <li>1999: Legacy of African American Leadership for the Present and the Future</li> <li>2000: Heritage and Horizons: The African American Legacy and the Challenges for the 21st Century</li> <li>2001: Creating and Defining the African American Community: Family, Church Politics and Culture</li> <li>2002: The Color Line Revisited: Is Racism Dead?</li> <li>2003: The Souls of Black Folks: Centennial Reflections</li> <li>2004: Before Brown, Beyond Boundaries: Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></li> <li>2005: The <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Movement" title="Niagara Movement">Niagara Movement</a>: Black Protest Reborn, 1905–2005</li> <li>2006: Celebrating Community: A Tribute to Black Fraternal, Social, and Civil Institutions</li> <li>2007: From Slavery to Freedom: Africans in the Americas</li> <li>2008: Carter G. Woodson and the Origins of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li>2009: The Quest for Black Citizenship in the Americas</li> <li>2010: The History of Black Economic Empowerment</li> <li>2011: African Americans and the Civil War</li> <li>2012: Black Women in American Culture and History</li> <li>2012: President Barack Obama National Black History Month Proclamation</li> <li>2013: At the Crossroads of Freedom and Equality: The Emancipation Proclamation and the March on Washington</li> <li>2014: Civil Rights in America</li> <li>2015: A Century of Black Life, History, and Culture</li> <li>2016: Hallowed Grounds: Sites of African American Memories</li> <li>2017: The Crisis in Black Education</li> <li>2018: African Americans in Times of War</li> <li>2019: Black Migrations</li> <li>2020: African Americans and the Vote</li> <li>2021: The Black Family: Representation, Identity, and Diversity</li> <li>2022: Black Health and Wellness</li> <li>2023: Black Resistance</li> <li>2024: African Americans and the Arts</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African-American history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Heritage_Sites" title="African-American Heritage Sites">African-American Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Music_Appreciation_Month" title="African-American Music Appreciation Month">African-American Music Appreciation Month</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_history_months">Other history months</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_American_History_Month" title="Filipino American History Month">Filipino American History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month" title="Women's History Month">Women's History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_History_Month" title="Disability History Month">Disability History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_History_Month" title="Dalit History Month">Dalit History Month</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heritage_months">Heritage months</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans#Arab_American_Heritage_Month" title="Arab Americans">Arab American Heritage Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_and_Lesbian_Pride_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay and Lesbian Pride Month">Gay and Lesbian Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish-American_Heritage_Month" title="Irish-American Heritage Month">Irish-American Heritage Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Heritage_and_Culture_Month" title="Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month">Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Heritage_Month" title="Jewish American Heritage Month">Jewish American Heritage Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month">National Hispanic Heritage Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_American#Immigration_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan American">National Tibetan American Heritage Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Indian_Heritage_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Indian Heritage Month">Native American Indian Heritage Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_American_Heritage_Month" title="Polish American Heritage Month">Polish American Heritage Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States#Civic_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in the United States">Puerto Rican Heritage Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Heritage_Month" title="South Asian Heritage Month">South Asian Heritage Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American_Heritage_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Pacific American Heritage Month">Asian Pacific American Heritage Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Heritage_Month" title="Haitian Heritage Month">Haitian Heritage Month</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombian_Day" title="Afro-Colombian Day">Afro-Colombian Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Awareness_Day" title="Black Awareness Day">Black Awareness Day</a>, Brazil</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CanBHMstamp2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CanBHMstamp2014_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wayde_Compton" title="Wayde Compton">Compton, Wayde</a> (February 14, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/remembering-hogan-s-alley-hub-of-vancouver-s-black-community-1.3448080">"Remembering Hogan's Alley, hub of Vancouver's black community"</a>, <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313214331/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/remembering-hogan-s-alley-hub-of-vancouver-s-black-community-1.3448080">Archived</a> March 13, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BHMUKTheresaMay-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BHMUKTheresaMay_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May, Theresa (September 28, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-intros/6962/">"Black History Month Introduction; Prime Minister, Theresa May"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313221217/http://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-intros/6962/">Archived</a> March 13, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, September 28, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DKS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DKS_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veal, Lou (February 3, 1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dks.library.kent.edu/cgi-bin/kentstate?a=d&d=dks19700203-01.2.10&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------#">"'Black