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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istanbul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istanbul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Istanbul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istanbul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington,_D.C." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington,_D.C."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Washington, D.C. </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington,_D.C.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_denials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_denials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Public denials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_denials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Return to journalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defection_to_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defection_to_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Defection to Russia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defection_to_Russia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Defection to Russia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Defection_to_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Moscow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Posthumous_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Posthumous awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Motivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kim Philby</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="كيم فيلبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيم فيلبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="কিম ফিলবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিম ফিলবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Кім Філбі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кім Філбі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Ким Филби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ким Филби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BC_%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%85" title="Κιμ Φίλμπυ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιμ Φίλμπυ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کیم فیلبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیم فیلبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%B4_%ED%95%84%EB%B9%84" title="킴 필비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="킴 필비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4_%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%AB" title="Քիմ Ֆիլբի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմ Ֆիլբի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="किम फिल्बी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="किम फिल्बी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99" title="קים פילבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קים פילבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kims_Filbijs" title="Kims Filbijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kims Filbijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF" title="കിം ഫിൽബി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിം ഫിൽബി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%89" title="كيم فيلبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيم فيلبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC" title="キム・フィルビー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キム・フィルビー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B8,_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Филби, Ким – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филби, Ким" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Filbi" title="Kim Filbi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kim Filbi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Ким Филби – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ким Филби" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kim Philby" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Кім Філбі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кім Філбі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British intelligence officer and Soviet double agent (1912–1988)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Kim Philby</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Philby_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kim_Philby_1955.jpg/220px-Kim_Philby_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kim_Philby_1955.jpg/330px-Kim_Philby_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Kim_Philby_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="504" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Philby in 1955</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Harold Adrian Russell Philby</div> (1912-01-01)1 January 1912 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 May 1988(1988-05-11) (aged 76) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuntsevo_Cemetery" title="Kuntsevo Cemetery">Kuntsevo Cemetery</a></li><li>Ryabinovaya Ulitsa, Moscow</li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-kim-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British, Soviet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litzi_Friedmann" title="Litzi Friedmann">Litzi Friedmann</a></li><li>Aileen Furse</li><li>Eleanor Brewer</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rufina_Ivanovna_Pukhova" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova">Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_John_Philby" title="St John Philby">St John Philby</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples" title="Order of Friendship of Peoples">Order of Friendship of Peoples</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Espionage activity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Codename</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Sonny, Stanley</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> was a British <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">intelligence officer</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agent</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In 1963 he was revealed to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</a>, a spy ring that had divulged British secrets to the Soviets during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> and in the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Of the five, Philby is believed to have been the most successful in providing secret information to the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-spymuseum-4">[4]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, Philby was educated at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. After leaving Cambridge, Philby worked as a journalist, covering the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>. In 1940 he began working for the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (SIS or MI6). By the end of the Second World War he had become a high-ranking member. In 1949 Philby was appointed first secretary to the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_Kingdom,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C.">British Embassy in Washington</a> and served as chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies. During his career as an intelligence officer, he passed large amounts of intelligence to the Soviet Union, including the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Subversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Subversion">Albanian Subversion</a>, a scheme to overthrow the pro-Soviet government of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Albania">Communist Albania</a>. Philby was suspected of tipping off two other spies under suspicion of Soviet espionage, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)">Donald Maclean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a>, both of whom subsequently fled to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in May 1951. Under suspicion himself, Philby resigned from MI6 in July 1951 but was publicly <a href="/wiki/Exoneration" title="Exoneration">exonerated</a> by then-<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> in 1955. He resumed his career as both a journalist and a spy for MI6 in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, but was forced to defect to Moscow after finally being unmasked as a Soviet agent in 1963. Philby lived in Moscow until his death in 1988. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Kim Philby was born in <a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, to author and explorer <a href="/wiki/St_John_Philby" title="St John Philby">St John Philby</a> and his wife, Dora Johnston.<a href="#cite_note-NYTParanoia-5">[5]</a> A member of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a> (ICS) at the time of Philby's birth, St John later became a civil servant in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and advisor to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">King Ibn Sa'ud</a> of Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPageLeitch196830–39-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-odnb-7">[7]</a> Nicknamed "Kim" after the boy-spy in <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYTParanoia-5">[5]</a> Philby attended Aldro <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparatory school (UK)">preparatory school</a>, an all-boys school located in <a href="/wiki/Shackleford" title="Shackleford">Shackleford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>. In his early teens, he spent some time with the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> in the Arabian desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Carré2004155-8">[8]</a> Following in the footsteps of his father, Philby continued to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a>, which he left in 1928 at the age of 16.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-7">[7]</a> He won a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, where he studied history and economics. He graduated in 1933 with a <a href="/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification#Degree_classification" title="British undergraduate degree classification">2:1 degree</a> in Economics.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> At Cambridge, Philby exhibited a "leaning towards <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>", in the words of his father, who went on to write: "The only serious question is whether Kim definitely intended to be disloyal to the government while in its service."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYergin1991292-10">[10]</a> One of the first things Philby did in Cambridge was join the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Socialist_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Socialist Society">Cambridge University Socialist Society</a>, attending their meetings but taking little part in their proceedings. However, following the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party (United Kingdom)">Labour Party</a>'s defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931 general election</a>, he took a more active role in the society and served as its treasurer between 1932 and 1933.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Upon his graduation, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dobb" title="Maurice Dobb">Maurice Dobb</a>, a tutor in economics at Trinity, introduced Philby to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism, an organization based in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, which attempted to aid victims of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and provide education on oppositions to <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. The organization was one of several <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">fronts</a> operated by German communist <a href="/wiki/Willi_M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Willi Münzenberg">Willi Münzenberg</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> who had fled to <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2004-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communism_and_recruitment">Communism and recruitment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Communism and recruitment">edit</a>]</div> While working to aid German refugees in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Philby met <a href="/wiki/Litzi_Friedmann" title="Litzi Friedmann">Litzi Friedmann</a> (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. Philby admired the strength of her political convictions and later recalled that at their first meeting: <blockquote>A frank and direct person, Litzi came out and asked me how much money I had. I replied <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>100, which I hoped would last me about a year in Vienna. She made some calculations and announced, "That will leave you an excess of £25. You can give that to the International Organisation for Aid for Revolutionaries. We need it desperately." I liked her determination.