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<li id="toc-1986_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1986 amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_justice_initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_justice_initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Environmental justice initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_justice_initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_excise_tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_excise_tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Decline of excise tax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_excise_tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reauthorization_of_excise_tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reauthorization_of_excise_tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reauthorization of excise tax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reauthorization_of_excise_tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hazard_Ranking_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazard_Ranking_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hazard Ranking System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazard_Ranking_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental discrimination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_discrimination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental discrimination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Case_studies_in_African_American_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_studies_in_African_American_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Case studies in African American communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_studies_in_African_American_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_studies_in_Native_American_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_studies_in_Native_American_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Case studies in Native American communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_studies_in_Native_American_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessing_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessing_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Accessing data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessing_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Future challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US federal program</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the law regarding toxic waste. For the managed futures fund company, see <a href="/wiki/Superfund_Group" title="Superfund Group">Superfund Group</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Superfund_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Superfund (disambiguation)">Superfund (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An act to provide for liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency response for hazardous substances released into the environment and the cleanup of inactive hazardous waste disposal sites.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">CERCLA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Superfund</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-94/pdf/STATUTE-94-Pg2767.pdf">P.L. 96-510</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">94 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-94-2767">2767</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">42 (Public Health)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S.C.</a> sections created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/9601">§ 9601</a> <i>et seq.</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><span class="nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/96th-congress/house-bill/7020">Legislative history</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the House as "Hazardous Waste Containment Act of 1980" (H.R. 7020) by <a href="/wiki/James_Florio" title="James Florio">James Florio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a>) on April 2, 1980</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">House Interstate and Foreign Commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Senate Environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance</a></li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on September 23, 1980 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/96-1980/h1182">351–23</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on November 24, 1980 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/96-1980/s992">78-9</a>) with amendment</li><li><b>House agreed to Senate amendment</b> on December 3, 1980 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/96-1980/h1259">274–94</a>)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> on December 11, 1980</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Major amendments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Liability_Relief_and_Brownfields_Revitalization_Act" title="Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act">Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> cases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exxon_Corp._v._Hunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exxon Corp. v. Hunt (page does not exist)">Exxon Corp. v. Hunt</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_475" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 475">475</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/475/355/">355</a> (1986)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_v._Union_Gas_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co. (page does not exist)">Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_491" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 491">491</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/491/1/">1</a> (1989)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_Tronic_Corp._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Key Tronic Corp. v. United States (page does not exist)">Key Tronic Corp. v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_511" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 511">511</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/511/809/">809</a> (1994)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bestfoods" title="United States v. Bestfoods">United States v. Bestfoods</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_524" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 524">524</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/524/51/">51</a> (1998)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_Industries,_Inc._v._Aviall_Services,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Aviall Services, Inc. (page does not exist)">Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Aviall Services, Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_543" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 543">543</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/543/157/">157</a> (2004)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Atlantic_Research_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Atlantic Research Corp. (page does not exist)">United States v. Atlantic Research Corp.