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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exodus_to_the_Utah_Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exodus_to_the_Utah_Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Exodus to the Utah Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exodus_to_the_Utah_Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polygamy,_popular_sovereignty,_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygamy,_popular_sovereignty,_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Polygamy, popular sovereignty, and slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygamy,_popular_sovereignty,_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodemocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodemocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Theodemocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodemocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_appointees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_appointees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Federal appointees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_appointees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Troop_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troop_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Troop movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Troop_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Troop movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Troop_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-July–November_1857:_tactical_standoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–November_1857:_tactical_standoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>July–November 1857: tactical standoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–November_1857:_tactical_standoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captain_Van_Vliet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captain_Van_Vliet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Captain Van Vliet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captain_Van_Vliet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Martial law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_1857_–_March_1858:_winter_intermission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_1857_–_March_1858:_winter_intermission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>December 1857 – March 1858: winter intermission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_1857_–_March_1858:_winter_intermission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soldiers_advance_up_the_Colorado_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soldiers_advance_up_the_Colorado_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Soldiers advance up the Colorado River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soldiers_advance_up_the_Colorado_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomas_L._Kane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_L._Kane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Thomas L. Kane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_L._Kane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–July_1858:_resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–July_1858:_resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>April–July 1858: resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–July_1858:_resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Move_south" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_south"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Move south</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_south-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Peace Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Utah War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="حرب يوتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب يوتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah-Krieg" title="Utah-Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Utah-Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Utah" title="Guerra de Utah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Utah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utaha_Mormona_Milito" title="Utaha Mormona Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Utaha Mormona Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جنگ یوتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ یوتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_l%27Utah" title="Guerre de l'Utah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de l'Utah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%83%80_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="유타 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유타 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Utah" title="Perang Utah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Utah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_dello_Utah" title="Guerra dello Utah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra dello Utah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Utah" title="Guerra de Utah – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guerra de Utah" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%BF%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ユタ戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユタ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_w_Utah" title="Wojna w Utah – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna w Utah" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Utah" title="Guerra de Utah – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de Utah" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Война в Юте – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война в Юте" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%88%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рат у Јути – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат у Јути" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahin_sota" title="Utahin sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Utahin sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Utah Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Utah Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D1%82%D1%96" title="Війна в Юті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війна в Юті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E4%BB%96%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="猶他戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="猶他戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1501025#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Utah_War" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><p><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/208.69.133.68" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/208.69.133.68" data-mw-revid="857124969"><bdi>208.69.133.68</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:208.69.133.68" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:208.69.133.68">talk</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">18:38, 29 August 2018</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_War">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 18:38, 29 August 2018 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/208.69.133.68" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/208.69.133.68" data-mw-revid="857124969"><bdi>208.69.133.68</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:208.69.133.68" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:208.69.133.68">talk</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Overview">→<bdi dir="ltr">Overview</bdi></a></span>)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Utah_War&diff=prev&oldid=857124969" title="Utah War">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utah_War&direction=prev&oldid=857124969" title="Utah War">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Utah_War&diff=cur&oldid=857124969" title="Utah War">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utah_War&direction=next&oldid=857124969" title="Utah War">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Utah_War&diff=next&oldid=857124969" title="Utah War">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Utah War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_wars_and_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mormon wars and massacres">Mormon wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>March 1857 – July 1858</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a><br />present day <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Resolution through negotiation; </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> replaced as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Utah_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Utah Territory">Governor of Utah Territory</a></li> <li>Full amnesty for charges of sedition and treason issued to the citizens of Utah Territory by President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> on the condition they accept U.S. Federal authority</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">Deseret</a> / <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion" title="Nauvoo Legion">Nauvoo Legion</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Pres. <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a><br />Gov. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cumming_(governor)" title="Alfred Cumming (governor)">Alfred Cumming</a><br />Gen. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert S. Johnston</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Gov. <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a><br />Gen. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Wells" title="Daniel H. Wells">Daniel H. Wells</a><br />Cap. <a href="/wiki/Lot_Smith" title="Lot Smith">Lot Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2,500</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 38</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Civilians:</b> 126 killed (120 in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_Massacre" title="Mountain Meadows Massacre">Mountain Meadows Massacre</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Utah War</b> (1857–1858), also known as the <b>Utah Expedition</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hafen1958_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hafen1958-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Utah Campaign</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston1878_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston1878-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Buchanan's Blunder</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Blunder_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunder-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <b>Mormon War</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <b>Mormon Rebellion</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an armed confrontation between <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">settlers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> and the armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a>. The confrontation lasted from May 1857 to July 1858. There were some casualties, mostly non-Mormon civilians. The war had no notable military battles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <p>In 1857-1858, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> sent U.S. forces to the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> in what became known as the Utah Expedition. The Mormons, fearful that the large U.S. military force had been sent to annihilate them and having faced <a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">persecution</a> in other areas,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made preparations for defense. Though bloodshed was to be avoided, and the U.S. government also hoped that its purpose might be attained without the loss of life, both sides prepared for war. The Mormons manufactured or repaired firearms, turned <a href="/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">scythes</a> into bayonets, and burnished and sharpened long-unused <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabres</a>. </p><p>Rather than engaging the enemy directly, Mormon strategy was one of hindering and weakening them. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Wells" title="Daniel H. Wells">Daniel H. Wells</a>, lieutenant-general of the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion" title="Nauvoo Legion">Nauvoo Legion</a>, instructed Major Joseph Taylor: </p> <blockquote><p>On ascertaining the locality or route of the troops, proceed at once to annoy them in every possible way. Use every exertion to stampede their animals and set fire to their trains. Burn the whole country before them and on their flanks. Keep them from sleeping, by night surprises; blockade the road by felling trees or destroying the river fords where you can. Watch for opportunities to set fire to the grass on their windward, so as, if possible, to envelop their trains. Leave no grass before them that can be burned. Keep your men concealed as much as possible, and guard against surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Mormons blocked the army's entrance into the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Valley" title="Salt Lake Valley">Salt Lake Valley</a>, and weakened the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> by hindering them from receiving provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The confrontation between the Mormon militia, called the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion#In_Utah" title="Nauvoo Legion">Nauvoo Legion</a>, and the U.S. Army involved some destruction of property and a few brief skirmishes in what is today southwestern <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, but no battles occurred between the contending military forces. </p><p>At the height of the tensions, on September 11, 1857, more than 120 California-bound settlers from <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and other states, including unarmed men, women and children, were killed in remote southwestern Utah by a group of local Mormon militiamen. They first claimed that the migrants were killed by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indians</a>, but it was proven otherwise. This event was later called the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_Massacre" title="Mountain Meadows Massacre">Mountain Meadows Massacre</a>, and the motives behind the incident remain unclear. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aiken_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiken massacre">Aiken massacre</a> took place the following month. In October 1857, Mormons arrested six Californians traveling through Utah and charged them with being spies for the U.S. Army. They were released, but were later murdered and robbed of their stock and $25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other incidents of violence have also been linked to the Utah War, including an Indian attack on the Mormon mission of Fort Limhi in eastern <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a>. They killed two Mormons and wounded several others. The historian Brigham Madsen notes, "[T]he responsibility for the [Fort Limhi raid] lay mainly with the <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (tribe)">Bannock</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Dangerous_Outpost_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dangerous_Outpost-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Bigler concludes that the raid was probably caused by members of the Utah Expedition who were trying to replenish their stores of livestock which had been stolen by Mormon raiders.<sup id="cite_ref-David_L._Bigler_1858_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_L._Bigler_1858-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking all incidents into account, MacKinnon estimates that approximately 150 people died as a direct result of the year-long Utah War, including the 120 migrants killed at Mountain Meadows. He points out that this was close to the number of people killed during the seven-year contemporaneous struggle in "<a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, negotiations between the United States and the Latter-day Saints resulted in a full pardon for the Mormons (except those involved in the Mountain Meadows murders), the transfer of Utah's governorship from church President <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> to non-Mormon <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cumming_(governor)" title="Alfred Cumming (governor)">Alfred Cumming</a>, and the peaceful entrance of the U.S. Army into Utah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utah_Territory_with_Deseret_Border,_vector_image_-_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Utah_Territory_with_Deseret_Border%2C_vector_image_-_2011.svg/220px-Utah_Territory_with_Deseret_Border%2C_vector_image_-_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Utah_Territory_with_Deseret_Border%2C_vector_image_-_2011.svg/330px-Utah_Territory_with_Deseret_Border%2C_vector_image_-_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Utah_Territory_with_Deseret_Border%2C_vector_image_-_2011.svg/440px-Utah_Territory_with_Deseret_Border%2C_vector_image_-_2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> (blue with black outline) and proposed <a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a> (dotted line). Modern map underlaid for reference.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exodus_to_the_Utah_Territory">Exodus to the Utah Territory</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mormon_Trail_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mormon_Trail_3.png/175px-Mormon_Trail_3.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mormon_Trail_3.png/263px-Mormon_Trail_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mormon_Trail_3.png/350px-Mormon_Trail_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</a> from Illinois to Great Salt Lake City.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldSpanishTrail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/OldSpanishTrail.png/175px-OldSpanishTrail.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/OldSpanishTrail.png/263px-OldSpanishTrail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/OldSpanishTrail.png/350px-OldSpanishTrail.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_Trail_(trade_route)" title="Old Spanish Trail (trade route)">Old Spanish Trail</a>, the southern route into California.</figcaption></figure> <p>Members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church), often called <a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Mormon pioneers</a>, began settling in what is now <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> in the summer of 1847. Mormon pioneers began leaving the United States for Utah after a series of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_wars_and_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mormon wars and massacres">severe conflicts</a> with neighboring communities in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="Jackson County, Missouri">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="History of Nauvoo, Illinois">Illinois</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith, Jr.">death of Joseph Smith, Jr.