History Month' begins with opening of culture center"</a>, <i>Daily Kent Stater</i>, Volume LV, Number 52, Kent State University <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313134405/http://dks.library.kent.edu/cgi-bin/kentstate?a=d&d=dks19700203-01.2.10&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------">Archived</a> March 13, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/knowing-past-opens-door-future-continuing-importance-black-history-month">"Knowing the Past Opens the Door to the Future: The Continuing Importance of Black History Month"</a>. <i>National Museum of African American History and Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Attic&rft.atitle=%27Birth+of+a+Nation%27+and+the+Birth+of+Black+History+Month&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theattic.space%2Fhome-page-blogs%2F2020%2F2%2F6%2Fblack-history-month-a-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1976" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Gerald R. (February 10, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119095146/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/speeches/760074.htm">"President Gerald R. Ford's Message on the Observance of Black History Month"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/speeches/760074.htm">the original</a> on January 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.atitle=President+Gerald+R.+Ford%27s+Message+on+the+Observance+of+Black+History+Month&rft.date=1976-02-10&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ford.utexas.edu%2Flibrary%2Fspeeches%2F760074.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenbow2022" class="citation web cs1">Benbow, Candice Marie (February 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thegrio.com/2022/02/01/black-history-month-theme/">"Black History Month has a theme…who knew?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Here%27s+the+story+behind+Black+History+Month+%E2%80%94+and+why+it%27s+celebrated+in+February&rft.date=2022-02-01&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F02%2F01%2F1075623826%2Fwhy-is-february-black-history-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2000" class="citation news cs1">Hughes, Robert J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB948404192310527611">the original</a> on October 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=During+Black+History+Month%2C+Enjoy+a+Slice+of+American+Culture&rft.date=2000-01-21&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB948404192310527611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/secrets-of-wealthy-women-african-american-women-on-overcoming-obstacles-11549473371">"Secrets of Wealthy Women: African-American Women on Overcoming Obstacles"</a>, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>, February 6, 2019 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024182723/https://www.wsj.com/articles/secrets-of-wealthy-women-african-american-women-on-overcoming-obstacles-11549473371">Archived</a> October 24, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAPER-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PAPER_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2019" class="citation news cs1">Long, Tia (February 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papermag.com/shavone-c-sith-instagram-2630198554.html">"SHAVONE. 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October 8, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008132337/https://twitter.com/NorthldArchives/status/1314193678483759104">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northumberland+Archives+twitter+feed&rft.atitle=%23BlackHistoryMonth+%E2%80%93+Boxers+1%2F2&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FNorthldArchives%2Fstatus%2F1314193678483759104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalia, Ammar (October 8, 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/08/from-emperors-to-inventors-the-unsung-heroes-to-celebrate-in-black-history-month">"From emperors to inventors: the unsung heroes to celebrate in Black History Month"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130094121/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/08/from-emperors-to-inventors-the-unsung-heroes-to-celebrate-in-black-history-month">Archived</a> November 30, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddai-Sebo2020" class="citation web cs1">Addai-Sebo, Akyaaba (October 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/13/opinions/uk-black-history-month-akyaaba-addai-sebo-intl-gbr/index.html">"Black children must be able to believe in themselves. That's what Black History Month is for"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106015121/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/13/opinions/uk-black-history-month-akyaaba-addai-sebo-intl-gbr/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+children+must+be+able+to+believe+in+themselves.+That%27s+what+Black+History+Month+is+for&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2020-10-13&rft.aulast=Addai-Sebo&rft.aufirst=Akyaaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F10%2F13%2Fopinions%2Fuk-black-history-month-akyaaba-addai-sebo-intl-gbr%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zamani, Kubara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everygeneration.co.uk/index.php/black-british-history/bhm-black-history-month/24-akyaaba-addai-sebo">"Akyaaba Addai-Sebo Interview"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101810/http://everygeneration.co.uk/index.php/black-british-history/bhm-black-history-month/24-akyaaba-addai-sebo">Archived</a> April 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Every Generation Media, reproduced from <i>New African</i> magazine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ansel_Wong" title="Ansel Wong">Wong, Ansel</a> (September 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211063430/https://www.crer.scot/post/2017/09/28/how-did-black-history-month-come-to-the-uk">"How did Black History Month come to the UK?"</a>. <i>Coalition for Racial Equality and Rights (CRER)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crer.scot/post/2017/09/28/how-did-black-history-month-come-to-the-uk">the original</a> on February 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coalition+for+Racial+Equality+and+Rights+%28CRER%29&rft.atitle=How+did+Black+History+Month+come+to+the+UK%3F&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Ansel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crer.scot%2Fpost%2F2017%2F09%2F28%2Fhow-did-black-history-month-come-to-the-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BHMUK-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BHMUK_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120221055929/http://www.black-history-month.co.uk/sitea/BHM_FAQ.html">"Black History Month FAQ"</a>. Black History Month. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.black-history-month.co.uk/sitea/BHM_FAQ.html">the original</a> on February 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+History+Month+FAQ&rft.pub=Black+History+Month&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.black-history-month.co.uk%2Fsitea%2FBHM_FAQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohdin-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mohdin_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohdin2018" class="citation news cs1">Mohdin, Aamna (March 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1219398/political-blackness-a-very-british-concept-with-a-complex-history/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Political blackness': a very British concept with a complex history"</a>. <i>Quartz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=%27Political+blackness%27%3A+a+very+British+concept+with+a+complex+history&rft.date=2018-03-03&rft.aulast=Mohdin&rft.aufirst=Aamna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1219398%2Fpolitical-blackness-a-very-british-concept-with-a-complex-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorvil2019" class="citation web cs1">Florvil, Tiffany (February 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaihs.org/rethinking-black-history-month-in-germany/">"Rethinking Black History Month in Germany"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Black+History+Month+in+Germany&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft.aulast=Florvil&rft.aufirst=Tiffany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faaihs.org%2Frethinking-black-history-month-in-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcanadien2021" class="citation web cs1">canadien, Patrimoine (January 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/fr/patrimoine-canadien/campagnes/mois-histoire-des-noirs.html">"Février est le Mois de l'histoire des Noirs"</a>. <i>www.canada.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=F%C3%A9vrier+est+le+Mois+de+l%27histoire+des+Noirs&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft.aulast=canadien&rft.aufirst=Patrimoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Ffr%2Fpatrimoine-canadien%2Fcampagnes%2Fmois-histoire-des-noirs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/3/black-history-month-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-celebrated">"Black History Month 2022: What is it and why is it celebrated?"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. February 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Black+History+Month+2022%3A+What+is+it+and+why+is+it+celebrated%3F&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F2%2F3%2Fblack-history-month-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-celebrated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/news/how-ireland-is-celebrating-national-black-history-month">"How Ireland is celebrating its National Black History Month"</a>. <i>IrishCentral.com</i>. October 12, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014091740/https://www.irishcentral.com/news/how-ireland-is-celebrating-national-black-history-month">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=How+Ireland+is+celebrating+its+National+Black+History+Month&rft.date=2018-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-ireland-is-celebrating-national-black-history-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsa_Provenzano2018" class="citation web cs1">Elsa Provenzano (February 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.20minutes.fr/bordeaux/2213947-20180202-bordeaux-lancement-premier-black-history-month-france">"Bordeaux: Lancement du premier Black History Month en France !"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/20_minutes_(France)" title="20 minutes (France)">20 minutes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=20+minutes&rft.atitle=Bordeaux%3A+Lancement+du+premier+Black+History+Month+en+France+%21&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft.au=Elsa+Provenzano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.20minutes.fr%2Fbordeaux%2F2213947-20180202-bordeaux-lancement-premier-black-history-month-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEline_Ulysse2022" class="citation web cs1">Eline Ulysse (February 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://outremers360.com/bassin-atlantique-appli/la-guadeloupe-associee-au-5eme-black-history-month-dedie-cette-annee-a-josephine-baker">"La Guadeloupe associée au 5ème "Black History Month" dédié cette année à Joséphine Baker"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Guadeloupe+associ%C3%A9e+au+5%C3%A8me+%22Black+History+Month%22+d%C3%A9di%C3%A9+cette+ann%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+Jos%C3%A9phine+Baker&rft.date=2022-02-05&rft.au=Eline+Ulysse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foutremers360.com%2Fbassin-atlantique-appli%2Fla-guadeloupe-associee-au-5eme-black-history-month-dedie-cette-annee-a-josephine-baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitre2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pitre, Abul (November 3, 2002). "The Controversy Around Black History". <i>The Western Journal of Black Studies</i>. <b>26</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Controversy+Around+Black+History&rft.volume=26&rft.date=2002-11-03&rft.aulast=Pitre&rft.aufirst=Abul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Afua_Hirsch" title="Afua Hirsch">Hirsch, Afua</a> (October 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/oct/01/black-history-month-hero-worship">"Black History Month has to be more than hero worship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917113535/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/oct/01/black-history-month-hero-worship">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Black+History+Month+has+to+be+more+than+hero+worship&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Afua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Foct%2F01%2Fblack-history-month-hero-worship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarter2012" class="citation journal cs1">McCarter, William Matt (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radicalcritique.org/2012/12/Mccarter.html">"There is a White Sale at Macy's: Reflections on Black History Month"</a>. <i>International Journal of Radical Critique</i>. <b>1</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903064234/http://www.radicalcritique.org/2012/12/Mccarter.