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_551" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 551">551</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/551/128/">128</a> (2007)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burlington_N._%26_S._F._R._Co._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burlington N. & S. F. R. Co. v. United States (page does not exist)">Burlington N. & S. F. R. Co. v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_556" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 556">556</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/556/599/">599</a> (2009)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/CTS_Corp._v._Waldburger" title="CTS Corp. v. Waldburger">CTS Corp. v. Waldburger</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_573" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 573">573</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/573/1/">1</a> (2014)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Richfield_v._Christian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantic Richfield v. Christian (page does not exist)">Atlantic Richfield v. Christian</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/590/17-1498/">17-1498</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_590" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 590">590</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2020)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam_v._United_States" title="Guam v. United States">Guam v. United States</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/593/20-382/">20-382</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_593" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 593">593</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2021)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Superfund</b> is a United States federal <a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">environmental remediation</a> program established by the <b>Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980</b> (<b>CERCLA</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program is administered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA). The program is designed to investigate and clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances. Sites managed under this program are referred to as <b>Superfund sites</b>. Of all the sites selected for possible action under this program (and there are tens of thousands across the U.S.), 1178 (as of 2024) remain on the National Priorities List (NPL)<sup id="cite_ref-NPL_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that makes them eligible for cleanup under the Superfund program.<sup id="cite_ref-NPL2024_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPL2024-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites on the NPL are considered the most highly contaminated and undergo longer-term remedial investigation and remedial action (cleanups). The state of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey (U.S. state)">New Jersey</a>, the fifth smallest state in the U.S., is the location of about ten percent of the priority Superfund sites, a disproportionate amount. </p><p>The EPA seeks to identify parties responsible for hazardous substances released to the environment (polluters) and either compel them to clean up the sites, or it may undertake the cleanup on its own using the Superfund (a trust fund) and seek to recover those costs from the responsible parties through settlements or other legal means. </p><p>Approximately 70% of Superfund cleanup activities historically have been paid for by the potentially responsible parties (PRPs),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">polluter pays principle</a>. However, 30% of the time the responsible party either cannot be found or is unable to pay for the cleanup. In these circumstances, taxpayers had been paying for the cleanup operations. Through the 1980s, most of the funding came from an <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise tax">excise tax</a> on petroleum and chemical manufacturers. However, in 1995, Congress chose not to renew this tax and the burden of the cost was shifted to taxpayers in the general public. Since 2001, most of the cleanup of hazardous waste sites has been funded through taxpayers generally. Despite its name, the program suffered from under-funding, and by 2014 Superfund NPL cleanups had decreased to only 8 sites, out of over 1,200. In November 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> reauthorized an excise tax on chemical manufacturers, for ten years starting in July 2022. </p><p>The EPA and <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> agencies use the <a href="/wiki/Hazard_Ranking_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazard Ranking System">Hazard Ranking System</a> (HRS) to calculate a site score (ranging from 0 to 100) based on the actual or potential release of hazardous substances from a site. A score of 28.5 places a site on the National Priorities List, eligible for long-term, remedial action (i.e., cleanup) under the Superfund program. As of March 23, 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 1,333 sites listed; an additional 448 had been delisted, and 43 new sites have been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-NPL_2021-12-09_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPL_2021-12-09-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Superfund also authorizes natural resource trustees, which may be federal, state, and/or tribal, to perform a Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). Natural resource trustees determine and quantify injuries caused to natural resources through either releases of hazardous substances or cleanup actions<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then seek to restore ecosystem services to the public through conservation, restoration, and/or acquisition of equivalent habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responsible parties are assessed damages for the cost of the assessment and the restoration of ecosystem services. For the federal government, EPA,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US Fish and Wildlife Service,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may act as natural resource trustees. The US Department of Interior keeps a list of the natural resource trustees appointed by state's governors.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federally recognized Tribes may act as trustees for natural resources, including natural resources related to Tribal subsistence, cultural uses, spiritual values, and uses that are preserved by treaties. Tribal natural resource trustees are appointed by tribal governments.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some states have their own versions of a state Superfund law and may perform NRDA either through state laws or through other federal authorities such as the Oil Pollution Act. </p><p>CERCLA created the <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a> (ATSDR). </p><p>The primary goal of a Superfund cleanup is to reduce the risks to human health through a combination of cleanup, engineered controls like caps and site restrictions such as groundwater use restrictions. A secondary goal is to return the site to productive use as a business, recreation or as a natural ecosystem. Identifying the intended reuse early in the cleanup often results in faster and less expensive cleanups. EPA's Superfund Redevelopment Program provides tools and support for site redevelopment.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruin-lagoon-drilling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bruin-lagoon-drilling.jpg/220px-Bruin-lagoon-drilling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bruin-lagoon-drilling.jpg/330px-Bruin-lagoon-drilling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bruin-lagoon-drilling.jpg/440px-Bruin-lagoon-drilling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Workers in <a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">hazmat suits</a> check the status of a cleanup site</figcaption></figure> <p>CERCLA was enacted by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> in 1980 in response to the threat of <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> sites, typified by the <a href="/wiki/Love_Canal" title="Love Canal">Love Canal</a> disaster in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Drums" title="Valley of the Drums">Valley of the Drums</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was recognized that funding would be difficult, since the responsible parties were not easily found, and so the Superfund was established to provide funding through a taxing mechanism on certain industries and to create a comprehensive liability framework to be able to hold a broader range of parties responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial Superfund <a href="/wiki/Trust_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust fund">trust fund</a> to clean up sites where a polluter could not be identified, could not or would not pay (bankruptcy or refusal), consisted of about $1.6 billion<sup id="cite_ref-chej_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chej-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then increased to $8.