</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–7">: 1–7 </span></sup> </p><p>Brigham Young and other LDS Church leaders believed that the isolation of Utah would secure the rights of Mormons, and ensure the free practice of their religion. Although the United States had gained <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cahuenga" title="Treaty of Cahuenga">control</a> of the settled parts of <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Nuevo México</a> in 1846 in the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, legal transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a> to the U.S. came only with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> ending the war in 1848. LDS Church leaders understood that they were not "leaving the political orbit of the United States", nor did they want to.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When gold was discovered in California in 1848 at <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Mill" title="Sutter's Mill">Sutter's Mill</a>, which sparked the famous <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>, thousands of migrants began moving west on trails that passed directly through territory settled by Mormon pioneers. Although the migrants brought opportunities for trade, they also ended the Mormons' short-lived isolation. </p><p>In 1849, the Mormons proposed that a large part of the territory which they inhabited be incorporated into the United States as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a>. Their primary concern was to be governed by men of their own choosing rather than "unsympathetic carpetbag appointees," whom they believed would be sent from Washington, D.C. if their region were given territorial status, as was customary.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believed that only through a state run by church leadership could they maintain their religious freedom. The U.S. Congress created the Utah Territory as part of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> selected <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>, President of the LDS Church, as the first governor of the Territory. The Mormons were pleased by the appointment, but gradually the amicable relationship between Mormons and the federal government broke down. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brigham_Young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Brigham_Young.jpg/175px-Brigham_Young.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Brigham_Young.jpg/263px-Brigham_Young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Brigham_Young.jpg/350px-Brigham_Young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Governor <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> was appointed to office by President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> in 1850.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Buchanan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/175px-James_Buchanan.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/263px-James_Buchanan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/350px-James_Buchanan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> was inaugurated in March 1857. The Presidential campaign of 1856 featured extensive denunciation of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> and Mormon governance in Utah.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg/175px-Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg/263px-Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg/350px-Stephen_Arnold_Douglas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> was a leading proponent of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polygamy,_popular_sovereignty,_and_slavery"><span id="Polygamy.2C_popular_sovereignty.2C_and_slavery"></span>Polygamy, popular sovereignty, and slavery</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Mormonism and polygamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism and slavery</a></div> <p>At this time, the leadership of the LDS Church supported both <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">plural marriage</a>" as it was called by the Mormons. It is estimated that 20-25% of Latter-day Saints were members of polygamous households with the practice involving approximately one third of Mormon women who reached marriageable age.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1095">: 1095 </span></sup> The LDS Church in territorial Utah viewed plural marriage as religious doctrine until 1890, when it was removed from the essential dogma of the Church by <a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81–82">: 81–82 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gordon2002_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the rest of American society rejected polygamy, and some commentators accused the Mormons of gross immorality. During the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1856" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1856">Presidential Election of 1856</a> a key plank of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">platform</a> was a pledge "to prohibit in the territories those twin relics of barbarism: polygamy and slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republicans associated the Democratic principle of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a> with the party's acceptance of polygamy in Utah, and turned this accusation into a formidable political weapon. </p><p>Popular sovereignty was the theoretical basis of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> of 1854. This concept was meant to remove the divisive issue of slavery in the Territories from national debate, allowing local decision making, and forestalling armed conflict between the North and South. But during the campaign, the Republican Party denounced the theory as protecting polygamy. Leading Democrats such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, formerly an ally of the Latter-day Saints, began to denounce Mormonism in order to save the concept of popular sovereignty for issues related to slavery. The Democrats believed that American attitudes toward polygamy had the potential of derailing the compromise on <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. For the Democrats, attacks on Mormonism had the dual purpose of disentangling polygamy from popular sovereignty, and distracting the nation from the ongoing battles over slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74–75">: 74–75 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></div> <p>Many east-coast politicians, such as President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, were alarmed by the semi-<a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> dominance of the Utah Territory under <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>. Young had been appointed territorial Governor under <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>. </p><p>In addition to popular election, many early LDS Church leaders received quasi-political administrative appointments at both the territorial and federal level that coincided with their ecclesiastical roles, including the powerful <a href="/wiki/Probate_judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Probate judge">probate judges</a>. In analogy to the federal procedure, these executive and judicial appointments were confirmed by the Territorial Legislature, which largely consisted of popularly elected Latter-day Saints. Additionally, LDS Church leaders counseled Latter-day Saints to use ecclesiastical <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> to resolve disputes among church members before resorting to the more explicit legal system. Both President Buchanan and the U.S. Congress saw these acts as obstructing, if not subverting, the operation of legitimate institutions of the United States. </p><p>Numerous newspaper articles continued to sensationalize Mormon beliefs and exaggerated earlier accounts of conflicts with frontier settlers. These stories led many Americans to believe that Mormon leaders were petty tyrants and that Mormons were determined to create a <a href="/wiki/Zion_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Zion (Latter Day Saints)">Zionist</a>, polygamous kingdom in the newly acquired territories. </p><p>Many felt that these sensationalized beliefs, along with early <a href="/wiki/Communitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Communitarian">communitarian</a> practices of the <a href="/wiki/United_Order" title="United Order">United Order</a>, also violated the principles of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a> as well as the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economics. <a href="/wiki/James_Strang" title="James Strang">James Strang</a>, a rival to Brigham Young who also claimed succession to the leadership of the church after Joseph Smith's death, elevated these fears by proclaiming himself a king and resettling his followers on <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)">Beaver Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>, after the main body of the LDS Church had fled to Utah. </p><p>People also believed that Brigham Young maintained power through a paramilitary organization called the <a href="/wiki/Danites" class="mw-redirect" title="Danites">Danites</a>. The Danites were formed by a group of Mormons in Missouri in 1838. Most scholars believe that following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_War_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon War (1838)">Mormon War</a> in the winter of 1838, the unit was partially disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors contributed to the popular belief that Mormons "were oppressed by a religious tyranny and kept in submission only by some terroristic arm of the Church...[However] no Danite band could have restrained the flight of freedom-loving men from a Territory possessed of many exits; yet a flood of emigrants poured <i>into</i> Utah each year, with only a trickle...ebbing back."<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70–71">: 70–71 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_appointees">Federal appointees</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_House_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/White_House_1846.jpg/220px-White_House_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/White_House_1846.jpg/330px-White_House_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/White_House_1846.jpg/440px-White_House_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="2751" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 1846. The federal government maintained significant control over territories such as Utah, and the President chose federal officers for the territories with the advice and consent of the Senate. The appointments did not require the approval of the territory's inhabitants.</figcaption></figure> <p>These circumstances were not helped by the relationship between "<a href="/wiki/Gentile#LDS_Church_usage" title="Gentile">Gentile</a>" (non-Mormon) federal appointees and the Mormon territorial leadership. The territory's <a href="/wiki/Organic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic Act">Organic Act</a> held that the governor, federal judges, and other important territorial positions were to be filled by appointees chosen by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, but without any reference to the will of Utah's population—as was standard for all territorial administration. </p><p>Some federal officials sent by the President maintained essentially harmonious relationships with the Mormons. For instance, from 1853–1855, the territorial supreme court was composed of two non-Mormons and one Mormon. However, both of these non-Mormons were well respected in the Latter-day Saint community, and were genuinely mourned upon their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others had severe difficulties adjusting to the Mormon-dominated territorial government and the unique Mormon culture. Historian Norman Furniss writes that although some of these appointees were basically honest and well-meaning, many were highly prejudiced against the Mormons even before they arrived in the territory and woefully unqualified for their positions, while a few were down-right reprobates. </p><p>On the other hand, the Mormons had no patience for the federal domination entailed in territorial status, and often showed defiance toward the representatives of the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, while the Saints sincerely declared their loyalty to the United States and celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_of_July" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth of July">Fourth of July</a> every year with unabashed patriotism, they were undisguisedly critical of the federal government, which they felt had driven them out from their homes in the east. Like the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a>, Latter-day Saint leaders declared that the judgments of God would be meted out upon the nation for its unrighteousness. Brigham Young echoed the opinion of many Latter-day Saints when he declared "<i>I love the government and the Constitution of the United States, but I do not love the damned rascals that administer the government</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mormons also maintained a governmental and legal regime in "Zion," which they believed was perfectly permissible under the Constitution, but which was fundamentally different from that espoused in the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latter-day Saints and federal appointees in the Territory faced continual dispute. These conflicts regarded relations with the Indians (who often differentiated between "Americans" and "Mormons"), acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, the criminal jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Probate_court" title="Probate court">probate courts</a>, the Mormon use of ecclesiastical courts rather than the federal court system for civil matters, the legitimacy of land titles, water rights, and various other issues. Many of the federal officers were also appalled by the practice of polygamy and the Mormon belief system in general, and would harangue the Mormons for their "lack of morality" in public addresses. This already tense situation was further exacerbated by a period of intense religious revival starting in late 1856 dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Mormon_Reformation" title="Mormon Reformation">Mormon Reformation</a>". </p><p>Beginning in 1851, a number of federal officers, some claiming that they feared for their physical safety, left their Utah appointments for the east. The stories of these "<a href="/wiki/Runaway_Officials_of_1851" title="Runaway Officials of 1851">Runaway Officials</a>" convinced the new President that the Mormons were nearing a state of rebellion against the authority of the United States. According to LDS historians <a href="/wiki/James_B._Allen_(historian)" title="James B. Allen (historian)">James B. Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glen_M._Leonard" title="Glen M. Leonard">Glen M. Leonard</a>, the most influential information came from William W. Drummond, an associate justice of the Utah territorial supreme court who began serving in 1854. Drummond's letter of resignation of March 30, 1857 contained charges that Young's power set aside the rule of law in the territory, that the Mormons had ignored the laws of Congress and the Constitution, and that male Mormons acknowledged no law but the priesthood. </p> <blockquote><p>He further charged the Church with murder, destruction of federal court records, harassment of federal officers, and slandering the federal government. He concluded by urging the president to appoint a governor who was not a member of the Church and to send with him sufficient military aid to enforce his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Capitol.jpg/220px-Capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Capitol.jpg/330px-Capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Capitol.jpg/440px-Capitol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3518" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. Capitol in 1846. American lawmakers were deeply suspicious about Mormonism, their government, and the practice of polygamy.</figcaption></figure> <p>This account was further supported by Territorial Chief Justice Kinney in reports to Washington, where he recited examples of what he believed to be Brigham Young's perversion of Utah's judicial system and further urged his removal from office and the establishment of a one-regiment U.S. Army garrison in the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were further charges of treason, battery, theft, and fraud made by other officials including Federal Surveyors<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Federal Indian Agents.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furniss states that most federal reports from Utah to Washington "<i>left unclear whether the [Mormons] habitually kicked their dogs; otherwise their calendar of infamy in Utah was complete</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </p><p>As early as 1852, Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_M._Bernhisel" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Bernhisel">John M. Bernhisel</a>, Utah's Mormon delegate to Congress, had suggested that an impartial committee be sent to investigate the actual conditions in the territory. This call for an investigation was renewed during the crisis of 1857 by Bernhisel and even by Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>. However, the President would not wait. Under massive popular and political pressure, President Buchanan decided to take decisive action against the Mormons soon after his inauguration on 4 March 1857. </p><p>President Buchanan first decided to appoint a new governor in place of Brigham Young. The position was offered to several individuals who refused, and the President finally settled on <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cumming_(governor)" title="Alfred Cumming (governor)">Alfred Cumming</a> during the summer. While Young became aware of the change in territorial administration through press reports and other sources, he received no official notification of his replacement until Cumming arrived in the Territory in November 1857. Buchanan also decided to send a force of 2,500 army troops to build a post in Utah and to act as a <a href="/wiki/Posse_comitatus_(common_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posse comitatus (common law)">posse comitatus</a> once the new governor had been installed. They were ordered not to take offensive action against the Mormons, but to enter the territory, enforce the laws under the direction of the new governor, and defend themselves if attacked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Troop_movements">Troop movements</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–November_1857:_tactical_standoff"><span id="July.E2.80.93November_1857:_tactical_standoff"></span>July–November 1857: tactical standoff</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_S_Johnston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Albert_S_Johnston.jpg/175px-Albert_S_Johnston.