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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articulated_laticifers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articulated_laticifers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Articulated laticifers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articulated_laticifers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-articulated_laticifers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-articulated_laticifers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Non-articulated laticifers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-articulated_laticifers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Productive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Productive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Productive species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Productive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Defense function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_and_healthcare_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_and_healthcare_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Personal and healthcare products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_and_healthcare_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opium_and_opiates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opium_and_opiates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Opium and opiates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opium_and_opiates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_and_biological_applications_of_synthetic_latices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_and_biological_applications_of_synthetic_latices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Industrial and biological applications of synthetic latices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_and_biological_applications_of_synthetic_latices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergic_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergic_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Allergic reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Allergic_reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Allergic reactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Allergic_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microbial_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbial_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Microbial degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbial_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Latex</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%89" title="لثى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لثى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD_(%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A9)" title="Լաթեքս (Կաթնահիւթ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լաթեքս (Կաթնահիւթ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A8x" title="Latèx – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Latèx" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1tex" title="Látex – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Látex" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0" title="তরুক্ষীর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তরুক্ষীর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Латэкс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Латэкс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Латекс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Латекс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lateks" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0tex" title="Làtex – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Làtex" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex" title="Latex – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Latex" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex" title="Latex – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Latex" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerdispersion" title="Polymerdispersion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polymerdispersion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BE" title="Λάτεξ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάτεξ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1tex" title="Látex – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Látex" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktosuko" title="Laktosuko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laktosuko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex" title="Latex – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Latex" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لاتکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_(mat%C3%A9riau)" title="Latex (matériau) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Latex (matériau)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lait%C3%A9is" title="Laitéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Laitéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1tex" title="Látex – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Látex" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8D%EC%8A%A4" title="라텍스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라텍스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Կաթնահյութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաթնահյութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="संक्षीर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संक्षीर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lateks" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latexo" title="Latexo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latexo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lateks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intwentshe" title="Intwentshe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Intwentshe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B3lkursafi" title="Mjólkursafi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mjólkursafi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice" title="Lattice – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lattice" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="לטקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לטקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A8ks" title="Latèks – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Latèks" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಸ್ಯಕ್ಷೀರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಸ್ಯಕ್ಷೀರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლატექსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლატექსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Латекс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Латекс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Латекстер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Латекстер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex" title="Latex – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Latex" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateksas" title="Lateksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lateksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex" title="Latex – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Latex" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Латекс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Латекс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95" title="चीक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चीक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lateks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex" title="Latex – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Latex" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ラテックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラテックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lateks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A8x" title="Latèx – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Latèx" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lateks" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lateks" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1tex" title="Látex – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Látex" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex" title="Latex – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Latex" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichi_hilli" title="Lichi hilli – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lichi hilli" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Латекс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латекс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex" title="Latex – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Latex" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlie%C4%8Dna_%C5%A1%C5%A5ava" title="Mliečna šťava – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mliečna šťava" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lateks" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateksi" title="Lateksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lateksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex" title="Latex – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Latex" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="น้ำยาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำยาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Латекс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Латекс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lateks" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Латекс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латекс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%A7" title="Mủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Latex" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q244680" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Stable dispersion of polymer microparticles in an aqueous medium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the polymer. For the document preparation system and markup language, see <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Latex_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Latex (disambiguation)">Latex (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latex-production.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latex-production.jpg/220px-Latex-production.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latex-production.jpg/330px-Latex-production.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latex-production.jpg/440px-Latex-production.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Tapping</a> of latex from a <a href="/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">tree</a>, for use in <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> production</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Latex</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> (stable dispersion) of <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> <a href="/wiki/Microparticle" title="Microparticle">microparticles</a> in water.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latices are found in <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, but synthetic latices are common as well. </p><p>In nature, latex is found as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/milky" class="extiw" title="wikt:milky">milky</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a>, which is present in 10% of all <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (angiosperms).<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a complex emulsion that <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulates</a> on exposure to air, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gums</a>. It is usually exuded after tissue injury. In most plants, latex is white, but some have yellow, orange, or scarlet latex. Since the 17th century, latex has been used as a term for the fluid substance in plants, deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for "liquid".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It serves mainly as <a href="/wiki/Antipredator_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipredator adaptation">defense</a> against <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latex is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Plant_sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sap">plant sap</a>; it is a distinct substance, separately produced, and with different functions. </p><p>The word latex is also used to refer to natural latex <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, particularly non-<a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanized</a> rubber. Such is the case in products like latex <a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">gloves</a>, latex <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latex_clothing" title="Latex clothing">latex clothing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloons</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; border-width: 2px;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style=""><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> definition.</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Latex</b>: <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloidal</a> dispersion of polymer particles in a liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-terminology_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terminology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b>Synthetic latex</b>: Latex obtained as a product of an <a href="/wiki/Emulsion_polymerization" title="Emulsion polymerization">emulsion</a>, mini-emulsion, micro-emulsion, or <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_polymerization" title="Dispersion polymerization">dispersion polymerization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-terminology_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terminology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articulated_laticifers">Articulated laticifers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Articulated laticifers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laticifer" title="Laticifer">laticifers</a>) in which latex is found make up the laticiferous system, which can form in two very different ways. In many plants, the laticiferous system is formed from rows of cells laid down in the <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> or <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> between these cells are dissolved so that continuous tubes, called latex vessels, are formed. Since these vessels are made of many cells, they are known as <i>articulated laticifers</i>. This method of formation is found in the <a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">poppy family</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> trees (<a href="/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">Para rubber tree</a>, members of the family <a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">mulberry and fig family</a>, such as the Panama rubber tree <i><a href="/wiki/Castilla_elastica" title="Castilla elastica">Castilla elastica</a></i>), and members of the family <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>. For instance, <i><a href="/wiki/Parthenium_argentatum" title="Parthenium argentatum">Parthenium argentatum</a></i> the guayule plant, is in the tribe <a href="/wiki/Heliantheae" title="Heliantheae">Heliantheae</a>; other latex-bearing Asteraceae with articulated laticifers include members of the <a href="/wiki/Cichorieae" title="Cichorieae">Cichorieae</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> whose members produce latex, some of them in commercially interesting amounts. This includes <i><a href="/wiki/Taraxacum_kok-saghyz" title="Taraxacum kok-saghyz">Taraxacum kok-saghyz</a></i>, a species cultivated for latex production.