<a href="#cite_note-Spiesandlovers-13">[13]</a> </blockquote> Philby acted as a courier between Vienna and <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, paying for the train tickets out of his remaining £75 and using his British <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passport</a> to evade suspicion. He also delivered clothes and money to refugees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley199418-14">[14]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrofascist</a> victory in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a>, Philby and Friedmann married in February 1934, enabling her to escape to the United Kingdom with him two months later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley1994-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] It is possible that it was a Viennese-born friend of Friedmann's in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Tudor_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Tudor Hart">Edith Tudor Hart</a>–herself, at this time, a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> agent–who first approached Philby about the possibility of working for <a href="/wiki/Soviet_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet intelligence">Soviet intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley199431-16">[16]</a> In early 1934 <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Deutsch" title="Arnold Deutsch">Arnold Deutsch</a>, another Soviet agent, was sent to <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> under the cover of a research appointment, but in reality had been assigned to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELownie201652–53-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis_&_Hulbert_201647–48-18">[18]</a> Philby had come to the Soviets' notice earlier that year in Vienna, where he had been involved in demonstrations against the government of <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a>. In June 1934, Deutsch recruited Philby to the Soviet intelligence services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre201537–38-19">[19]</a> Philby later recalled: <blockquote>Lizzy came home one evening and told me that she had arranged for me to meet a "man of decisive importance". I questioned her about it but she would give me no details. The rendezvous took place in Regents Park. The man described himself as Otto. I discovered much later from a photograph in MI5 files that the name he went by was Arnold Deutsch. I think that he was of Czech origin; about 5 ft 7in, stout, with blue eyes and light curly hair. Though a convinced Communist, he had a strong humanistic streak. He hated London, adored Paris, and spoke of it with deeply loving affection. He was a man of considerable cultural background."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></blockquote> Philby recommended to Deutsch several of his Cambridge contemporaries, including <a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)">Donald Maclean</a>, who at the time was working in the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign Office</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre201544-21">[21]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a>, despite his personal reservations about Burgess' erratic personality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELownie201654-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalism">Journalism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Journalism">edit</a>]</div> In London, Philby began a career as a journalist. He took a job at a monthly magazine, the World Review of Reviews, for which he wrote a large number of articles and letters (sometimes under a variety of <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonyms</a>) and occasionally served as "acting editor."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville197372–73-23">[23]</a> Meanwhile, Philby and Friedmann <a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">separated</a>. They remained friends for many years following their separation and divorced only in 1946, following the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. When the Germans threatened to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">overrun Paris</a> in 1940, where she was then living at this time, Philby arranged for Friedmann's escape to Britain.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1936, Philby began working at a failing trade magazine, the Anglo-Russian Trade Gazette, as editor. After the magazine's owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade, Philby engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>, at that time the German ambassador in London. He became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Fellowship" title="Anglo-German Fellowship">Anglo-German Fellowship</a>, an organization aiming at rebuilding and supporting a friendly relationship between Germany and the United Kingdom. The Anglo-German Fellowship, at this time, was supported both by the British and German governments, and Philby made many trips to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley199457–58-24">[24]</a> In February 1937, Philby travelled to <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spain</a>, then embroiled in a bloody <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">civil war</a> triggered by the <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> of <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangist</a> forces under General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> against the government of President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>. Philby worked at first as a <a href="/wiki/Freelance_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Freelance journalist">freelance journalist</a>; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-7">[7]</a> He also began working for both the Soviet and British intelligence, which usually consisted of posting letters in a crude code to a fictitious girlfriend, Mlle Dupont in Paris, for the Soviets. He used a simpler system for MI6, delivering post at <a href="/wiki/Hendaye" title="Hendaye">Hendaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, for the British embassy in Paris. When visiting Paris after the war, he was shocked to discover that the address that he used for Mlle Dupont was that of the Soviet embassy. His controller in Paris, a Latvian national named Ozolin-Haskins (code name Pierre), was shot in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 1937 during <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Bazarov" title="Boris Bazarov">Boris Bazarov</a>, suffered the same fate two years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley1994-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Both the British and the Soviets were interested in analyzing the combat performance of the new <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> fighter planes and <a href="/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">Panzer II</a> tanks deployed with Falangist forces in Spain. Philby told the British, after a direct question to Franco, that German troops would never be permitted to cross Spain to attack <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley1994-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Philby's Soviet controller at the time, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Maly" title="Theodore Maly">Theodore Maly</a>, reported in April 1937 to the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> that he had personally briefed Philby on the need "to discover the system of guarding Franco and his entourage".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Maly was one of the Soviet Union's most powerful and influential illegal controllers and recruiters. With the goal of potentially arranging Franco's assassination, Philby was instructed to report on vulnerable points in Franco's security and recommend ways to gain access to him and his staff.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26">[26]</a> However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon <a href="/wiki/Debriefing" title="Debriefing">debriefing</a> Philby in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, [Philby] does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this [assassination] attempt."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26">[26]</a> In December 1937, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel" title="Battle of Teruel">Battle of Teruel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican</a> shell hit just in front of the car in which Philby was travelling along with correspondents Edward J. Neil of the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, Bradish Johnson of <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sheepshanks" title="Ernest Sheepshanks">Ernest Sheepshanks</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Johnson was killed outright, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of their injuries. Philby suffered only a minor head wound. As a result of this accident, Philby, who was well-liked by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist</a> forces whose victories he trumpeted, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Crosses_of_Military_Merit_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosses of Military Merit (Spain)">Red Cross of Military Merit</a> by Franco on 2 March 1938. Philby found that the award proved helpful in obtaining access to fascist circles: <blockquote>...there had been a lot of criticism of British journalists from Franco officers who seemed to think that the British in general must be a lot of Communists because so many were fighting with the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>. After I had been wounded and decorated by Franco himself, I became known as 'the English-decorated-by-Franco' and all sorts of doors opened to me.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26">[26]</a></blockquote> In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Krivitsky" title="Walter Krivitsky">Walter Krivitsky</a> (born Samuel Ginsberg), a former <a href="/wiki/Glavnoye_Razvedyvatel%27noye_Upravleniye" class="mw-redirect" title="Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye">GRU</a> officer in Paris who had <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defected</a> to France the previous year, travelled to the United States and published an account of his time in "Stalin's secret service". He testified before the <a href="/wiki/Dies_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies Committee">Dies Committee</a> (later to become the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>) regarding Soviet espionage within the US. In 1940 he was interviewed by MI5 officers in London, led by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Sissmore" title="Jane Sissmore">Jane Archer</a>. Krivitsky claimed that two Soviet intelligence agents had penetrated the Foreign Office and that a third Soviet intelligence agent had worked as a journalist for a British newspaper in Spain. No connection with Philby was made at the time, and Krivitsky was found shot in a <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> hotel room the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979198–199-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrew2009263,_263–272,_343-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Orlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov">Alexander Orlov</a> (born Lev Feldbin; code-name Swede), Philby's controller in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, who had once met him in France, also defected. To protect his family, still living in the Soviet Union, Orlov said nothing about Philby, an agreement Stalin respected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley1994-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] On a short trip back from Spain, Philby tried to recruit <a href="/wiki/Flora_Solomon" title="Flora Solomon">Flora Solomon</a> as a Soviet agent; she was the daughter of a Russian banker and gold dealer, a relative of the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a> and wife of a London stockbroker. At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. But the <a href="/wiki/Rezident" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezident">rezident</a> (Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected Philby's motives. Solomon introduced Philby to the woman who would become Philby's second wife, Aileen Furse. Solomon went to work for the British retailer <a href="/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley1994207–208-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_intelligence_career">British intelligence career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British intelligence career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> In July 1939, Philby returned to The Times office in London. When Britain declared war on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in September 1939, Philby's contact with his Soviet controllers was lost and he failed to attend the meetings that were necessary for his work. During the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> from September 1939 until the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a>, Philby worked as The Times' first-hand correspondent with the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley1994-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] After being evacuated from <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a> on 21 May, he returned to France in mid-June and began representing <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> in addition to The Times. He briefly reported from <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, sailing for <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> less than 24 hours before France surrendered to Germany in June 