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href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.17</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.18</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.19</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.20</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.21</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Big tent</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9)" title="خيمة كبيرة (سياسة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيمة كبيرة (سياسة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2" title="বহুমতধারী দল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহুমতধারী দল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Універсальная партыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Універсальная партыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_d%27arreplega" title="Partit d'arreplega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit d'arreplega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1elidov%C3%A1_strana" title="Všelidová strana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Všelidová strana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-all-Partei" title="Catch-all-Partei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Catch-all-Partei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiahaardepartei" title="Laiahaardepartei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laiahaardepartei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πολυσυλλεκτικό κόμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυσυλλεκτικό κόμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_atrapalotodo" title="Partido atrapalotodo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido atrapalotodo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutpopola_Partio" title="Tutpopola Partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tutpopola Partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ororen_alderdi" title="Ororen alderdi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ororen alderdi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="خیمه بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خیمه بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_attrape-tout" title="Parti attrape-tout – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti attrape-tout" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EA%B4%84%EC%A0%95%EB%8B%B9" title="포괄정당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포괄정당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenda_besar" title="Tenda besar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tenda besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_pigliatutto" title="Partito pigliatutto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito pigliatutto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partii_Ciappatucc" title="Partii Ciappatucc – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Partii Ciappatucc" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%B1jt%C5%91p%C3%A1rt" title="Gyűjtőpárt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyűjtőpárt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khemah_besar" title="Khemah besar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khemah besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Big tent" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E6%8B%AC%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" title="包括政党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="包括政党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkepartier" title="Folkepartier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkepartier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyabon_partiya" title="Soyabon partiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soyabon partiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_pega-tudo" title="Partido pega-tudo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido pega-tudo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Big tent" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зонтичная партия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зонтичная партия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="බිග් ටෙන්ට් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බිග් ටෙන්ට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_tent_party" title="Big tent party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Big tent party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1e%C4%BEudov%C3%A1_strana" title="Všeľudová strana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Všeľudová strana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%95%D8%AA_%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95" title="خێوەت گەورە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خێوەت گەورە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Велики шатор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велики шатор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_%C5%A1ator" title="Veliki šator – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veliki šator" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansanpuolue_(puoluetyyppi)" title="Kansanpuolue (puoluetyyppi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansanpuolue (puoluetyyppi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_%C3%A7ad%C4%B1r" title="Büyük çadır – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük çadır" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Broad political party</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For items relating to or named for a big top tent, see <a href="/wiki/Big_Top_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Big Top (disambiguation)">Big Top</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">Cordon sanitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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.plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #fff800; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_autocracy" title="Liberal autocracy">Autocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; border-bottom:1px solid #C5C12B; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/14px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/21px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/28px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>big tent party</b>, or <b>catch-all party</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> having members covering a broad spectrum of beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to other kinds of parties, which defend a determined ideology, seek voters who adhere to that ideology, and attempt to convince people towards it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics of Armenia</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Armenian parliamentary election">2018 Armenian parliamentary election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/My_Step_Alliance" title="My Step Alliance">My Step Alliance</a> rose to power on an anti-corruption and pro-democracy platform. The alliance has been described as maintaining a big tent ideology, as the alliance did not support any one particular political position. Instead, it focused on strengthening <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>'s civil society and economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics of Australia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a> and its predecessors originated as an alliance of liberals and conservatives in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Liberal Party">Commonwealth Liberal Party</a> in 1909. This ideological distinction has endured to the present day, with the modern Liberal Party frequently described as a "<a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">broad church</a>", a term popularised by former leader and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a>. In this context, "broad church" is largely synonymous with "big tent". In the 21st century, the party is often characterised as having a "small-l liberal" wing and a conservative wing, which frequently come into conflict with each other. The party has historically found strong support primarily from the middle-class, though it has in recent decades appealed to socially conservative working-class voters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From its foundation the <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a> has been a <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronist</a> catch-all party, which focuses on the figure of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva</a>. Since <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Kirchner" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestor Kirchner">Nestor Kirchner</a> took the presidency in 2003, the party is considered as part of center-left coalition. It has divided into left-wing and right-wing factions, with <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing populist">left-wing populist</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerists</a> now dominating the party. Despite this, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">right-wing</a> faction still exists. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Juntos_por_el_Cambio" title="Juntos por el Cambio">Juntos por el Cambio</a> is an Argentine big tent political coalition. It was created in 2015 as Cambiemos. It is composed of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Proposal" title="Republican Proposal">Republican Proposal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a>), <a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_ARI" title="Civic Coalition ARI">Civic Coalition ARI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centre</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centre</a>), with common goals to oppose Peronist parties. It is considered as part of center-right coalition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Bangladesh <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League's</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(Bangladesh)" title="Grand Alliance (Bangladesh)">Grand Alliance (Bangladesh)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">BNP's</a> <a href="/wiki/20_Party_Alliance" title="20 Party Alliance">20 Party Alliance</a> forms coalition with a wide range of parties, thus being catch all parties.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Centr%C3%A3o" title="Centrão">Centrão</a></div> <p>In Brazil, the <a href="/wiki/Centr%C3%A3o" title="Centrão">Centrão</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">big centre</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a term for a large bloc of political parties that do not have a specific or consistent ideological orientation and whose aim is to maintain proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> in order to guarantee advantages and allow them to distribute privileges through <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelistic networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement" title="Brazilian Democratic Movement">Brazilian Democratic Movement</a> (MDB) is one of the oldest and most notable "Centrão" and Big Tent parties in Brazil; despite being Brazil's largest party, both in number of members and number of officials elected, it has never elected a <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a>, but has used its position as the largest party as a "bargaining chip" for privileges and advantages.