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href="#Old_Norse_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Old Norse literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_Norse_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Old Norse literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Old_Norse_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sagas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sagas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sagas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sagas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Erik_the_Red" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erik_the_Red"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Erik the Red</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erik_the_Red-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sagas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sagas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Other sagas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sagas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folktales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folktales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Folktales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folktales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mythology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Óðinn_and_seiðr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Óðinn_and_seiðr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Óðinn and <span><i>seiðr</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Óðinn_and_seiðr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freyja_and_seiðr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freyja_and_seiðr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Freyja and <span><i>seiðr</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freyja_and_seiðr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seiðr_and_gender_roles_in_Norse_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seiðr_and_gender_roles_in_Norse_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span><span><i>Seiðr</i></span> and gender roles in Norse society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seiðr_and_gender_roles_in_Norse_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Contemporary paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Seiðr</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Seiðr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seid" title="Seid – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejd" title="Sejd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sejd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seiðr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seiðr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seidr" title="Seidr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seidr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejdo" title="Sejdo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sejdo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سیدر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیدر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seiðr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Seiðr" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="세이드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0ur" title="Seiður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Seiður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seiðr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Seiðr" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA" title="セイズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セイズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seid" title="Seid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Seid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seid" title="Seid – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Seid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seiðr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сейд (магия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сейд (магия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Seiðr" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejd" title="Sejd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sejd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Сейд (магія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сейд (магія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1346805#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Old Norse term for a type of shamanistic sorcery</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freyja_and_the_Necklace_by_James_Doyle_Penrose,_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Freyja_and_the_Necklace_by_James_Doyle_Penrose%2C_1890.jpg/220px-Freyja_and_the_Necklace_by_James_Doyle_Penrose%2C_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Freyja_and_the_Necklace_by_James_Doyle_Penrose%2C_1890.jpg/330px-Freyja_and_the_Necklace_by_James_Doyle_Penrose%2C_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Freyja_and_the_Necklace_by_James_Doyle_Penrose%2C_1890.jpg/440px-Freyja_and_the_Necklace_by_James_Doyle_Penrose%2C_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of Freyja. Within Norse paganism, Freyja was the deity primarily associated with <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, <b><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span></b> (sometimes anglicized as <i>seidhr</i>, <i>seidh</i>, <i>seidr</i>, <i>seithr</i>, <i>seith</i>, or <i>seid</i>) was a type of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a> which was practised in <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Norse society</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Late Scandinavian Iron Age</a>. The practice of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> is believed to be a form of magic which is related to both the telling and the shaping of the future. Connected to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a>, its origins are largely unknown, and its practice gradually declined after the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a>. Accounts of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> later made it into sagas and other literary sources, while further evidence of it has been unearthed by <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a>. Various scholars have debated the nature of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>, some of them have argued that it was <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanic</a> in context, involving visionary journeys by its practitioners. </p><p><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Seiðr</i></span> practitioners were of both sexes, with sorceresses being variously known as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">vǫlur</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðkonur</i></span> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">vísendakona</i></span>. There were also accounts of male practitioners, who were known as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðmenn</i></span> (or <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðmaðr</i></span> in the singular). In many cases these magical practitioners would have had assistants to aid them in their rituals. </p><p>In pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> was associated with both the god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Óðinn</a>, a deity who was simultaneously responsible for war, poetry and sorcery, and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a> who