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Albert_S_Johnston.jpg/263px-Albert_S_Johnston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Albert_S_Johnston.jpg/350px-Albert_S_Johnston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert Sidney Johnston</a> led the Utah Expedition to put down a Mormon rebellion against the Union. In the Civil War, he became a high ranking general in the Confederate Army and was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a> on April 6, 1862.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_H._Wells2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Daniel_H._Wells2.jpg/175px-Daniel_H._Wells2.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Daniel_H._Wells2.jpg/263px-Daniel_H._Wells2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Daniel_H._Wells2.jpg/350px-Daniel_H._Wells2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Wells" title="Daniel H. Wells">Daniel H. Wells</a> was a member of the LDS Church <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion" title="Nauvoo Legion">Nauvoo Legion</a>, and later mayor of Salt Lake City.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparations">Preparations</h4></div> <p>Although the Utah Expedition had begun to gather as early as May under orders from General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, the first soldiers did not leave <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, Kansas until 18 July 1857. The troops were originally to be led by Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_S._Harney" title="William S. Harney">William S. Harney</a>. However, affairs in "<a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>" forced Harney to remain behind to deal with skirmishes between pro-slavery and <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">free-soiler</a> militants. The Expedition's cavalry, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)">2nd Dragoons</a>, was kept in Kansas for the same reason. Because of Harney's unavailability, Col. Edmund Alexander was charged with the first detachment of troops headed for Utah. However, overall command was assigned to Col. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert Sidney Johnston</a> who did not leave Kansas until much later. As it was, July was already far into the campaigning season, and the army and their supply train were unprepared for winter in the Rocky Mountains. The army was not given instructions on how to react in case of resistance. </p><p>The Mormons' lack of information on the army's mission created apprehension<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and led to their making defensive preparations. While rumors spread during the spring that an army was coming to Utah and that Brigham Young had been replaced as governor, this was not confirmed until late July. Mormon mail contractors, including <a href="/wiki/Porter_Rockwell" title="Porter Rockwell">Porter Rockwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_O._Smoot" title="Abraham O. Smoot">Abraham O. Smoot</a>, received word in Missouri that their contract was canceled<sup id="cite_ref-Young_1857_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_1857-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the Army was on the move. The men quickly returned to Salt Lake City and notified Brigham Young that U.S. Army units were marching on the Mormons. Young announced the approach of the army to a large group of Latter-day Saints gathered in <a href="/wiki/Big_Cottonwood_Canyon" title="Big Cottonwood Canyon">Big Cottonwood Canyon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day_(Utah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Day (Utah)">Pioneer Day</a> celebrations on 24 July.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_1857_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_1857-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young disagreed with Buchanan's choices for governor of the territory. Although Young's secular position simplified his administration of the Territory, he believed his religious authority was more important among a nearly homogeneous population of Mormons.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young and the Mormon community feared renewed persecution and possibly annihilation by a large body of federal troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_1857_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_1857-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mormons remembered previous conflicts when they had lived near numerous non-Mormons. In 1838, they had been driven from Missouri into Illinois by direction of the Governor of Missouri who issued the infamous <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Executive_Order_44" title="Missouri Executive Order 44">Extermination Order</a>. Mormons' state of mind was further alarmed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> when they learned in late June 1857 that LDS Apostle <a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Pratt" title="Parley P. Pratt">Parley P. Pratt</a> had recently been murdered while serving a mission in Arkansas. </p><p>Fearing the worst, Young ordered residents throughout Utah territory to prepare for evacuation, making plans to burn their homes and property and to stockpile food and stock feed. Guns were manufactured and ammunition was cast. Mormon colonists in small outlying communities in the <a href="/wiki/Carson_Pass" title="Carson Pass">Carson Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino, California</a> were ordered to leave their homes to consolidate with the main body of Latter-day Saints in Northern and Central Utah. All LDS missionaries serving in the United States and Europe were recalled. Young also sent <a href="/wiki/George_A._Smith" title="George A. Smith">George A. Smith</a> to the settlements of southern Utah to prepare them for action. Young's strategies to defend the Saints vacillated between all-out war, a more limited confrontation, and retreat. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanosh_(Pahvant).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kanosh_%28Pahvant%29.jpg/175px-Kanosh_%28Pahvant%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kanosh_%28Pahvant%29.jpg/263px-Kanosh_%28Pahvant%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kanosh_%28Pahvant%29.jpg/350px-Kanosh_%28Pahvant%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanosh_(Pahvant_Chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanosh (Pahvant Chief)">Kanosh</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Ute_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Tribe">Ute</a> chief and Mormon convert. He met with Brigham Young on September 1, 1857 along with other Indian leaders.</figcaption></figure> <p>An alliance with the Indians was central to Young's strategy for war, although his relations with them had been strained since the settlers' arrival in 1847. Young had generally adopted a policy of conversion and conciliation towards native tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Mormon leaders encouraged intermarriage with the Indians so that the two peoples might "unite together" and their "interests become one."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bannock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bannock.jpg/220px-Bannock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bannock.jpg/330px-Bannock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bannock.jpg/440px-Bannock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (tribe)">Bannock</a> tribe. The Bannock led a raid on the Latter-day Saint mission of Fort Limhi in February 1858.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 August-1 September, Young met with Indian delegations and gave them permission to take all of the livestock then on the northern and southern trails into California (the Fancher Party was at that time on the southern trail).<sup id="cite_ref-Dinnick_Huntington_Diary_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinnick_Huntington_Diary-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meeting may have been Young's attempt to win Indian support against the United States and refrain from raids against Mormon settlements. In sermons on 16 August, and again one month later, Young publicly urged the emigrant wagon trains to keep away from the Territory. Despite Young's efforts, Indians attacked Mormon settlements during the course of the Utah War, including a raid on Fort Limhi on the <a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_(Idaho)" title="Salmon River (Idaho)">Salmon River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> in February 1858 and attacks in <a href="/wiki/Tooele_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooele County">Tooele County</a> just west of Great Salt Lake City. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stewart_Van_Vliet_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Stewart_Van_Vliet_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Stewart_Van_Vliet_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Stewart_Van_Vliet_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Stewart_Van_Vliet_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Stewart_Van_Vliet_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Stewart_Van_Vliet_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2106" data-file-height="2579" /></a><figcaption>Major General <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Van_Vliet" title="Stewart Van Vliet">Stewart Van Vliet</a> of the U.S. Army.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early August, Young re-activated the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion" title="Nauvoo Legion">Nauvoo Legion</a>. This was the Mormon militia created during <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Mormon_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Mormon War">the conflict in Illinois</a>. The Nauvoo Legion was under the command of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Wells" title="Daniel H. Wells">Daniel H. Wells</a> and consisted of all able-bodied men between 15 and 60. Young ordered the Legion to take delaying actions, essentially harassing federal troops. He planned to buy time for the Mormon settlements to prepare for either battle or evacuation, and create a window for negotiations with the Buchanan Administration. Thus, in mid-August, militia Colonel <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Burton" title="Robert T. Burton">Robert T. Burton</a> and a reconnaissance unit were sent east from Salt Lake City with orders to observe the oncoming American regiments and protect LDS emigrants traveling on the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon trail">Mormon trail</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Captain_Van_Vliet">Captain Van Vliet</h4></div> <p>On 18 July 1857, U.S. Army Captain <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Van_Vliet" title="Stewart Van Vliet">Stewart Van Vliet</a>, an assistant quartermaster, and a small escort were ordered to proceed directly from Kansas to Salt Lake City, ahead of the main body of troops. Van Vliet carried a letter to Young from General Harney ordering Young to make arrangements for the citizens of Utah to accommodate and supply the troops once they arrived. However, Harney's letter did not mention that Young had been replaced as governor, nor did it detail what the mission of the troops would be once they arrived and these omissions sparked even greater distrust among the Saints.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his journey, reports reached Van Vliet that his company might be in danger from Mormon raiders on the trail. The Captain therefore left his escort and proceeded alone.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Vliet arrived in Salt Lake City on 8 September. Historian <a href="/wiki/Harold_Schindler" title="Harold Schindler">Harold Schindler</a> states that his mission was to contact Governor Young and inform him of the expedition's mission: to escort the new appointees, to act as a <a href="/wiki/Posse_comitatus_(common_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posse comitatus (common law)">posse comitatus</a> and to establish at least two and perhaps three new U.S. Army camps in Utah.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversing with Van Vliet, Young denied complicity in the destruction of the law offices of U.S. Federal Judge Stiles and expressed concern that he (Young) might suffer the same fate as the previous Mormon leader, Joseph Smith, to which Van Vliet replied, "I do not think it is the intention of the government to arrest you," said Van Vliet, "but to install a new governor of the territory".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Vliet's instructions were to buy provisions for the troops and to inform the people of Utah that the troops would only be employed as a posse comitatus when called on by the civil authority to aid in the execution of the laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan1857SotU_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan1857SotU-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Vliet's arrival in Salt Lake City was welcomed cautiously by the Mormon leadership. Van Vliet had been previously known by the Latter-day Saints in Iowa, and they trusted and respected him. However, he found the residents of Utah determined to defend themselves. He interviewed leaders and townspeople and <i>"...attended Sunday services, heard emotional speeches, and saw the Saints raise their hands in a unanimous resolution to guard against any 'invader.'" </i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Vliet found it impossible to persuade resentful Mormon leaders that the Army had peaceful intentions. He quickly recognized that supplies or accommodations for the Army would not be forthcoming. But Young told Van Vliet that the Mormons did not desire war, and "<i>if we can keep the peace for this winter I do think there will be something turned up that may save the shedding of blood</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, marking a change from earlier pronouncements, Young declared that under threat from an approaching army he would not allow the new governor and federal officers to enter Utah.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Van Vliet told Young that he believed that the Mormons "<i>have been lied about the worst of any people I ever saw</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promised to stop the Utah Expedition on his own authority, and on September 14 he returned east through the Mormon fortifications then being built in Echo Canyon (<i>see below</i>). </p><p>Upon returning to the main body of the army, Van Vliet reported that the Latter-day Saints would not resort to actual hostilities, but would seek to delay the troops in every way possible. He also reported that they were ready to burn their homes and destroy their crops, and that the route through Echo Canyon would be a death trap for a large body of troops. Van Vliet continued on to Washington, D.C. in company with Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_M._Bernhisel" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Bernhisel">John M. Bernhisel</a>, Utah Territory's delegate to Congress. There, Van Vliet reported on the situation in the west and became an advocate for the Latter-day Saints and the end of the Utah War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martial_law">Martial law</h4></div> <p>As early as 5 August, Young had decided to declare <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> throughout the Territory and a document was printed to that effect.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historians question the intent of this proclamation as it was never widely circulated, if at all, and while copies of the document exist, there is no mention of it in any contemporary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One commentary opines that "during most of August the Mormon leaders had not precisely focused on a strategy for dealing with the approaching army; and after the first proclamation was struck off, they likely had second thoughts about a direct confrontation with the federal government. On August 29, Brigham Young instructed Daniel H. Wells to draft a second proclamation of martial law."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 September, the day after Van Vliet left Salt Lake City, Young publicly declared martial law in Utah with a document almost identical to that printed in early August. This second proclamation received wide circulation throughout the Territory and was delivered by messenger to Col. Alexander with the approaching army. The most important provision forbade "<i>all armed forces of every description from coming into this Territory, under any pretense whatsoever</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-procHafen_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-procHafen-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also commanded that "<i>all the forces in said Territory hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's notice to repel any and all such invasion</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-procHafen_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-procHafen-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But more important to California and Oregon bound travelers was the third section that stated "<i>Martial law is hereby declared to exist in this Territory...and no person shall be allowed to pass or repass into, through or from this territory without a permit from the proper officer</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-procHafen_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-procHafen-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contact">Contact</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSCN6109_pacificspringsandsouthpass_e_600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DSCN6109_pacificspringsandsouthpass_e_600.jpg/220px-DSCN6109_pacificspringsandsouthpass_e_600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DSCN6109_pacificspringsandsouthpass_e_600.jpg/330px-DSCN6109_pacificspringsandsouthpass_e_600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DSCN6109_pacificspringsandsouthpass_e_600.jpg/440px-DSCN6109_pacificspringsandsouthpass_e_600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Pass_(Wyoming)" title="South Pass (Wyoming)">South Pass</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">high desert</a> of southwestern <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> held little cover for either the U.S. army or the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion" title="Nauvoo Legion">Nauvoo Legion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Echo_Canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Echo_Canyon.jpg/220px-Echo_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Echo_Canyon.jpg/330px-Echo_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Echo_Canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Echo Canyon formed the most direct route into the Salt Lake Valley. The Nauvoo Legion fortified the narrowest sections of the canyon in case the army attempted to break through. There is disagreement as to how effective their preparations would have been had battle occurred.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nauvoo Legion finally made contact with federal troops in late September just west of <a href="/wiki/South_Pass_(Wyoming)" title="South Pass (Wyoming)">South Pass</a>. The militia immediately began to burn grass along the trail and stampede the army's cattle. In early October, Legion members burned down <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</a> lest it fall into the hands of the army. A few days later, three large Army supply trains that were trailing the main army detachments were burned by Mormon cavalry led by <a href="/wiki/Lot_Smith" title="Lot Smith">Lot Smith</a>. Associated horses and cattle were "liberated" from the supply trains and taken west by the militia.