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MDB was founded in 1965 at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian military dictatorship">Brazilian military dictatorship</a> as part of an enforced <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> by the dictatorship, in which the only allowed parties were <a href="/wiki/National_Renewal_Alliance_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Renewal Alliance Party">National Renewal Alliance Party</a> (ARENA), a catch-all party representing the interests of the dictatorship, and MDB, formed to represent a wide-range moderate and less radical opposition to the dictatorship, without a clear program except the democratization of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Big Tent <i>centrão</i> parties include the <a href="/wiki/Progressistas" title="Progressistas">Progressists</a> (PP), <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (current)">Brazilian Labour Party</a> (PTB), <a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Brazil)" title="Podemos (Brazil)">We Can</a> (PODE), <a href="/wiki/Brazil_Union" title="Brazil Union">Brazil Union</a> (UB), <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Brazil,_2011)" title="Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)">Social Democratic Party</a> (PSD), <a href="/wiki/Social_Christian_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Christian Party (Brazil)">Social Christian Party</a> (PSC), <a href="/wiki/Act_(Brazil)" title="Act (Brazil)">Act</a> (AGIR), <a href="/wiki/Patriota" title="Patriota">Patriot</a> (PATRI), <a href="/wiki/Avante_(political_party)" title="Avante (political party)">Forward</a> (AVANTE), <a href="/wiki/Solidariedade" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidariedade">Solidarity</a> (SD).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in Canada">Politics in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Political culture of Canada">Political culture of Canada</a></div> <p>At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two big tent parties practicing "brokerage politics."<sup id="cite_ref-politics_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooks2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2016c_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2016c-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BaumerGold2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaumerGold2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a> (and its <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada#Predecessors" title="Conservative Party of Canada">predecessors</a>) have attracted support from a broad spectrum of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olive2015c_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olive2015c-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although parties such as the Quebec nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> have elected members to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a> parties have never gained a prominent force in Canadian society and have never formed a government in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Parliament">Canadian Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarlandGiasson2012_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarlandGiasson2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/League_of_Anti-Corruption_Governors" title="League of Anti-Corruption Governors">League of Anti-Corruption Governors</a></div> <p>In Colombia, the presumed <a href="/wiki/League_of_Anti-Corruption_Governors" title="League of Anti-Corruption Governors">League of Anti-Corruption Governors</a>, led by the former presidential candidate, sometimes referred to as "the Colombian Trump", has been described as a "catch-all party",<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although analysts agree that it belongs to a more or less <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a>. That is to say to a type of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme right">extreme right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The centre-right <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a> has been described as catch-all party supporting the interests of the urban middle classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Karvonen2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karvonen2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="La République En Marche!">Renaissance</a> party (formerly La République En Marche!) founded by President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> has been described as a centrist party with a catch-all nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Francesco-Mayot_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francesco-Mayot-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> (CDU/CSU) and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) are considered big tent or catch-all parties, known in German as <i>Volksparteien</i> ("people's parties").<sup id="cite_ref-HertnerSloam2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HertnerSloam2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> attracted support from Indians of all classes, castes and religions supportive of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MeyerBrysac2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeyerBrysac2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a> which came into power in India in 1977, was a catch-all party that consisted of people with different ideologies opposed to <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-centrist3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centrist3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> are considered catch-all parties and are supported by people from different social classes and political ideologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two parties are usually described as being very similar in their current and recent policies, both being positioned on the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Liberal-conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-conservative">liberal-conservative</a> ideology. The reasons for their remaining separate are mainly historical, with those who supported the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> in the 1920s eventually becoming Fine Gael and those who opposed the treaty having joined Fianna Fáil to seek an independent Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a>, founded and formerly led by the comedian and actor <a href="/wiki/Beppe_Grillo" title="Beppe Grillo">Beppe Grillo</a>, has been described as a catch-all <a href="/wiki/Protest_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest party">protest party</a> and "post-ideological big tent" because its supporters do not share similar policy preferences, are split on major economic and social issues and are united largely based on "anti-establishment" sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-FTFive_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTFive-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Five Star Movement's "successful campaign formula combined anti-establishment sentiments with an economic and political protest which extends beyond the boundaries of traditional political orientations", but its "'catch-all' formula" has limited its ability to become "a mature, functional, effective and coherent contender for government".<sup id="cite_ref-FTFive_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTFive-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (Italy)">Northern League</a> attracted voters in its early years from all of the political spectrum. <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a>, on the centre-right, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a>, on the centre-left, are considered to be catch-all parties and were mergers of political parties with numerous ideological backgrounds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Factions in the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Factions in the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)</a></div> <p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> (LDP) had been formed as a big-tent party uniting groups ranging from <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a> centrists to nationalist <a href="/wiki/Neoliberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberals">neoliberals</a>. The party developed an intricate factional system to maintain co-operation and to ensure hegemonic success in elections. However, the party has seen some former factions defect or die out since the 1990s, especially the more moderate ones, which has led the party to shift overall towards the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Frontier_Party_(Japan)" title="New Frontier Party (Japan)">New Frontier Party</a>, which existed from 1994 to 1997, was considered a big political party because it was created to oppose the LDP by people of various ideologies, including social democrats, liberals, neoliberals, Buddhist democrats, and conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former main <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> opposition, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan" title="Democratic Party of Japan">Democratic Party of Japan</a> (DPJ), was Japan's version of third way politics and served since the mid-1990s as a ‘big tent party’ for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> parties to <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-IPS_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI) held power in Mexico for 71 uninterrupted years, from 1929 to 2000. It was founded after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> by Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a>. Then known as the National Revolutionary Party, it was founded with the intent of providing a political space to allow all surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution to participate and to resolve the grave political crisis that had been caused by the assassination of President-elect <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a> in 1928. Throughout its nine-decade existence, the PRI has adopted a very wide array of ideologies, which have often been determined by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of the Republic</a> in office at the time. The party nationalized the petroleum industry in 1938 and the banking industry in 1982. In the 1980s, the party went through reforms that shaped its current incarnation, with policies characterized as centre-right, such as the <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of state-run companies, closer relations with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> Church, and embracing <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">free-market capitalism</a> and neoliberal policies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell2009_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Regeneration_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="National Regeneration Movement">National Regeneration Movement</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a>, has often been described as a big-tent party because of the various constituents who joined its ranks during the 2018 Mexican general elections.