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-articulated_laticifers">Non-articulated laticifers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-articulated laticifers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Asclepiadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepiadaceae">milkweed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">spurge</a> families, on the other hand, the laticiferous system is formed quite differently. Early in the development of the seedling, latex cells differentiate, and as the plant grows these latex cells grow into a branching system extending throughout the plant. In many <a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">euphorbs</a>, the entire structure is made from a single cell – this type of system is known as a <i>non-articulated laticifer</i>, to distinguish it from the multi-cellular structures discussed above. In the mature plant, the entire laticiferous system is descended from a single cell or group of cells present in the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>. </p><p>The laticiferous system is present in all parts of the mature plant, including roots, stems, <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>. It is particularly noticeable in the <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortical</a> tissues. Latex is usually exuded as a white liquid, but is some cases it can be clear, yellow or red, as in <a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Productive_species">Productive species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Productive species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latex is produced by 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> species from over 40 <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>. These include both <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledonous">dicots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledonous">monocots</a>. Latex has been found in 14 percent of tropical plant species, as well as six percent of temperate plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several members of the fungal kingdom also produce latex upon injury, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Lactarius deliciosus</a></i> and other <a href="/wiki/Lactarius_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactarius (fungus)">milk-caps</a>. This suggests it is the product of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> and has been selected for on many separate occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defense_function">Defense function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defense function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg/220px-Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg/330px-Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg/440px-Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a> latex</figcaption></figure><p> Latex functions to protect the plant from herbivores. The idea was first proposed in 1887 by Joseph F. James, who noted that latex of <a href="/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca" title="Asclepias syriaca">milkweed</a> </p><blockquote><p>carries with it at the same time such disagreeable properties that it becomes a better protection to the plant from enemies than all the thorns, prickles, or hairs that could be provided. In this plant, so copious and so distasteful has the sap become that it serves a most important purpose in its economy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Evidence showing this defense function include the finding that <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> will eat leaves drained of their latex but not intact ones, that many insects sever the veins carrying latex before they feed, and that the latex of <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_humistrata" title="Asclepias humistrata">Asclepias humistrata</a></i> (sandhill <a href="/wiki/Milkweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkweed">milkweed</a>) kills by trapping 30% of newly hatched <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</a> caterpillars.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other evidence is that latex contains 50–1000× higher concentrations of defense substances than other plant tissues. These toxins include ones that are also toxic to the plant and consist of a diverse range of chemicals that are either poisonous or "<a href="/wiki/Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">antinutritive.</a>" </p><p>Latex is actively moved to the area of injury; in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptostegia_grandiflora" title="Cryptostegia grandiflora">Cryptostegia grandiflora</a></i>, latex more than 70 cm from the site of injury is mobilized.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large hydrostatic pressure in this vine enables an extremely high flow rate of latex. In a 1935 report the botanist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_M._Bangham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine M. Bangham (page does not exist)">Catherine M. Bangham</a> observed that "piercing the fruit stalk of <i>Cryptostegia grandiflora</i> produced a jet of latex over a meter long, and maintained [this jet] for several seconds."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clotting property of latex is functional in this defense since it limits wastage and its stickiness traps insects and their mouthparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there exist other explanations for the existence of latex including storage and movement of plant nutrients, waste, and maintenance of water balance that "[e]ssentially none of these functions remain credible and none have any empirical support".<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg/170px-Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg/255px-Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg/340px-Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Opium poppy</a> exuding fresh latex from a cut</figcaption></figure> <p>The latex of many species can be processed to produce many materials. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balat%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Balatá">Balatá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gutta_percha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutta percha">gutta percha</a> latex contain an inelastic polymer related to rubber.