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973110–111-31">[31]</a> In 1940, on the recommendation of Burgess, Philby joined MI6's Section D, a secret organisation charged with investigating how enemies might be attacked through non-military means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolzman2013146-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolzman2013135-33">[33]</a> Philby and Burgess ran a training course for would-be <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">saboteurs</a> at Brickendonbury Manor in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELownie2016110–111-34">[34]</a> His time at Section D, however, was short-lived; the "tiny, ineffective, and slightly comic" section<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973128-35">[35]</a> was soon absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) in the summer of 1940. Burgess was arrested in September for <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">drunken driving</a> and was subsequently fired,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELownie2016113-36">[36]</a> while Philby was appointed as an instructor on clandestine <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> at the SOE's finishing school for agents at the Estate of Lord Montagu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELett2016-37">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu,_Hampshire" title="Beaulieu, Hampshire">Beaulieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973129-38">[38]</a> Philby's role as an instructor of sabotage agents again brought him to the attention of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">Joint State Political Directorate</a> (OGPU). This role allowed him to conduct sabotage and instruct agents on how to properly conduct sabotage. The new London rezident, Ivan Chichayev (code-name Vadim), re-established contact and asked for a list of British agents being trained to enter the Soviet Union. Philby replied that none had been sent and that none was undergoing training at that time. This statement was underlined twice in red and marked with two question marks, clearly indicating confusion and questioning of this, by disbelieving staff at <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Building" title="Lubyanka Building">Moscow Central in the Lubyanka</a>, according to Genrikh Borovik, who saw the <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegrams</a> much later in the KGB archives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley1994-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Philby provided Stalin with advance warning of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> intention to strike into southeast Asia instead of attacking the Soviet Union as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had urged. The first was ignored as a provocation, but the second, when confirmed by the Russo-German journalist and spy <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorge" title="Richard Sorge">Richard Sorge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, contributed to Stalin's decision to begin transporting troops from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Far East</a> in time for the <a href="/wiki/Counteroffensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counteroffensive">counteroffensive</a> around Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley1994-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] By September 1941, Philby began working for Section Five of MI6, a section responsible for offensive <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counter-intelligence</a>. On the strength of his knowledge and experience of Franco's Spain, he was put in charge of the subsection that dealt with Spain and Portugal. This entailed responsibility for a network of undercover operatives in several cities such as Madrid, Gibraltar, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973161–162-39">[39]</a> At this time, the German <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> was active in Spain, particularly around the British naval base of Gibraltar, which its agents hoped to watch with many detection stations to track <a href="/wiki/Allied_Powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Powers of World War II">Allied</a> supply ships in the Western Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Thanks to British counter-intelligence efforts, of which Philby's Iberian subsection formed a significant part, the project (Abwehr code-name <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodden" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Bodden">Bodden</a>) never came to fruition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973164–165-41">[41]</a> During 1942–43, Philby's responsibilities were then expanded to include North Africa and Italy, and he was made the deputy head of Section Five under Major Felix Cowgill, an army officer seconded to SIS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichelson1997135-42">[42]</a> In early 1944, as it became clear that the Soviet Union was likely to once more prove a significant adversary to Britain, SIS re-activated Section Nine, which dealt with anti-communist efforts. In late 1944 Philby, on instructions from his Soviet handler, maneuvered through the system successfully to replace Cowgill as head of Section Nine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979254–255-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-hiscomments-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Arnold-Baker" title="Charles Arnold-Baker">Charles Arnold-Baker</a>, an officer of German birth (born Wolfgang von Blumenthal) working for Richard Gatty in Belgium and later transferred to the Norwegian/Swedish border, voiced many suspicions of Philby and his intentions but was repeatedly ignored.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-7">[7]</a> While working in Section Five, Philby had become acquainted with <a href="/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton" title="James Jesus Angleton">James Jesus Angleton</a>, a young American counter-intelligence officer working in liaison with SIS in London. Angleton, later chief of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>'s (CIA) <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterintelligence Staff">Counterintelligence Staff</a>, became suspicious of Philby when he failed to pass on information relating to a British agent executed by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> It later emerged that the agent—known as Schmidt—had also worked as an informant for the <a href="/wiki/Rote_Kapelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rote Kapelle">Rote Kapelle</a> organisation, which sent information to both London and Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979268-46">[46]</a> Nevertheless, Angleton's suspicions went unheard. In late summer 1943, the SIS provided the GRU an official report on the activities of German agents in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War II">Romania</a>, soon to be liberated by the Soviet Union. The NKVD complained to Cecil Barclay, the SIS representative in Moscow, that information had been withheld. Barclay reported the complaint to London. Philby claimed to have overheard discussion of this by chance and sent a report to his controller. This turned out to be identical with Barclay's dispatch, convincing the NKVD that Philby had seen the full Barclay report. A similar lapse occurred with a report from the Japanese embassy in Moscow sent to Tokyo. The NKVD received the same report from Sorge but with an extra paragraph claiming that Hitler might seek a separate peace with the Soviet Union. These lapses by Philby aroused intense suspicion in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-7">[7]</a> Elena Modrzhinskaya at <a href="/wiki/GUGB" class="mw-redirect" title="GUGB">GUGB</a> headquarters in Moscow assessed all material from the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</a>. She noted that they produced an extraordinary wealth of information on German war plans but next to nothing on the repeated question of British penetration of Soviet intelligence in either London or Moscow. Philby had repeated his claim that there were no such agents. She asked, "Could the SIS really be such fools they failed to notice suitcase-loads of papers leaving the office? Could they have overlooked Philby's Communist wife?" Modrzhinskaya concluded that all were double agents, working essentially for the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley1994-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A more serious incident occurred in August 1945, when <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Volkov_(diplomat)" title="Konstantin Volkov (diplomat)">Konstantin Volkov</a>, an NKVD agent and vice-consul in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, requested <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a> in Britain for himself and his wife. For a large sum of money, Volkov offered the names of three Soviet agents inside Britain, two of whom worked in the Foreign Office and a third who worked in counterintelligence in London. Philby was given the task of dealing with Volkov by British intelligence. He warned the Soviets of the attempted defection and travelled to Istanbul—ostensibly to handle the matter on behalf of SIS but, in reality, to ensure that Volkov had been neutralised. By the time he arrived in Turkey, three weeks later, Volkov had been removed to Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-odnb-7">[7]</a> The intervention of Philby in the affair and the subsequent capture of Volkov by the Soviets might have seriously compromised Philby's position. Volkov's defection had been discussed with the British embassy in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> on telephones which turned out to have been tapped by Soviet intelligence. Volkov had insisted that all written communications about him take place by bag rather than by telegraph, causing a delay in reaction that might plausibly have given the Soviets time to uncover his plans. Philby was thus able to evade blame and detection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973180–181-48">[48]</a> A month later <a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a>, a cipher clerk in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, took political asylum in Canada and gave the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> names of agents operating within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> that were known to him. When Jane Archer (who had interviewed Krivitsky) was appointed to Philby's section he moved her off investigatory work in case she became aware of his past. He later wrote "she had got a tantalising scrap of information about a young English journalist whom the Soviet intelligence had sent to Spain during the Civil War. And here she was plunked down in my midst!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrew2009263,_263–272,_343-29">[29]</a> Years after the war, <a href="/wiki/Hardy_Amies" title="Hardy Amies">Sir Hardy Amies</a>, who had served as an intelligence officer, recalled that Philby was in his <a href="/wiki/Mess" title="Mess">mess</a> and on being asked what the infamous spy was like, Hardy quipped, "He was always trying to get information out of me—most significantly the name of my tailor". Philby, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was appointed an Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> (OBE) in <a href="/wiki/1946_New_Year_Honours#Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire_(OBE)" title="1946 New Year Honours">1946</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istanbul">Istanbul</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Istanbul">edit</a>]</div> In February 1947, Philby was appointed head of British intelligence for Turkey and posted to Istanbul with his second wife, Aileen, and their family. His public position was that of First Secretary at the British Consulate; in reality, his intelligence work required overseeing British agents and working with the Turkish security services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973187-50">[50]</a> Philby planned to infiltrate five or six groups of émigrés into <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Georgia</a>, but efforts among the <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> community in Paris produced just two recruits. Turkish intelligence took them to a border crossing into Georgia but soon afterwards shots were heard. Another effort was made using a Turkish <a href="/wiki/Gulet" title="Gulet">gulet</a> for a seaborne landing, but it never left port. Philby was implicated in a similar campaign in <a href="/wiki/Communist_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Albania">Communist Albania</a>. Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_Smiley" title="David Smiley">David Smiley</a>, an aristocratic Guards officer who had helped <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> and his communist guerillas to liberate Albania, now prepared to remove Hoxha. He trained Albanian commandos—some of whom were former Nazi collaborators—in Libya or Malta. From 1947, they infiltrated the southern mountains to build support for former <a href="/wiki/King_Zog" class="mw-redirect" title="King Zog">King Zog</a>. The first three missions, overland from Greece, were trouble-free. Larger numbers were landed by sea and air under <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Subversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Subversion">Operation Valuable</a>, which continued until 1951, increasingly under the influence of the newly formed CIA. <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Menzies" title="Stewart Menzies">Stewart Menzies</a>, head of SIS, disliked the idea, which was promoted by former SOE men now in SIS. Most infiltrators were caught by the <a href="/wiki/Sigurimi" title="Sigurimi">Sigurimi</a>, the Albanian Security Service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmiley1985-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Clearly there had been leaks and Philby was later suspected as one of the leakers. His own comment was, "I do not say that people were happy under the regime but the CIA underestimated the degree of control that the Authorities had over the country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorovikKnightley1994-15">[15]</a> Philby later wrote of his attitude towards the operation in Albania: <blockquote>The agents we sent into Albania were armed men intent on murder, sabotage and assassination ... They knew the risks they were running. I was serving the interests of the Soviet Union and those interests required that these men were defeated. To the extent that I helped defeat them, even if it caused their deaths, I have no regrets.</blockquote> Philby's wife had suffered from psychological problems since childhood which caused her to <a href="/wiki/Self_harm" class="mw-redirect" title="Self harm">inflict injuries upon herself</a>. In 1948, troubled by Philby's heavy drinking and frequent <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressions</a> and his life in Istanbul, she experienced a breakdown, staging an accident and injecting herself with urine and <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> to cause skin disfigurations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979344-52">[52]</a> She was sent to a clinic in Switzerland to recover. Upon her return to Istanbul in late 1948, she was badly burned in an incident with a charcoal stove and returned to Switzerland. Shortly afterward, Philby was moved to the job as chief SIS representative in Washington, with his family. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Washington,_D.C.">Washington, D.C.</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Washington, D.C.">edit</a>]</div> In September 1949, the Philbys arrived in the United States. Officially, his post was that of First Secretary to the British Embassy; in reality, he served as chief British intelligence representative in Washington. His office oversaw a large amount of urgent and <a href="/wiki/Top_secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Top secret">top secret</a> communications between Washington and London. Philby was also responsible for liaising with the CIA and promoting "more aggressive Anglo-American intelligence operations".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973201-53">[53]</a> A leading figure within the CIA was Philby's wary former colleague, James Jesus Angleton, with whom he once again found himself working closely. Angleton remained suspicious of Philby but lunched with him every week in Washington. A more serious threat to Philby's position had come to light. During the summer of 1945, a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">cipher</a> clerk had reused a <a href="/wiki/One-time_pad" title="One-time pad">one-time pad</a> to transmit intelligence traffic. This mistake made it possible to break the normally impregnable code. Contained in the traffic (intercepted and decrypted as part of the <a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a>) was information that documents had been sent to Moscow from the British embassy in Washington. The intercepted messages revealed that the embassy source (identified as "Homer") travelled to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to meet his Soviet contact twice a week. Philby had been briefed on the situation shortly before reaching Washington in 1949; it was clear to Philby that the agent was Maclean, who worked in the embassy at the time and whose wife, Melinda, lived in New York. Philby had to help discover the identity of "Homer", but also wished to protect Maclean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichelson1997228-54">[54]</a> In January 1950, on evidence provided by the Venona intercepts, Soviet atomic spy <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a> was arrested. His arrest led to others: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Gold" title="Harry Gold">Harry Gold</a>, a courier with whom Fuchs had worked, <a href="/wiki/David_Greenglass" title="David Greenglass">David Greenglass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a>. The investigation into the embassy leak continued and the stress of it was exacerbated by the arrival in Washington, in October 1950, of Burgess—Philby's unstable and dangerously alcoholic fellow spy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973209-55">[55]</a> Burgess, who had been given a post as Second Secretary at the British Embassy, took up residence in the Philby family home and rapidly set about causing offence to all and sundry. Philby's wife resented him and disliked his presence; Americans were offended by his "natural superciliousness" and "utter contempt for the whole pyramid of values, attitudes, and courtesies of the American way of life". <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> complained that Burgess used British embassy automobiles to avoid arrest when he cruised Washington in pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a> encounters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973209-55">[55]</a> His dissolution had a troubling effect on Philby; the morning after a particularly disastrous and drunken party, a guest returning to collect his car heard voices upstairs and found "Kim and Guy in the bedroom drinking champagne. They had already been down to the Embassy but being unable to work had come back".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973210-56">[56]</a> Burgess' presence was awkward for Philby, yet it was potentially dangerous for Philby to leave him unsupervised. The situation in Washington was tense. From April 1950, Maclean had been the <a href="/wiki/Prime_suspect" title="Prime suspect">prime suspect</a> in the investigation into the embassy leak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979362-57">[57]</a> Philby had undertaken to devise an escape plan that would warn Maclean, in England, of the intense suspicion he was under and arrange for him to flee. Burgess had to get to London to warn Maclean, who was under surveillance. In early May 1951, Burgess got three speeding tickets in a single day—then pleaded <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a>, causing an official complaint to be made to the British ambassador.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979365-58">[58]</a> Burgess was sent back to England, where he met Maclean in his London club.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The SIS planned to interrogate Maclean on 28 May 1951. On 23 May, concerned that Maclean had not yet fled, Philby wired Burgess, ostensibly about his <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln (automobile)">Lincoln</a> convertible that had been abandoned in the embassy car park. "If he did not act at once it would be too late," the telegram read, "because [Philby] would send his car to the scrap heap. There was nothing more [he] could do."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979374-59">[59]</a> On 25 May, Burgess drove Maclean from his home at <a href="/wiki/Tatsfield" title="Tatsfield">Tatsfield</a>, Surrey, to <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, where both boarded the steamship Falaise to France and then proceeded to Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELownie2016237–239-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre2015150–151-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_denials">Public denials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public denials">edit</a>]</div> Burgess had intended to aid Maclean in his escape, not accompany him in it. The "affair of the missing diplomats," as it was referred to before Burgess and Maclean surfaced in Moscow,<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes-62">[62]</a> attracted a great deal of public attention, and Burgess' disappearance, which identified him as complicit in Maclean's espionage, deeply compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London. There, he underwent MI5 interrogation aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring. In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamrick2004137-63">[63]</a> Even after his departure from MI6, suspicion towards Philby continued. Interrogated repeatedly regarding his intelligence work and his connection with Burgess, he continued to deny that he had acted as a Soviet agent. From 1952, Philby struggled to find work as a journalist, eventually—in August 1954—accepting a position with a diplomatic newsletter called the Fleet Street Letter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973224-64">[64]</a> Lacking access to material of value and out of touch with Soviet intelligence, he all but ceased to operate as a Soviet agent. On 25 October 1955, following revelations in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party (United Kingdom)">Labour</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lipton" title="Marcus Lipton">Marcus Lipton</a> used <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" title="Parliamentary privilege">parliamentary privilege</a> to ask <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> if he was determined "to cover up at all costs the dubious third man activities of Mr Harold Philby..."<a href="#cite_note-parliament-65">[65]</a> This was reported in the British press, leading Philby to threaten legal action against Lipton if he repeated his accusations outside <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>. Lipton later withdrew his comments.<a href="#cite_note-LRB-66">[66]</a> This retraction came about when Philby was officially cleared by <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> on 7 November. The minister told the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, "I have no reason to conclude that Mr. Philby has at any time betrayed the interests of his country, or to identify him with the so-called 'Third Man', if indeed there was one."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1977193-67">[67]</a> Following this, Philby gave a press conference in his mother's London flat in which—calmly, confidently, and without the stammer he had struggled with since childhood—he reiterated his innocence, declaring, "I have never been a communist."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_journalism">Return to journalism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Return to journalism">edit</a>]</div> After being exonerated, Philby was no longer employed by MI6 and Soviet intelligence lost all contact with him. In August 1956 he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> as a Middle East correspondent for <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Observer-69">[69]</a> There, his journalism served as cover for renewed work for MI6.<a href="#cite_note-LRB-66">[66]</a> He wrote under his own name and under the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> "Charles Garner" when writing about subjects he considered too "fluffy"(distasteful), for example the subject of Arab slave girls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre2015209-70">[70]</a> In Lebanon, Philby at first lived in Mahalla Jamil, his father's large household located in the village of <a href="/wiki/Ajaltoun" title="Ajaltoun">Ajaltoun</a>, just outside Beirut.<a href="#cite_note-LRB-66">[66]</a> Following the departure of his father and stepbrothers for Saudi Arabia, he continued to live alone in Ajaltoun, but took a flat in Beirut after beginning an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Following the death of his second wife in 1957 and Eleanor's subsequent divorce from Brewer, the two were married in London in 1959 and set up house together in Beirut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973243-71">[71]</a> From 1960, Philby's formerly marginal work as a journalist became more substantial and he frequently travelled throughout the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait and Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973248-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defection_to_Russia">Defection to Russia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Defection to Russia">edit</a>]</div> In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Golitsyn" title="Anatoliy Golitsyn">Anatoliy Golitsyn</a>, a major in the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, defected to the United States from his diplomatic post in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>. Golitsyn offered the CIA revelations of Soviet agents within American and British intelligence services. Following his debriefing in the US, Golitsyn was sent to SIS for further questioning. The head of MI6, <a href="/wiki/Dick_White" title="Dick White">Dick White</a>, only recently transferred from MI5, had suspected Philby as the "third man".