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juntos_Hacemos_Historia" title="Juntos Hacemos Historia">Juntos Hacemos Historia</a> is a big-tent alliance led by the National Regeneration Movement that contested the <a href="/wiki/2021_Mexican_legislative_election" title="2021 Mexican legislative election">2021 Mexican legislative election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The successor alliance, <a href="/wiki/Sigamos_Haciendo_Historia" title="Sigamos Haciendo Historia">Sigamos Haciendo Historia</a>, has been described by some political scientists as catch-all.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ecologist_Green_Party_of_Mexico" title="Ecologist Green Party of Mexico">Ecologist Green Party of Mexico</a> has often been described in terms of catch all politics. AP News describes it as a "strange political group" that almost always joins the governing party's coalition to maintain influence.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Muñoz Patraca, a professor of political science at <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">UNAM</a>, the PVEM is not a political party like other movements in favor of democratization, or economic or social struggles. Rather, the party serves, in name only, to concerns about the environment - escaping the traditional left-right ideological axis.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miguel Angel Toro, the Director of the Bachelor's Degree in Government and Public Transformation at Tecnológico de Monterrey, describes the party as a "party that has no ideology... It’s been with parties who are on the right, center, and the left.” Critically, Toro says, “the big parties overestimate the votes the Partido Verde can bring in, so the party always ends up with more seats than they would have gotten. That gives the Green Party more life than it should have.” <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The centre-left <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Portugal)" title="Socialist Party (Portugal)">Socialist Party</a> (PS) and centre-right <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)">Social Democratic Party</a> (PSD) have been described as catch-all parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisi2014_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisi2014-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romania's <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a> has been referred to as a catch-all party. Political analyst Radu Magdin described it in December 2016 as having conservative values, while being <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economically liberal</a>, and espousing left-leaning rhetoric on public policies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">Citizens</a> (Spanish: <i>Ciudadanos</i>) has been considered as an example of <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">astroturfing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Spanish media</a> since 2015. Originally founded as a <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> regional party opposed to <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalism</a>, the party switched to a catch-all message to attract votes from the right to the moderate left in the party's appearance in the national political landscape. Its stance includes a mix of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">pro-Europeanism</a>, but the party has also embraced <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> views on the legitimacy of its political opponents; <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> views on topics such as the criminal system and personal property and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalist</a> positions; and many problems by its own leader, <a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Arrimadas" title="Inés Arrimadas">Inés Arrimadas</a>. It has become one of the most recognisable catch-all parties in the history of the country. In the mid-2010s, however, the party's main ideology is perceived to have drifted towards the right, with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Rivera" title="Albert Rivera">Albert Rivera</a> admitting that it would not agree to form a coalition with the two main centre-left and left parties after the <a href="/wiki/April_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="April 2019 Spanish general election">April 2019 Spanish general election</a>, regardless of the results.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, some commentators argue that Ciudadanos was attempting to supplant the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a>, which suffered massive losses as the hegemonic party of the right and thus contributed to the shift in Ciudadanos to the right. Similarly, Ciudadanos has allied with both the conservative People's Party and the far-right <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a> to achieve coalitions in regional parliaments. That has given rise to the expression "the three rights" or colloquially "<i>El Trifachito"</i> to describe the grouping, which defines its opposition as "the left". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) has been the governing party of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> since the country's <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">first democratic election, in 1994</a>, and it has been described by the media as a "big tent" party.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important aspect of its electoral success has been its ability to include a diverse range of political groups most notably in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Tripartite Alliance</a> between the ANC; the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a>; and the country's largest trade union, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">COSATU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional interest groups in the party are members of the business community and traditional leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> in 2007, he invited several members from outside the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> into <a href="/wiki/Brown_ministry" title="Brown ministry">his government</a>. They included former CBI Director-General <a href="/wiki/Digby_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Digby Jones">Digby Jones</a> who became a Minister of State and former <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Ashdown" title="Paddy Ashdown">Paddy Ashdown</a> who was offered the position of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Secretary">Northern Ireland Secretary</a> (Ashdown turned down the offer).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The media often referred to Brown's ministry as "a <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Gordon_Brown#"Government_of_All_the_Talents"" title="Premiership of Gordon Brown">government of all the talents</a>" or simply "Brown's big tent".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> is possibly the longest-established big-tent party in the UK, with the goal of seeking <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a> by those that support various other political ideologies and from various political positions. Since 2007, the SNP have been the largest single party in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> and has formed the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish government">Scottish government</a> continuously since the <a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2007 Scottish Parliament election">2007 Scottish general election</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/All_for_Unity" title="All for Unity">All for Unity</a> was a big tent anti-SNP electoral alliance that contested the <a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021 Scottish Parliament election</a> but failed to win any seats.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> was a "big-tent" party during the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a>, which was formed to support President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies from the 1930s to the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-King_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coalition brought together <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labor unions</a>, working-class voters, lower-middle class voters, farm organizations, secular liberals, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, urban voters, and immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Accord">Dallas Accord</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> embraced the big-tent idea to the extent it ensured that the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalist</a> views would not be excluded from the majority <a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">minarchist</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO 2011</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wiliarty20102_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiliarty20102-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a>, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement" title="Brazilian Democratic Movement">Brazilian Democratic Movement</a>, Brazil<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NewellNewell20102_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewellNewell20102-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy (1943–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-HertnerSloam20142_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HertnerSloam20142-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiliarty20102_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiliarty20102-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Curry20112_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curry20112-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party (United States)</a> United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Socialists_of_Montenegro" title="Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro">Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Maguire19862_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maguire19862-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Malley20112_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Malley20112-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republic of Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dream" title="Georgian Dream">Georgian Dream</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a><sup id="cite_ref-Barrington20092_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrington20092-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Iran_Participation_Front" title="Islamic Iran Participation Front">Islamic Iran Participation Front</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_List" title="Joint List">Joint List</a>, Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party (United Kingdom)">Labour Party (United Kingdom)</a> United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Lithuania)" title="Labour Party (Lithuania)">Labour Party</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="La République En Marche!">La République En Marche!