was believed to have taught the practice to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice200291,_108_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice200291,_108-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, adherents of various <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">modern Pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> adopted forms of <a href="/wiki/Magico-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Magico-religious">magico-religious</a> practice which include <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>. The practices of these contemporary <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>-workers have since been investigated by various academic researchers who are operating in the field of <a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">pagan studies</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_etymology">Terminology and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)"><i>Witch</i> (word)</a></div> <p><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Seiðr</i></span> is believed to come from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*</i><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">saiðaz</i></span>, cognate with <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">saitas</i></span>, 'tie, tether' and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> <i>*</i><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">soito-</i></span> 'sorcery' (giving Welsh <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">hud</i></span>, Breton <span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">hud</i></span> 'magic'), all derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*</i><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">soi-to-</i></span> 'string, rope', ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root <i>*</i><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">seH2i-</i></span> 'to bind'.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Related words in <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> (see German <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saite" class="extiw" title="de:Saite">Saite</a>, used both in string instruments and in bows) and <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> refer to 'cord, string', or 'snare, cord, halter' and there is a line in verse 15 of the <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic</a> poem <a href="/wiki/Ragnarsdr%C3%A1pa" title="Ragnarsdrápa">Ragnarsdrápa</a> that uses <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> in that sense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeide2006164–68_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeide2006164–68-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is not clear how this derivation relates to the practice of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>. It has been suggested that the use of a cord in attraction may be related to <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>, where attraction is one element of the practice of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> magic described in Norse literature and with witchcraft in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian folklore">Scandinavian folklore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeide2006164–68_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeide2006164–68-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> involved "spinning charms", that would explain the <a href="/wiki/Distaff" title="Distaff">distaff</a>, a tool used in spinning flax or sometimes wool, that appears to be associated with <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeide2006164–68_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeide2006164–68-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, the string relates to the "threads of fate", that the <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Nornir</a> spin, measure, and cut. </p><p>Old English terms cognate with <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> are <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">-siden</i></span> (as a suffix in the noun <i>ælfsiden</i>, in various <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> forms) and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">sidsa</i></span>, both of which are attested only in contexts that suggest that they were used by elves (<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ælfe</i></span>); these seem likely to have meant something similar to <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2004117–30_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2004117–30-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Old English words for practitioners of magic are <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wicca</i></span> (m.) or <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wicce</i></span> (f.), the <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymons</a> of Modern English '<a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witch</a>'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Norse_literature">Old Norse literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Old Norse literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skjern-stenen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Skjern-stenen.JPG/150px-Skjern-stenen.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Skjern-stenen.JPG/225px-Skjern-stenen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Skjern-stenen.JPG/300px-Skjern-stenen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Skern_Runestone" title="Skern Runestone">Skern Runestone</a> has a curse regarding a '<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">siþi</i></span>' or '<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> worker'.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>, the practice of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> by men had connotations of unmanliness or effeminacy, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">ergi</a></i>, as its manipulative aspects ran counter to masculine ideal of forthright, open behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2007148_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007148-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> and perhaps some of the other goddesses of <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> were <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> practitioners, Óðinn was accused by <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a></i> of being "unmanly" to which Odin replied with: "Knowest thou that I gave to those I ought not – victory to cowards? Thou was eight winters on the earth below, milked cow as a woman, and didst there bear children. Now that, methinks, betokens a base nature." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sagas">Sagas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sagas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erik_the_Red">Erik the Red</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Erik the Red"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 13th century <i>Saga of Erik the Red</i>, there was a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðkona</i></span> or <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">vǫlva</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> named Þórbjǫrg ('protected by Thor'). She wore a blue <a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">cloak</a> and a headpiece of black lamb trimmed with white ermine, carried the symbolic <a href="/wiki/Distaff" title="Distaff">distaff</a> (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðstafr</i></span>), which was buried with her, and would sit on a high platform. As related in the saga: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">En er hon kom um kveldit ok sá maðr, er móti henni var sendr, þá var hon svá búin, at hon hafði yfir sér tuglamöttul blán, ok var settr steinum allt í skaut ofan. Hon hafði á hálsi sér glertölur, lambskinnskofra svartan á höfði ok við innan kattarskinn hvít. Ok hon hafði staf í hendi, ok var á knappr. Hann var búinn með messingu ok settr steinum ofan um knappinn. Hon hafði um sik hnjóskulinda, ok var þar á skjóðupungr mikill, ok varðveitti hon þar í töfr sín, þau er hon þurfti til fróðleiks at hafa. Hon hafði á fótum kálfskinnsskúa loðna ok í þvengi langa ok á tinknappar miklir á endunum. Hon hafði á höndum sér kattskinnsglófa, ok váru hvítir innan ok loðnir.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"> <p>Now, when she came in the evening, accompanied by the man who had been sent to meet her, she was dressed in such wise that she had a blue mantle over her, with strings for the neck, and it was inlaid with gems quite down to the skirt. On her neck she had glass beads. On her head she had a black hood of lambskin, lined with ermine. A staff she had in her hand, with a knob thereon; it was ornamented with brass, and inlaid with gems round about the knob. Around her she wore a girdle of soft hair (or belt of touch wood<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and therein was a large skin-bag, in which she kept the talismans needful to her in her wisdom. She wore hairy calf-skin shoes on her feet, with long and strong-looking thongs to them, and great knobs of <a href="/wiki/Latten" title="Latten">latten</a> at the ends. On her hands she had gloves of ermine-skin, and they were white and hairy within.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_sagas">Other sagas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other sagas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As described by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> includes both divination and manipulative magic. It seems likely that the type of divination of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>-practitioners was generally distinct, by dint of an altogether more metaphysical nature, from the day-to-day auguries performed by the seers (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">menn framsýnir</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">menn forspáir</i></span>). </p><p>However, in chapter 44 of the Icelandic saga <i><a href="/wiki/Vatnsd%C3%A6la_saga" title="Vatnsdæla saga">Vatnsdæla saga</a></i>, Þórdís Spákona loans someone her black cloak and stick (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">stafsprotann</i></span>) for magic. The stick is used to strike a man three times on his left cheek to make him forget and three times on his right cheek to make him remember. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folktales">Folktales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Folktales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seiðr is mentioned in Icelandic folktales dating to the 19th century (Íslenzkar Þjóðsögur og Æfintýri, Jón Árnason). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neil Price noted that, because of its connection with <i><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">ergi</a></i>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> was undoubtedly located on 'one of society's moral and psychological borders'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2002210_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2002210-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Seiðr</i></span> involved the incantation of <a href="/wiki/Spell_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spell (paranormal)">spells</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr"><i>galdrar</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">sg</a>. <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">galdr</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Thorsson_1999_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorsson_1999-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Practitioners may have been religious leaders of the Viking community and usually required the help of other practitioners to invoke their deities, gods or spirits. As they are described in a number of other Scandinavian sagas, <a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Erik_the_Red" title="Saga of Erik the Red">Saga of Erik the Red</a> in particular, the practitioners connected with the spiritual realm through chanting and prayer. Viking texts suggest that the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> ritual was used in times of inherent crisis, as a tool for seeing into the future, and for cursing and hexing one's enemies. With that said, it could have been used for great good or destructive evil, as well as for daily guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One author, Neil Price, argues that it was very likely that some parts of the practice involved sexual acts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2002210_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2002210-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have highlighted that the staffs have phallic epithets in various Icelandic sagas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2002217_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2002217-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Óðinn_and_seiðr"><span id=".C3.93.C3.B0inn_and_sei.C3.B0r"></span>Óðinn and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Óðinn and seiðr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg/220px-Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>The 7th century <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4ngelg%C3%A5rda_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tängelgårda stone">Tängelgårda stone</a> shows Óðinn leading a troop of warriors all bearing rings. <a href="/wiki/Valknut" title="Valknut">Valknut</a> symbols are drawn beneath his horse, which is depicted with four legs.</figcaption></figure> <p>British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Neil_Price_(archaeologist)" title="Neil Price (archaeologist)">Neil Price</a> noted that "the realm of sorcery" was present in Óðinn's many aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice200294_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice200294-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a>, according to the Poetic Edda, Loki accuses Óðinn of practising <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>, condemning it as an unmanly art (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ergi</i></span>). A justification for this may be found in the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ynglinga saga</i></span>, where Snorri opines that following the practice of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> rendered the practitioner weak and helpless. </p><p>One possible example of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> in Norse mythology is the prophetic vision given to Óðinn in the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Vǫluspá</a> by the <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">völva</a></i> after whom the poem is named. Her vision is not connected explicitly with <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>; however, the