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the framework for implementing the program came from the oil and hazardous substances National Contingency Plan. </p><p>The EPA published the first Hazard Ranking System in 1981, and the first National Priorities List in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Implementation of the program in early years, during the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Reagan administration">Ronald Reagan administration</a>, was ineffective, with only 16 of the 799 Superfund sites cleaned up and only $40 million of $700 million in recoverable funds from responsible parties collected.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mismanagement of the program under <a href="/wiki/Anne_Gorsuch_Burford" title="Anne Gorsuch Burford">Anne Gorsuch Burford</a>, Reagan's first chosen Administrator of the agency, led to a congressional investigation and the reauthorization of the program in 1986 through an act amending CERCLA.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1986_amendments">1986 amendments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1986 amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) added minimum cleanup requirements in Section 121 and required that most cleanup agreements with polluters be entered in federal court as a <a href="/wiki/Consent_decree" title="Consent decree">consent decree</a> subject to public comment (section 122).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was to address <a href="/wiki/Sweetheart_deals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweetheart deals">sweetheart deals</a> between industry and the Reagan-era EPA that Congress had discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_justice_initiative">Environmental justice initiative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Environmental justice initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994 President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order">Executive Order</a> 12898, which called for federal agencies to make achieving <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> a requirement by addressing low income populations and minority populations that have experienced disproportionate adverse health and environmental effects as a result of their programs, policies, and activities.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EPA regional offices had to apply required guidelines for its Superfund managers to take into consideration data analysis, managed public participation, and economic opportunity when considering the geography of toxic waste site remediation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some environmentalists and industry lobbyists saw the Clinton administration's environmental justice policy as an improvement, but the order did not receive bipartisan support. The newly elected Republican Congress made numerous unsuccessful efforts to significantly weaken the program. The Clinton administration then adopted some industry favored reforms as policy and blocked most major changes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_excise_tax">Decline of excise tax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline of excise tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the mid-1990s, most of the funding came from an excise tax on the petroleum and chemical industries, reflecting the polluter pays principle.<sup id="cite_ref-gao15_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao15-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though by 1995 the Superfund balance had decreased to about $4 billion, Congress chose not to reauthorize collection of the tax, and by 2003 the fund was empty.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> Since 2001, most of the funding for cleanups of hazardous waste sites has come from taxpayers. State governments pay 10 percent of cleanup costs in general, and at least 50 percent of cleanup costs if the state operated the facility responsible for contamination. By 2013 federal funding for the program had decreased from $2 billion in 1999 to less than $1.1 billion (in constant dollars).<sup id="cite_ref-gao15_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao15-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2001, the EPA used funds from the Superfund program to institute the cleanup of anthrax on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">2001 anthrax attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first time the agency dealt with a biological release rather than a chemical or oil spill. </p><p>From 2000 to 2015, Congress allocated about $1.26 billion of general revenue to the Superfund program each year. Consequently, less than half the number of sites were cleaned up from 2001 to 2008, compared to before. The decrease continued during the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a>, and since under the direction of EPA Administrator <a href="/wiki/Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a> Superfund cleanups decreased even more from 20 in 2009 to a mere 8 in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-chej_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chej-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reauthorization_of_excise_tax">Reauthorization of excise tax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reauthorization of excise tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2021, Congress reauthorized an excise tax on chemical manufacturers, under the <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new chemical excise tax is effective July 1, 2022, and is double the rate of the previous Superfund tax. The 2021 law also authorized $3.5 billion in emergency appropriations from the U.S. government <a href="/wiki/Fund_accounting#Federal_funds_group" title="Fund accounting">general fund</a> for hazardous site cleanups in the immediate future.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_IF11982_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS_IF11982-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GE_dredging_PVC_on_hudson_(7238186516).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/GE_dredging_PVC_on_hudson_%287238186516%29.jpg/220px-GE_dredging_PVC_on_hudson_%287238186516%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/GE_dredging_PVC_on_hudson_%287238186516%29.jpg/330px-GE_dredging_PVC_on_hudson_%287238186516%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/GE_dredging_PVC_on_hudson_%287238186516%29.jpg/440px-GE_dredging_PVC_on_hudson_%287238186516%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCB</a> dredging operations on the <a href="/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Hudson_River" title="Pollution of the Hudson River">Hudson River</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Earlier_photo)_November_1999,_%27Half_mile%27_view_from_Newell_Street_(7984291745).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%28Earlier_photo%29_November_1999%2C_%27Half_mile%27_view_from_Newell_Street_%287984291745%29.jpg/220px-%28Earlier_photo%29_November_1999%2C_%27Half_mile%27_view_from_Newell_Street_%287984291745%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%28Earlier_photo%29_November_1999%2C_%27Half_mile%27_view_from_Newell_Street_%287984291745%29.jpg/330px-%28Earlier_photo%29_November_1999%2C_%27Half_mile%27_view_from_Newell_Street_%287984291745%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%28Earlier_photo%29_November_1999%2C_%27Half_mile%27_view_from_Newell_Street_%287984291745%29.jpg/440px-%28Earlier_photo%29_November_1999%2C_%27Half_mile%27_view_from_Newell_Street_%287984291745%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Cleanup of the <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_River" title="Housatonic River">Housatonic River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>CERCLA authorizes two kinds of response actions: </p> <ol><li><b>Removal actions.