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few if any shots were fired in these exchanges, and the Army's lack of cavalry left them more or less open to Mormon raids. However, prisoners were captured by both sides, and the army began to grow weary of the constant Mormon harassment throughout the fall. At one point, Colonel Alexander mounted roughly 100 men on army mules to combat the Mormon militia. In the early morning of 15 October, this "jackass cavalry" had a run-in with Lot Smith's command and fired over 30 bullets at the Mormons from 150 yards. No one was killed, but one Mormon took a bullet through his hat band, and one horse was grazed.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, through October and November, between 1,200 and 2,000 militiamen were stationed in Echo Canyon and Weber Canyon. These two narrow passes lead into the Salt Lake Valley, and provided the easiest access to the populated areas of northern Utah. Dealing with a heavy snowfall and intense cold, the Mormon men built fortifications, dug rifle pits and dammed streams and rivers in preparation for a possible battle either that fall or the following spring. Several thousand more militiamen prepared their families for evacuation and underwent military training. </p><p>Colonel Alexander, whom his troops called "old granny",<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100">: 100 </span></sup> decided not to enter Utah through Echo Canyon due to Van Vliet's report, news of the Mormon fortifications and a propaganda campaign by Brigham Young. But determined to fulfill his orders to enter the Territory, he decided to move around the Mormon defenses and enter Utah from the north along the <a href="/wiki/Bear_River_(Great_Salt_Lake)" title="Bear River (Great Salt Lake)">Bear River</a>. However, Alexander's force was stopped by a heavy blizzard in late October. Colonel Johnston took command of the combined U.S. forces in early November, but by this time the command was hampered by a lack of supplies, animals, and the early onset of winter. Johnston was a more aggressive commander than Alexander but this predicament rendered him unable to immediately attack through Echo Canyon into Utah. Instead, he settled his troops into ill-equipped winter camps designated Camp Scott and Eckelsville, near the burned-out remains of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</a>, now in the state of Wyoming. Johnston was soon joined by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)">2nd Dragoons</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_St._George_Cooke" title="Philip St. George Cooke">Philip St. George Cooke</a>, who had accompanied <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cumming_(governor)" title="Alfred Cumming (governor)">Alfred Cumming</a>, Utah's new governor, and a roster of other federal officials from Fort Leavenworth. However, they too were critically short of horses and supplies. On 21 November, Cumming sent a proclamation to the citizens of Utah declaring them to be in rebellion, and soon after, a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> was formed at Camp Scott, which indicted two Mormon prisoners, Brigham Young, and over 60 other members of the Mormon hierarchy for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. Johnston awaited resupply and reinforcement and prepared to attack the Mormon positions after the spring thaw. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_1857_–_March_1858:_winter_intermission"><span id="December_1857_.E2.80.93_March_1858:_winter_intermission"></span>December 1857 – March 1858: winter intermission</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soldiers_advance_up_the_Colorado_River">Soldiers advance up the Colorado River</h4></div> <p>During this winter season, Lt. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Christmas_Ives" title="Joseph Christmas Ives">Joseph Christmas Ives</a> was embarking on an assigned task of exploring and surveying the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> by steamship to determine the extent of the river's navigability. While steaming upstream in the Explorer from the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Fort_Yuma" title="Fort Yuma">Fort Yuma</a> in early January 1858, Ives received two hastily written dispatches from his commanding officer informing him of the outbreak of the Mormon War. These letters reported that Mormons were already engaged in hostilities with United States Army forces who were attempting to enter Utah from the east, and Ives's expedition took on a new meaning. The War Department was now considering launching a second front in Utah via the Colorado. Ives, who had anticipated a leisurely ascent of the river, was instructed to disregard his original orders. He was now ordered to ascend the Colorado to the head of navigation with utmost speed to determine the feasibility of transporting troops and war materiel up the Colorado by steamer to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_River" title="Virgin River">Virgin River</a>, and thence overland to Utah. It was also rumored in Washington that Mormons might try to retreat down the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>. An army advancing up the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> would cut off this escape route. Ives was instructed to proceed with extreme caution, since treacherous Mormons might already be lurking on the Colorado above Yuma.<sup id="cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvesOnTheColorado-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/George_Alonzo_Johnson" title="George Alonzo Johnson">George Alonzo Johnson</a>, a merchant who had an established business transporting goods by steamship between the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Yuma" title="Fort Yuma">Fort Yuma</a>, was upset that he had not been awarded command of the expedition's original exploratory mission. When Ives was chosen instead, he used the rumors of Indian unrest and purported Mormon designs on the Colorado river and successfully organized a second armed expedition in competition with Ives. He obtained an escort of soldiers commanded by Lt. James A. White from Fort Yuma's acting commander, Lt. A. A. Winder. On 31 December 1857, several days before Ives's arrival at Fort Yuma, Johnson's party steamed upstream from Yuma aboard the steamer "General Jesup".<sup id="cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvesOnTheColorado-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ives arrived at Yuma on the evening of 5 January 1858. Reacting to Johnson's departure and urgent dispatches from Washington, Ives had taken an overland shortcut on horseback in order to reorganize his command prior to the steamer's arrival and to facilitate a rapid ascent to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_River" title="Virgin River">Virgin River</a> as commanded. Ives' party steamed up the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> with frequent contact with <a href="/wiki/Mojave_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojave people">Mojaves</a> and other natives who traded with them and were allowed to board their vessel. Determining that they could not ascend the river beyond Black Canyon they turned back downstream. During their descent, the Mojave informed Ives that Mormons had recently been among the Mojaves and were inciting unrest by intimating that the real purpose of the river expedition was to steal Indian lands.<sup id="cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvesOnTheColorado-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon hearing of Ives's steamer on the Colorado, Mormons feared that Ives might be bringing an army to Utah from the South. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hamblin" title="Jacob Hamblin">Jacob Hamblin</a>, famed Mormon missionary of the Southwest, whose activities including establishing and maintaining Mormon-Indian alliances along the Colorado, set out in March with three other companions from Las Vegas to learn more about Ives's intentions. From excited Indians they learned of the approach of an "army" marching overland from Yuma - which in reality was Ives's packtrain.<sup id="cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvesOnTheColorado-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamblin's group made direct contact with Ives expedition by sending Thaïes Haskell, to hail the steamer's crew from the bank while the other Mormons remained in hiding. He was to pass himself off as a renegade from Utah and then learn as much as possible about Ives's intentions; however, his guise failed since one of Ives's men who had been to Utah claimed to recognize him as a Mormon bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvesOnTheColorado-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The journals of members of the Ives expedition as well as the Mormons from Hamblin's group attest to the tension and war hysteria among both the US Army and the Mormons in these remote territories.<sup id="cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvesOnTheColorado-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thomas_L._Kane">Thomas L. Kane</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TLKane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/TLKane.jpg/175px-TLKane.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/TLKane.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Kane" title="Thomas L. Kane">Thomas L. Kane</a> in the uniform of a Union lieutenant colonel in 1861. He received a brevet promotion to major general in 1865.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fortunately, the lull in hostilities during the winter provided an opportunity for negotiations, and direct confrontation was avoided. As early as August 1857, Brigham Young had written to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Kane" title="Thomas L. Kane">Thomas L. Kane</a> of Pennsylvania asking for help. Kane was a man of some political prominence who had been helpful to the Mormons in their westward migration and later political controversies. In December, Kane contacted President Buchanan and offered to mediate between the Mormons and the federal government. In Buchanan's <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address earlier in the month, he had taken a hard stand against the Mormon rebellion, and had actually asked Congress to enlarge the size of the regular army to deal with the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan1857SotU_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan1857SotU-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in his conversation with Kane, Buchanan worried that the Mormons might destroy Johnston's Army at severe political cost to himself, and stated that he would pardon the Latter-day Saints for their actions if they would submit to government authority. He therefore granted Kane unofficial permission to attempt mediation, although he held little hope for the success of negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon approval of his mission by the President, Kane immediately started for Utah. During the heavy winter of 1857–1858, he traveled under the alias "Dr. Osborne" over 3,000+ miles from the East coast to Utah, first by ship to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, crossing the isthmus via the newly constructed (1855) <a href="/wiki/Panama_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Railway">Panama Railway</a>, and then taking a second ship to San Francisco. Upon learning that the Sierra passes were blocked for the winter, he immediately took a ship to San Pedro, the unimproved harbor for what is now Los Angeles. He was met there by Mormons who took him overland through San Bernardino and Las Vegas, to Salt Lake City on the strenuous southern branch of the <a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a>, arriving in February 1858. </p><p>Details of the negotiations between Kane and Young are unfortunately unclear. It seems that Kane successfully convinced Young to accept Buchanan's appointment of Cumming as Territorial governor, although Young had expressed his willingness to accept such terms at the very beginning of the crisis. It is uncertain if Kane was able to convince Young at this time to allow the army into Utah. However, in early March Kane traveled to the Johnston's winter base at Fort Bridger. Although his relationship with Colonel Johnston was poor, he eventually persuaded Governor Cumming to travel to Salt Lake City without his military escort under guarantee of safe conduct. As they descended Echo Canyon to Salt Lake city, Kane and the Mormon militia men successfully fooled Cumming as to the size of the armed contingent lining the canyon, something of which Cumming later complained bitterly. Cumming was courteously received by Young and the Utah citizenry in mid-April, and was shortly installed in his new office. Cumming thereafter became a moderate voice, and opposed the hard-line against the Mormons proposed by Colonel Johnston and other federal officials still at Camp Scott. Kane left Utah Territory for Washington, D.C. in May to report to President Buchanan on the results of his mission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–July_1858:_resolution"><span id="April.E2.80.93July_1858:_resolution"></span>April–July 1858: resolution</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Move_south">Move south</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BitterrootValleyMT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BitterrootValleyMT.jpg/220px-BitterrootValleyMT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BitterrootValleyMT.jpg/330px-BitterrootValleyMT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BitterrootValleyMT.jpg/440px-BitterrootValleyMT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Brigham Young intended to evacuate the Latter-day Saints to the <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Valley" title="Bitterroot Valley">Bitterroot Valley</a>, which is now in Montana. He believed conditions there were sufficient for the Mormons to live, but difficult enough that it would not be coveted by anyone else. However, circumstances necessitated a "Move South" rather than a "Move North."</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite Thomas Kane's successful mission, tension continued throughout the spring and summer of 1858. Young was willing to support Cumming as governor, but he still feared persecution and violence if the army entered Utah. Indeed, as the snows melted, approximately 3,000 additional U.S. Army reinforcements set out on the westward trails to resupply and strengthen the Army's presence. </p><p>In Utah, the Nauvoo Legion was bolstered as Mormon communities were asked to supply and equip an additional thousand volunteers to be placed in the over one hundred miles of mountains that separated Camp Scott and Great Salt Lake City. Nevertheless, by the end of the winter Young had decided to enforce his <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">"Sevastopol Policy"</a>, a plan to evacuate the Territory and burn it to the ground rather than fight the army openly. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> and the British government feared that the Mormons planned to seek refuge on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> off the coast of British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Bigler has shown that Young originally intended this evacuation to go northwards toward the <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Valley" title="Bitterroot Valley">Bitterroot Valley</a> in present day Montana. However, the <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (tribe)">Bannock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> raid against Fort Limhi in February 1858 blocked this northern retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-David_L._Bigler_1858_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_L._Bigler_1858-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, at the end of March 1858, settlers in the northern counties of Utah including <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> boarded up their homes and farms and began to move south, leaving small groups of men and boys behind to burn the settlements if necessary. As early as February 1858, Young had sent parties to explore the White Mountains on what is now the Utah/<a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> border where, he erroneously believed, there were valleys that could comfortably harbor up to 100,000 individuals. Residents of Utah County just south of Salt Lake were asked to build and maintain roads and to help the incoming inhabitants of the northern communities. Mormon Elias Blackburn recorded in his journal, <i>The roads are crowded with the Saints moving south. ...Very busy dealing out provisions to the public hands. I am feeding 100 men, all hard at work.</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after Alfred Cumming was installed as governor in mid-April, the "Move South" continued unabated. The movement may have included the relocation of nearly 30,000 people between March and July. Historians Allen and Leonard write: </p> <blockquote><p>It was an extraordinary operation. As the Saints moved south they cached all the stone cut for the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Temple" title="Salt Lake Temple">Salt Lake Temple</a> and covered the foundations to make it resemble a plowed field. They boxed and carried with them twenty thousand bushels of <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithing</a> grain, as well as machinery, equipment, and all the Church records and books. The sight of thirty thousand people moving south was awesome, and the amazed Governor Cumming did all he could to persuade them to return to their homes. Brigham Young replied that if the troops were withdrawn from the territory, the people would stop moving....<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peace_Commission">Peace Commission</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SHouston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SHouston.jpg/175px-SHouston.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SHouston.jpg/263px-SHouston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SHouston.jpg/350px-SHouston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> of Texas strenuously opposed the Utah Expedition.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the meantime, President Buchanan had come under considerable pressure from Congress to end the crisis. In February 1858, Senator <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> of Texas stated that a war against the Mormons would be </p> <blockquote><p> ... one of the most fearful calamities that has befallen this country, from its inception to the present moment. I deprecate it as an intolerable evil. I am satisfied that the Executive has not had the information he ought to have had on this subject before making such a movement as he has directed to be made.