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">jelutong</a> tree latex was used in <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_and_healthcare_products">Personal and healthcare products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal and healthcare products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a> is the most important product obtained from latex; more than 12,000 plant species yield latex containing rubber, though in the vast majority of those species the rubber is not suitable for commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowers_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowers-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This latex is used to make many other products including <a href="/wiki/Mattress" title="Mattress">mattresses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">gloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swim_cap" title="Swim cap">swim caps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloons</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opium_and_opiates">Opium and opiates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Opium and opiates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dried latex from the <a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">opium poppy</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, the source of several useful <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">thebaine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, the latter two of which can then further be used in the synthesis and manufacture of other (typically stronger) <a href="/wiki/Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">opioids</a> for medicinal use, and of <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illegal drug trade</a>. The opium poppy is also the source of medically useful non-analgesic alkaloids, such as <a href="/wiki/Papaverine" title="Papaverine">papaverine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noscapine" title="Noscapine">noscapine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latex_clothing" title="Latex clothing">Latex clothing</a></div> <p>Latex is used in many types of <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>. Worn on the body (or applied directly by painting), it tends to be <a href="/wiki/Skin-tight_garment" title="Skin-tight garment">skin-tight</a>, producing a "second skin" effect.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_and_biological_applications_of_synthetic_latices">Industrial and biological applications of synthetic latices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Industrial and biological applications of synthetic latices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthetic latices are used in <a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">coatings</a> (e.g., latex paint) and <a href="/wiki/Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glues</a> because they solidify by <a href="/wiki/Coalescence_(chemistry)" title="Coalescence (chemistry)">coalescence</a> of the polymer particles as the water evaporates. These synthetic latices therefore can form films without releasing potentially toxic organic solvents in the environment. Other uses include cement additives and to conceal information on <a href="/wiki/Scratchcard" title="Scratchcard">scratchcards</a>. Latex, usually <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a>-based, is also used in <a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">immunoassays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allergic_reactions">Allergic reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Allergic reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">Latex allergy</a></div> <p>Some people only experience a <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">mild allergy</a> when exposed to latex, with symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>, or developing a <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others have a serious <a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">latex allergy</a>, and exposure to latex products such as <a href="/wiki/Latex_glove" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex glove">latex gloves</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Anaphylactic_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphylactic shock">anaphylactic shock</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guayule" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayule">Guayule</a> latex has only 2% of the levels of protein found in <i><a href="/wiki/Hevea" title="Hevea">Hevea</a></i> latices, and it is being researched as a lower-allergen substitute.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, chemical processes may be employed to reduce the amount of <a href="/wiki/Antibody_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody generator">antigenic protein</a> in <i>Hevea</i> latex, yielding alternative materials such as <a href="/wiki/Vytex_Natural_Rubber_Latex" title="Vytex Natural Rubber Latex">Vytex Natural Rubber Latex</a> which provide significantly reduced exposure to latex allergens. </p><p>About half of people with <a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">spina bifida</a> are also allergic to natural latex rubber. People who have had multiple surgeries and who have had prolonged exposure to natural latex are also more susceptible to a latex allergy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Latex-fruit syndrome</b> </p><p>Many people with latex allergy also experience allergic reactions to certain fruits. This association has led to research regarding latex-fruit syndrome (LFS). This is a phenomenon characterized by cross-reactivity between natural latex rubber allergens and certain fruit allergens, leading to allergic reactions in sensitized individuals. It was described for the first time by Blanco et al. in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2024 comprehensive review by Gromek et al., the last 30 years of research on LFS were summarized, focusing on its prevalence, common cross-reactions, and clinical manifestations. The review found that the prevalence of LFS in latex-allergic patients varies widely, ranging from 4% to 88%, depending on diagnostic methods, geographical regions, and study populations. The most commonly implicated fruits in LFS include banana, avocado, kiwifruit, and papaya. Clinical manifestations are predominantly systemic, with 73% of hypersensitivity symptoms being systemic and 27% localized. Gromek et al. also highlighted the need for standardized diagnostic criteria and severity grading systems to improve the accuracy of LFS diagnosis and treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbial_degradation">Microbial degradation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Microbial degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several species of the <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbe</a> genera <i><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Streptomyces" title="Streptomyces">Streptomyces</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nocardia" title="Nocardia">Nocardia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Micromonospora" title="Micromonospora">Micromonospora</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Actinoplanes" title="Actinoplanes">Actinoplanes</a></i> are capable of consuming rubber latex.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the rate of biodegradation is slow, and the growth of bacteria utilizing rubber as a sole carbon source is also slow.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latex_clothing" title="Latex clothing">Latex clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rubber" title="Category:Rubber">Rubber−related topics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The polymer in the particles may be organic or inorganic.<sup id="cite_ref-terminology_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terminology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWangYangRempel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Hui; Yang, Lijuan; Rempel, Garry L. (2013). "Homogeneous Hydrogenation Art of Nitrile Butadiene Rubber: A Review". <i>Polymer Reviews</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 192–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15583724.2013.776586">10.1080/15583724.2013.776586</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96720306">96720306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymer+Reviews&rft.atitle=Homogeneous+Hydrogenation+Art+of+Nitrile+Butadiene+Rubber%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=192-239&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15583724.2013.776586&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96720306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Hui&rft.au=Yang%2C+Lijuan&rft.au=Rempel%2C+Garry+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnurag_A._Agrawald_Kotaro_Konno2009" class="citation journal cs1">Anurag A. Agrawal; d Kotaro Konno (2009). "Latex: a model for understanding mechanisms, ecology, and evolution of plant defense Against herbivory". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Ecology,_Evolution,_and_Systematics" title="Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics">Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics</a></i>. <b>40</b>: 311–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.110308.120307">10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=Latex%3A+a+model+for+understanding+mechanisms%2C+ecology%2C+and+evolution+of+plant+defense+Against+herbivory&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=311-331&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.110308.120307&rft.au=Anurag+A.+Agrawal&rft.au=d+Kotaro+Konno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_G._Mahlberg1993" class="citation journal cs1">Paul G. 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Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terminology-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terminology_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terminology_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terminology_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanislaw_SlomkowskiJosé_V._AlemánRobert_G._GilbertMichael_Hess2011" class="citation journal cs1">Stanislaw Slomkowski; José V. Alemán; Robert G. Gilbert; Michael Hess; Kazuyuki Horie; Richard G. Jones; Przemyslaw Kubisa; Ingrid Meisel; Werner Mormann; Stanisław Penczek; Robert F. T. 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Pfaf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320155113/http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+kok-saghyz">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taraxacum+kok-saghyz&rft.pub=Pfaf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pfaf.org%2Fuser%2FPlant.aspx%3FLatinName%3DTaraxacum%2Bkok-saghyz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_M._Lewinsohn1991" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas M. Lewinsohn (1991). 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James (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/jstor-2451222/2451222">"The milkweeds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Naturalist" title="The American Naturalist">The American Naturalist</a></i>. <b>21</b> (7): 605–615. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F274519">10.1086/274519</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2451222">2451222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=The+milkweeds&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=605-615&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F274519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2451222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Joseph+F.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjstor-2451222%2F2451222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButteryBoatman1976" class="citation book cs1">Buttery, R. R.; Boatman, S. G. (1976). Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.). <i>Water Deficits and Plant Growth, Volume IV: Soil Water Measurement, Plant Responses, and Breeding for Drought Resistance</i>. Vol. IV (1st ed.). New York, New York 10003: Academic Press, Inc. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0124314269" title="Special:BookSources/978-0124314269"><bdi>978-0124314269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Deficits+and+Plant+Growth%2C+Volume+IV%3A+Soil+Water+Measurement%2C+Plant+Responses%2C+and+Breeding+for+Drought+Resistance&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York+10003&rft.pages=252&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0124314269&rft.aulast=Buttery&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.au=Boatman%2C+S.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathews-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews2009" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Jennifer P. 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Bowers (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CAT91942814"><i>Natural Rubber-Producing Plants for the United States</i></a>. Beltsville, MD: National Agricultural Library. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CAT91942814/page/1">1</a>, 3. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28534889">28534889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Rubber-Producing+Plants+for+the+United+States&rft.place=Beltsville%2C+MD&rft.pages=1%2C+3&rft.pub=National+Agricultural+Library&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28534889&rft.au=J.+E.+Bowers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCAT91942814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurkovich" class="citation web cs1">Yurkovich, Dror. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413125251/https://getha.co.il/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%A3-%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%99-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%92/">"Dunlop latex vs. Talalay latex"</a>. <i>Getha</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getha.co.il/%d7%9e%d7%96%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%99-%d7%a7%d7%a6%d7%a3-%d7%9e%d7%94%d7%99-%d7%a9%d7%99%d7%98%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%99%d7%99%d7%a6%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%94%d7%a4%d7%9b%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%92/">the original</a> on 2021-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Getha&rft.atitle=Dunlop+latex+vs.+Talalay+latex&rft.aulast=Yurkovich&rft.aufirst=Dror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetha.co.il%2F%25d7%259e%25d7%2596%25d7%25a8%25d7%25a0%25d7%2599-%25d7%25a7%25d7%25a6%25d7%25a3-%25d7%259e%25d7%2594%25d7%2599-%25d7%25a9%25d7%2599%25d7%2598%25d7%25aa-%25d7%2594%25d7%2599%25d7%2599%25d7%25a6%25d7%2595%25d7%25a8-%25d7%2594%25d7%259e%25d7%2594%25d7%25a4%25d7%259b%25d7%25a0%25d7%2599%25d7%25aa-%25d7%25a9%25d7%259c-%25d7%2592%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1262726608"><i>Kink and everyday life : interdisciplinary reflections on practice and portrayal</i></a>. Kylo-Patrick R. Hart, Teresa Cutler-Broyles. Bingley. 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83982-918-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83982-918-5"><bdi>978-1-83982-918-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1262726608">1262726608</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602142448/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1262726608">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kink+and+everyday+life+%3A+interdisciplinary+reflections+on+practice+and+portrayal&rft.place=Bingley&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1262726608&rft.isbn=978-1-83982-918-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1262726608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkamineSatoKagayaOhkubo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Akamine, Y.; Sato, S.; Kagaya, H.; Ohkubo, T.; Satoh, S.; Miura, M. (2018-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcpt.12686">"Comparison of electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay for evaluation of everolimus blood concentrations in renal transplant patients"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics</i>. <b>43</b> (5): 675–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcpt.12686">10.1111/jcpt.12686</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-4727">0269-4727</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29679392">29679392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacy+and+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+electrochemiluminescence+immunoassay+and+latex+agglutination+turbidimetric+immunoassay+for+evaluation+of+everolimus+blood+concentrations+in+renal+transplant+patients&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=675-681&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.issn=0269-4727&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29679392&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjcpt.12686&rft.aulast=Akamine&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Sato%2C+S.