<a href="#cite_note-LRB-66">[66]</a> Golitsyn proceeded to confirm White's suspicions about Philby's role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979432-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Elliott" title="Nicholas Elliott">Nicholas Elliott</a>, an MI6 officer recently stationed in Beirut who was a friend of Philby's and had previously believed in his innocence, was tasked with attempting to secure his full confession.<a href="#cite_note-Observer-69">[69]</a> It is unclear whether Philby had been alerted, but Eleanor noted that as 1962 wore on, expressions of tension in his life "became worse and were reflected in bouts of deep depression and drinking".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979434-74">[74]</a> She recalled returning home to Beirut from a sight-seeing trip in Jordan to find Philby "hopelessly drunk and incoherent with grief on the terrace of the flat," mourning the death of a little pet fox that had fallen from the balcony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979435-75">[75]</a> When Elliott met Philby in late 1962, the first time since Golitsyn's defection, he found Philby too drunk to stand and with a bandaged head; he had fallen repeatedly and cracked his skull on a bathroom radiator, requiring stitches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979436-76">[76]</a> Philby told Elliott that he was "half expecting" to see him. Elliott confronted him, saying, "I once looked up to you, Kim. My God, how I despise you now. I hope you've enough decency left to understand why."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979437-77">[77]</a> Prompted by Elliott's accusations, Philby confirmed the charges of espionage and described his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. However, when Elliott asked him to sign a written statement, he hesitated and requested a delay in the interrogation.<a href="#cite_note-LRB-66">[66]</a> Another meeting was scheduled to take place in the last week of January. It has since been suggested that the whole confrontation with Elliott had been a charade to convince the KGB that Philby had to be brought back to Moscow, where he could serve as a British penetration agent of Moscow Central.<a href="#cite_note-NYTParanoia-5">[5]</a> On the evening of 23 January 1963, Philby vanished from Beirut, failing to meet his wife for a dinner party at the home of <a href="/wiki/Glencairn_Balfour_Paul" title="Glencairn Balfour Paul">Glencairn Balfour Paul</a>, First Secretary at the British Embassy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979438-78">[78]</a> The Dolmatova, a Soviet freighter bound for <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, had left Beirut that morning so abruptly that cargo was left scattered over the docks;<a href="#cite_note-LRB-66">[66]</a> Philby claimed that he left Beirut on board this ship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979471-79">[79]</a> However, others maintain that he escaped through Syria, overland to Soviet Armenia and thence to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley1990-80">[80]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] It was not until 1 July 1963 that Philby's flight to Moscow was officially confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> On 30 July, Soviet officials announced that they had granted him political asylum in the Soviet Union, along with Soviet citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979441-82">[82]</a> When the news broke, MI6 came under criticism for failing to anticipate and block Philby's defection, though Elliott was to claim he could not have prevented Philby's flight. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Ben_Macintyre" title="Ben Macintyre">Ben Macintyre</a>, author of several works on espionage, speculated that MI6 might have left open the opportunity for Philby to flee to Moscow to avoid an embarrassing public trial. Philby himself thought this might have been the case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacintyre2015277–278-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moscow">Moscow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Moscow">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6266_stamp_(Soviet_Intelligence_Agents._Kim_Philby).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6266_stamp_%28Soviet_Intelligence_Agents._Kim_Philby%29.jpg/220px-The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6266_stamp_%28Soviet_Intelligence_Agents._Kim_Philby%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6266_stamp_%28Soviet_Intelligence_Agents._Kim_Philby%29.jpg/330px-The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6266_stamp_%28Soviet_Intelligence_Agents._Kim_Philby%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6266_stamp_%28Soviet_Intelligence_Agents._Kim_Philby%29.jpg/440px-The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6266_stamp_%28Soviet_Intelligence_Agents._Kim_Philby%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Philby on a 1990 Soviet stamp</figcaption></figure> Upon his arrival in Moscow in January 1963, Philby discovered that he was not a colonel in the KGB, as he had been led to believe. He was paid 500 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_rouble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet rouble">roubles</a> a month (the average Soviet salary in 1960 was Rbls 80.60 a month and Rbls 122 in 1970)<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and his family was not immediately able to join him in exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilbyLyubimovPeake1999-85">[85]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Philby was under virtual <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> and under guard, with all visitors screened by the KGB. It was ten years before he was given a minor role in the training of KGB recruits.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lyubimov" title="Mikhail Lyubimov">Mikhail Lyubimov</a>, his closest KGB contact, explained that this was to guard his safety, but later admitted that the real reason was the KGB's fear that Philby would return to London.<a href="#cite_note-NYTParanoia-5">[5]</a> Secret files released to the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archives (United Kingdom)">National Archives</a> in late 2020 indicated that the British government had intentionally conducted a campaign to keep Philby's spying confidential "to minimise political embarrassment" and prevent the publication of his <a href="/wiki/Memoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoirs">memoirs</a>, according to a report by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Nonetheless, the information was publicized in 1967 when he granted an interview to Murray Sayle of The Times in Moscow. Philby confirmed that he had worked for the KGB and that "his purpose in life was to destroy <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In Moscow, Philby occupied himself by writing his memoirs, which were published in Britain in 1968 under the title My Silent War; they were not published in the Soviet Union until 1980.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In the book, Philby says that his loyalties were always with the communists; he considered himself not to have been a double agent but "a straight penetration agent working in the Soviet interest."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Philby continued to read The Times, which was not generally available in the USSR, listened to the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> and was an avid follower of <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>. Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Though he claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, <a href="/wiki/Colman%27s" title="Colman's">Colman's</a> mustard and <a href="/wiki/Lea_%26_Perrins" title="Lea & Perrins">Lea & Perrins</a> <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce" title="Worcestershire sauce">Worcestershire sauce</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> his wife <a href="/wiki/Rufina_Ivanovna_Pukhova" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova">Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova</a> later described Philby as "disappointed in many ways" by what he found in Moscow. "He saw people suffering too much," but he consoled himself by arguing that "the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge."<a href="#cite_note-Borovik-92">[92]</a> Pukhova said, "he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'"<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Philby's drinking and depression continued; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Philby found work in the early 1970s in the KGB's <a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active Measures</a> Department churning out fabricated documents. Working from genuine unclassified and public CIA or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a> documents, Philby inserted "sinister" paragraphs regarding US plans. The KGB would stamp the documents "top secret" and begin their circulation. For the Soviets, Philby was an invaluable asset, ensuring the correct use of idiomatic and diplomatic English phrases in their <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceMeltonSchlesinger2009314-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> In February 1934, Philby married Litzi Friedmann, an Austrian Jewish communist whom he had met in Vienna. They subsequently moved to Britain; however, as Philby assumed the role of a fascist sympathiser, they separated. Litzi lived in Paris before returning to London for the duration of the war; she ultimately settled in East Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville197384-96">[96]</a> While working as a correspondent in Spain, Philby began an affair with <a href="/wiki/Frances_Doble" title="Frances Doble">Frances Doble</a>, Lady Lindsay-Hogg, an actress and aristocratic divorcée who was an admirer of Franco and Hitler. They travelled together in Spain through August 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville197393-97">[97]</a> In 1940, Philby began living with Aileen Furse in London. Their first three children, Josephine, John and Tommy, were born between 1941 and 1944. In 1946, Philby arranged a divorce from Litzi. He and Aileen were married on 25 September 1946, while Aileen was pregnant with their fourth child, Miranda. Their fifth child, Harry George, was born in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973173-98">[98]</a> Aileen suffered from psychiatric problems, which grew more severe during the period of poverty and suspicion following the flight of Burgess and Maclean. She lived separately from Philby, settling with their children in <a href="/wiki/Crowborough" title="Crowborough">Crowborough</a> while he lived first in London and later in Beirut. Weakened by alcoholism and frequent illness, she died of <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> in December 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973226-99">[99]</a> Through his son John, Philby's granddaughter is the author Charlotte Philby.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1956, Philby began an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Following Eleanor's divorce, the couple married<a href="#cite_note-LRB-66">[66]</a> in January 1959. After Philby defected in 1963, Eleanor visited him in Moscow. In November 1964, after a visit to the US, she returned, intending to settle permanently. In her absence, Philby had begun an affair with Donald Maclean's wife, Melinda.<a href="#cite_note-LRB-66">[66]</a> He and Eleanor divorced and she departed Moscow in May 1965.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESealeMcConnville1973275-101">[101]</a> Melinda left Maclean and briefly lived with Philby in Moscow. In 1968, she returned to Maclean. In 1971, Philby married Rufina Pukhova, a 39-year-old Russo-Polish woman, with whom he lived until his death in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Philby died of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> in Moscow in 1988. He was given a hero's funeral. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_awards">Posthumous awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Posthumous awards">edit</a>]</div> The USSR posthumously awarded numerous Soviet medals to Philby:<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:SU_Order_of_Lenin_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SU_Order_of_Lenin_ribbon.svg/45px-SU_Order_of_Lenin_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SU_Order_of_Lenin_ribbon.svg/68px-SU_Order_of_Lenin_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SU_Order_of_Lenin_ribbon.svg/90px-SU_Order_of_Lenin_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:SU_Order_of_the_Red_Banner_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SU_Order_of_the_Red_Banner_ribbon.svg/45px-SU_Order_of_the_Red_Banner_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SU_Order_of_the_Red_Banner_ribbon.svg/68px-SU_Order_of_the_Red_Banner_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SU_Order_of_the_Red_Banner_ribbon.svg/90px-SU_Order_of_the_Red_Banner_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner" title="Order of the Red Banner">Order of the Red Banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_of_the_Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ribbon_of_the_Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples.png/45px-Ribbon_of_the_Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ribbon_of_the_Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples.png/68px-Ribbon_of_the_Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ribbon_of_the_Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples.png/90px-Ribbon_of_the_Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples" title="Order of Friendship of Peoples">Order of Friendship of Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Order_Wojny_Ojczy%C5%BAnianej_1kl_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/POL_Order_Wojny_Ojczy%C5%BAnianej_1kl_BAR.svg/45px-POL_Order_Wojny_Ojczy%C5%BAnianej_1kl_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/POL_Order_Wojny_Ojczy%C5%BAnianej_1kl_BAR.svg/68px-POL_Order_Wojny_Ojczy%C5%BAnianej_1kl_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/POL_Order_Wojny_Ojczy%C5%BAnianej_1kl_BAR.svg/90px-POL_Order_Wojny_Ojczy%C5%BAnianej_1kl_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Great Patriotic War">Order of the Great Patriotic War (First class)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:40_years_of_victory_rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/40_years_of_victory_rib.png/45px-40_years_of_victory_rib.