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 1 April, Senator <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a> of Pennsylvania declared that he would support a bill to authorize volunteers to fight in Utah and other parts of the frontier only because </p> <blockquote><p>...this war is a war of the Administration; and I desire that the responsibility of it shall be on the Administration. I have no faith in their ability to conduct it; and I believe that before a year has passed over it will be evident to every citizen of the country that they have committed a great blunder...<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Therefore in April, the President sent an official peace commission to Utah consisting of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_McCulloch" title="Benjamin McCulloch">Benjamin McCulloch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Powell" title="Lazarus Powell">Lazarus Powell</a>, which arrived in June. The commission offered a free pardon to the Mormons for any acts incident to the conflict if they would submit to government authority. This included permitting Johnston's Army into the Territory. The commissioners further assured that the government would not interfere with their religion. They also hinted that once the new governor was installed and the laws yielded to, "<i>a necessity will no longer exist to retain any portion of the army in the Territory, except what may be required to keep the Indians in check and to secure the passage of emigrants to California</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While all these private assurances were inducements for the Latter-day Saints to bend to federal will, Buchanan maintained a tougher stance in his public statements. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>PROCLAMATION ON THE REBELLION IN UTAH </p><dl><dd>...Now, therefore I, James Buchanan, President of the United States of America, have thought proper to issue this, my Proclamation, enjoining upon all public officers in the Territory of Utah to be diligent and faithful, to the full extent of the power, in the execution of the laws; commanding all citizens of the United States in the said Territory to aid and assist the officers in the performance of their duties; offering the inhabitants of Utah, who shall submit to the laws, a free pardon for seditions and treasons heretofore by them committed; warning those who shall persist, after notice of this proclamation, in the present rebellion against the United States, that they must expect no further leniency, but look to be rigorously dealt with according to their desserts; and declaring that the military forces now in Utah, and hereafter to be sent there, will not be withdrawn until the inhabitants of that Territory shall manifest a proper sense of the duty which they owe to this government.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>James Buchanan April 6, 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></blockquote> <p>Brigham Young accepted Buchanan's terms and pardon, although he denied Utah had ever rebelled against the United States. Buchanan's proclamation was also unpopular among the Mormon rank and file. Arthur P. Welchman, a member of a company of missionaries that was recalled due to the war, wrote of the document: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_St._George_Cooke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Philip_St._George_Cooke.jpg/175px-Philip_St._George_Cooke.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Philip_St._George_Cooke.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Philip_St._George_Cooke" title="Philip St. George Cooke">Philip St. George Cooke</a> had led the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a> and had an abiding respect for the Latter-day Saints.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CFSmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CFSmith.jpg/175px-CFSmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/CFSmith.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferguson_Smith" title="Charles Ferguson Smith">Charles Ferguson Smith</a> relieved General Johnston of the command of the Department of Utah in 1860.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>June – On the head-waters of the Sweet-Water, met Grosebecks' camp going to Platt Bridge for a train of goods. By these Brethren we had a proclamation from President Buchannan (sic) to the Inhabitants of Utah read to us. It was so full of lies, and showed so much meanness, that it elicited three groans from the company.</p></blockquote> <p>On 19 June, a newly arrived reporter for the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i> somewhat inaccurately wrote, "Thus was peace made – thus was ended the 'Mormon war', which...may be thus historisized: – Killed, none; wounded, none; fooled, everybody."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of June 1858, the Army troops under General Johnston entered the Salt Lake Valley unhindered. Riding through the still empty streets of Salt Lake City on June 26, an embittered Johnston was heard to say that he would have given "<i>his plantation for a chance to bombard the city for fifteen minutes</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferguson_Smith" title="Charles Ferguson Smith">Charles Ferguson Smith</a> stated that he "<i>did not care a damm who heard him; he would like to see every dammed Mormon hung by the neck.</i>" <a href="/wiki/Philip_St._George_Cooke" title="Philip St. George Cooke">Philip St. George Cooke</a>, who had led the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a>, merely bared his head in respect. </p><p>In early July, the Mormons from the northern settlements began to return to their homes after it was clear that no more reinforcements were being sent into Utah from either the east or west. Johnston's Army settled in <a href="/wiki/Camp_Floyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Floyd">Camp Floyd</a>, in a valley 50 miles southwest of Salt Lake City and separated from Provo (the second-largest city in the territory) by <a href="/wiki/Utah_Lake" title="Utah Lake">Utah Lake</a> and a small range of mountains. This remote location, neighbor only to a few farms and ranches, was chosen to decrease friction between the troops and the Mormons. The Army and the Mormons continued in a fragile co-existence until the troops left in 1861 when called back east for service in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2></div> <p>Although Eastern editors continued to condemn the Mormons' religious beliefs and practices, they praised their heroism in the face of military threat. By the time Governor Cumming was securely placed in office, the Utah War had become an embarrassment for President Buchanan. Called 'Buchanan's Blunder' by elements of the national press,<sup id="cite_ref-Blunder_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunder-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the President was criticized for: </p> <ul><li>failing to officially notify Governor Young about his replacement,</li> <li>incurring the expense of sending troops without investigating the reports on Utah's disloyalty to the United States,</li> <li>dispatching the expedition late in the season, and</li> <li>failing to provide an adequate resupply train for the winter.</li></ul> <p>However, the people of Utah lost much during the brief period of conflict. Largely due to their evacuation, the settlers' livelihoods and economic well-being were seriously impacted for at least that year and perhaps longer. Field crops had been ignored for most of the two-month-long planting season and livestock herds had been culled for the journey. A year's worth of work improving their living conditions had essentially been lost. Some poverty would be widespread in the territory for several years. A number of Mormon settlements in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, Nevada and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> would not be resettled for decades and some were permanently abandoned. </p><p>In addition, Utah was under nominal military occupation. Historian <a href="/wiki/Leonard_J._Arrington" title="Leonard J. Arrington">Leonard J. Arrington</a> noted that "the cream of the United States Army" reviled the Mormon settlers. Relations between the troops and their commanders with the Mormons were often tense. Fortunately, the near isolation of Camp Floyd kept interaction to a minimum, as troops stayed on or near their base. Settlers living near the 7,000 troops quartered in Cedar Valley did sell the troops lumber for building construction, farm produce and manufactured goods. When the army finally abandoned Camp Floyd in 1861 at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, surplus goods worth an estimated four million dollars were auctioned off for a fraction of their value. However, in 1862, new troops arrived and built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Douglas,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Douglas, Utah">Fort Douglas</a> in the foothills east of Salt Lake City. </p><p>One consequence of the Utah War was the creation of the famous <a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a>. During the war, <a href="/wiki/Lot_Smith" title="Lot Smith">Lot Smith</a> and the Nauvoo Legion burned roughly 52 wagons belonging to outfitters <a href="/wiki/Russell,_Majors_and_Waddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell, Majors and Waddell">Russell, Majors and Waddell</a>. The government never reimbursed the outfitters for these losses, and in 1860 they formed the Pony Express to earn a government mail contract to keep them from falling into bankruptcy. </p><p>In the aftermath of the Utah War, Republicans won control of the House of Representatives in 1858. But every significant bill that they passed fell before the votes of southern Democratic Senators or suffered a presidential veto. The federal government remained stalemated and little could be done. By 1860, sectional strife split the Democratic Party into northern and southern wings, indirectly leading to the election of Republican <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in 1860. <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a>, the defense of which had been a major cause of the Utah Expedition, was finally repudiated when the resolution of the slavery question sparked the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Yet with the start of the Civil War, Republican majorities were able to pass legislation meant to curb the Mormon practice of polygamy such as the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act" title="Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act">Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act</a> of 1862. However, President Abraham Lincoln did not enforce these laws; instead Lincoln gave Brigham Young <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tacit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tacit">tacit</a> permission to ignore the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act in exchange for not becoming involved with the American Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-Zion-courts_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zion-courts-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Edward_Connor" title="Patrick Edward Connor">Patrick Edward Connor</a>, commanding officer of the federal forces garrisoned at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Douglas,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Douglas, Utah">Fort Douglas, Utah</a> beginning in 1862 was explicitly instructed to not confront the Mormons.<sup id="cite_ref-Zion-courts_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zion-courts-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1863, Judge Kinney issued a writ against Young for violation of the Suppression of Polygamy Act. The writ was served by the United States marshal and the prisoner promptly appeared at the state-house where an investigation was held. A $2,000 bail bond was posted<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> awaiting the decision of the grand jury.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The all Mormon grand jury refused an indictment citing a lack of evidence for Young's marriage to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brigham_Young%27s_wives" title="List of Brigham Young's wives">Amelia Folsom</a> in January of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, the Utah War started a slow decline for Mormon isolation and power in Utah. The Latter-day Saints lost control of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a> and the federal district courts, but maintained political authority in the Territorial Legislature and the powerful <a href="/wiki/Probate_court" title="Probate court">probate courts</a>. In 1869, the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental Railroad">Transcontinental Railroad</a> was completed, and soon large numbers of "<a href="/wiki/Gentile#LDS_Church_usage" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>" arrived in Utah to stay. Despite this, complete federal dominance was slow in coming. Conflict between the Mormons and the federal government, particularly over the issue of polygamy, would continue for nearly 40 years before Utah was finally made a state in 1896, and was perhaps not fully resolved until the <a href="/wiki/Smoot_Hearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoot Hearings">Smoot Hearings</a> of 1904–1907. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div> <ul><li>24 July 1847: <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> Pioneers found <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City</a> as the first city of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a>.</li> <li>2 February 1848: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> is signed by the U.S. and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, granting the region of Deseret to the U.S.</li> <li>9 September 1850: The <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Great Compromise of 1850</a> is signed into law, creating the Utah Territory and appointing Brigham Young governor.</li> <li>4 March 1857: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> takes office as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>.</li> <li>April 1857: Troops are mobilized for the Utah campaign (<a href="#CITEREFPollMacKinnon1994">Poll & MacKinnon 1994</a>, p. 30). The press in the Eastern U.S. begins to speculate on who would be appointed to replace Brigham Young.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup></li> <li>28 May 1857: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, General-in-Chief of the U.S. Army, announces the creation of the Military Department of Utah, to be assembled at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a> (<a href="#CITEREFPollMacKinnon1994">Poll & MacKinnon 1994</a>, p. 30).</li> <li>29 June 1857: U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> declares Utah in rebellion against the U.S. government, and mobilizes a regiment of the U.S. army, initially led by Col. Edmund Alexander.</li> <li>5 July 1857: Brigham Young refers in a sermon to "rumors" that the U.S. is sending 1,500-2,000 troops into the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>, and warns them, possibly sarcastically, that if people enter the territory and don't "behave themselves", they will be subject to a "Vigilance Committee", and the <a href="/wiki/Danites" class="mw-redirect" title="Danites">Danites</a> will "bite their heels" (<a href="#CITEREFYoung1857a">Young 1857a</a>, p. 5).</li> <li>13 July 1857: President Buchanan appoints <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cumming_(governor)" title="Alfred Cumming (governor)">Alfred Cumming</a> governor of Utah, and directs him to accompany the military forces into Utah (<a href="#CITEREFPollMacKinnon1994">Poll & MacKinnon 1994</a>, p. 30).</li> <li>18 July 1857: Two Mormons, <a href="/wiki/Porter_Rockwell" title="Porter Rockwell">Porter Rockwell</a> and Abraham Owen Smoot, learn of Buchanan's declaration in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City Metropolitan Area">Kansas City</a> while on a mail run. On the same day, Col. Alexander and his troops begin the journey to Utah.</li> <li>23 July 1857: Rockwell and Smoot arrive in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City</a> and inform <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> of the government's plans.</li> <li>26 July 1857: <a href="/wiki/Heber_C._Kimball" title="Heber C. Kimball">Heber C. Kimball</a> refers to 2,500 approaching troops and states that if somehow their wagons and cattle arrive in Utah without the troops, it would be "a mighty help to us" (<a href="#CITEREFKimball1857">Kimball 1857</a>, p. 94). Jokingly, he said he had "wives enough to whip out the United States" (<a href="#CITEREFKimball1857">Kimball 1857</a>, p. 95).</li> <li>2 August 1857: Brigham Young publicly discusses the possible <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> of the Mormon theocracy from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the establishment of an independent kingdom (<a href="#CITEREFYoung1857b">Young 1857b</a>, p. 98). Heber C. Kimball issues a curse upon President Buchanan and predicts his untimely death (JD 5:129).</li> <li>5 August 1857: Brigham Young declares martial law (<a href="#CITEREFYoung1857c">Young 1857c</a>). This date is somewhat anomalous however. No evidence supports the claim that this declaration ever circulated during August. However, a slightly different declaration of martial law was issued and received wide circulation on September 15.</li> <li>28 August 1857: Col. Johnston is ordered to replace Gen. Harney as commander of the U.S. troops.</li> <li>30 August 1857: Brigham Young discusses the possible secession of the Mormon "Kingdom of God" from the United States, and announces: "We must have the kingdom of God, or nothing. We are not to be overthrown." (JD 5:168).</li> <li>7 September 1857: Mountain Meadows Attack. An emigrant wagon train of non-Mormons is attacked and besieged by a mixed contingent of <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> militia dressed as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Paiute</a> Indians.</li> <li>11 September 1857: In the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_Massacre" title="Mountain Meadows Massacre">Mountain Meadows Massacre</a>, a group of Mormons under <a href="/wiki/John_D._Lee" title="John D. Lee">John D. Lee</a>, with a white flag, lure out the survivors, and kill nearly all of them.</li> <li>15 September 1857: <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> calls out the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion" title="Nauvoo Legion">Nauvoo Legion</a> to fight the U.S. Troops if they enter Utah Territory.</li> <li>18 September 1857: Col. Johnston and his troops leave <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and are headed for <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah</a>.</li> <li>5 October 1857: <a href="/wiki/Lot_Smith" title="Lot Smith">Lot Smith</a> leads the Nauvoo Legion on a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a>-style attack on the provision wagons of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. Fifty-two wagons belonging to outfitters <a href="/wiki/Russell,_Majors_and_Waddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell, Majors and Waddell">Russell, Majors and Waddell</a> are burned. The government never reimburses the outfitters and in 1860 they form the <a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a> to earn a government mail contract to keep them from falling into bankruptcy.