</b> These are typically short-term response actions, where actions may be taken to address releases or threatened releases requiring prompt response. Removal actions are classified as: (1) emergency; (2) time-critical; and (3) non-time critical. Removal responses are generally used to address localized risks such as abandoned drums containing hazardous substances, and contaminated surface soils posing acute risks to human health or the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Remedial actions.</b> These are usually long-term response actions. Remedial actions seek to permanently and significantly reduce the risks associated with releases or threats of releases of hazardous substances, and are generally larger, more expensive actions. They can include measures such as using containment to prevent pollutants from migrating, and combinations of removing, treating, or neutralizing toxic substances. These actions can be conducted with federal funding only at sites listed on the EPA <a href="/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List">National Priorities List</a> (NPL) in the United States and the territories. Remedial action by responsible parties under consent decrees or unilateral administrative orders with EPA oversight may be performed at both NPL and non-NPL sites, commonly called Superfund Alternative Sites in published EPA guidance and policy documents.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>A <i>potentially responsible party</i> (PRP) is a possible polluter who may eventually be held <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liable</a> under CERCLA for the contamination or misuse of a particular property or <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">resource</a>. Four classes of PRPs may be liable for contamination at a Superfund site: </p> <ol><li>the current owner or operator of the site;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the owner or operator of a site at the time that disposal of a hazardous substance, pollutant or contaminant occurred;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a person who arranged for the disposal of a hazardous substance, pollutant or contaminant at a site;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>a person who transported a hazardous substance, pollutant or contaminant to a site, who also has selected that site for the disposal of the hazardous substances, pollutants or contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The liability scheme of CERCLA changed commercial and industrial real estate, making sellers liable for contamination from past activities, meaning they can't pass liability onto unknowing buyers without any responsibility. Buyers also have to be aware of future liabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CERCLA also required the revision of the <a href="/wiki/National_Oil_and_Hazardous_Substances_Pollution_Contingency_Plan" title="National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan">National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan</a> 9605(a)(NCP).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NCP guides how to respond to releases and threatened releases of <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_substance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous substance">hazardous substances</a>, pollutants, or contaminants. The NCP established the National Priorities List, which appears as Appendix B to the NCP, and serves as EPA's information and management tool. The NPL is updated periodically by federal rulemaking.<sup id="cite_ref-Basic_NPL_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basic_NPL-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identification of a site for the NPL is intended primarily to guide the EPA in: </p> <ul><li>Determining which sites warrant further investigation to assess the nature and extent of risks to human health and the environment</li> <li>Identifying what CERCLA-financed remedial actions may be appropriate</li> <li>Notifying the public of sites, the EPA believes warrant further investigation</li> <li>Notifying PRPs that the EPA may initiate CERCLA-financed remedial action.<sup id="cite_ref-Basic_NPL_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basic_NPL-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Despite the name, the Superfund trust fund has lacked sufficient funds to clean up even a small number of the sites on the NPL. As a result, the EPA typically negotiates consent orders with PRPs to study sites and develop cleanup alternatives, subject to EPA oversight and approval of all such activities. The EPA then issues a Proposed Plans for remedial action for a site on which it takes public comment, after which it makes a cleanup decision in a Record of Decision (ROD). RODs are typically implemented under consent decrees by PRPs or under unilateral orders if consent cannot be reached.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a party fails to comply with such an order, it may be fined up to $37,500 for each day that non-compliance continues. A party that spends money to clean up a site may sue other PRPs in a contribution action under the CERCLA.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CERCLA liability has generally been judicially established as joint and several among PRPs to the government for cleanup costs (i.e., each PRP is hypothetically responsible for all costs subject to contribution), but CERCLA liability is allocable among PRPs in contribution based on comparative fault. An "orphan share" is the share of costs at a Superfund site that is attributable to a PRP that is either unidentifiable or insolvent.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_book_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact_book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EPA tries to treat all PRPs equitably and fairly. Budgetary cuts and constraints can make more equitable treatment of PRPs more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures">Procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Superfund_sites.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Superfund_sites.svg/450px-Superfund_sites.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Superfund_sites.svg/675px-Superfund_sites.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Superfund_sites.svg/900px-Superfund_sites.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A national map of Superfund sites. Red indicates currently on final National Priority List, yellow is proposed, green is deleted (usually meaning having been cleaned up). This map is as of October 2013.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Superfund_site_assessment_process_-_EPA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Superfund_site_assessment_process_-_EPA.png/220px-Superfund_site_assessment_process_-_EPA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Superfund_site_assessment_process_-_EPA.png/330px-Superfund_site_assessment_process_-_EPA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Superfund_site_assessment_process_-_EPA.png/440px-Superfund_site_assessment_process_-_EPA.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Superfund site assessment process</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon notification of a potentially hazardous waste site, the EPA conducts a Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI), which involves records reviews, interviews, visual inspections, and limited field sampling.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information from the PA/SI is used by the EPA to develop a Hazard Ranking System (HRS) score to determine the CERCLA status of the site. Sites that score high enough to be listed typically proceed to a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RI includes an extensive sampling program and risk assessment that defines the nature and extent of the site contamination and risks. The FS is used to develop and evaluate various <a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">remediation</a> alternatives. The preferred alternative is presented in a Proposed Plan for public review and comment, followed by a selected alternative in a ROD. The site then enters into a Remedial Design phase and then the Remedial Action phase. Many sites include long-term monitoring. Once the Remedial Action has been completed, reviews are required every five years, whenever hazardous substances are left onsite above levels safe for unrestricted use. </p> <ul><li>The <i>CERCLA information system</i> (CERCLIS) is a database maintained by the EPA and the states that lists sites where releases may have occurred, must be addressed, or have been addressed. CERCLIS consists of three inventories: the CERCLIS Removal Inventory, the CERCLIS Remedial Inventory, and the CERCLIS Enforcement Inventory.