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radical+Critique&rft.atitle=There+is+a+White+Sale+at+Macy%27s%3A+Reflections+on+Black+History+Month&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=McCarter&rft.aufirst=William+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radicalcritique.org%2F2012%2F12%2FMccarter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129162606/http://thegrio.com/2016/01/27/stacey-dash-morgan-freeman-apology-bet-black-history/">"Stacey Dash says Morgan Freeman agrees with her views on Black History Month, ask for apology from 'Twitter haters'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGrio" title="TheGrio">TheGrio</a></i>. January 27, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegrio.com/2016/01/27/stacey-dash-morgan-freeman-apology-bet-black-history/">the original</a> on January 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheGrio&rft.atitle=Stacey+Dash+says+Morgan+Freeman+agrees+with+her+views+on+Black+History+Month%2C+ask+for+apology+from+%27Twitter+haters%27&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthegrio.com%2F2016%2F01%2F27%2Fstacey-dash-morgan-freeman-apology-bet-black-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSNBC-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707102926/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/10482634/ns/today-entertainment/t/freeman-calls-black-history-month-ridiculous#.TzrCrUxWrTw">"Freeman calls Black History Month 'ridiculous'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>. Associated Press. December 15, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/10482634/ns/today-entertainment/t/freeman-calls-black-history-month-ridiculous/#.TzrCrUxWrTw">the original</a> on July 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Freeman+calls+Black+History+Month+%27ridiculous%27&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoday.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F10482634%2Fns%2Ftoday-entertainment%2Ft%2Ffreeman-calls-black-history-month-ridiculous%2F%23.TzrCrUxWrTw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asalh.org/black-history-themes/">"BLACK HISTORY THEMES"</a>. <i>ASALH</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASALH&rft.atitle=BLACK+HISTORY+THEMES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasalh.org%2Fblack-history-themes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYancey-Bragg2023" class="citation web cs1">Yancey-Bragg, N'dea (February 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/02/01/black-history-month-facts/11155620002/">"Why is Black History Month in February? How do you celebrate? Everything you need to know"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Why+is+Black+History+Month+in+February%3F+How+do+you+celebrate%3F+Everything+you+need+to+know.&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft.aulast=Yancey-Bragg&rft.aufirst=N%27dea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2023%2F02%2F01%2Fblack-history-month-facts%2F11155620002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davenport.libguides.com/bhm/themes#:~:text=2021%20Theme%3A%20The%20Black%20Family,%2C%20anthropology%2C%20and%20social%20policy.">"Black History Month Library Guide | Black History Month Themes"</a>. Daenport University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+History+Month+Library+Guide+%7C+Black+History+Month+Themes&rft.pub=Daenport+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavenport.libguides.com%2Fbhm%2Fthemes%23%3A~%3Atext%3D2021%2520Theme%253A%2520The%2520Black%2520Family%2C%252C%2520anthropology%252C%2520and%2520social%2520policy.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derrick_A._Bell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Derrick A. Bell, Jr.">Bell, Derrick</a> (February 22, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edweek.org/education/opinion-brown-v-board-of-education-and-the-black-history-month-syndrome/1984/02">"<i>Brown v. Board of Education</i> and the Black History Month Syndrome"</a>. Opinion. <i>Education Week</i>. <b>3</b> (22).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=Brown+v.+Board+of+Education+and+the+Black+History+Month+Syndrome&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=22&rft.date=1984-02-22&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Derrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Feducation%2Fopinion-brown-v-board-of-education-and-the-black-history-month-syndrome%2F1984%2F02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+History+Month" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_History_Month" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black History Month">Black History Month</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blackhistorymonth.gov/">Library of Congress Black History Month Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/">Official UK Black History Month Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215013601/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/multiculturalism/black/index.asp">Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada Black History Month website</a></li> <li>Carter Woodson's life is retold in the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Radio_drama" title="Radio drama">radio drama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUJ_YpaXgHg&list=PLlUoyloCGlWwWpbzUccApPOWYsOP4mu0Z&index=70">"Recorder of History – Dr. Carter G. Woodson"</a>, a presentation from <i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Freedom" title="Destination Freedom">Destination Freedom</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Heroes Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Eve of Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korematsu_Day" title="Fred Korematsu Day">Fred Korematsu Day</a> (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Human_Rights_Day" title="Idaho Human Rights Day">Idaho Human Rights Day</a> (ID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a> (federal quadrennial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Day" title="Kansas Day">Kansas Day</a> (KS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti / Pongal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial_Day" title="Stephen Foster Memorial Day">Stephen Foster Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_(United_States)" title="The Eighth (United States)">The Eighth</a> (LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religion_Day" title="World Religion Day">World Religion Day</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January–February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday" title="Super Bowl Sunday">Super Bowl Sunday</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February<br /><a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Month" title="American Heart Month">American Heart Month</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín">Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Day" title="Darwin Day">Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day</a> (CA, DE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_(Japanese_Americans)" title="Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)">Day of Remembrance</a> (CA, OR, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Day" title="Georgia Day">Georgia Day</a> (GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday">Lincoln's Birthday</a> (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Girls_and_Women_in_Sports_Day" title="National Girls and Women in Sports Day">National Girls and Women in Sports Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Freedom_Day" title="National Freedom Day">National Freedom Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana_Day" title="Parinirvana Day">Nirvana Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day" title="Ronald Reagan Day">Ronald Reagan Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (CA, MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a> (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu B’shvat</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February–March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayy%C3%A1m-i-H%C3%A1" title="Ayyám-i-Há">Intercalary Days</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Mahashivaratri</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March<br /><a href="/wiki/Irish-American_Heritage_Month" title="Irish-American Heritage Month">Irish-American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Colon_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Colon Cancer Awareness Month">Colon Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month" title="Women's History Month">Women's History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break">Spring break</a> (week)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Day" title="Casimir Pulaski Day">Casimir Pulaski Day</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day" title="Cesar Chavez Day">Cesar Chavez Day</a> (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#Puerto_Rico" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico</a> (PR, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">Evacuation Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Day" title="Harriet Tubman Day">Harriet Tubman Day</a> (NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj#Modern_Muslim_observance" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Lailat al-Mi'raj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a> (Charlottesville, VA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States">Mardi Gras</a> (AL (in two counties), LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Day" title="Maryland Day">Maryland Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_Day" title="Medal of Honor Day">Medal of Honor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Poison_Prevention_Week" title="National Poison Prevention Week">National Poison Prevention Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> (cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Day" title="Pi Day">Pi Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Day" title="Prince Kūhiō Day">Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward%27s_Day" title="Seward's Day">Seward's Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Independence_Day" title="Texas Independence Day">Texas Independence Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting#Vermont" title="Town meeting">Town Meeting Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Day" title="Transfer Day">Transfer Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Trans Day of Visibility</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March–April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (religious)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> (PR, religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Saturday" title="Lazarus Saturday">Lazarus Saturday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday / Bright Monday</a> (VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Ramnavami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_American_Heritage_Month" title="National Arab American Heritage Month">Arab American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego" title="José de Diego">Birthday of José de Diego</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a> (AL, MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" title="Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust">Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Thomas Jefferson's Birthday</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag B’Omer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Last Friday of Great Lent</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascua_Florida" title="Pascua Florida">Pascua Florida</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a> (MA, ME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n" title="Ridván">Ridván</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Day" title="San Jacinto Day">San Jacinto Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom Ha'atzmaut</a> (cultural, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May<br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Heritage_Month" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month">Asian American and<br />Pacific Islander Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Heritage_Month" title="Jewish American Heritage Month">Jewish American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Military_Appreciation_Month" title="National Military Appreciation Month">Military Appreciation Month</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension of Our Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Declaration