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Observation of partonic flow in proton–proton and proton–nucleus collisions - CERN Document Server

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The QGP is generated in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Anisotropic flow coefficients, quantifying the anisotropic azimuthal expansion of the produced matter, provide a unique tool to unravel QGP properties. Flow measurements in high-energy heavy-ion collisions show a distinctive grouping of anisotropic flow for baryons and mesons at intermediate transverse momentum, a feature associated with flow being imparted at the quark level, confirming the existence of the QGP. The observation of QGP–like features in relativistic proton–proton and proton–ion collisions has sparked debate about possible QGP formation in smaller collision systems, which remains unresolved. In this article, we demonstrate for the first time the distinctive grouping of anisotropic flow for baryons and mesons in high-multiplicity proton–lead and proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These results are described by a model that includes hydrodynamic flow followed by hadron formation via quark coalescence, replicating features observed in heavy-ion collisions. This observation is consistent with the formation of a partonic flowing system in proton–proton and proton–lead collisions at the LHC. Quantum Chromodynamics predicts a phase transition from ordinary hadronic matter to the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) at high temperatures and energy densities, where quarks and gluons (partons) are not confined within hadrons. The QGP is generated in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Anisotropic flow coefficients, quantifying the anisotropic azimuthal expansion of the produced matter, provide a unique tool to unravel QGP properties. Flow measurements in high-energy heavy-ion collisions show a distinctive grouping of anisotropic flow for baryons and mesons at intermediate transverse momentum, a feature associated with flow being imparted at the quark level, confirming the existence of the QGP. The observation of QGP-like features in relativistic proton-proton and proton-ion collisions has sparked debate about possible QGP formation in smaller collision systems, which remains unresolved. In this article, we demonstrate for the first time the distinctive grouping of anisotropic flow for baryons and mesons in high-multiplicity proton-lead and proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These results are described by a model that includes hydrodynamic flow followed by hadron formation via quark coalescence, replicating features observed in heavy-ion collisions. This observation is consistent with the formation of a partonic flowing system in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions at the LHC. Acharya, Shreyasi; Agarwal, Apar; Aglieri Rinella, Gianluca; Aglietta, Luca; Agnello, Michelangelo; Agrawal, Neelima; Ahammed, Zubayer; Ahmad, Shakeel; Ahn, Sang Un; Ahuja, Ishaan; Akindinov, Alexander; Akishina, Valentina; Al-turany, Mohammad; Aleksandrov, Dmitry; Alessandro, Bruno; Alfanda, Haidar Masud; Alfaro Molina, Jose Ruben; Ali, Bushra; Alici, Andrea; Alizadehvandchali, Negin; Alkin, Anton; Alme, Johan; Alocco, Giacomo; Alt, Torsten; Altamura, Anna Rita; Altsybeev, Igor; Alvarado Garcia, Jesus Ricardo; Ramirez Alvarez, Cesar Omar; Anaam, Mustafa; Andrei, Cristian; Andreou, Nicodemos; Andronic, Anton; Andronov, Evgeny; Anguelov, Venelin; Antinori, Federico; Antonioli, Pietro; Apadula, Nicole; Aphecetche, Laurent Bernard; Appelshaeuser, Harald; Arata, Carolina; Arcelli, Silvia; Arnaldi, Roberta; Martins Campos Almeida Arneiro, Jhoao Gabriel; Arsene, Ionut Cristian; Arslandok, Mesut; Augustinus, Andre; Averbeck, Ralf Peter; Averyanov, Dmitry; Azmi, Mohd Danish; Baba, Hitoshi; Badala, Angela; Bae, Joonsuk; Bae, Yunseul; Baek, Yongwook; Bai, Xiaozhi; Bailhache, Raphaelle Marie; Bailung, Yoshini; Bala, Renu; Balbino, Alessandro; Baldisseri, Alberto; Balis, Bartosz; Banoo, Zarina; Barbasova, Veronika; Barile, Francesco; Barioglio, Luca; Barlou, Maria; Barman, Banajit; Barnafoldi, Gergely Gabor; Barnby, Lee Stuart; Barreau, Emilie Martine; Ramillien Barret, Valerie; Barreto De Oliveira Campos, Leonardo; Bartels, Clara; Barth, Klaus; Bartsch, Esther; Bastid, Nicole; Basu, Sumit; Batigne, Guillaume; Battistini, Daniel; Batyunya, Boris; Bauri, Dibakar; Bazo Alba, Jose Luis; Bearden, Ian Gardner; Beattie, Caitlin; Becht, Pascal; Behera, Debadatta; Belikov, Iouri; Bell Hechavarria, Ailec; Bellini, Francesca; Bellwied, Rene; Belokurova, Svetlana; Espinoza Beltran, Lucina Gabriela; Vasquez Beltran, Yael Antonio; Bencedi, Gyula; Bensaoula, Adel; Beole, Stefania Maria; Berdnikov, Yaroslav; Berdnikova, Anastasia; Bergmann, Luisa; Besoiu, Mihaela Gabriela; Betev, Latchezar; Bhaduri, Partha Pratim; 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