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_book_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact_book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation</i> (SITE) program supports development of technologies for assessing and treating <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> at Superfund sites. The EPA evaluates the technology and provides an assessment of its potential for future use in Superfund remediation actions. The SITE program consists of four related components: the Demonstration Program, the Emerging Technologies Program, the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program, and Technology Transfer activities.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_book_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact_book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <i>reportable quantity</i> (RQ) is the minimum quantity of a hazardous substance which, if released, must be reported.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_book_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact_book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <i>source control action</i> represents the construction or installation and start-up of those actions necessary to prevent the continued release of hazardous substances (primarily from a source on top of or within the ground, or in buildings or other structures) into the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_book_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact_book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40_CFR_300.5_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40_CFR_300.5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <i>section 104(e) letter</i> is a request by the government for information about a site. It may include general notice to a potentially responsible party that CERCLA-related action may be undertaken at a site for which the recipient may be responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This section also authorizes the EPA to enter facilities and obtain information relating to PRPs, hazardous substances releases, and liability, and to order access for CERCLA activities.<sup id="cite_ref-switzer_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-switzer-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 104(e) letter information-gathering resembles written interrogatories in civil litigation.<sup id="cite_ref-switzer_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-switzer-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <i>section 106 order</i> is a unilateral administrative order issued by EPA to PRP(s) to perform remedial actions at a Superfund site when the EPA determines there may be an imminent and substantial endangerment to the public health or welfare or the environment because of an actual or threatened release of a hazardous substance from a facility, subject to <a href="/wiki/Treble_damages" title="Treble damages">treble damages</a> and daily fines if the order is not obeyed.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_book_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact_book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <i>remedial response</i> is a long-term action that stops or substantially reduces a release of a hazardous substance that could affect public health or the environment. The term remediation, or cleanup, is sometimes used interchangeably with the terms remedial action, removal action, response action, remedy, or corrective action.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_book_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact_book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>A <i>nonbinding allocation of responsibility</i> (NBAR) is a device, established in the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, that allows the EPA to make a nonbinding estimate of the proportional share that each of the various responsible parties at a Superfund site should pay toward the costs of cleanup.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_book_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact_book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>Relevant and appropriate requirements</i> are those United States federal or state cleanup requirements that, while not "applicable," address problems sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is appropriate. Requirements may be relevant and appropriate if they would be "applicable" except for jurisdictional restrictions associated with the requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_book_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact_book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40_CFR_300.5_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40_CFR_300.5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kin_BucLandfill.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kin_BucLandfill.JPG/220px-Kin_BucLandfill.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kin_BucLandfill.JPG/330px-Kin_BucLandfill.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kin_BucLandfill.JPG/440px-Kin_BucLandfill.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Polluted Martin's Creek on the <a href="/wiki/Kin-Buc_Landfill" title="Kin-Buc Landfill">Kin-Buc Landfill</a> Superfund site in <a href="/wiki/Edison,_New_Jersey" title="Edison, New Jersey">Edison, New Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Superfund sites in the United States">List of Superfund sites in the United States</a></div> <p>As of December 9, 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 1,322 sites listed; an additional 447 had been delisted, and 51 new sites have been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-NPL_2021-12-09_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPL_2021-12-09-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically about 70 percent of Superfund cleanup activities have been paid for by potentially responsible party (PRPs). When the party either cannot be found or is unable to pay for the cleanup, the Superfund law originally paid for site cleanups through an excise tax on petroleum and chemical manufacturers. </p><p>The last <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#United_States" title="Fiscal year">full fiscal year</a> (FY) in which the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a> collected the excise tax was 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO2004_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> At the end of FY 1996, the invested trust fund balance was $6.0 billion. This fund was exhausted by the end of FY 2003. Since that time Superfund sites for which the PRPs could not pay have been paid for from the general fund.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO2004_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1, 3">: 1, 3 </span></sup> Under the 2021 authorization by Congress, collection of excise taxes from chemical manufacturers will resume in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_IF11982_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS_IF11982-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazard_Ranking_System">Hazard Ranking System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hazard Ranking System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hazard Ranking System is a scoring system used to evaluate potential relative risks to <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and the environment from releases or threatened releases of <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous wastes</a> at uncontrolled waste sites. Under the Superfund program, the EPA and state agencies use the HRS to calculate a site score (ranging from 0 to 100) based on the actual or potential release of hazardous substances from a site through <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. A score of 28.5 places the site on the National Priorities List, making the site eligible for long-term remedial action (i.e., cleanup) under the Superfund program.