</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Francesco-Mayot2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francesco-Mayot2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal party of Canada">Liberal party of Canada</a> Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HookGilson20012_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HookGilson20012-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Karvonen20142_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karvonen20142-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a>, Algeria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Regeneration_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="National Regeneration Movement">National Regeneration Movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevas_Ideas" title="Nuevas Ideas">Nuevas Ideas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El Salvador</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Front_for_Democracy_and_Justice" title="People's Front for Democracy and Justice">People's Front for Democracy and Justice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eritrea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cross20152_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross20152-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Armenia" title="Republican Party of Armenia">Republican Party of Armenia</a>, Armenia<sup id="cite_ref-Iskandaryan_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iskandaryan-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a>, Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Progressive_Party" title="Serbian Progressive Party">Serbian Progressive Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)">Social Democratic Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lisi20142_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisi20142-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GallagherWilliams19892_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GallagherWilliams19892-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-HertnerSloam20142_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HertnerSloam20142-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Portugal)" title="Socialist Party (Portugal)">Socialist Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lisi20142_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisi20142-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party">South Tyrolean People's Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pallaver20082_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pallaver20082-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lublin20142_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lublin20142-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Together_for_Yes" title="Together for Yes">Together for Yes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ara.cat2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ara.cat2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junts_pel_S%C3%AD" title="Junts pel Sí">Together for Yes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ara.cat2_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ara.cat2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chama_Cha_Mapinduzi" title="Chama Cha Mapinduzi">Chama Cha Mapinduzi</a>, Tanzania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MakarychevMommen20132_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MakarychevMommen20132-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LiowLeifer2014_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiowLeifer2014-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional" title="Perikatan Nasional">Perikatan Nasional</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PN_Official_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_Official-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Rakyat" title="Pakatan Rakyat">Pakatan Rakyat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Borneo_Alliance" title="United Borneo Alliance">United Borneo Alliance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and State of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Sabah_Alliance" title="United Sabah Alliance">United Sabah Alliance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State of Sabah, Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Alliance_of_Sabah" title="United Alliance of Sabah">The United Alliance of State</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Rakyat_Sabah" title="Gabungan Rakyat Sabah">Gabungan Rakyat Sabah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bernama_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernama-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Express_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Express-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State of Sabah, Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak" title="Gabungan Parti Sarawak">Gabungan Parti Sarawak</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pull_out_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pull_out-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State of Sarawak, Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerakan_Tanah_Air" title="Gerakan Tanah Air">Gerakan Tanah Air</a> (GTA),<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Impian_Sabah" title="Parti Impian Sabah">Parti Impian Sabah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State of Sabah, Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="White Movement">White Movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-un2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-un_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian State (1917–1923)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship" title="Bipartisanship">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purity_test_(politics)" title="Purity test (politics)">Purity test (politics)</a>, a rigid standard on a specific issue by which a politician is judged</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretic politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-politics-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-politics_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brokerage politics: "A Canadian term for successful big tent parties that embody a <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralistic</a> catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter... adopting <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist policies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">electoral coalitions</a> to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."<sup id="cite_ref-MarlandGiasson2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarlandGiasson2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CourtneySmith2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CourtneySmith2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_tent&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213121332/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/big_tent">"Definition of "big tent" in English"</a>. <i>oxforddictionaries.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%22big+tent%22+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Fbig_tent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeelects.eu/2018/12/04/armenian-snap-elections-seen-as-the-final-chapter-of-the-velvet-revolution/">"Armenian snap elections seen as the final chapter of the Velvet Revolution"</a>. <i>Europe Elects</i>. December 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mem%C3%B3rias+da+ditadura&rft.atitle=Partidos+pol%C3%ADticos&rft.date=2014-11-12&rft.aulast=Deak&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemoriasdaditadura.org.br%2Fpartidos-politicos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-36771079">"O que é o poderoso centrão, que pode definir o sucessor de Cunha"</a>. <i>BBC News Brasil</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Brasil&rft.atitle=O+que+%C3%A9+o+poderoso+centr%C3%A3o%2C+que+pode+definir+o+sucessor+de+Cunha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fportuguese%2Fbrasil-36771079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarlandGiasson2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarlandGiasson2012_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarlandGiasson2012_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarlandGiassonLees-Marshment2012" class="citation book cs1">Marland, Alex; Giasson, Thierry; Lees-Marshment, Jennifer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSeSaYPa2A4C&pg=PA257"><i>Political Marketing in Canada</i></a>. UBC Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2231-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-2231-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Marketing+in+Canada&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-2231-2&rft.aulast=Marland&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Giasson%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Lees-Marshment%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGSeSaYPa2A4C%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CourtneySmith2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CourtneySmith2010_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_CourtneyDavid_Smith2010" class="citation book cs1">John Courtney; David Smith (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA195"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics</i></a>. OUP USA. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533535-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533535-4"><bdi>978-0-19-533535-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Canadian+Politics&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533535-4&rft.au=John+Courtney&rft.au=David+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5KomEXgxvMcC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks2004-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks2004_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2004" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Stephen (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0000broo_m5a9"><i>Canadian Democracy: An Introduction</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0000broo_m5a9/page/265">265</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-541806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-541806-4"><bdi>978-0-19-541806-4</bdi></a>. <q>two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled "brokerage politics"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Democracy%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-541806-4&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadiandemocrac0000broo_m5a9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2016c-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2016c_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2016" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada, Fourth Edition</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3521-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-3521-0</bdi></a>. <q>...most Canadian governments, especially at the federal level, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Government%3A+Public+Administration+and+Politics+in+Canada%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_HzDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumerGold2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaumerGold2015_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaumerGold2015" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Donald C.; Gold, Howard J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uBbvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT152"><i>Parties, Polarization and Democracy in the United States</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-25478-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-25478-2"><bdi>978-1-317-25478-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties%2C+Polarization+and+Democracy+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-25478-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rft.au=Gold%2C+Howard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuBbvCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2014-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2014_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Miriam (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iG4rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0695-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0695-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-0695-1</bdi></a>. <q>Canada's party system has long been described as a "brokerage system" in which the leading parties (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(politics)" title="Cleavage (politics)">social cleavages</a> in an effort to defuse potential tensions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Group+Politics+and+Social+Movements+in+Canada%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0695-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiG4rAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElections_Canada2018" class="citation web cs1">Elections Canada (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rec/fra/sys/courtney&document=courtney&lang=e">"Plurality-Majority Electoral Systems: A Review"</a>. <i>Elections Canada</i>. <q>First Past the Post in Canada has favoured broadly-based, accommodative, centrist parties...