word occurs in the poem in relation to a character called Heiðr (who is traditionally associated with Freyja but may be identical with the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">völva</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell2001394–417_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell2001394–417-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interrelationship between the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">vǫlva</i></span> in this account and the <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a>, the fates of Norse lore, is strong and striking. </p><p>Another noted mythological practitioner of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> was <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B3a" title="Gróa">Gróa</a>, who attempted to assist <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, and who in the <a href="/wiki/Svipdagsm%C3%A1l" title="Svipdagsmál">Svipdagsmál</a> in a poem entitled <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B3galdr" title="Grógaldr">Grógaldr</a> "Gróa's spell" is summoned from beyond the grave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freyja_and_seiðr"><span id="Freyja_and_sei.C3.B0r"></span>Freyja and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Freyja and seiðr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like Óðinn, the Norse goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> is also associated with <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> in the surviving literature. In the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ynglinga saga</i></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1225</span>), written by Icelandic poet <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, it is stated that <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> had originally been a practice among the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>, but that Freyja, who was herself a member of the Vanir, had introduced it to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a> when she joined them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2002108_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2002108-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freyja is identified in <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ynglinga saga</i></span> as an adept of the mysteries of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>, and it is said that it was she who taught it to Óðinn: </p> <blockquote> <p><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Dóttir Njarðar var Freyja. Hon var blótgyðja. Hon kenndi fyrst með Ásum seið, sem Vǫnum var títt.</i></span> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njǫrðr</a>’s daughter was Freyja. She presided over the sacrifice. It was she who first acquainted the Æsir with <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>, which was customary among the Vanir." </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the publication of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a>'s socio-linguistical <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch">Deutsches Wörterbuch</a></i> (p. 638) in 1835, scholarship draws a Balto-Finnic link to <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>, citing the depiction of its practitioners as such in the sagas and elsewhere, and linking <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> to the practices of the <a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">noaidi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> shamans of the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a>. However, Indo-European origins are also possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2004121–122_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2004121–122-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> word <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">seita</i></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami</a> variants of the term <span title="Sami languages collective text"><i lang="smi">sieidde</i></span> refer to a human-shaped tree or a large and strangely-shaped stone or rock and do not necessarily reference magical power. There is a good case, however, that these words do derive ultimately from <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola2004235–73_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2004235–73-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seiðr_and_gender_roles_in_Norse_society"><span id="Sei.C3.B0r_and_gender_roles_in_Norse_society"></span><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Seiðr</i></span> and gender roles in Norse society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Seiðr and gender roles in Norse society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Old Norse societies, gender roles were very rigid and deviating from them was considered shameful. This is exemplified in the attitudes surrounding <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> and its place as a feminine craft. </p><p>A woman practicing <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> would sometimes be called <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">völva</a></i>, meaning <a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">seeress</a>. She would also sometimes be described as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">spá-kona</i></span> or <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seið-kona</i></span>, meaning 'prophecy-woman' and 'magic-woman', respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Thor_2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thor_2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> was viewed as a feminine practice, any man who engaged in it (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðmaðr</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was associated with a concept called <i><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">ergi</a></i>, the designation of a man in Norse society who was unmanly, feminine and possibly homosexual.<sup id="cite_ref-Thor_2008_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thor_2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, female practitioners of the craft would take on young male apprentices, and those who became mothers would teach the practice to their sons.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not seen as a respectable thing, it was not rare for men to be involved in <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> magic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_paganism">Contemporary paganism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary paganism">Contemporary paganism</a>, also referred to as neopaganism, is an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> used to identify a wide variety of new religious movements, particularly those influenced by the various pagan beliefs of premodern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter199640_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter199640-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200413_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200413-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these contemporary pagan religions draw specifically on the original medieval religious beliefs and practices of Anglo-Saxon England as sources of inspiration, adopting such Anglo-Saxon deities as their own. </p><p><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Seiðr</i></span> is interpreted differently by different groups and practitioners, but