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/40_years_of_victory_rib.png/68px-40_years_of_victory_rib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/40_years_of_victory_rib.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22Forty_Years_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Motivation">edit</a>]</div> In a 1981 lecture to the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> intelligence agency, Philby attributed the failure of British intelligence to unmask him as due in great part to these things: <a href="/wiki/British_class_system" class="mw-redirect" title="British class system">British class system</a> - it was inconceivable that one "born into the ruling class of the British Empire" would be a traitor, to the amateurish and incompetent nature of the British organisation, and because of so many in MI6 having so much to lose if he was proven to be a spy. He had the policy of never confessing; a document in his own handwriting was dismissed as a <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hiscomments-44">[44]</a> Philby said that at the time of his recruitment as a spy there were no prospects of his being useful; he was instructed to make his way into the Secret Service, which took years, starting with journalism and building up contacts in the <a href="/wiki/British_establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="British establishment">British establishment</a>. He said that there was no discipline there; he made friends with the archivist, which enabled him for years to take secret documents home, many unrelated to his own work, and bring them back the next day; his handler photographed them overnight. When he was instructed to remove and replace his boss, Felix Cowgill, he asked if it was proposed "to shoot him or something" but was told to use bureaucratic intrigue. He said: "It was a very dirty story—but after all our work does imply getting dirty hands from time to time but we do it for a cause that is not dirty in any way". Commenting on his sabotage of the operation to secretly send thousands of anti-communists into Albania to overthrow the communist government, Philby defended his actions by saying that he had helped prevent another world war.<a href="#cite_note-hiscomments-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kim-1"><a href="#cite_ref-kim_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passportmagazine.ru/article/1012/">"Kuntsevo Cemetery at Kim Philby's Grave"</a>. passportmagazine.ru.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=passportmagazine.ru&rft.atitle=Kuntsevo+Cemetery+at+Kim+Philby%27s+Grave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passportmagazine.ru%2Farticle%2F1012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/455901/Kim-Philby">Kim Philby</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>, retrieved 16 November 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> "Obituary of Kim Philby: Briton who became Soviet super-spy." Times [London, England], 12 May 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-spymuseum-4"><a href="#cite_ref-spymuseum_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419213900/https://www.spymuseum.org/education-programs/spy-resources/background-briefings/the-cambridge-five/">"The Cambridge Five"</a>. International Spy Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spymuseum.org/education-programs/spy-resources/background-briefings/the-cambridge-five/">the original</a> on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Five&rft.pub=International+Spy+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spymuseum.org%2Feducation-programs%2Fspy-resources%2Fbackground-briefings%2Fthe-cambridge-five%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTParanoia-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTParanoia_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTParanoia_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTParanoia_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTParanoia_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_Rosenbaum1994" class="citation news cs1">Ron Rosenbaum (10 July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803EEDC133CF933A25754C0A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=6">"Kim Philby and the Age of Paranoia"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 17 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kim+Philby+and+the+Age+of+Paranoia&rft.date=1994-07-10&rft.au=Ron+Rosenbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9803EEDC133CF933A25754C0A962958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPageLeitch196830–39-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPageLeitch196830–39_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPageLeitch1968">Page & Leitch 1968</a>, pp. 30–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_7-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClive2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clive, Nigel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-40699">"Philby, Harold Adrian Russell [Kim] (1912–1988), spy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F40699">10.1093/ref:odnb/40699</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198614128" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198614128"><bdi>978-0198614128</bdi></a>. 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New York: The Dial Press/James Wade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8037-2321-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8037-2321-4"><bdi>978-0-8037-2321-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Man%3A+The+Definitive+Account+of+Kim+Philby%2C+Guy+Burgess+and+Donald+Maclean+and+Who+Recruited+Them+to+Spy+for+Russia%27&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Dial+Press%2FJames+Wade&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8037-2321-4&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourthmandefi00boyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cave_Brown" title="Anthony Cave Brown">Brown, Anthony Cave</a> (1994). Treason in the Blood: H. St. John Philby, Kim Philby, and the Spy Case of the Century. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-63119-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-63119-5"><bdi>978-0-395-63119-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treason+in+the+Blood%3A+H.+St.+John+Philby%2C+Kim+Philby%2C+and+the+Spy+Case+of+the+Century&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-395-63119-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Cave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2018" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Alan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24mEDwAAQBAJ">Looking-glass wars: spies on British screens since 1960</a>. Wilmington, Delaware. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62273-290-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62273-290-6"><bdi>978-1-62273-290-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking-glass+wars%3A+spies+on+British+screens+since+1960&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62273-290-6&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D24mEDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1977" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, John (1977). Burgess and Maclean: a new look at the Foreign Office spies. London: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hale_(publishers)" title="Robert Hale (publishers)">Robert Hale</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-6479-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-6479-1"><bdi>978-0-7091-6479-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burgess+and+Maclean%3A+a+new+look+at+the+Foreign+Office+spies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7091-6479-1&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamrick2004" class="citation book cs1">Hamrick, S. J. (2004). Deceiving the deceivers: Kim Philby, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10416-5"><bdi>978-0-300-10416-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deceiving+the+deceivers%3A+Kim+Philby%2C+Donald+Maclean+and+Guy+Burgess&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10416-5&rft.aulast=Hamrick&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickmanBarnes2005" class="citation book cs1">Hickman, Clayton; Barnes, Alan (2005). Endgame: collected comic strips from the pages of Doctor Who magazine. Tunbridge Wells, England: Panini Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905239-09-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905239-09-2"><bdi>978-1-905239-09-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endgame%3A+collected+comic+strips+from+the+pages+of+Doctor+Who+magazine&rft.place=Tunbridge+Wells%2C+England&rft.pub=Panini+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-905239-09-2&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolzman2013" class="citation book cs1">Holzman, Michael (2013). Guy Burgess: Revolutionary in an Old School Tie. New York: Chelmsford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-89509-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-89509-3"><bdi>978-0-615-89509-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guy+Burgess%3A+Revolutionary+in+an+Old+School+Tie&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Chelmsford+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-615-89509-3&rft.aulast=Holzman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Koch_(writer)" title="Stephen Koch (writer)">Koch, Stephen</a> (2004). Double lives: Stalin, Willi Münzenberg, and the seduction of the intellectuals (Revised ed.). New York: Enigma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-20-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-20-9"><bdi>978-1-929631-20-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Double+lives%3A+Stalin%2C+Willi+M%C3%BCnzenberg%2C+and+the+seduction+of+the+intellectuals&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-929631-20-9&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLett2016" class="citation book cs1">Lett, Brian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JO0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT155">SOE's Mastermind: the Authorised Biography of Major General Sir Colin Gubbins KCMG, DSO, MC</a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-6382-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-6382-8"><bdi>978-1-4738-6382-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOE%27s+Mastermind%3A+the+Authorised+Biography+of+Major+General+Sir+Colin+Gubbins+KCMG%2C+DSO%2C+MC&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-6382-8&rft.aulast=Lett&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JO0DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLownie2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lownie" title="Andrew Lownie">Lownie, Andrew</a> (2016). <a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_Englishman" title="Stalin's Englishman">Stalin's Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess</a>. London: Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-473-62738-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-473-62738-3"><bdi>978-1-473-62738-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Englishman%3A+The+Lives+of+Guy+Burgess&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-473-62738-3&rft.aulast=Lownie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Macintyre" title="Ben Macintyre">Macintyre, Ben</a> (2015). A Spy Among Friends: Philby and the Great Betrayal. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-5178-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-5178-4"><bdi>978-1-4088-5178-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Spy+Among+Friends%3A+Philby+and+the+Great+Betrayal&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-5178-4&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Carré2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">Le Carré, John</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jxPWT_Lo5yQC">Conversations with John Le Carré</a>. Jackson, Mississippi: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-669-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-669-8"><bdi>978-1-57806-669-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+John+Le+Carr%C3%A9&rft.place=Jackson%2C+Mississippi&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-669-8&rft.aulast=Le+Carr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjxPWT_Lo5yQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPageLeitch1968" class="citation book cs1">Page, Bruce; Leitch, David (1968). <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Knightley" title="Phillip Knightley">Knightley, Phillip</a> (ed.). Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-96014-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-96014-2"><bdi>978-0-233-96014-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philby%3A+The+Spy+Who+Betrayed+a+Generation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch+Ltd&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-233-96014-2&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Leitch%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilbyLyubimovPeake1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rufina_Pukhova" title="Rufina Pukhova">Philby, Rufina</a>; Lyubimov, Mikhail; Peake, Hayden (1999). The Private Life of Kim Philby: the Moscow Years. London: St Ermin's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9536151-6-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9536151-6-2"><bdi>978-0-9536151-6-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Kim+Philby%3A+the+Moscow+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pub=St+Ermin%27s&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-9536151-6-2&rft.aulast=Philby&rft.aufirst=Rufina&rft.au=Lyubimov%2C+Mikhail&rft.au=Peake%2C+Hayden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis_&_Hulbert_2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Purvis" title="Stewart Purvis">Purvis, Stewart</a>; Hulbert, Jeff (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guyburgessspywho0000purv">Guy Burgess: The Spy Who Knew Everyone</a>. London: Biteback Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-913-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-913-4"><bdi>978-1-84954-913-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guy+Burgess%3A+The+Spy+Who+Knew+Everyone&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Biteback+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-84954-913-4&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=Hulbert%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguyburgessspywho0000purv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichelson1997" class="citation book cs1">Richelson, Jeffrey T. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofspiesin00rich">A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511390-7"><bdi>978-0-19-511390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Spies%3A+Intelligence+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511390-7&rft.aulast=Richelson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcenturyofspiesin00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley1990" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Morris (1990). Philby: The Hidden Years. Penzance: United Writers' Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85200-029-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85200-029-5"><bdi>978-1-85200-029-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philby%3A+The+Hidden+Years&rft.place=Penzance&rft.pub=United+Writers%27+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85200-029-5&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSealeMcConnville1973" class="citation book cs1">Seale, Patrick; McConnville, Maureen (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philbylongroadto00seal">Philby: The Long Road to Moscow</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-21509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-21509-5"><bdi>978-0-671-21509-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philby%3A+The+Long+Road+to+Moscow&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-671-21509-5&rft.aulast=Seale&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=McConnville%2C+Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilbylongroadto00seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmiley1985" class="citation book cs1">Smiley, David (1985). Albanian Assignment. London: <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-2869-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-2869-2"><bdi>978-0-7011-2869-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Assignment&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-2869-2&rft.aulast=Smiley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988">)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallaceMeltonSchlesinger2009" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Robert; Melton, H. Keith; Schlesinger, Henry R. (2009). Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs, from Communism to Al-Qaeda. London: Bantam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-06204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-06204-3"><bdi>978-0-593-06204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spycraft%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%27s+Spytechs%2C+from+Communism+to+Al-Qaeda&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-593-06204-3&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Melton%2C+H.+Keith&rft.au=Schlesinger%2C+Henry+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYergin1991" class="citation book cs1">Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize: the Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. New York: Touchstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79932-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79932-8"><bdi>978-0-671-79932-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prize%3A+the+Epic+Quest+for+Oil%2C+Money+%26+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-671-79932-8&rft.aulast=Yergin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeston1997" class="citation book cs1">Beeston, Richard (1997). Looking For Trouble: The Life and Times of a Foreign Correspondent. London: <a href="/wiki/Brassey%27s" title="Brassey's">Brassey's</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85753-251-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85753-251-7"><bdi>978-1-85753-251-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+For+Trouble%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Foreign+Correspondent&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85753-251-7&rft.aulast=Beeston&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristowBristow1993" class="citation book cs1">Bristow, Desmond; Bristow, Bill (1993). A Game of Moles: the Deceptions of an MI6 Officer. London: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-90335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-90335-6"><bdi>978-0-316-90335-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Game+of+Moles%3A+the+Deceptions+of+an+MI6+Officer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-316-90335-6&rft.aulast=Bristow&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft.au=Bristow%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cave_Brown" title="Anthony Cave Brown">Brown, Anthony Cave</a> (1987). "C": The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-517390-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-517390-3"><bdi>978-0-02-517390-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22C%22%3A+The+Secret+Life+of+Sir+Stewart+Graham+Menzies%2C+Spymaster+to+Winston+Churchill&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-517390-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Cave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Carter" title="Miranda Carter">Carter, Miranda</a> (2001). Anthony Blunt: His Lives. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10531-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10531-0"><bdi>978-0-374-10531-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthony+Blunt%3A+His+Lives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-374-10531-0&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightley1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Knightley" title="Phillip Knightley">Knightley, Phillip</a> (1986). The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century. London: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02386-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02386-2"><bdi>978-0-393-02386-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Oldest+Profession%3A+Spies+and+Spying+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02386-2&rft.aulast=Knightley&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightley2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Knightley" title="Phillip Knightley">Knightley, Phillip</a> (2003). Philby: KGB Masterspy. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-00048-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-00048-0"><bdi>978-0-233-00048-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philby%3A+KGB+Masterspy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-233-00048-0&rft.aulast=Knightley&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuggeridge1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge" title="Malcolm Muggeridge">Muggeridge, Malcolm</a> (1974). The Infernal Grove: Chronicles of a Wasted Time: Number 2. New York: <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00300-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00300-5"><bdi>978-0-688-00300-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Infernal+Grove%3A+Chronicles+of+a+Wasted+Time%3A+Number+2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-688-00300-5&rft.aulast=Muggeridge&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilby1968" class="citation book cs1">Philby, Kim (1968). My Silent War. London: <a href="/wiki/MacGibbon_%26_Kee" class="mw-redirect" title="MacGibbon & Kee">MacGibbon & Kee</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-02860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-02860-5"><bdi>978-0-586-02860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Silent+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacGibbon+%26+Kee&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-586-02860-5&rft.aulast=Philby&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenroseFreeman1987" class="citation book cs1">Penrose, Barrie; Freeman, Simon (1987). Conspiracy of Silence: the Secret Life of Anthony Blunt. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-12885-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-12885-2"><bdi>978-0-374-12885-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+of+Silence%3A+the+Secret+Life+of+Anthony+Blunt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-374-12885-2&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Barrie&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmiley1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Smiley" title="David Smiley">Smiley, David</a> (1994). Irregular Regular. Norwich: Michael Russell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85955-202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85955-202-8"><bdi>978-0-85955-202-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irregular+Regular&rft.place=Norwich&rft.pub=Michael+Russell&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85955-202-8&rft.aulast=Smiley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(newspaper_reporter)" title="Michael Smith (newspaper reporter)">Smith, Michael</a> (2003). The Spying Game. London: <a href="/wiki/Politico%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Politico's">Politico's</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84275-004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84275-004-9"><bdi>978-1-84275-004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spying+Game&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Politico%27s&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84275-004-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrahairMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Trahair, Richard C. S.; Miller, Robert (2009). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. New York: Engima Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-75-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-75-9"><bdi>978-1-929631-75-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cold+War+Espionage%2C+Spies%2C+and+Secret+Operations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Engima+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-929631-75-9&rft.aulast=Trahair&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.+S.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigel West">West, Nigel</a>, ed. (2005). The Guy Liddell Diaries: Vol. I: 1939–1942. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35213-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35213-0"><bdi>978-0-415-35213-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guy+Liddell+Diaries%3A+Vol.