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elections+Canada&rft.atitle=Plurality-Majority+Electoral+Systems%3A+A+Review&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Elections+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.ca%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fsection%3Dres%26dir%3Drec%2Ffra%2Fsys%2Fcourtney%26document%3Dcourtney%26lang%3De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olive2015c-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olive2015c_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_Olive2015" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Olive (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bvw_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55"><i>The Canadian Environment in Political Context</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0871-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0871-9"><bdi>978-1-4426-0871-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Environment+in+Political+Context&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0871-9&rft.au=Andrea+Olive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBvw_CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmbroseMudde2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ambrose, Emma; Mudde, Cas (2015). "Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right". <i>Nationalism and Ethnic Politics</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537113.2015.1032033">10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145773856">145773856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Politics&rft.atitle=Canadian+Multiculturalism+and+the+Absence+of+the+Far+Right&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537113.2015.1032033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145773856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Mudde%2C+Cas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaub2017" class="citation news cs1">Taub, Amanda (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html">"Canada's Secret to Resisting the West's Populist Wave"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Secret+to+Resisting+the+West%27s+Populist+Wave&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Taub&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F27%2Fworld%2Fcanada%2Fcanadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perio.unlp.edu.ar/2022/05/31/elecciones-presidenciales-en-colombia-la-hora-de-la-esperanza/">"Elecciones presidenciales en Colombia: la hora de la esperanza"</a>. <i>Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social - UNLP</i>. May 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facultad+de+Periodismo+y+Comunicaci%C3%B3n+Social+-+UNLP&rft.atitle=Elecciones+presidenciales+en+Colombia%3A+la+hora+de+la+esperanza&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperio.unlp.edu.ar%2F2022%2F05%2F31%2Felecciones-presidenciales-en-colombia-la-hora-de-la-esperanza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/mundo/la-justicia-obliga-a-rodolfo-hernandez-a-debatir-con-gustavo-petro-ante-el-balotaje-en-colombia/">"La Justicia obliga a Rodolfo Hernández a debatir con Gustavo Petro ante el balotaje en Colombia"</a> (in Spanish). June 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Justicia+obliga+a+Rodolfo+Hern%C3%A1ndez+a+debatir+con+Gustavo+Petro+ante+el+balotaje+en+Colombia&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiempoar.com.ar%2Fmundo%2Fla-justicia-obliga-a-rodolfo-hernandez-a-debatir-con-gustavo-petro-ante-el-balotaje-en-colombia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneider" class="citation web cs1">Schneider, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/6/8/colombia-right-wing-populism-anti-corruption-and-revolution-fro">"Colombia's Hernandez is offering a passive revolution from above"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Colombia%27s+Hernandez+is+offering+a+passive+revolution+from+above&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2022%2F6%2F8%2Fcolombia-right-wing-populism-anti-corruption-and-revolution-fro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karvonen2014-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karvonen2014_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarvonen2014" class="citation book cs1">Karvonen, Lauri (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SxmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation</i></a>. ECPR Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910259-33-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910259-33-7"><bdi>978-1-910259-33-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties%2C+Governments+and+Voters+in+Finland%3A+Politics+Under+Fundamental+Societal+Transformation&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=ECPR+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-910259-33-7&rft.aulast=Karvonen&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4SxmCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francesco-Mayot-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francesco-Mayot_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSophie_Di_Francesco-Mayot2017" class="citation book cs1">Sophie Di Francesco-Mayot (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VFI8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162">"The French Parti Socialiste (2010–16): from office to crisis"</a>. In Rob Manwaring; Paul Kennedy (eds.). <i>Why the Left Loses: The Decline of the Centre-Left in Comparative Perspective</i>. Policy Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-3269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-3269-5"><bdi>978-1-4473-3269-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+French+Parti+Socialiste+%282010%E2%80%9316%29%3A+from+office+to+crisis&rft.btitle=Why+the+Left+Loses%3A+The+Decline+of+the+Centre-Left+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-3269-5&rft.au=Sophie+Di+Francesco-Mayot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVFI8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HertnerSloam2014-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HertnerSloam2014_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHertnerSloam2014" class="citation book cs1">Hertner, Isabelle; Sloam, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8T9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">"The Europeanisation of the German Party System"</a>. In Erol Külahci (ed.). <i>Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems</i>. ECPR Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907301-84-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907301-84-1"><bdi>978-1-907301-84-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Europeanisation+of+the+German+Party+System&rft.btitle=Europeanisation+and+Party+Politics%3A+How+the+EU+affects+Domestic+Actors%2C+Patterns+and+Systems&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=ECPR+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-907301-84-1&rft.aulast=Hertner&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Sloam%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8T9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeyerBrysac2012-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MeyerBrysac2012_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyerBrysac2012" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Karl Ernest; Brysac, Shareen Blair (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye"><i>Pax Ethnica: Where and How Diversity Succeeds</i></a></span>. PublicAffairs. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye/page/64">64</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610390484" title="Special:BookSources/9781610390484"><bdi>9781610390484</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pax+Ethnica%3A+Where+and+How+Diversity+Succeeds&rft.pages=64-&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781610390484&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Karl+Ernest&rft.au=Brysac%2C+Shareen+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaxethnicawhereh0000meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-centrist3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-centrist3_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jess406.pdf">"Political Parties - NCERT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Educational_Research_and_Training" title="National Council of Educational Research and Training">National Council of Educational Research and Training</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+-+NCERT&rft.pub=National+Council+of+Educational+Research+and+Training&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncert.nic.in%2Ftextbook%2Fpdf%2Fjess406.