usually taken to indicate altered consciousness or even total loss of physical control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1997_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1997-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Paxson" title="Diana L. Paxson">Diana L. Paxson</a> and her group <i>Hrafnar</i> have attempted reconstructions of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> (particularly the oracular form) from historical material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain200121_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain200121-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Fries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Fries (page does not exist)">Jan Fries</a> regards <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> as a form of "shamanic trembling", which he relates to "seething", used as a shamanic technique, the idea being his own and developed through experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFries1996_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFries1996-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Blain, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seiðr</i></span> is an intrinsic part of spiritual practice connecting practitioners to the wider cosmology in British Germanic neopaganism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain200113_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain200113-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice200291,_108-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice200291,_108_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2002">Price 2002</a>, pp. 91, 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyllested, Adam, 2010, 'The Precursors of Celtic and Germanic'. in SW Jamison, HC Melchert & B Vine (eds), Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, Los Angeles, October 30th and 31st, 2009. Dr. Ute Hempen Verlag, Bremen, pp. 107-128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeide2006164–68-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeide2006164–68_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeide2006164–68_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeide2006164–68_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeide2006">Heide 2006</a>, pp. 164–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2004117–30-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2004117–30_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, pp. 117–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007148-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2007148_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall 2007</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Eiríks_saga_rauða">Eiríks saga rauða</a></i>, Chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGundarsson" class="citation web cs1">Gundarsson, Kveldúlfr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrafnar.org/articles/kveldulf/spaecraft/">"Spae-Craft, Seiðr, and Shamanism"</a>. <i>www.hrafnar.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hrafnar.org&rft.atitle=Spae-Craft%2C+Sei%C3%B0r%2C+and+Shamanism&rft.aulast=Gundarsson&rft.aufirst=Kveld%C3%BAlfr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrafnar.org%2Farticles%2Fkveldulf%2Fspaecraft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sagadb.org/eiriks_saga_rauda.en">The Saga of Erik the Red</a>', Chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406041416/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_02.php">"Heimskringla — Ynglinga Saga, p. 2, sec. 7"</a>. <i>www.northvegr.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_02.php">the original</a> on 6 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.northvegr.org&rft.atitle=Heimskringla+%E2%80%94+Ynglinga+Saga%2C+p.+2%2C+sec.+7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northvegr.org%2Flore%2Fheim%2F001_02.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2002210-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2002210_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2002210_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2002">Price 2002</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorsson_1999-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thorsson_1999_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorsson1999" class="citation book cs1">Thorsson, Edred (1999). <i>Witchdom of the true: A study of the Vana-Troth and the practice of seiðr</i>. Smithville, TX: Runa-Raven Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885972-12-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885972-12-5"><bdi>978-1-885972-12-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/755015906">755015906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchdom+of+the+true%3A+A+study+of+the+Vana-Troth+and+the+practice+of+sei%C3%B0r&rft.place=Smithville%2C+TX&rft.pub=Runa-Raven+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F755015906&rft.isbn=978-1-885972-12-5&rft.aulast=Thorsson&rft.aufirst=Edred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2002217-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2002217_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2002">Price 2002</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice200294-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice200294_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2002">Price 2002</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell2001394–417-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell2001394–417_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinnell2001">McKinnell 2001</a>, pp. 394–417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2002108-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2002108_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2002">Price 2002</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2004121–122-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2004121–122_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2004235–73-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola2004235–73_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParpola2004">Parpola 2004</a>, pp. 235–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thor_2008-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thor_2008_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thor_2008_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThor2008" class="citation book cs1">Thor, Ewing (2008). <i>Gods and worshippers: In the Viking and Germanic world</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Temous. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752435909" title="Special:BookSources/9780752435909"><bdi>9780752435909</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/195680405">195680405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+worshippers%3A+In+the+Viking+and+Germanic+world&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Temous&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F195680405&rft.isbn=9780752435909&rft.aulast=Thor&rft.aufirst=Ewing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A more general term for a male spiritual practitioner was <i>vitki</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Sorcerer_(supernatural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorcerer (supernatural)">sorcerer</a>").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJochens1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jochens, Jenny (1991). "Old Norse Magic and Gender: þáttr þorvalds Ens Víðfǫrla". <i>Scandinavian Studies</i>. <b>63</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">305–</span>317. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40919289">40919289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Studies&rft.atitle=Old+Norse+Magic+and+Gender%3A+%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr+%C3%BEorvalds+Ens+V%C3%AD%C3%B0f%C7%ABrla.&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40919289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jochens&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter199640-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter199640_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1996">Carpenter 1996</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200413-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200413_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2004">Lewis 2004</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1997-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1997_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1997">Harvey 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain200121-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain200121_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlain2001">Blain 2001</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFries1996-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFries1996_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFries1996">Fries 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain200113-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlain200113_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlain2001">Blain 2001</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlain2001" class="citation book cs1">Blain, Jenny (2001). <i>Nine Worlds of Seid-Magic: Ecstasy and Neo-Shamanism in North European Paganism</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25650-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25650-X"><bdi>0-415-25650-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine+Worlds+of+Seid-Magic%3A+Ecstasy+and+Neo-Shamanism+in+North+European+Paganism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-25650-X&rft.aulast=Blain&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1996" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Dennis D. (1996). "Emergent Nature Spirituality: An Examination of the Major Spiritual Contours of the Contemporary Pagan Worldview". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). <i>Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2890-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-2890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emergent+Nature+Spirituality%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Major+Spiritual+Contours+of+the+Contemporary+Pagan+Worldview&rft.btitle=Magical+Religion+and+Modern+Witchcraft&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2890-0&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Dennis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuBois1999" class="citation book cs1">DuBois, Thomas A. (1999). <i>Nordic Religions in the Viking Age</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3511-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3511-8"><bdi>0-8122-3511-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic+Religions+in+the+Viking+Age&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8122-3511-8&rft.aulast=DuBois&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span> Ch. 6.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFries1996" class="citation book cs1">Fries, Jan (1996). <i>Seidways: Shaking, Swaying and Serpent Mysteries</i>. Mandrake. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1869928369" title="Special:BookSources/1869928369"><bdi>1869928369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seidways%3A+Shaking%2C+Swaying+and+Serpent+Mysteries&rft.pub=Mandrake&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1869928369&rft.aulast=Fries&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alaric_Hall" title="Alaric Hall">Hall, Alaric</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alarichall.org.uk/phd.php"><i>The Meanings of </i>Elf<i>, and Elves, in Medieval England</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meanings+of+Elf%2C+and+Elves%2C+in+Medieval+England&rft.pub=Woodbridge%3A+Boydell%2C+2007&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Alaric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alarichall.org.uk%2Fphd.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2007" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Alaric (2007). <i>Elves in Anglo-Saxon England: Matters of Belief, Health, Gender and Identity</i>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-294-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-294-2"><bdi>978-1-84383-294-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elves+in+Anglo-Saxon+England%3A+Matters+of+Belief%2C+Health%2C+Gender+and+Identity&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-294-2&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Alaric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1997" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Graham (1997). <i>Listening people, Speaking Earth</i>. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-272-4"><bdi>978-1-85065-272-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listening+people%2C+Speaking+Earth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-272-4&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeide2006" class="citation book cs1">Heide, Eldar (2006). "Spinning Seiðr". In Andrén, Anders; Jennbert, Kristina; et al. (eds.). <i>Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions</i>. Lund, Sweden: Nordic Academic Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-89116-81-X" title="Special:BookSources/91-89116-81-X"><bdi>91-89116-81-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spinning+Sei%C3%B0r&rft.btitle=Old+Norse+Religion+in+Long-Term+Perspectives%3A+Origins%2C+Changes%2C+and+Interactions&rft.place=Lund%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=91-89116-81-X&rft.aulast=Heide&rft.aufirst=Eldar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (2004). <i>The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements</i>. London and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514986-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514986-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514986-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514986-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnell2001" class="citation book cs1">McKinnell, John (2001). "On Heiðr". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heathengods.com/library/viking_society/2001_XXV_4.pdf"><i>Saga-Book of the Viking Society</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 25. pp. <span class="nowrap">394–</span>417.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Hei%C3%B0r&rft.btitle=Saga-Book+of+the+Viking+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E394-%3C%2Fspan%3E417&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=McKinnell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heathengods.com%2Flibrary%2Fviking_society%2F2001_XXV_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2004" class="citation book cs1">Parpola, Asko (2004). "Old Norse SEIÐ(R), Finnish SEITA and Saami Shamanism". In Irma Hyvärinen; Petri Kallio; Jarmo Korhonen (eds.). <i>Etymologie, Entlehnungen und Entwicklungen: Festschrift für Jorma Koivulehto zum 70. Geburtstag</i>. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki, 64. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique. pp. <span class="nowrap">235–</span>73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Norse+SEI%C3%90%28R%29%2C+Finnish+SEITA+and+Saami+Shamanism&rft.btitle=Etymologie%2C+Entlehnungen+und+Entwicklungen%3A+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Jorma+Koivulehto+zum+70.+Geburtstag&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.series=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+N%C3%A9ophilologique+de+Helsinki%2C+64&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+N%C3%A9ophilologique&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Price_(archaeologist)" title="Neil Price (archaeologist)">Price, Neil</a> (2002). <i>The Viking Way: Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia</i>. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-506-1626-9" title="Special:BookSources/91-506-1626-9"><bdi>91-506-1626-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Way%3A+Religion+and+War+in+Late+Iron+Age+Scandinavia&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pub=Department+of+Archaeology+and+Ancient+History%2C+Uppsala+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=91-506-1626-9&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sei%C3%B0r&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gardela, Leszek (2009). <i>Into Viking Minds: Reinterpreting the Staffs of Sorcery and Unraveling Seidr</i>. Brepols Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+Viking+Minds%3A+Reinterpreting+the+Staffs+of+Sorcery+and+Unraveling+Seidr&rft.pub=Brepols+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gardela&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Jakobsson, Ármann (2011). "Óðinn as mother: The Old Norse deviant patriarch". <i>Arkiv för nordisk filologi</i>. <b>126</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+nordisk+filologi&rft.atitle=%C3%93%C3%B0inn+as+mother%3A+The+Old+Norse+deviant+patriarch&rft.volume=126&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jakobsson&rft.aufirst=%C3%81rmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jolly, Karen; Raudvere, Catherine; Peters, Edward (2002). <i>Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Middle Ages</i>. Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe. Vol. 3. London: Athlone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-485-89103-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-485-89103-4"><bdi>978-0-485-89103-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+Europe%3A+The+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.series=Athlone+History+of+Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+Europe&rft.pub=Athlone+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-485-89103-4&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Raudvere%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Peters%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Karlsson, Thomas (2002). <i>Uthark: Nightside of the runes</i>. Sundbyberg: Ouroboros. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-974102-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-974102-1-7"><bdi>91-974102-1-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186199355">186199355</a>. Featuring rune images by T. Ketola</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uthark%3A+Nightside+of+the+runes&rft.place=Sundbyberg&rft.pub=Ouroboros&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186199355&rft.isbn=91-974102-1-7&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">North, Richard (1997). <i>Heathen Gods in Old English Literature</i>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03026-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03026-7"><bdi>978-0-521-03026-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heathen+Gods+in+Old+English+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03026-7&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pollington" title="Stephen Pollington">Pollington, Stephen</a> (2011). <i>The Elder Gods: The Otherworld of Early England</i>. Little Downham, Cambs., UK: Anglo-Saxon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898281-64-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898281-64-1"><bdi>978-1-898281-64-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elder+Gods%3A+The+Otherworld+of+Early+England&rft.place=Little+Downham%2C+Cambs.%2C+UK&rft.pub=Anglo-Saxon+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-898281-64-1&rft.aulast=Pollington&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tolley, Clive (2009). <i>Shamanism in Norse Myth and Magic: Volume One</i>. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-41-1028-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-41-1028-3"><bdi>978-951-41-1028-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamanism+in+Norse+Myth+and+Magic%3A+Volume+One&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Suomalainen+Tiedeakatemia&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-951-41-1028-3&rft.aulast=Tolley&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASei%C3%B0r" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template talk:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>,<br />and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Til_%C3%A1rs_ok_fri%C3%B0ar" title="Til árs ok friðar">Til árs ok friðar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_practices_and_worship_in_Germanic_paganism108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7e7e7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_paganism" title="Template:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_paganism" title="Template talk:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_practices_and_worship_in_Germanic_paganism108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religious practices and worship in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Bless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Template:Death in Germanic mythology">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallow">Hallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_German_spells" title="Template:Old German spells">Spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic paganism">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externsteine" title="Externsteine">Externsteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminsul" title="Irminsul">Irminsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trollkyrka" title="Trollkyrka">Trollkyrka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upp%C3%A5kra_temple" title="Uppåkra temple">Uppåkra temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hof_%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagsins" title="Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins">Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manheim_(hof)" title="Manheim (hof)">Manheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianisation of the Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witchcraft" title="Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witchcraft" title="Template talk:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Oceania" title="Witchcraft">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and<br />mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seiðr&oldid=1272763046">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seiðr&oldid=1272763046</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_shamanism" title="Category:European shamanism">European shamanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_paganism" title="Category:Germanic 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