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_book_40-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact_book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_discrimination">Environmental discrimination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Superfund" title="Special:EditPage/Superfund">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Federal actions to address the disproportionate health and environmental disparities that minority and low-income populations face through Executive Order 12898 required federal agencies to make environmental justice central to their programs and policies.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Superfund sites have been shown to impact minority communities the most.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite legislation specifically designed to ensure equity in Superfund listing, marginalized populations still experience a lesser chance of successful listing and cleanup than areas with higher income levels. After the executive order had been put in place, there persisted a discrepancy between the demographics of the communities living near toxic waste sites and their listing as Superfund sites, which would otherwise grant them federally funded cleanup projects. Communities with both increased minority and low-income populations were found to have lowered their chances of site listing after the executive order, while on the other hand, increases in income led to greater chances of site listing.<sup id="cite_ref-ONeil_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONeil-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the populations living within 1 mile radius of a Superfund site, 44% of those are minorities despite only being around 37% of the nation's population. </p><p>As of January 2021, more than 9,000 federally subsidized properties, including ones with hundreds of dwellings, were less than a mile from a Superfund site.<sup id="cite_ref-intercept-2021-01-13_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intercept-2021-01-13-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_studies_in_African_American_communities">Case studies in African American communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Case studies in African American communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, residents of the rural black community of <a href="/wiki/Triana,_Alabama" title="Triana, Alabama">Triana, Alabama</a> were found to be contaminated with <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCB</a>, some of whom had the highest levels of DDT ever recorded in human history.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DDT was found in high levels in Indian Creek, which many residents relied on for sustenance fishing. Although this major health threat to residents of Triana was discovered in 1978, the federal government did not act until 5 years later after the mayor of Triana filed a class-action lawsuit in 1980. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="West Dallas, Texas">West Dallas, Texas</a>, a mostly African American and Latino community, a <a href="/wiki/Lead_smelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead smelter">lead smelter</a> poisoned the surrounding neighborhood, elementary school, and day cares for more than five decades. Dallas city officials were informed in 1972 that children in the proximity of the smelter were being exposed to lead contamination. The city sued the lead smelters in 1974, then reduced its lead regulations in 1976. It wasn't until 1981 that the EPA commissioned a study on the lead contamination in this neighborhood and found the same results that had been found a decade earlier. In 1983, the surrounding day cares had to close due to the lead exposure while the lead smelter remained operating. It was later revealed that EPA Deputy Administrator John Hernandez had deliberately stalled the cleanup of the lead-contaminated hot spots. It wasn't until 1993 that the site was declared a Superfund site, and at the time it was one of the largest ones. However, it was not until 2004 when the EPA completed the clean-up efforts and eliminated the lead pollutant sources from the site. </p><p>The Afton community of <a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_North_Carolina" title="Warren County, North Carolina">Warren County, North Carolina</a> is one of the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Environmental_injustice" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental injustice">environmental injustice</a> cases and is often pointed to as the roots of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> movement. PCBs were illegally dumped into the community and then it eventually became a <a href="/wiki/Warren_County_PCB_Landfill" title="Warren County PCB Landfill">PCB landfill</a>. Community leaders pressed the state for the site to be cleaned up for an entire decade until it was finally detoxified.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this decontamination did not return the site to its pre-1982 conditions. There has been a call for reparations to the community which has not yet been met. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bayview-Hunters_Point,_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayview-Hunters Point, San Francisco">Bayview-Hunters Point, San Francisco</a>, a historically African American community, has faced persistent <a href="/wiki/Environmental_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental discrimination">environmental discrimination</a> due to the poor remediation efforts of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Naval_Shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Naval Shipyard">San Francisco Naval Shipyard</a>, a federally declared Superfund site.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negligence of multiple agencies to adequately clean this site has led Bayview residents to be subject to high rates of pollution and has been tied to high rates of cancer, asthma, and overall higher health hazards than other regions of San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_studies_in_Native_American_communities">Case studies in Native American communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Case studies in Native American communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Superfund" title="Special:EditPage/Superfund">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One example is the <a href="/wiki/Church_Rock_uranium_mill_spill" title="Church Rock uranium mill spill">Church Rock uranium mill spill</a> on the Navajo Nation. It was the largest radioactive spill in the US but received a long delay in government response and cleanup after being placed as a lower priority site. Two sets of five-year cleanup plans have been put in place by US Congress, but contamination from the Church Rock incident has still not been completely cleaned up. Today, uranium contamination from mining during the Cold War era remains throughout the Navajo Nation, posing health risks to the Navajo community.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accessing_data">Accessing data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Accessing data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The data in the Superfund Program are available to the public. </p> <ul><li>Superfund Site Search<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Superfund Policy, Reports and Other Documents<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOXMAP" title="TOXMAP">TOXMAP</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic Information System (GIS)</a> from the Division of Specialized Information Services<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a> (NLM) that was deprecated on December 16, 2019. The application used maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the EPA <a href="/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory" title="Toxics Release Inventory">Toxics Release Inventory</a> (TRI) and Superfund programs. TOXMAP was a resource funded by the US Federal Government. TOXMAP's chemical and environmental health information is taken from NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>, and other authoritative sources.