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks2018-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks2018_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2018" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, Liam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oW5ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT156">"Parties and the party system"</a>. In John Coakley; Michael Gallagher (eds.). <i>Politics in the Republic of Ireland: Sixth Edition</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-31269-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-31269-7"><bdi>978-1-317-31269-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parties+and+the+party+system&rft.btitle=Politics+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland%3A+Sixth+Edition&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-317-31269-7&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoW5ADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FTFive-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FTFive_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTFive_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Valentina Romei, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/553bcf9a-d326-11e6-b06b-680c49b4b4c0">Five Star Movement: the protest party explained in charts: Direct democracy and rejection of binary politics brings success but stunts maturity</a>, <i>Financial Times</i> (January 10, 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRonald_J._HrebenarAkira_Nakamura2014" class="citation book cs1">Ronald J. Hrebenar; Akira Nakamura, eds. (2014). <i>Party Politics in Japan: Political Chaos and Stalemate in the 21st Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317745976" title="Special:BookSources/9781317745976"><bdi>9781317745976</bdi></a>. <q>The initial period of party system change found its first culmination in 1996 when a new catch-all party, the Shinshinto (New Frontier Party), got founded by Ozawa and others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Politics+in+Japan%3A+Political+Chaos+and+Stalemate+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317745976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPS-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPS_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpremberg2020" class="citation news cs1">Spremberg, Felix (November 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/democracy/how-japans-left-is-repeating-its-unfortunate-history-4819/">"How Japan's Left is repeating its unfortunate history"</a>. <i>International Politics & Society Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2021</span>. <q>The former main centre-left opposition, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), was Japan's version of third way politics and served since the mid-1990s as a 'big tent party' for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two socialist parties to liberal and conservative groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Politics+%26+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Japan%27s+Left+is+repeating+its+unfortunate+history&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft.aulast=Spremberg&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ips-journal.eu%2Ftopics%2Fdemocracy%2Fhow-japans-left-is-repeating-its-unfortunate-history-4819%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/meade-king-mexican-sandwich">"Meade, the King of the Mexican Sandwich"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Mexico_City)" title="El Universal (Mexico City)">El Universal</a></i>. January 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Meade%2C+the+King+of+the+Mexican+Sandwich&rft.date=2018-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com.mx%2Fenglish%2Fmeade-king-mexican-sandwich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell2009-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell2009_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell2009" class="citation book cs1">Russell, James W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZgR6ubuUXcC&pg=PA155"><i>Class and Race Formation in North America</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9678-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9678-4"><bdi>978-0-8020-9678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+and+Race+Formation+in+North+America&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9678-4&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPZgR6ubuUXcC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKopsteinLichbachHanson2014" class="citation book cs1">Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E. (July 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2jwAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Institutional+Revolutionary+Party%22+center-right&pg=PA334"><i>Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139991384" title="Special:BookSources/9781139991384"><bdi>9781139991384</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics%3A+Interests%2C+Identities%2C+and+Institutions+in+a+Changing+Global+Order&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft.isbn=9781139991384&rft.aulast=Kopstein&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Lichbach%2C+Mark&rft.au=Hanson%2C+Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2jwAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Institutional%2BRevolutionary%2BParty%2522%2Bcenter-right%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchettino2018" class="citation web cs1">Schettino, Macario (June 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607003117/https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/mexico-2018-how-amlo-took-page-pri-playbook">"Mexico 2018: How AMLO Took a Page from the PRI Playbook"</a>. <i>Americas Quarterly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/mexico-2018-how-amlo-took-page-pri-playbook">the original</a> on June 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Morena's star has risen so quickly because it offers refuge to such a wide range of beliefs and ideologies. The party has room for old guard supporters of Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro, young leftist academics, former PRI leaders, evangelical Christians, actors, athletes, and even the odd business tycoon or two. In this way the party resembles the big tent of the PRI, which more than a guiding philosophy was guided by the administration of political power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Americas+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Mexico+2018%3A+How+AMLO+Took+a+Page+from+the+PRI+Playbook&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft.aulast=Schettino&rft.aufirst=Macario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americasquarterly.org%2Fcontent%2Fmexico-2018-how-amlo-took-page-pri-playbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham2018" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Dave (March 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-election-analysis/mexican-leftists-big-tent-pitch-puts-presidency-in-sight-idUSKBN1GW2UZ">"Mexican leftist's 'big tent' pitch puts presidency in sight"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2018</span>. <q>In a few months, he has assembled a coalition stretching from socially conservative Christian evangelicals to admirers of socialist Venezuela and business tycoons, each with contrasting visions for Mexico. Dozens of lawmakers from across the political spectrum have switched sides to join Lopez Obrador's National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), a party that is not yet four years old.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Mexican+leftist%27s+%27big+tent%27+pitch+puts+presidency+in+sight&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mexico-election-analysis%2Fmexican-leftists-big-tent-pitch-puts-presidency-in-sight-idUSKBN1GW2UZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/morena-pt-y-pvem-presentan-alianza-juntos-hacemos-historia-para-elecciones-de-2021">"Morena, PT y PVEM presentan alianza 'Juntos hacemos historia' para elecciones de 2021"</a>. <i>El Financiero</i> (in Spanish). December 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Financiero&rft.atitle=Morena%2C+PT+y+PVEM+presentan+alianza+%27Juntos+hacemos+historia%27+para+elecciones+de+2021&rft.date=2020-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felfinanciero.com.mx%2Fnacional%2Fmorena-pt-y-pvem-presentan-alianza-juntos-hacemos-historia-para-elecciones-de-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlmaraz2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Almaraz, Karina (May 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telediario.mx/politica/elecciones/ideologia-morena-coalicion-sigamos-historia-cual-es">"Ideología de Morena y coalición Sigamos Haciendo Historia: cuál es"</a>. <i>Telediario México</i> (in Mexican Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2025</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Yo designaría a Morena como un partido 'cacha todo', en donde la dirigencia ha buscado perfiles de candidatos con bases electorales que ayuden a generar más voto sin necesariamente ser de izquierda o tener una ideología determinada", dijo Enrique Solis, consultor de políticas públicas y asuntos públicos consultado para esta nota.</q> [I would designate Morena as a 'cacha all' party, where the leadership has sought profiles of candidates with electoral bases that help generate more votes without necessarily being left-wing nor having a determined ideology, said Enrique Solis, public policy and public affairs consultant consulted for this excerpt.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telediario+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=Ideolog%C3%ADa+de+Morena+y+coalici%C3%B3n+Sigamos+Haciendo+Historia%3A+cu%C3%A1l+es&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft.aulast=Almaraz&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telediario.mx%2Fpolitica%2Felecciones%2Fideologia-morena-coalicion-sigamos-historia-cual-es&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/mexico-green-party-second-force-congress-opportunism-4b6edb2251e39870a84af954456f0556">"Mexico's small, oft-questioned Green Party to become the second-largest force in Congress"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. June 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Mexico%27s+small%2C+oft-questioned+Green+Party+to+become+the+second-largest+force+in+Congress&rft.date=2024-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmexico-green-party-second-force-congress-opportunism-4b6edb2251e39870a84af954456f0556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEspejel_Espinoza2022" class="citation book cs1">Espejel Espinoza, Alberto (2022). <i>Tendencias Organizacionales y Democracia Interna en Los Partidos Políticos en México: Los Casos Del PAN, PRI, PRD, PT, PVEM, MC y MORENA</i>. Mariela Díaz Sandoval. Ciudad de México: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Universidad y la Educacion. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-30-5637-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-607-30-5637-3"><bdi>978-607-30-5637-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tendencias+Organizacionales+y+Democracia+Interna+en+Los+Partidos+Pol%C3%ADticos+en+M%C3%A9xico%3A+Los+Casos+Del+PAN%2C+PRI%2C+PRD%2C+PT%2C+PVEM%2C+MC+y+MORENA&rft.place=Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+Autonoma+de+Mexico%2C+Instituto+de+Investigaciones+sobre+la+Universidad+y+la+Educacion&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-607-30-5637-3&rft.aulast=Espejel+Espinoza&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRios2021" class="citation news cs1">Rios, Lorena (June 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/technology/2021/06/mexico-green-party-politics-amlo-environmental-policy.html">"Green Like AstroTurf—or Dollars"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Jean-Benoit Pilet; William Cross (eds.). <i>The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study</i>. Routledge. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-92945-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-92945-1"><bdi>978-1-317-92945-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+selection+of+political+party+leaders+in+Portugal&rft.btitle=The+Selection+of+Political+Party+Leaders+in+Contemporary+Parliamentary+Democracies%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-92945-1&rft.aulast=Lisi&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Freire%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_2mvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPăun2016" class="citation news cs1">Păun, Carmen (December 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/pragmatism-is-a-winner-for-romanian-left-social-democrats-psd-corruption-scandal-liviu-dragnea-victor-ponta-elections/">"Pragmatism is a winner for Romanian Left"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Albert+Rivera%3A+%22No+vamos+a+pactar+con+el+PSOE+ni+con+S%C3%A1nchez%2C+les+echaremos+y+punto%22&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespanol.com%2Fopinion%2F20190303%2Falbert-rivera-no-pactar-psoe-sanchez-echaremos%2F380212377_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrriols" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orriols, Lluís. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425210241/https://www.eldiario.es/piedrasdepapel/va-Ciudadanos-derecha_6_833326686.html">"¿Se va Ciudadanos a la derecha? Sí, pero quizás no tanto"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldiario.es/piedrasdepapel/va-Ciudadanos-derecha_6_833326686.html">the original</a> on April 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C2%BFSe+va+Ciudadanos+a+la+derecha%3F+S%C3%AD%2C+pero+quiz%C3%A1s+no+tanto&rft.aulast=Orriols&rft.aufirst=Llu%C3%ADs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldiario.es%2Fpiedrasdepapel%2Fva-Ciudadanos-derecha_6_833326686.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrootes2019" class="citation web cs1">Grootes, Stephen (May 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-05-curiouser-and-curiouser-the-strange-case-of-the-2019-elections/">"2019 Elections - ANALYSIS: Curiouser and Curiouser – the strange case of the 2019 elections"</a>. <i>Daily Maverick</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+fallout+from+Brown%27s+job+offer&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F6225674.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7027581.stm">"First 100 days: Gordon Brown"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Galloway%27s+bid+to+form+united+front+to+save+Union+shunned&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rft.au=Wade%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fgalloways-bid-to-form-united-front-to-save-union-shunned-lwc3shxjb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. King, "The Polarization of American Parties and Mistrust of Government" in <i>Why People Don't Trust Government</i> (eds. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Nye" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph S. Nye">Joseph S. Nye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Zelikow" title="Philip Zelikow">Philip Zelikow</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_C._King" title="David C. King">David C. King</a>: Harvard University Press, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lisa Young, <i>Feminists and Party Politics</i> (University of Michigan Press, 2000), p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holly M. Allen, "New Deal Coalition" in <i>Class in America: An Encyclopedia</i> (Vol. 2: H-P), ed. Robert E. Weir (ABC-CLIO, 2007), p. 571: "During the 1930s liberals, labor unions, white ethnics, African Americans, farm groups, and Southern whites united to form the New Deal coalition. Though never formally organized, the coalition was sufficiently cohesive to make the Democratic Party the majority party from 1931 into the 1980s. Democrats won seven out of nine presidential contests and maintained majorities in both houses of Congress from 1932 to 1964. The divisiveness of the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War, the increasing segmentation of the labor force, and waning influence of unions, and the relative weakness of Democratic Party leadership are among the factors that led to the coalition's erosion in the late 1960s."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Gottfried, <i>The conservative movement: Social movements past and present </i>, Twayne Publishers, 1993, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiliarty20102-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiliarty20102_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiliarty20102_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Elise_Wiliarty2010" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Elise Wiliarty (August 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4xYAlBYDvrkC&pg=PA221"><i>The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">218–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49116-7"><bdi>978-1-139-49116-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CDU+and+the+Politics+of+Gender+in+Germany%3A+Bringing+Women+to+the+Party&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-08-16&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49116-7&rft.au=Sarah+Elise+Wiliarty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4xYAlBYDvrkC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallas2016" class="citation news cs1">Gallas, Daniel (March 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35922425">"Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Dilma+Rousseff+and+Brazil+face+up+to+decisive+month&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft.aulast=Gallas&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-35922425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewellNewell20102-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewellNewell20102_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewell2010" class="citation book cs1">Newell, James L. (January 28, 2010). <i>The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84070-5"><bdi>978-0-521-84070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Italy%3A+Governance+in+a+Normal+Country&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84070-5&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HertnerSloam20142-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HertnerSloam20142_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HertnerSloam20142_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHertnerSloam2014" class="citation book cs1">Hertner, Isabelle; Sloam, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8T9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">"The Europeanisation of the German Party System"</a>. In Erol Külahci (ed.). <i>Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems</i>. ECPR Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907301-84-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907301-84-1"><bdi>978-1-907301-84-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Europeanisation+of+the+German+Party+System&rft.btitle=Europeanisation+and+Party+Politics%3A+How+the+EU+affects+Domestic+Actors%2C+Patterns+and+Systems&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=ECPR+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-907301-84-1&rft.aulast=Hertner&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Sloam%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8T9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curry20112-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curry20112_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJane_L._Curry2011" class="citation book cs1">Jane L. Curry (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjVNJ1REkoEC&pg=PA171">"Poland: The Politics of "God's Playground"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Sharon L. Wolchik; Jane L. Curry (eds.). <i>Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6734-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-6734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poland%3A+The+Politics+of+%22God%27s+Playground%22&rft.btitle=Central+and+East+European+Politics%3A+From+Communism+to+Democracy&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6734-4&rft.au=Jane+L.+Curry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjVNJ1REkoEC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maguire19862-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maguire19862_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaguire1986" class="citation book cs1">Maguire, Maria (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C&pg=PA333">"Ireland"</a>. In Peter Flora (ed.). <i>Growth to Limits: Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011131-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011131-6"><bdi>978-3-11-011131-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ireland&rft.btitle=Growth+to+Limits%3A+Germany%2C+United+Kingdom%2C+Ireland%2C+Italy&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-11-011131-6&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGaWtd5zJfB8C%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Malley20112-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Malley20112_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley2011" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, Eoin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=noMdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>Contemporary Ireland</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34382-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34382-5"><bdi>978-0-230-34382-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Ireland&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34382-5&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=Eoin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnoMdBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDitrych2013" class="citation news cs1">Ditrych, Ondrej (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222193553/http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Brief_26.pdf">"The Georgian succession"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="European Union Institute for Security Studies">European Union Institute for Security Studies</a>. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Brief_26.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 February 2016. <q>...GD as a catch-all movement...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Georgian+succession&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2013-07&rft.aulast=Ditrych&rft.aufirst=Ondrej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iss.europa.eu%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FBrief_26.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrington20092-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrington20092_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrington2009" class="citation book cs1">Barrington, Lowell (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uuAtazupnAC&pg=PA379"><i>Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-49319-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-49319-7"><bdi>978-0-618-49319-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics%3A+Structures+and+Choices&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-618-49319-7&rft.aulast=Barrington&rft.aufirst=Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uuAtazupnAC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohammadighalehtaki2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Mohammadighalehtaki, Ariabarzan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3507/"><i>Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat)</i></a> (Ph.D. thesis). <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Organisational+Change+in+Political+Parties+in+Iran+after+the+Islamic+Revolution+of+1979.