Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets: Ccache Files, Sub-technique T1558.005 - Enterprise

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These files are used for short term storage of a user's active session credentials. The ccache file is created upon user authentication and allows for access to multiple services without the user having to re-enter credentials. </p><p>The <code>/etc/krb5.conf</code> configuration file and the <code>KRB5CCNAME</code> environment variable are used to set the storage location for ccache entries. On Linux, credentials are typically stored in the <code>/tmp</code> directory with a naming format of <code>krb5cc_%UID%</code> or <code>krb5.ccache</code>. On macOS, ccache entries are stored by default in memory with an <code>API:{uuid}</code> naming scheme. Typically, users interact with ticket storage using <code>kinit</code>, which obtains a Ticket-Granting-Ticket (TGT) for the principal; <code>klist</code>, which lists obtained tickets currently held in the credentials cache; and other built-in binaries.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Adepts of 0xCC. (2021, January 28). The Kerberos Credential Thievery Compendium (GNU/Linux). Retrieved September 17, 2024."data-reference="Kerberos GNU/Linux"><sup><a href="https://adepts.of0x.cc/kerberos-thievery-linux/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-2') id="scite-ref-2-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title=" ARC Labs, Dwyer, John. Gonzalez, Eric. Hudak, Tyler. (2024, October 1). Shining a Light in the Dark – How Binary Defense Uncovered an APT Lurking in Shadows of IT. Retrieved October 7, 2024."data-reference="Binary Defense Kerberos Linux"><sup><a href="https://www.binarydefense.com/resources/blog/shining-a-light-in-the-dark-how-binary-defense-uncovered-an-apt-lurking-in-shadows-of-it/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="1" aria-describedby="qtip-1">[2]</a></sup></span></p><p>Adversaries can collect tickets from ccache files stored on disk and authenticate as the current user without their password to perform <a href="/techniques/T1550/003">Pass the Ticket</a> attacks. Adversaries can also use these tickets to impersonate legitimate users with elevated privileges to perform <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004">Privilege Escalation</a>. Tools like Kekeo can also be used by adversaries to convert ccache files to Windows format for further <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008">Lateral Movement</a>. On macOS, adversaries may use open-source tools or the Kerberos framework to interact with ccache files and extract TGTs or Service Tickets via lower-level APIs.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Cody Thomas. (2019, November 14). When Kirbi walks the Bifrost. Retrieved October 6, 2021."data-reference="SpectorOps Bifrost Kerberos macOS 2019"><sup><a href="https://posts.specterops.io/when-kirbi-walks-the-bifrost-4c727807744f" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Trevor Haskell. (2020, April 1). Kerberos Tickets on Linux Red Teams. Retrieved October 4, 2021."data-reference="Linux Kerberos Tickets"><sup><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/04/kerberos-tickets-on-linux-red-teams.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021."data-reference="Brining MimiKatz to Unix"><sup><a href="https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-6') id="scite-ref-6-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Benjamin Delpy. (n.d.). Kekeo. Retrieved October 4, 2021."data-reference="Kekeo"><sup><a href="https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="5" aria-describedby="qtip-5">[6]</a></sup></span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="row card-data" id="card-id"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">ID: </span>T1558.005 </div> </div>  <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Sub-technique of: </span> <a href="/techniques/T1558">T1558</a> </div> </div>  <div id="card-tactics" class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The tactic objectives that the (sub-)technique can be used to accomplish">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Tactic:</span> <a href="/tactics/TA0006">Credential Access</a> </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The system an adversary is operating within; could be an operating system or application">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Platforms: </span>Linux, macOS </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Version: </span>1.0 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Created: </span>17 September 2024 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Last Modified: </span>14 October 2024 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center pt-2 version-button live"> <div class="live"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Permalink to this version of T1558.005" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1558/005/" data-test-ignore="true">Version Permalink</a> </div> <div class="permalink"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Go to the live version of T1558.005" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1558/005/" data-test-ignore="true">Live Version</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="examples">Procedure Examples</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Name</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0357"> S0357 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0357"> Impacket </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0357">Impacket</a> tools – such as <code>getST.py</code> or <code>ticketer.py</code> – can be used to steal or forge Kerberos tickets using ccache files given a password, hash, aesKey, or TGT.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Adepts of 0xCC. (2021, January 28). The Kerberos Credential Thievery Compendium (GNU/Linux). Retrieved September 17, 2024."data-reference="Kerberos GNU/Linux"><sup><a href="https://adepts.of0x.cc/kerberos-thievery-linux/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-7') id="scite-ref-7-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Boal, Calum. (2020, January 28). Abusing Kerberos From Linux - An Overview of Available Tools. Retrieved September 17, 2024."data-reference="on security kerberos linux"><sup><a href="https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/abusing-kerberos-from-linux/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="6" aria-describedby="qtip-6">[7]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="mitigations">Mitigations</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Mitigation</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1047"> M1047 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1047"> Audit </a> </td> <td> <p>Enable and perform audits or scans of systems, permissions, insecure software, insecure configurations, etc. to identify potential weaknesses.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021."data-reference="Brining MimiKatz to Unix"><sup><a href="https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span> For example, use <code>auditd</code> to audit access to hashes, machine tickets, or <code>/tmp</code> files. If using sssd and Vintela, ensure kerberos is disabled if not being used.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-8') id="scite-ref-8-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Wadhwa-Brown, Tim. (2022). audit.rules. Retrieved September 17, 2024."data-reference="audits linikatz"><sup><a href="https://github.com/CiscoCXSecurity/linikatz/blob/master/blue/audit/audit.rules" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="7" aria-describedby="qtip-7">[8]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1043"> M1043 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1043"> Credential Access Protection </a> </td> <td> <p>Protect resources with Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) by defining entry points, process types, and file labels.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021."data-reference="Brining MimiKatz to Unix"><sup><a href="https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="detection">Detection</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table datasources-table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th class="p-2" scope="col">ID</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Source</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Component</th> <th class="p-2" scope="col">Detects</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0022"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0022">DS0022</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0022">File</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0022/#File%20Access">File Access</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor for abnormal read access to ccache files located in the <code>/tmp</code> directory of a system from non-user processes. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="references">References</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <ol> <li> <span id="scite-1" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-1" href="https://adepts.of0x.cc/kerberos-thievery-linux/" target="_blank"> Adepts of 0xCC. (2021, January 28). The Kerberos Credential Thievery Compendium (GNU/Linux). Retrieved September 17, 2024. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-2" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-2" href="https://www.binarydefense.com/resources/blog/shining-a-light-in-the-dark-how-binary-defense-uncovered-an-apt-lurking-in-shadows-of-it/" target="_blank"> ARC Labs, Dwyer, John. Gonzalez, Eric. Hudak, Tyler. (2024, October 1). Shining a Light in the Dark – How Binary Defense Uncovered an APT Lurking in Shadows of IT. Retrieved October 7, 2024. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-3" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-3" href="https://posts.specterops.io/when-kirbi-walks-the-bifrost-4c727807744f" target="_blank"> Cody Thomas. (2019, November 14). When Kirbi walks the Bifrost. 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Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets: Ccache Files, Sub-technique T1558.005 - Enterprise | MITRE ATT&CK®