+I%3A+1939%E2%80%931942&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35213-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestTsarev1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigel West">West, Nigel</a>; Tsarev, Oleg (1999). The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07806-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07806-0"><bdi>978-0-300-07806-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crown+Jewels%3A+The+British+Secrets+at+the+Heart+of+the+KGB+Archives&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07806-0&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Tsarev%2C+Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKim+Philby" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kim_Philby" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708200236/http://clark.cam.muskingum.edu/uk_folder/ukspycases_folder/ukspiestoc.html">Annotated bibliography of the Philby Affair</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/6077806/John-Philby.html">John Philby</a> – Daily Telegraph obituary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/news/file-release-cold-war-cambridge-spies-burgess-and-maclean/">File release: Cold War Cambridge spies Burgess and Maclean</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 23 October 2015</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlottephilby.com/features/kim-philby-the-spy-who-loved-me/">"Kim Philby: The Spy Who Loved Me" by Charlotte Philby, 12 June 2018</a></li> <li><a href="//doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/40699" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/40699">Kim Philby biography</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_spies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Spies" title="Template:Soviet Spies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Spies" title="Template talk:Soviet Spies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Spies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Spies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_spies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Soviet and Russian spies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">In the US</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1940s and before</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Barr" title="Joel Barr">Joel Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bentley" title="Elizabeth Bentley">Elizabeth Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Bukov" title="Boris Bukov">Boris Bukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lona_Cohen" title="Lona Cohen">Lona Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(spy)" title="Morris Cohen (spy)">Morris Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Coplon" title="Judith Coplon">Judith Coplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Field" title="Noel Field">Noel Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Glasser" title="Harold Glasser">Harold Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gold" title="Harry Gold">Harry Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Greenglass" title="David Greenglass">David Greenglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hall" title="Theodore Hall">Theodore Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrmann" title="John Herrmann">John Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hiss" title="Donald Hiss">Donald Hiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Malisoff" title="William Malisoff">William Malisoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hede_Massing" title="Hede Massing">Hede Massing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Morros" title="Boris Morros">Boris Morros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Oggins" title="Isaiah Oggins">Isaiah Oggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Perl" title="William Perl">William Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Perlo" title="Victor Perlo">Victor Perlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Peters" title="J. Peters">J. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ward_Pigman" title="William Ward Pigman">William Ward Pigman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reno" title="Vincent Reno">Vincent Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sarant" title="Alfred Sarant">Alfred Sarant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saville_Sax" title="Saville Sax">Saville Sax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Sobell" title="Morton Sobell">Morton Sobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ulanovsky" title="Alexander Ulanovsky">Alexander Ulanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Ulanovskaya" title="Nadezhda Ulanovskaya">Nadezhda Ulanovskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Wadleigh" title="Julian Wadleigh">Julian Wadleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Ware" title="Harold Ware">Harold Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weisband" title="Bill Weisband">Bill Weisband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Nathaniel Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White">Harry Dexter White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Wicher" title="Maria Wicher">Maria Wicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Witt" title="Nathan Witt">Nathan Witt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Wovschin" title="Flora Wovschin">Flora Wovschin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoli_Yatskov" title="Anatoli Yatskov">Anatoli Yatskov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_espionage" title="Cold War espionage">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Abel" title="Rudolf Abel">Rudolf Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich_Ames" title="Aldrich Ames">Aldrich Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sheldon_Boone" title="David Sheldon Boone">David Sheldon Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Boyce" title="Christopher John Boyce">Christopher John Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Patrick_Cavanaugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh">Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dunlap" title="Jack Dunlap">Jack Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_III" title="James Hall III">James Hall III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4nen" title="Reino Häyhänen">Reino Häyhänen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_Howard" title="Edward Lee Howard">Edward Lee Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Johnson_(spy)" title="Robert Lee Johnson (spy)">Robert Lee Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Koecher" title="Karl Koecher">Karl Koecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Daulton_Lee" title="Andrew Daulton Lee">Andrew Daulton Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lipka" title="Robert Lipka">Robert Lipka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_J._Lonetree" title="Clayton J. Lonetree">Clayton J. Lonetree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(agent)" title="Richard Miller (agent)">Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pelton" title="Ronald Pelton">Ronald Pelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Edwin_Pitts" title="Earl Edwin Pitts">Earl Edwin Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Soble" title="Jack Soble">Jack Soble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Soble" title="Myra Soble">Myra Soble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Soblen" title="Robert Soblen">Robert Soblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Seborer" title="Oscar Seborer">Oscar Seborer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thompson_(spy)" title="Robert Thompson (spy)">Robert Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Trofimoff" title="George Trofimoff">George Trofimoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Walker" title="John Anthony Walker">John Anthony Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Whitworth" title="Jerry Whitworth">Jerry Whitworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Post-Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Buryakov" title="Evgeny Buryakov">Evgeny Buryakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Chapman" title="Anna Chapman">Anna Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debbins" title="Peter Debbins">Peter Debbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_Nicholson" title="Harold James Nicholson">Harold James Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegals_Program" title="Illegals Program">Illegals Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cairncross" title="John Cairncross">John Cairncross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)">Donald Maclean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kim Philby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portland_spy_ring" title="Portland spy ring">Portland spy ring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lona_Cohen" title="Lona Cohen">Lona Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(spy)" title="Morris Cohen (spy)">Morris Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Gee" title="Ethel Gee">Ethel Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houghton" title="Harry Houghton">Harry Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konon_Molody" title="Konon Molody">Konon Molody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bettaney" title="Michael Bettaney">Michael Bettaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Blake" title="George Blake">George Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crook" title="David Crook">David Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litzi_Friedmann" title="Litzi Friedmann">Litzi Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Glading" title="Percy Glading">Percy Glading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melita_Norwood" title="Melita Norwood">Melita Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Nunn_May" title="Alan Nunn May">Alan Nunn May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peet_(1915%E2%80%931988)" title="John Peet (1915–1988)">John Peet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Prime" title="Geoffrey Prime">Geoffrey Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goronwy_Rees" title="Goronwy Rees">Goronwy Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_John_Smith_(espionage)" title="Michael John Smith (espionage)">Michael John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Springhall" title="Dave Springhall">Dave Springhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Symonds" title="John Alexander Symonds">John Alexander Symonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Tudor-Hart" title="Edith Tudor-Hart">Edith Tudor-Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vassall" title="John Vassall">John Vassall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wynn" title="Arthur Wynn">Arthur Wynn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Carr" title="Sam Carr">Sam Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Delisle" title="Jeffrey Delisle">Jeffrey Delisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Miller" title="Elena Miller">Elena Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Munsinger" title="Gerda Munsinger">Gerda Munsinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Joseph_Ratkai" title="Stephen Joseph Ratkai">Stephen Joseph Ratkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rose_(politician)" title="Fred Rose (politician)">Fred Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirohide_Ishida" title="Hirohide Ishida">Hirohide Ishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotoku_Miyagi" title="Yotoku Miyagi">Yotoku Miyagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotsumi_Ozaki" title="Hotsumi Ozaki">Hotsumi Ozaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABz%C5%8D_Sejima" title="Ryūzō Sejima">Ryūzō Sejima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere / in combination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gregory_Barmine" title="Alexander Gregory Barmine">Alexander Gregory Barmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Bergling" title="Stig Bergling">Stig Bergling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Gerhardt" title="Dieter Gerhardt">Dieter Gerhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Krivitsky" title="Walter Krivitsky">Walter Krivitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerttu_Nuorteva" title="Kerttu Nuorteva">Kerttu Nuorteva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Petrov_(diplomat)" title="Vladimir Petrov (diplomat)">Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Raskolnikov" title="Fyodor Raskolnikov">Fyodor Raskolnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Redl" title="Alfred Redl">Alfred Redl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignace_Reiss" title="Ignace Reiss">Ignace Reiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Shlykov" title="Vitaly Shlykov">Vitaly Shlykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Simm" title="Herman Simm">Herman Simm</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Ghouse" class="extiw" title="ms:Siddiq Ghouse">Siddiq Ghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorge" title="Richard Sorge">Richard Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Treholt" title="Arne Treholt">Arne Treholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Wennerstr%C3%B6m_(colonel)" title="Stig Wennerström (colonel)">Stig Wennerström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296313#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116987522">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/110874456">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1716705/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrgCCjJwmdtKHB8bPFkDq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118593781">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14608176">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04153105?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/946530">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118593781">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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