of the Bab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk_Day" title="Harvey Milk Day">Harvey Milk Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> / <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> (CA, unofficial, proposed state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_(United_States)" title="Law Day (United States)">Law Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day" title="Loyalty Day">Loyalty Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a> (CA, IL, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Spouse_Day" title="Military Spouse Day">Military Spouse Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer" title="National Day of Prayer">National Day of Prayer</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Reason" title="National Day of Reason">National Day of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Transportation_Day" title="National Defense Transportation Day">National Defense Transportation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Maritime_Day" title="United States National Maritime Day">National Maritime Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Officers_Memorial_Day" title="Peace Officers Memorial Day">Peace Officers Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June<br /><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> (federal, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Father's Day (United States)">Father's Day</a> (36)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker Hill Day">Bunker Hill Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Day">Carolina Day</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young_Day" title="Don Young Day">Don Young Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Fast of the Holy Apostles</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> (36, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller_Day" title="Helen Keller Day">Helen Keller Day</a> (PA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_America_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor America Days">Honor America Days</a> (3 weeks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Davis Day">Jefferson Davis Day</a> (AL, FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamehameha Day">Kamehameha Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Litha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odunde_Festival" title="Odunde Festival">Odunde Festival</a> (Philadelphia, PA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Week" title="Senior Week">Senior Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist#Celebration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">Saint John's Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Day" title="West Virginia Day">West Virginia Day</a> (WV)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a> (federal)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Rivera" title="Luis Muñoz Rivera">Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celso_Barbosa" title="José Celso Barbosa">Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands</a> (VI, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad_Sal" title="Khordad Sal">Khordad Sal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Restoration_Day" title="Sovereignty Restoration Day">Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Execution of the Báb">Martyrdom of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a> (UT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Constitution_Day" title="Puerto Rico Constitution Day">Puerto Rico Constitution Day</a> (PR)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July–August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation">Summer vacation</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Illinois</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington_Battle_Day" title="Bennington Battle Day">Bennington Battle Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_versus_Assumption" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">Eid-e-Ghadeer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_fast" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary#Feasts" title="Assumption of Mary">Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Statehood Day (Hawaii)">Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Lammas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Day" title="National Aviation Day">National Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration of the Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(United_States)" title="Victory Day (United States)">Victory Day</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a> (36)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Prostate_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month">Prostate Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month">Childhood Cancer Awareness Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Day" title="Brazilian Day">Brazilian Day</a> (NY, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Admission_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="California Admission Day">California Admission Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Garner_Federal_Lands_Cleanup_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day">Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_Day_(Maryland)" title="Defenders Day (Maryland)">Defenders Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Elevation of the Holy Cross">Elevation of the Holy Cross</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_San_Gennaro" title="Feast of San Gennaro">Feast of San Gennaro</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mother%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Star Mother's Day">Gold Star Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin_Ngawang_Kunga" title="Sakya Trizin Ngawang Kunga">His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Mabon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Payroll_Week" title="National Payroll Week">National Payroll Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day</a> (proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September–October<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month">Hispanic Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Chehlum Imam Hussain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri_Paksha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitri Paksha">Pitri Paksha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijaya Dashami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Breast_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Breast Cancer Awareness Month">Breast Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Disability_Employment_Awareness_Month" title="National Disability Employment Awareness Month">Disability Employment Awareness Month</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Heritage_and_Culture_Month" title="Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month">Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American_History_Month" title="Filipino American History Month">Filipino American History Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Day" title="Alaska Day">Alaska Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Health_Day" title="Child Health Day">Child Health Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">General Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-American_Day" title="German-American Day">German-American Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson_Day" title="Leif Erikson Day">Leif Erikson Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Day" title="Missouri Day">Missouri Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomonestotse" title="Nanomonestotse">Nanomonestotse</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National School Lunch Week">National School Lunch Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day in South Dakota</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Day" title="Nevada Day">Nevada Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Day" title="Spirit Day">Spirit Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Day" title="Sweetest Day">Sweetest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_Friendship_Day" title="Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day">Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day</a> (PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Cane_Safety_Day" title="White Cane Safety Day">White Cane Safety Day</a> (36)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October–November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Holy_Birthdays" title="Twin Holy Birthdays">Birth of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Birth of Baháʼu'lláh">Birth of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid al-Nabi</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November<br /> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Indian_Heritage_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Indian Heritage Month">Native American Indian Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day">Veterans Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Beginning of the Nativity Fast</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Alabama</a> (Perry County, AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Hamilton_Jackson" title="D. Hamilton Jackson">D. Hamilton Jackson Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Day after Thanksgiving</a> (24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Covenant_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Day of the Covenant (Baháʼí)">Day of the Covenant</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of Puerto Rico">Discovery of Puerto Rico Day</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Guru Nanak Gurpurab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Independence Day (Hawaii)">Lā Kūʻokoʻa</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day">Native American Heritage Day</a> (MD, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Trans Day of Remembrance</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> (religious, federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">Advent Sunday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Day" title="Alabama Day">Alabama Day</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Day" title="Bodhi Day">Bodhi Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalica" title="Chalica">Chalica</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Day after Christmas</a> (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivus" title="Festivus">Festivus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HumanLight" title="HumanLight">HumanLight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Day" title="Indiana Day">Indiana Day</a> (IN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a> (cultural, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin" title="Mohammed Burhanuddin">Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">Old Year's Night</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Aviation_Day" title="Pan American Aviation Day">Pan American Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami" title="Sivaya Subramuniyaswami">Pancha Ganapati</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (OH, OR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Day" title="Wright Brothers Day">Wright Brothers Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_No-Diso" title="Zartosht No-Diso">Zartosht No-Diso</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varies (year round)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Yawm al-Arafa</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> (religious, four times a year)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (religious, month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Yawm Aashura</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div>Legend: <p>(federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">racial/ethnic group</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">sexual minority</a>, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code">Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies</a><br /> </p> See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_holidays" title="Lists of holidays">Lists of holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_holiday" title="Hallmark holiday">Hallmark holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Public holidays in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_History_Month&oldid=1258864417">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_History_Month&oldid=1258864417</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1976_introductions" title="Category:1976 introductions">1976 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_events" title="Category:African-American events">African-American events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_British_history" title="Category:Black British 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