</li> <li>3 November 1857: Col. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert Sidney Johnston</a> catches up with Col. Alexander and replaces him as commander. Johnston orders the regiment to spend the winter in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</a> and to delay the move to Salt Lake City until next spring.</li> <li>19 December 1857: President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> submits the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cumming_(governor)" title="Alfred Cumming (governor)">Alfred Cumming</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBuchanan1857">Buchanan 1857</a>).</li> <li>23 March 1858: <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> implements a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy. All faithful are ordered to move south to <a href="/wiki/Provo,_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo</a> and to prepare their homes in Salt Lake City for burning.</li> <li>6 April 1858: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>: Proclamation on the Rebellion in Utah. ("a free pardon for the seditions and treasons heretofore by them committed;")</li> <li>12 April 1858: The U.S. Army and Cumming arrive in Salt Lake City. <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> surrenders the title of governor to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cumming_(governor)" title="Alfred Cumming (governor)">Alfred Cumming</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia_books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Wikipedia books (page does not exist)">Template:Wikipedia books</a> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/48px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/64px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">1838 Mormon War</a> (Missouri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haun%27s_Mill_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Haun's Mill massacre">Haun's Mill massacre</a> (1838 Missouri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Executive_Order_44" title="Missouri Executive Order 44">Missouri Executive Order 44</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Mormon_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Mormon War">Illinois Mormon War</a> (1844–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Exodus">Mormon Exodus</a> (1846–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Reformation" title="Mormon Reformation">Mormon Reformation</a> (1856–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_Massacre" title="Mountain Meadows Massacre">Mountain Meadows Massacre</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrisite_War" title="Morrisite War">Morrisite War</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act" title="Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act">Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_Act" title="Poland Act">Poland Act</a> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmunds_Act" title="Edmunds Act">Edmunds Act</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmunds-Tucker_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmunds-Tucker Act">Edmunds-Tucker Act</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Corporation_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States"><i>LDS Church v. United States</i></a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Creek_Canyon_massacre" title="Salt Creek Canyon massacre">Salt Creek Canyon massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot_Hearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoot Hearings">Smoot Hearings</a> (1903–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Manifesto" title="Second Manifesto">Second Manifesto</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Creek_raid" title="Short Creek raid">Short Creek raid</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">List of conflicts in the United States</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hafen1958-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hafen1958_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLe_Roy_Reuben_HafenAnn_Woodbury_Hafen1958" class="citation book cs1">Le Roy Reuben Hafen; Ann Woodbury Hafen (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_IbAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Utah expedition, 1857–1858: a documentary account of the United States military movement under Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston, and the resistance by Brigham Young and the Mormon Nauvoo Legion</i></a>. A. H. Clark Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Utah+expedition%2C+1857%E2%80%931858%3A+a+documentary+account+of+the+United+States+military+movement+under+Colonel+Albert+Sidney+Johnston%2C+and+the+resistance+by+Brigham+Young+and+the+Mormon+Nauvoo+Legion&rft.pub=A.+H.+Clark+Co.&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Le+Roy+Reuben+Hafen&rft.au=Ann+Woodbury+Hafen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_IbAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston1878-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston1878_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Preston_JohnstonAlbert_Sidney_Johnston1878" class="citation book cs1">William Preston Johnston; Albert Sidney Johnston (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ikOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA207"><i>The life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston</i></a>. D. Appleton. p. 207<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Gen.+Albert+Sidney+Johnston&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1878&rft.au=William+Preston+Johnston&rft.au=Albert+Sidney+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ikOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunder-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunder_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunder_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Poll, Richard D., and Ralph W. Hansen. "'Buchanan's Blunder' The Utah War, 1857–1858", in <i>Military Affairs</i> 25, 3 (1961): 121–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1858/05/19/78535961.pdf">"The Mormon War."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, 19 May 1858</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Mormon+War.&rft.date=1858-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1858%2F05%2F19%2F78535961.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1858/02/16/78942742.pdf">"The Mormon Rebellion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>New York Times</i>, 16 February 1858</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Mormon+Rebellion&rft.date=1858-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1858%2F02%2F16%2F78942742.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Executive_Order_44" title="Missouri Executive Order 44">Missouri Executive Order 44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1889">Bancroft 1889</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1889">Bancroft 1889</a> pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofutahhowe26bancrich#page/499/mode/1up">499</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofutahhowe26bancrich#page/500/mode/1up">500</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofutahhowe26bancrich#page/511/mode/1up">511</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1889">Bancroft 1889</a> pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofutahhowe26bancrich#page/562/mode/2up">562–563</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/cgi-bin/justtop.cgi?act=justtop&url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/whq/38.4/b">http://www.historycooperative.org/cgi-bin/justtop.cgi?act=justtop&url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/whq/38.4/b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120802094817/http://www.historycooperative.org/cgi-bin/justtop.cgi?act=justtop&url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/whq/38.4/b">Archived</a> 2 August 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/newsletters/no77.htm">"Brigham Young and Wild Bill Hickman"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City Messenger">Salt Lake City Messenger</a></i>, Newsletter #77, February 1991, Utah Lighthouse Ministry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dangerous_Outpost-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dangerous_Outpost_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mormonhistoricsitesfoundation.org/publications/studies_fall2001/Mhs2.2Hartley.pdf">William G. Hartley, "Dangerous Outpost: Thomas Corless and the Fort Limhi/Salmon River Mission"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Historical_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Historical Studies">Mormon Historical Studies</a></i>, Fall 2001, pp 135–162. Retrieved 2008-04-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_L._Bigler_1858-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_L._Bigler_1858_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_L._Bigler_1858_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David L. Bigler, <i>Fort Limhi: The Mormon Adventure in Oregon Territory, 1855–1858</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Arrington, <i>Brigham Young: American Moses</i>, 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William P. MacKinnon, "Loose in the Stacks: A Half Century with the Utah War and Its Legacy", <i>Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</i>, Vol. 40, No. 1, 43, 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furniss2005-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss2005_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_F._Furniss2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman F. Furniss (22 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlxhQfecOgC"><i>Mormon Conflict: 1850-1859</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11307-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11307-5"><bdi>978-0-300-11307-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+Conflict%3A+1850-1859&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005-04-22&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11307-5&rft.au=Norman+F.+Furniss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtlxhQfecOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Gordon (2002), <i>The Mormon Question: Polygamy and Constitutional Conflict in Nineteenth Century America</i>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Crawley, "The Constitution of the State of Deseret", <i>BYU Studies</i>, 29 (4) p. 7 (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachmanEsplin1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danel_W._Bachman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danel W. Bachman (page does not exist)">Bachman, Danel W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ron_Esplin" title="Ron Esplin">Esplin, Ronald K.</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4055">"Plural Marriage"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a></i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>, pp. 1091–1095, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0"><bdi>0-02-879602-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plural+Marriage&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1091-1095&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=0-02-879602-0&rft.aulast=Bachman&rft.aufirst=Danel+W.&rft.au=Esplin%2C+Ronald+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F4055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon2002-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2002_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Barringer_Gordon2002" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Barringer Gordon (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H6jLKkByLUsC"><i>The Mormon Question: Polygamy and Constitutional Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4987-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4987-3"><bdi>978-0-8078-4987-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormon+Question%3A+Polygamy+and+Constitutional+Conflict+in+Nineteenth-Century+America&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4987-3&rft.au=Sarah+Barringer+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH6jLKkByLUsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/gop/convention_1856.htm">GOP Convention of 1856 in Philadelphia</a>, Independence Hall Association Website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While Bagley and others believe that Mormon culture was inherently violent, Thomas Alexander and others conclude that Utah Territory was less violent than other contemporaneous societies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Keith Melville, Theory and Practice of Church and State During the Brigham Young Era at 47–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2011" class="citation cs2">Mason, Patrick Q. (Summer 2011), "God and the People: Theodemocracy in Nineteenth-Century Mormonism", <i>Journal of Church and State</i>, <b>53</b> (3): 349–375, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2Fcsq135">10.1093/jcs/csq135</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4798052788">4798052788</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=God+and+the+People%3A+Theodemocracy+in+Nineteenth-Century+Mormonism&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-375&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4798052788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2Fcsq135&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen and Leonard, pp. 298–299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacKinnon2007">MacKinnon 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan1858">Buchanan 1858</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: inline; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBuchanan1858 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> Utah Expedition pp. 114–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan1858">Buchanan 1858</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: inline; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBuchanan1858 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> Utah Expedition pp. 124–211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young_1857-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young_1857_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_1857_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_1857_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Young,_Brigham" class="mw-redirect" title="Young, Brigham">Young, Brigham</a> (September 13, 1857), "The United States and Utah Army", Journal of Discourses, 5: 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Young,_Brigham" class="mw-redirect" title="Young, Brigham">Young, Brigham</a> (September 13, 1857), "The United States and Utah Army", Journal of Discourses, 5: 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Arrington, <i>Brigham Young: American Moses</i>, 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bigler, <i>Fort Limhi: The Mormon Adventure in Oregon Territory, 1855–1858,</i> 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinnick_Huntington_Diary-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dinnick_Huntington_Diary_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtn-meadows-assoc.com/DepoJournals/Dimick/Dimick-2.htm">Dinnick Huntington Diary, August 30 and September 1, 1857</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leroy_R._Hafen" class="mw-redirect" title="Leroy R. Hafen">Leroy R. Hafen</a> & Ann W. Hafen (eds.), <i>Mormon Resistance: A Documentary Account of the Utah Expedition, 1857–1858</i>, 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20131021191224/http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/UU_EAD/id/667">The Stewart Van Vliet Papers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchindler1995">Schindler 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1889">Bancroft 1889</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofutahhowe26bancrich#page/507/mode/1up">507</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan1857SotU-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan1857SotU_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan1857SotU_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Buchanan1857" class="citation cs2">James Buchanan (8 December 1857), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29498">"First Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union"</a>, <i>The American Presidency Project</i>, <a href="/wiki/UC_Santa_Barbara" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Santa Barbara">UC Santa Barbara</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=First+Annual+Message+to+Congress+on+the+State+of+the+Union&rft.date=1857-12-08&rft.au=James+Buchanan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D29498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen and Leonard, p. 301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leroy_R._Hafen" class="mw-redirect" title="Leroy R. Hafen">Leroy R. Hafen</a> & Ann W. Hafen (eds.), <i>Mormon Resistance: A Documentary Account of the Utah Expedition, 1857–1858</i>, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilford Woodruff, Journal of Wilford Woodruff, 5:96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilford Woodruff, Journal of Wilford Woodruff, 5:93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/NCMP1820-1846/id/17393">Religious Education Archive: 19th Century Mormon Publications: "Proclamation by the Governor" dated 5 August 1857</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020051336/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/NCMP1820-1846/id/17393">Archived</a> 20 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everett Cooley (ed.), Diary of Brigham Young, 80 n. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908072517/http://relarchive.byu.edu/MPNC/descriptions/proclamationgovernor.html">Mormon Publications: 19th Century – Proclamation by the governor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-procHafen-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-procHafen_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-procHafen_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-procHafen_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Proclamation of Governor Young," <a href="/wiki/Leroy_R._Hafen" class="mw-redirect" title="Leroy R. Hafen">Leroy R. Hafen</a> & Ann W. Hafen (eds.), <i>Mormon Resistance: A Documentary Account of the Utah Expedition, 1857–1858</i>, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen and Leonard, pp. 300–301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.G. Littleford, Utah War: U.S. Government Versus Mormons Settlers, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IvesOnTheColorado-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IvesOnTheColorado_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_H._Miller1972" class="citation cs2">David H. Miller (1972), "The Ives Expedition Revisited: A Prussian's Impressions", <i>The Journal of Arizona History</i>, Arizona Historical Society, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41695038">41695038</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Arizona+History&rft.atitle=The+Ives+Expedition+Revisited%3A+A+Prussian%27s+Impressions&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41695038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=David+H.