&rft.au=Kagaya%2C+H.&rft.au=Ohkubo%2C+T.&rft.au=Satoh%2C+S.&rft.au=Miura%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjcpt.12686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acaai.org/allergies/types/latex-allergy">"Latex Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment"</a>. <i>ACAAI Public Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324064123/https://acaai.org/allergies/types/latex-allergy">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACAAI+Public+Website&rft.atitle=Latex+Allergy+%7C+Causes%2C+Symptoms+%26+Treatment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facaai.org%2Fallergies%2Ftypes%2Flatex-allergy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonDaniels2018" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Christopher D.; Daniels, Eric S. (8 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=De9RUVtQ5TQC&q=artificial+polyisoprene+protein&pg=PA33"><i>Emulsion Polymerisation and Latex Applications</i></a>. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859573815" title="Special:BookSources/9781859573815"><bdi>9781859573815</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602142447/https://books.google.com/books?id=De9RUVtQ5TQC&q=artificial+polyisoprene+protein&pg=PA33#v=snippet&q=artificial%20polyisoprene%20protein&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emulsion+Polymerisation+and+Latex+Applications&rft.pub=iSmithers+Rapra+Publishing&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.isbn=9781859573815&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Christopher+D.&rft.au=Daniels%2C+Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDe9RUVtQ5TQC%26q%3Dartificial%2Bpolyisoprene%2Bprotein%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/latex-allergy/DS00621/DSECTION=risk-factors">"Latex allergy - Symptoms and causes"</a>. <i>mayoclinic.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007231835/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/latex-allergy/DS00621/DSECTION=risk%2Dfactors">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(October 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7943998/">"Latex allergy: clinical features and cross-reactivity with fruits"</a>. <i>Annals of Allergy</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 309–314. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4738">0003-4738</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7943998">7943998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Allergy&rft.atitle=Latex+allergy%3A+clinical+features+and+cross-reactivity+with+fruits&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=309-314&rft.date=1994-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7943998&rft.issn=0003-4738&rft.aulast=Blanco&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Carrillo%2C+T.&rft.au=Castillo%2C+R.&rft.au=Quiralte%2C+J.&rft.au=Cuevas%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F7943998%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGromekKołdejŚwitałaMajsiak2024" class="citation journal cs1">Gromek, Weronika; Kołdej, Natalia; Świtała, Szymon; Majsiak, Emilia; Kurowski, Marcin (2024-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11278189">"Revisiting Latex-Fruit Syndrome after 30 Years of Research: A Comprehensive Literature Review and Description of Two Cases"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Medicine</i>. <b>13</b> (14): 4222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjcm13144222">10.3390/jcm13144222</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-0383">2077-0383</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11278189">11278189</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064262">39064262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Latex-Fruit+Syndrome+after+30+Years+of+Research%3A+A+Comprehensive+Literature+Review+and+Description+of+Two+Cases&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=4222&rft.date=2024-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11278189%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2077-0383&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39064262&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fjcm13144222&rft.aulast=Gromek&rft.aufirst=Weronika&rft.au=Ko%C5%82dej%2C+Natalia&rft.au=%C5%9Awita%C5%82a%2C+Szymon&rft.au=Majsiak%2C+Emilia&rft.au=Kurowski%2C+Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11278189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelge_B._BodeAxel_ZeeckKirsten_PlückhahnDieter_Jendrossek2000" class="citation journal cs1">Helge B. Bode; Axel Zeeck; Kirsten Plückhahn; Dieter Jendrossek (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92206">"Physiological and Chemical Investigations into Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Poly(cis-1,4-isoprene)"</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>66</b> (9): 3680–3685. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApEnM..66.3680B">2000ApEnM..66.3680B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Faem.66.9.3680-3685.2000">10.1128/aem.66.9.3680-3685.2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92206">92206</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10966376">10966376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Physiological+and+Chemical+Investigations+into+Microbial+Degradation+of+Synthetic+Poly%28cis-1%2C4-isoprene%29&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3680-3685&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC92206%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10966376&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Faem.66.9.3680-3685.2000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ApEnM..66.3680B&rft.au=Helge+B.+Bode&rft.au=Axel+Zeeck&rft.au=Kirsten+Pl%C3%BCckhahn&rft.au=Dieter+Jendrossek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC92206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseSteinbuchel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, K.; Steinbuchel, A. (2 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1151847">"Biodegradation of Natural Rubber and Related Compounds: Recent Insights into a Hardly Understood Catabolic Capability of Microorganisms"</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>71</b> (6): 2803–2812. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.2803R">2005ApEnM..71.2803R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.71.6.2803-2812.2005">10.1128/AEM.71.6.2803-2812.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1151847">1151847</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15932971">15932971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Biodegradation+of+Natural+Rubber+and+Related+Compounds%3A+Recent+Insights+into+a+Hardly+Understood+Catabolic+Capability+of+Microorganisms&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2803-2812&rft.date=2005-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1151847%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15932971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.71.6.2803-2812.2005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ApEnM..71.2803R&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Steinbuchel%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1151847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latex&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/latex" class="extiw" title="commons:latex">latex</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry" title="Template talk:Forestry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> 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