+With+Special+Reference+to+the+Islamic+Republic+Party+%28IRP%29+and+the+Islamic+Iran+Participation+Front+Party+%28Mosharekat%29&rft.inst=Durham+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mohammadighalehtaki&rft.aufirst=Ariabarzan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.dur.ac.uk%2F3507%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francesco-Mayot2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francesco-Mayot2_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSophie_Di_Francesco-Mayot2017" class="citation book cs1">Sophie Di Francesco-Mayot (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VFI8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162">"The French Parti Socialiste (2010–16): from office to crisis"</a>. In Rob Manwaring; Paul Kennedy (eds.). <i>Why the Left Loses: The Decline of the Centre-Left in Comparative Perspective</i>. Policy Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-3269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-3269-5"><bdi>978-1-4473-3269-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+French+Parti+Socialiste+%282010%E2%80%9316%29%3A+from+office+to+crisis&rft.btitle=Why+the+Left+Loses%3A+The+Decline+of+the+Centre-Left+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-3269-5&rft.au=Sophie+Di+Francesco-Mayot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVFI8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lesinrocks.com/2017/06/09/actualite/actualite/legislatives-le-parti-demmanuel-macron-un-caractere-attrape-tout/">"Législatives : "Le parti d'Emmanuel Macron a un caractère attrape-tout"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Les Inrocks</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Inrocks&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9gislatives+%3A+%22Le+parti+d%27Emmanuel+Macron+a+un+caract%C3%A8re+attrape-tout%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesinrocks.com%2F2017%2F06%2F09%2Factualite%2Factualite%2Flegislatives-le-parti-demmanuel-macron-un-caractere-attrape-tout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HookGilson20012-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HookGilson20012_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_D._HookGilsonChristopher_W._HughesDobson2001" class="citation book cs1">Glenn D. Hook; Gilson, Julie; Christopher W. Hughes; Dobson, Hugo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHhE6AlgkIoC&pg=PA58"><i>Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security</i></a>. Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-32806-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-32806-2"><bdi>978-1-134-32806-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+International+Relations%3A+Politics%2C+Economics+and+Security&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-134-32806-2&rft.au=Glenn+D.+Hook&rft.au=Gilson%2C+Julie&rft.au=Christopher+W.+Hughes&rft.au=Dobson%2C+Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHhE6AlgkIoC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karvonen20142-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karvonen20142_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarvonen2014" class="citation book cs1">Karvonen, Lauri (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SxmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation</i></a>. ECPR Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910259-33-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910259-33-7"><bdi>978-1-910259-33-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties%2C+Governments+and+Voters+in+Finland%3A+Politics+Under+Fundamental+Societal+Transformation&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=ECPR+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-910259-33-7&rft.aulast=Karvonen&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4SxmCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intoleranciadiario.com/articles/educacion/2023/02/16/1007664-morena-no-esta-institucionalizado-cacha-de-todos-lados-politologo-ibero.html">"Morena no está institucionalizado; "cacha" de todos lados: politólogo Ibero"</a> [Morena is not institutionalized; it "gets it" from all sides: Ibero political scientist] (in Spanish). January 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Morena+no+est%C3%A1+institucionalizado%3B+%22cacha%22+de+todos+lados%3A+polit%C3%B3logo+Ibero&rft.date=2018-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintoleranciadiario.com%2Farticles%2Feducacion%2F2023%2F02%2F16%2F1007664-morena-no-esta-institucionalizado-cacha-de-todos-lados-politologo-ibero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civicus.org/index.php/media-resources/news/interviews/5298-el-salvador-the-president-s-aim-is-to-concentrate-power">"El Salvador: "The President's Aim is to Concentrate Power"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Civicus" title="Civicus">Civicus</a></i>. September 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Straits Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213015558/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-opposition-forms-pakatan-harapan-alliance">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia%27s+opposition+forms+Pakatan+Harapan+alliance&rft.pub=The+Straits+Times&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft.au=Shannon+Teoh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Fse-asia%2Fmalaysias-opposition-forms-pakatan-harapan-alliance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PN_Official-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PN_Official_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPN_Official2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">PN Official, Leadership (March 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perikatan-nasional.org.my/">"Persatuan Perikatan Parti Malaysia (PPPM) telah menjadi Gabungan rasmi politik yang dikenali sebagai Parti Perikatan Nasional (PN)"</a>. <i>Gabungan Perikatan Nasional</i> (in Malay)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gabungan+Perikatan+Nasional&rft.atitle=Persatuan+Perikatan+Parti+Malaysia+%28PPPM%29+telah+menjadi+Gabungan+rasmi+politik+yang+dikenali+sebagai+Parti+Perikatan+Nasional+%28PN%29&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft.aulast=PN+Official&rft.aufirst=Leadership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperikatan-nasional.org.my%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malaysiakini.com/news/114553">"ROS: Pakatan can register as a single party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malaysiakini" title="Malaysiakini">Malaysiakini</a>. October 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROS%3A+Pakatan+can+register+as+a+single+party&rft.pub=Malaysiakini&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalaysiakini.com%2Fnews%2F114553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2010/12/16/jeffrey-kitingan-forms-united-borneo-front-to-get-more-for-sabah-sarawak">"Jeffrey Kitingan forms United Borneo Front to get more for Sabah, Sarawak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a></i>. December 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Jeffrey+Kitingan+forms+United+Borneo+Front+to+get+more+for+Sabah%2C+Sarawak&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2010%2F12%2F16%2Fjeffrey-kitingan-forms-united-borneo-front-to-get-more-for-sabah-sarawak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=97773">"Opposition parties form United Sabah Alliance"</a>. Daily Express. March 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opposition+parties+form+United+Sabah+Alliance&rft.pub=Daily+Express&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyexpress.com.my%2Fnews.cfm%3FNewsID%3D97773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKristy_Inus2018" class="citation web cs1">Kristy Inus (May 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/05/368753/sabah-bn-coalition-be-disbanded-pave-way-gabungan-bersatu">"Sabah BN coalition to be disbanded to pave way for Gabungan Bersatu"</a>. New Straits Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sabah+BN+coalition+to+be+disbanded+to+pave+way+for+Gabungan+Bersatu&rft.pub=New+Straits+Times&rft.date=2018-05-12&rft.au=Kristy+Inus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F05%2F368753%2Fsabah-bn-coalition-be-disbanded-pave-way-gabungan-bersatu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernama-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernama_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernama2022" class="citation news cs1">Bernama (March 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/03/13/ros-approves-registration-of-gabungan-rakyat-sabah-says-hajiji/2047212">"RoS approves registration of Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, says Hajiji"</a>. <i>malaymail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=malaymail&rft.atitle=RoS+approves+registration+of+Gabungan+Rakyat+Sabah%2C+says+Hajiji&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.au=Bernama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fmalaysia%2F2022%2F03%2F13%2Fros-approves-registration-of-gabungan-rakyat-sabah-says-hajiji%2F2047212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Express-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Express_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFExpress2022" class="citation news cs1">Express, Daily (December 18, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/204596/grs-stronger-now-as-a-fully-local-party-/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'GRS stronger now as a fully local party'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Daily Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Express&rft.atitle=%27GRS+stronger+now+as+a+fully+local+party%27&rft.date=2022-12-18&rft.aulast=Express&rft.aufirst=Daily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyexpress.com.my%2Fnews%2F204596%2Fgrs-stronger-now-as-a-fully-local-party-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pull_out-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pull_out_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharon_LingGeryl_Ogilvy2018" class="citation web cs1">Sharon Ling; Geryl Ogilvy (June 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/12/sarawak-bn-parties-pull-out-of-coalition/">"Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact"</a>. <i>The Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Sarawak+BN+parties+pull+out+of+coalition+to+form+independent+state-based+pact&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft.au=Sharon+Ling&rft.au=Geryl+Ogilvy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2018%2F06%2F12%2Fsarawak-bn-parties-pull-out-of-coalition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2022/08/819394/dr-m-announces-new-coalition-four-parties-gerakan-tanah-air">"Dr M announces new coalition of four parties, Gerakan Tanah Air"</a>. <i>New Straits Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Dr+M+announces+new+coalition+of+four+parties%2C+Gerakan+Tanah+Air&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F08%2F819394%2Fdr-m-announces-new-coalition-four-parties-gerakan-tanah-air&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/695922/berita/politik/video-prn-sabah-parti-impian-sabah-boleh-jadi-parti-dominan">Sabah Dream Party can be recognized as dominant party in Sabah</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un2-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-un2_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/10472/chapter-abstract/158344535">https://academic.oup.com/book/10472/chapter-abstract/158344535</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-un_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/research/wake-empire">"In the Wake of Empire"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Wake+of+Empire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fresearch%2Fwake-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+tent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/big_tent" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/big tent">big tent</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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