+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Poll" title="Richard D. Poll">Richard D. Poll</a>, Quixotic Mediator: Thomas L. Kane and the Utah War at 12, 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Bennett, The Lion and the Emperor: The Mormons, the Hudson's Bay Company, and Vancouver Island, 1846–1858, BC Studies, no. 128 Winter 2000/01</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker and Dant, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen/Leonard p. 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mormon Resistance at 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional Globe, 4/1/1858.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mormon Resistance, 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan1858">Buchanan 1858</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: inline; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBuchanan1858 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> pp. 202–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William P. McKinnon, Causes of the Utah War, Fort Douglas Vedette (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DONALD L. MOORMAN & GENE A. SESSIONS, CAMP FLOYD AND THE MORMONS: THE UTAH WAR at 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zion-courts-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zion-courts_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zion-courts_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirmageMangrum2001" class="citation cs2">Firmage, Edwin Brown; Mangrum, Richard Collin (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=9AimifP2a-4C"><i>Zion in the courts</i></a>, University of Illinois Press, p. 139, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06980-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06980-3"><bdi>0-252-06980-3</bdi></a>, <q>Having signed the Morrill Act, Abraham Lincoln reportedly compared the LDS Church to a log he had encountered as a farmer that was 'too hard to split, too wet to burn and too heavy to move, so we plow around it. That's what I intend to do with the Mormons. You go back and tell Brigham Young that if he will let me alone, I will let him alone.' <br /> ... General Patrick Edward Connor, the commander of federal forces in Utah, was instructed to avoid a Mormon war: 'Under the circumstances, it is the course of true patriotism for you to not embark on any hostilities. It is infinitely better that you should avoid contact with them.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zion+in+the+courts&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-252-06980-3&rft.aulast=Firmage&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Brown&rft.au=Mangrum%2C+Richard+Collin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D9AimifP2a-4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1863/03/14/283352082.pdf">"IMPORTANT FROM UTAH.; A Writ Under the Polygamy Act Issued Against Brigham Young--He Responds promptly to the Summons."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>New York Times</i>, 14 March 1863</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=IMPORTANT+FROM+UTAH.%3B+A+Writ+Under+the+Polygamy+Act+Issued+Against+Brigham+Young--He+Responds+promptly+to+the+Summons.&rft.date=1863-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1863%2F03%2F14%2F283352082.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBancroft1889">Bancroft 1889</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofutahhowe26bancrich#page/614/mode/1up">614</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/T.B.H._Stenhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="T.B.H. Stenhouse">T.B.H. Stenhouse</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Mountain_Saints" title="The Rocky Mountain Saints">The Rocky Mountain Saints</a></i>, Chapter LI, p. 605</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Allen_(historian)" title="James B. Allen (historian)">Allen, James B.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glen_M._Leonard" title="Glen M. Leonard">Glen M. Leonard</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Story of the Latter-day Saints">The Story of the Latter-day Saints</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Book Co.">Deseret Book Co.</a>, Salt Lake City, UT, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87747-594-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87747-594-6">0-87747-594-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_J._Arrington" title="Leonard J. Arrington">Arrington, Leonard J.</a> <i>Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830–1900</i>; Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1958, reprinted by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, October 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02972-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02972-0">0-252-02972-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1889" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft" title="Hubert Howe Bancroft">Bancroft, Hubert Howe</a> (1889), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofutahhowe26bancrich"><i>History of Utah: 1540–1886</i></a>, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, vol. XXVI, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: The History Company, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/07018413">07018413</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4694895">4694895</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Utah%3A+1540%E2%80%931886&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.series=The+Works+of+Hubert+Howe+Bancroft&rft.pub=The+History+Company&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4694895&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F07018413&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofutahhowe26bancrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1857" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan, James</a> (19 December 1857), "Nomination of Alfred Cumming as Governor of the Territory of Utah", in McCook, Anson G. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llej&fileName=010/llej010.db&recNum=276&itemLink=D?hlaw:2:./temp/~ammem_dTvI::%230100277&linkText=1"><i>Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America</i></a>, vol. 10, Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">GPO</a> (published 1887), p. 275</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nomination+of+Alfred+Cumming+as+Governor+of+the+Territory+of+Utah&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Executive+Proceedings+of+the+Senate+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=GPO&rft.date=1857-12-19&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dllej%26fileName%3D010%2Fllej010.db%26recNum%3D276%26itemLink%3DD%3Fhlaw%3A2%3A.%2Ftemp%2F~ammem_dTvI%3A%3A%25230100277%26linkText%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1858" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan, James</a> (6 April 1858), James Bassett Moore (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deila.dickinson.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fbuchan&CISOPTR=9149&REC=20&CISOBOX=utah"><i>Proclamation on the Rebellion in Utah</i></a>, vol. X</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclamation+on+the+Rebellion+in+Utah&rft.date=1858-04-06&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeila.dickinson.edu%2Fcdm4%2Fdocument.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%252Fbuchan%26CISOPTR%3D9149%26REC%3D20%26CISOBOX%3Dutah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1858" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan, James</a> (1858), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/utahexpeditionme00unitrich"><i>The Utah expedition. Message from the President of the United States, transmitting reports from the secretaries of state, of war, of the interior, and of the attorney general, relative to the military expedition ordered into the territory of Utah. February 26, 1858.--Referred to the Committee on territories</i></a>, Washington</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Utah+expedition.+Message+from+the+President+of+the+United+States%2C+transmitting+reports+from+the+secretaries+of+state%2C+of+war%2C+of+the+interior%2C+and+of+the+attorney+general%2C+relative+to+the+military+expedition+ordered+into+the+territory+of+Utah.+February+26%2C+1858.--Referred+to+the+Committee+on+territories&rft.pub=Washington&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Futahexpeditionme00unitrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleek2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sherman_L._Fleek" title="Sherman L. Fleek">Fleek, Sherman L.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/nineteenth-century-saints-war/3-church-and-utah-war-1857%E2%80%9358">"The Church and the Utah War, 1857–1858"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Freeman" title="Robert C. Freeman">Freeman, Robert C.</a> (ed.), <i>Nineteenth-Century Saints at War</i>, Provo, Utah: <a href="/wiki/Religious_Studies_Center" title="Religious Studies Center">Religious Studies Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>, pp. 81–106</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Church+and+the+Utah+War%2C+1857%E2%80%931858&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Saints+at+War&rft.place=Provo%2C+Utah&rft.pages=81-106&rft.pub=Religious+Studies+Center%2C+Brigham+Young+University&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fleek&rft.aufirst=Sherman+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsc.byu.edu%2Farchived%2Fnineteenth-century-saints-war%2F3-church-and-utah-war-1857%25E2%2580%259358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball1857" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heber_C._Kimball" title="Heber C. Kimball">Kimball, Heber C.</a> (26 July 1857), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/JournalOfDiscourses3,2290">"Oneness of the Priesthood—Impossibility of Obliterating Mormonism—Gospel Ordinances—Depopulation of the Human Species—The Coming Famine, etc."</a>, in Calkin, Asa (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses_Delivered_by_President_Brigham_Young,_His_Two_Counsellors,_the_Twelve_Apostles,_and_Others" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Discourses Delivered by President Brigham Young, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others">Journal of Discourses Delivered by President Brigham Young, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others</a></i>, vol. 4, Liverpool: Asa Calkin (published 1858), pp. 86–95</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oneness+of+the+Priesthood%E2%80%94Impossibility+of+Obliterating+Mormonism%E2%80%94Gospel+Ordinances%E2%80%94Depopulation+of+the+Human+Species%E2%80%94The+Coming+Famine%2C+etc.&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Discourses+Delivered+by+President+Brigham+Young%2C+His+Two+Counsellors%2C+the+Twelve+Apostles%2C+and+Others&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=86-95&rft.pub=Asa+Calkin&rft.date=1857-07-26&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Heber+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fu%3F%2FJournalOfDiscourses3%2C2290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Poll" title="Richard D. Poll">Poll, Richard D.</a>, and Ralph W. Hansen. ""Buchanan's Blunder" The Utah War, 1857–1858." Military Affairs (Lexington, VA) 25, 3 (1961): 121–131.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollMacKinnon1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Poll" title="Richard D. Poll">Poll</a>; MacKinnon, William P. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515211639/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C14076">"Causes of the Utah War Reconsidered"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>, <b>20</b> (2): 16–44, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,14076">the original</a> on 15 May 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Causes+of+the+Utah+War+Reconsidered&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=16-44&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Poll&rft.au=MacKinnon%2C+William+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fjmh%2C14076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2007" class="citation cs2">MacKinnon, William P. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326183624/http://www.dialoguejournal.com/excerpts/4001.pdf">"Loose in the Stacks: A Half-Century with the Utah War and Its Legacy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>, <b>40</b> (1): 43–81, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialoguejournal.com/excerpts/4001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Loose+in+the+Stacks%3A+A+Half-Century+with+the+Utah+War+and+Its+Legacy&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-81&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialoguejournal.com%2Fexcerpts%2F4001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li>MacKinnon, William P. "At Sword's Point, Part 1: A Documentary History of the Utah War to 1858" (Norman, Okla.: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 2008).</li> <li>Moorman, Donald R. <i>Camp Floyd and the Mormons: The Utah War</i>. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-845-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-845-2">978-0-87480-845-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler1995" class="citation cs2">Schindler, Harold (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historytogo.utah.gov/salt_lake_tribune/centennial_celebration/072395.html"><i>Utah War Broke Hold Mormons Had on Utah</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utah+War+Broke+Hold+Mormons+Had+on+Utah&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorytogo.utah.gov%2Fsalt_lake_tribune%2Fcentennial_celebration%2F072395.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Walker" title="Ronald W. Walker">Walker, Ronald W.</a> and Doris R. Dant, editors, "Nearly Everything Imaginable: the Everyday Life of Utah's Mormon Pioneers." <a href="/wiki/BYU_Studies" title="BYU Studies">BYU Studies</a>, Provo, Utah 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1857a" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Young, Brigham</a> (5 July 1857a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/JournalOfDiscourses3,2375">"True Happiness—Fruits of Not Following Counsel—Popular Prejudice Against the Mormons—The Coming Army—Punishment of Evildoers"</a>, in Calkin, Asa (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses_Delivered_by_President_Brigham_Young,_His_Two_Counsellors,_the_Twelve_Apostles,_and_Others" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Discourses Delivered by President Brigham Young, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others">Journal of Discourses Delivered by President Brigham Young, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others</a></i>, vol. 4, Liverpool: Asa Calkin (published 1858), pp. 1–6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=True+Happiness%E2%80%94Fruits+of+Not+Following+Counsel%E2%80%94Popular+Prejudice+Against+the+Mormons%E2%80%94The+Coming+Army%E2%80%94Punishment+of+Evildoers&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Discourses+Delivered+by+President+Brigham+Young%2C+His+Two+Counsellors%2C+the+Twelve+Apostles%2C+and+Others&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=Asa+Calkin&rft.date=1857-07-05&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Brigham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fu%3F%2FJournalOfDiscourses3%2C2375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1857b" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Young, Brigham</a> (2 August 1857b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/JournalOfDiscourses3,2280">"Joseph Smith's Family—Bashfulness in Public Speaking—The Coming Crisis—Counsel"</a>, in Calkin, Asa (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses_Delivered_by_President_Brigham_Young,_His_Two_Counsellors,_the_Twelve_Apostles,_and_Others" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Discourses Delivered by President Brigham Young, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others">Journal of Discourses Delivered by President Brigham Young, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others</a></i>, vol. 4, Liverpool: Asa Calkin (published 1858), pp. 96–101</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Smith%27s+Family%E2%80%94Bashfulness+in+Public+Speaking%E2%80%94The+Coming+Crisis%E2%80%94Counsel&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Discourses+Delivered+by+President+Brigham+Young%2C+His+Two+Counsellors%2C+the+Twelve+Apostles%2C+and+Others&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=96-101&rft.pub=Asa+Calkin&rft.date=1857-08-02&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Brigham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fu%3F%2FJournalOfDiscourses3%2C2280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1857c" class="citation cs2">Young, Brigham (5 August 1857c), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020051336/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/NCMP1820-1846/id/17393"><i>Proclamation by the Governor</i></a>, Salt Lake City: Utah Territory, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/NCMP1820-1846/id/17393">the original</a> on 20 October 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclamation+by+the+Governor&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Utah+Territory&rft.date=1857-08-05&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Brigham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FNCMP1820-1846%2Fid%2F17393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Welchman, Arthur P., Reminiscences and diary, [ca.1854-1917], fd. 1, 93-94.", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021190955/http://history.lds.org/overlandtravels/trailExcerptMulti?lang=eng&sourceId=4852"><i>Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel</i></a>, History.LDS.org, <a href="/wiki/Church_Historian_and_Recorder" title="Church Historian and Recorder">Church History Department</a>, LDS Church, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.lds.org/overlandtravels/trailExcerptMulti?lang=eng&sourceId=4852">the original</a> on 21 October 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Welchman%2C+Arthur+P.%2C+Reminiscences+and+diary%2C+%5Bca.1854-1917%5D%2C+fd.+1%2C+93-94.&rft.btitle=Mormon+Pioneer+Overland+Travel&rft.series=History.LDS.org&rft.pub=Church+History+Department%2C+LDS+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.lds.org%2Foverlandtravels%2FtrailExcerptMulti%3Flang%3Deng%26sourceId%3D4852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribution">Attribution</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0s7-PAAACAAJ"><i>Utah Territory: Message of the President of the United States, Communication, in Compliance with a Resolution of the House, Copies of Correspondence Relative to the Condition of Affairs in the Territory of Utah ...</i></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utah+Territory%3A+Message+of+the+President+of+the+United+States%2C+Communication%2C+in+Compliance+with+a+Resolution+of+the+House%2C+Copies+of+Correspondence+Relative+to+the+Condition+of+Affairs+in+the+Territory+of+Utah+...&rft.pub=United+States+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0s7-PAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroftBates1889" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft" title="Hubert Howe Bancroft">Bancroft, Hubert Howe</a>; Bates, Alfred (1889), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofutahhowe26bancrich#page/512/mode/2up">"Chapter XIX: The Utah War"</a>, <i>History of Utah, 1540-1886</i>, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Vol. XXVI, San Francisco: History Company, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4694895">4694895</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XIX%3A+The+Utah+War&rft.btitle=History+of+Utah%2C+1540-1886&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.series=The+Works+of+Hubert+Howe+Bancroft%2C+Vol.+XXVI&rft.pub=History+Company&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4694895&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rft.au=Bates%2C+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofutahhowe26bancrich%23page%2F512%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_E._Campbell" title="Eugene E. Campbell">Campbell, Eugene E.</a> (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=11321">"Chapter 14: The Utah War"</a>, <i>Establishing Zion: The Mormon Church in the American West, 1847-1869</i>, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941214-62-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-941214-62-1"><bdi>0-941214-62-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+14%3A+The+Utah+War&rft.btitle=Establishing+Zion%3A+The+Mormon+Church+in+the+American+West%2C+1847-1869&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-941214-62-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Eugene+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsignaturebookslibrary.org%2F%3Fp%3D11321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoll1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Poll" title="Richard D. Poll">Poll, Richard D.</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/u/UTAH_WAR.html">"The Utah War"</a>, in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.), <i>Utah History Encyclopedia</i>, Salt Lake City, Utah: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874804256" title="Special:BookSources/0874804256"><bdi>0874804256</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473917">30473917</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Utah+War&rft.btitle=Utah+History+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30473917&rft.isbn=0874804256&rft.aulast=Poll&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uen.org%2Futah_history_encyclopedia%2Fu%2FUTAH_WAR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.G._Littleford" class="citation cs2">D.G. Littleford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080401001436/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/wild_west/3033416.html"><i>Utah War: U.S. Government Versus Mormon Settlers</i></a>, Historynet.com, Weider Publishers, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/magazines/wild_west/3033416.html">the original</a> on 1 April 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utah+War%3A+U.S.+Government+Versus+Mormon+Settlers&rft.pub=Historynet.com%2C+Weider+Publishers&rft.au=D.G.+Littleford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fmagazines%2Fwild_west%2F3033416.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtah+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Utah_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Utah War">Utah War</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Listed chronologically</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s">Puerto Rican revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">1960s ghetto rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2023 United States racial unrest">2020 racial unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">2021 U.S. Capitol attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1785%E2%80%931795)" title="American–Algerian War (1785–1795)">American–Algerian War (1785–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sumatran_expedition" title="Second Sumatran expedition">Second Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Ivory Coast expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fiji_expedition" title="First Fiji expedition">First Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fiji_expedition" title="Second Fiji expedition">Second Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">Korean Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Intervention in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency#American_military_support" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_Libya_(2015%E2%80%932019)" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in Libya (2015–2019)">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars involving the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline of U.S. military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars" title="List of the lengths of United States participation in wars">Length of U.S. participation in major wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war" title="United States military casualties of war">Casualties of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#United_States" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations#United_States" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#United_States" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template talk:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">1838 Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthon_Transcript" title="Anthon Transcript">Anthon Transcript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy_(LDS_Church)" title="Good Neighbor policy (LDS Church)">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_sites_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of historic sites of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT Mormon timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Handcart companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Name of the church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism and violence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_charges_against_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="2023 Securities and Exchange Commission charges against the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Ensign Peak Advisors">2023 SEC case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Sacred texts</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LDS_edition_of_the_Bible" title="LDS edition of the Bible">Holy Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93History" title="Joseph Smith–History">Joseph Smith–History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Beliefs and practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Beliefs<br />and practices</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession_(LDS_Church)" title="Apostolic succession (LDS Church)">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Apostasy and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_calling#Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_Mormonism" title="Adam and Eve in Mormonism">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_views_on_evolution" title="Mormon views on evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Home_Evening" title="Family Home Evening">Family Home Evening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Sunday" title="Fast Sunday">Fast Sunday</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_the_Strength_of_Youth_(pamphlet)" title="For the Strength of Youth (pamphlet)">For the Strength of Youth</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Gender</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Family:_A_Proclamation_to_the_World" title="The Family: A Proclamation to the World">Family Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_minorities_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Gender minorities and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministering" title="Ministering">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Marriage in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Interracial marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Interracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">Ordinances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">Baptism for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Marriage sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">Temple endowment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_garment" title="Temple garment">Temple garment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mormons" title="Black Mormons">Black Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_temple_and_priesthood_policies_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Black people and temple and priesthood policies in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Black temple and priesthood restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curses_of_Cain_and_Ham_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Curses of Cain and Ham and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Curses of Cain and Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_birth_control_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on birth control in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_chastity" title="Law of chastity">Law of chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Homosexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_change_efforts_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexual orientation change efforts and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexual orientation change efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_masturbation_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on masturbation in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soaking_(sexual_practice)" title="Soaking (sexual practice)">Soaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_suicide_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on suicide in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Culture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Culture<br />and worship</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Especially_for_Youth" title="Especially for Youth">Especially for Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Family_Services" title="LDS Family Services">Family Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of films of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)" title="General Conference (LDS Church)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Helping_Hands" title="Mormon Helping Hands">Helping Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Humanitarian_Services" title="LDS Humanitarian Services">Humanitarian services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Hymns in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(1985_book)" title="Hymns of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1985 book)">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints_Channel" title="Latter-day Saints Channel">Latter-day Saints Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)"><i>Liahona</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">Missionary service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pageants_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of pageants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(LDS_Church)" title="Tabernacle (LDS Church)">Tabernacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_Choir" title="Tabernacle Choir">Tabernacle Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_services_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Worship services of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Worship services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_(LDS_Church)" title="Sacrament (LDS Church)">Sacrament</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_authority" title="General authority"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Leadership</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_(LDS_Church)" title="Seventy (LDS Church)">Quorums of the Seventy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)" title="Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)">Presiding Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Society" title="Relief Society">Relief Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_School_(LDS_Church)" title="Sunday School (LDS Church)">Sunday School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Women_(organization)" title="Young Women (organization)">Young Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Men_(organization)" title="Young Men (organization)">Young Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_(LDS_Church)" title="Primary (LDS Church)">Primary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Demographics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Demographics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membership_history_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Membership history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less-active_Mormon" title="Less-active Mormon">Less-active Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_people_and_organizations" title="LGBT Mormon people and organizations">LGBT Mormons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Congregational <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_(LDS_Church)" title="Area (LDS Church)">Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_(LDS_Church)" title="District (LDS Church)">District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">Stake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#Congregations" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Educational_System" title="Church Educational System">Church Educational System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">BYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Idaho" title="Brigham Young University–Idaho">BYU-Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Hawaii" title="Brigham Young University–Hawaii">BYU-Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYU%E2%80%93Pathway_Worldwide" title="BYU–Pathway Worldwide">BYU–Pathway Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_College" title="Ensign College">Ensign College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Management_Corporation" title="Deseret Management Corporation">Deseret Management Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company" title="Deseret Book Company">Deseret Book Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Industries" title="Deseret Industries">Deseret Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Digital_Media" title="Deseret Digital Media">Deseret Digital Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Square_Hospitality" title="Temple Square Hospitality">Temple Square Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News_Publishing_Company" title="Deseret News Publishing Company">Deseret News Publishing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_International" title="Bonneville International">Bonneville International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_Financial_Group" title="Beneficial Financial Group">Beneficial Financial Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RootsTech" title="RootsTech">RootsTech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropies" title="Philanthropies">Philanthropies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Finances of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Finances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="Ensign Peak Advisors">Ensign Peak Advisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Emigration_Fund" title="Perpetual Emigration Fund">Perpetual Emigration Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Education_Fund" title="Perpetual Education Fund">Perpetual Education Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Property_Management_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Property Management Associates">Utah Property Management Associates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgReserves" title="AgReserves">AgReserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Ranches" title="Deseret Ranches">Deseret Ranches</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Criticism</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Genetics and the Book of Mormon">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historical authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Linguistics and the Book of Mormon">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawn_M._Brodie" title="Fawn M. Brodie">Fawn M. Brodie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No_Man_Knows_My_History" title="No Man Knows My History"><i>No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Institute" title="Christian Research Institute">Christian Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Decker" title="Ed Decker">Ed Decker</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Makers" title="The God Makers">The God Makers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dehlin" title="John Dehlin">John Dehlin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Stories_Podcast" title="Mormon Stories Podcast">Mormon Stories Podcast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Runnells" title="Jeremy Runnells">Jeremy Runnells</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CES_Letter" title="CES Letter">CES Letter</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinderhook_plates" title="Kinderhook plates">Kinderhook plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamander_letter" title="Salamander letter">Salamander letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Six" title="September Six">September Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Jerald and Sandra Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_%26_Transparency_Foundation" title="Truth & Transparency Foundation">Truth & Transparency Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Related</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ComeUntoChrist.org" title="ComeUntoChrist.org">ComeUntoChrist.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_translations" title="List of Book of Mormon translations">List of Book of Mormon translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Joseph_Smith_Papers" title="The Joseph Smith Papers">The Joseph Smith Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought"><i>Dialogue</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAIR_(Mormon_apologetics_organization)" title="FAIR (Mormon apologetics organization)">FAIR organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies" title="Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies">FARMS organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_Mormon" title="I'm a Mormon"><i>I'm a Mormon</i> campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_suicides" title="LGBT Mormon suicides">LGBT Mormon suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_History_Association" title="Mormon History Association">Mormon History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Relationship to U.S. politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="LGBT rights and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkyoshigo" title="Senkyoshigo">Senkyoshigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone_(magazine)" title="Sunstone (magazine)"><i>Sunstone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement"><span style="background-color: #003058; 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