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_challenges">Future challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Future challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the simple and relatively easy sites have been cleaned up, EPA is now addressing a residual number of difficult and massive sites such as large-area mining and sediment sites, which is tying up a significant amount of funding. Also, while the federal government has reserved funding for cleanup of federal facility sites, this clean-up is going much more slowly. The delay is due to a number of reasons, including EPA's limited ability to require performance, difficulty of dealing with Department of Energy radioactive wastes, and the sheer number of federal facility sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formerly_Used_Defense_Sites" title="Formerly Used Defense Sites">Formerly Used Defense Sites</a> - Environmental restoration program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act" title="Hazardous Materials Transportation Act">Hazardous Materials Transportation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oil_and_Hazardous_Substances_Contingency_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan">National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_I_Environmental_Site_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase I Environmental Site Assessment">Phase I Environmental Site Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/96/510">96–510</a>, approved December 11, 1980. <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/9601">§ 9601</a> <i>et seq.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPL-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPL_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The EPA and state agencies use the <i>Hazard Ranking System (HRS)</i> to calculate a site score (ranging from 0 to 100) based on the actual or potential release of hazardous substances from a site. A score of 28.5 places a site on the National Priorities List, eligible for cleanup under the Superfund program.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPL2024-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPL2024_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-national-priorities-list-npl">Superfund: National Priorities List (NPL) </a> on the website of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Voltaggio and John Adams. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/superfund.pdf">"Superfund: A Half Century of Progress."</a> EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPL_2021-12-09-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPL_2021-12-09_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPL_2021-12-09_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-national-priorities-list-npl">"Superfund: National Priorities List"</a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). March 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superfund%3A+National+Priorities+List&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency+%28EPA%29&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsuperfund%2Fsuperfund-national-priorities-list-npl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerDomanskiHollwegMurray2020" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Mary; Domanski, Adam; Hollweg, Terill; Murray, Jason; Lane, Diane; Skrabis, Kristin; Taylor, Robert; Moore, Tom; DiPinto, Lisa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00267-019-01245-9.pdf">"Restoration scaling approaches to addressing ecological injury: the habitat-based resource equivalency method"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Environmental Management</i>. <b>65</b> (2). Environmental Management, 65, 161-177.: 161–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00267-019-01245-9">10.1007/s00267-019-01245-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31915910">31915910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Restoration+scaling+approaches+to+addressing+ecological+injury%3A+the+habitat-based+resource+equivalency+method.&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-177&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00267-019-01245-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31915910&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Domanski%2C+Adam&rft.au=Hollweg%2C+Terill&rft.au=Murray%2C+Jason&rft.au=Lane%2C+Diane&rft.au=Skrabis%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Robert&rft.au=Moore%2C+Tom&rft.au=DiPinto%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2Fs00267-019-01245-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-43/subtitle-A/part-11">https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-43/subtitle-A/part-11</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.epa.gov/superfund/natural-resource-damages-eras-and-nrdas">https://www.epa.gov/superfund/natural-resource-damages-eras-and-nrdas</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.fws.gov/nrdar">https://www.fws.gov/nrdar</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/environmental-restoration/natural-resource-damage-assessment.html">https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/environmental-restoration/natural-resource-damage-assessment.html</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.doi.gov/restoration/statetrustees">https://www.doi.gov/restoration/statetrustees</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/service/nrdar#:~:text=During%20the%20NRDAR%20process%2C%20federally-recognized%20Tribes%20are%20considered,values%2C%20and%20uses%20that%20are%20preserved%20by%20treaties.">"Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Program in Indian Country | Indian Affairs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+Resource+Damage+Assessment+and+Restoration+Program+in+Indian+Country+%26%23124%3B+Indian+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bia.gov%2Fservice%2Fnrdar%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDuring%2520the%2520NRDAR%2520process%252C%2520federally-recognized%2520Tribes%2520are%2520considered%2Cvalues%252C%2520and%2520uses%2520that%2520are%2520preserved%2520by%2520treaties.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/superfund-redevelopment">"Superfund Redevelopment Program"</a>. December 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superfund+Redevelopment+Program&rft.date=2021-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsuperfund-redevelopment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100909035122/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/20years/ch3pg1.htm">"Superfund: 20th Anniversary Report: A Series of Firsts"</a>. EPA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/superfund/20years/ch3pg1.htm">the original</a> on September 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superfund%3A+20th+Anniversary+Report%3A+A+Series+of+Firsts&rft.pub=EPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsuperfund%2F20years%2Fch3pg1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chej-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chej_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chej_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaley Beins and Stephen Lester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chej.org/wp-content/uploads/Superfund-35th-Anniversary-Report1.pdf">Superfund Polluters Pay So Children Can Play. 35th Anniversary Report.</a> December 2015, 80 pp, The Center for Health, Environment & Justice</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-history">"Superfund History"</a>. EPA. May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superfund+History&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsuperfund%2Fsuperfund-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/07/opinion/not-so-super-superfund.html?scp=2&sq=superfund%20reagan&st=cse">"Not So Super Superfund"</a>. Opinion. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 7, 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Not+So+Super+Superfund&rft.date=1994-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F02%2F07%2Fopinion%2Fnot-so-super-superfund.html%3Fscp%3D2%26sq%3Dsuperfund%2520reagan%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Interview with Lee Thomas, EPA's 6th Administrator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id=28">Video</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60740780F5ACB3D5.pdf#page=1">Transcript</a> (see p12). 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May 12, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/58?link-type=html">117–58 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/58?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a> Section 80201. 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EPA. September 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+for+Superfund+Sites+Where+You+Live&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsuperfund%2Fsearch-superfund-sites-where-you-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-policy-reports-and-other-documents">"Superfund Policy, Reports and Other Documents"</a>. EPA. January 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superfund+Policy%2C+Reports+and+Other+Documents&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsuperfund%2Fsuperfund-policy-reports-and-other-documents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321193634/http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/">"SIS Specialized Information System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/">the original</a> on March 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIS+Specialized+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsis.nlm.nih.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov">"Toxnet"</a>. United States National Library of Medicine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toxnet&rft.pub=United+States+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoxnet.nlm.nih.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-program-implementation-manual">"Superfund Program Implementation Manual"</a>. EPA. April 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superfund+Program+Implementation+Manual&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsuperfund%2Fsuperfund-program-implementation-manual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://semspub.epa.gov/src/document/HQ/100002484">Hazard Ranking System Guidance Manual</a> (Report). EPA. November 1992. EPA 540-R-92-026.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Hazard+Ranking+System+Guidance+Manual&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=1992-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsemspub.epa.gov%2Fsrc%2Fdocument%2FHQ%2F100002484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperfund" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/business/05bizcourt.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss">"High Court Limits Liability in Superfund Cases."</a> – <i>New York Times,</i> 2009-05-05</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superfund&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Superfund_sites" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Superfund sites">Superfund sites</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://www.epa.gov/superfund/national-priorities-list-npl-sites-state">Superfund sites by state</a> – EPA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/superfund.pdf">Superfund: A Half Century of Progress, a report by the EPA Alumni Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/">National Priorities List of Hazardous Substances</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/chapter-103">42 U.S.C. chapter 103</a> (CERCLA) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute" title="Legal Information Institute">LII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uscode.house.gov/browse/prelim@title42/chapter103&edition=prelim">42 U.S.C. chapter 103</a> (CERCLA) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-886/uslm/COMPS-886.xml">CERCLA</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-886/pdf/COMPS-886.pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-886/">details</a>) as amended in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Superfund_sites_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Superfund sites in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Superfund_sites_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Superfund sites in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Superfund_sites_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Superfund sites in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Superfund_sites_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superfund</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites" title="List of Superfund sites">sites in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Alabama" title="List of Superfund sites in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Alaska" title="List of Superfund sites in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Arizona" title="List of Superfund sites in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Arkansas" title="List of Superfund sites in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_California" title="List of Superfund sites in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of Superfund sites in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Connecticut" title="List of Superfund sites in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Delaware" title="List of Superfund sites in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Florida" title="List of Superfund sites in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Superfund sites in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Superfund sites in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Idaho" title="List of Superfund sites in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Illinois" title="List of Superfund sites in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Indiana" title="List of Superfund sites in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Iowa" title="List of Superfund sites in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Kansas" title="List of Superfund sites in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Kentucky" title="List of Superfund sites in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Louisiana" title="List of Superfund sites in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Maine" title="List of Superfund sites in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Maryland" title="List of Superfund sites in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Massachusetts" title="List of Superfund sites in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Michigan" title="List of Superfund sites in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Minnesota" title="List of Superfund sites in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Mississippi" title="List of Superfund sites in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Missouri" title="List of Superfund sites in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Montana" title="List of Superfund sites in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Nebraska" title="List of Superfund sites in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Nevada" title="List of Superfund sites in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_New_Hampshire" title="List of Superfund sites in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_New_Jersey" title="List of Superfund sites in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_New_Mexico" title="List of Superfund sites in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_New_York" title="List of Superfund sites in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_North_Carolina" title="List of Superfund sites in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_North_Dakota" title="List of Superfund sites in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Ohio" title="List of Superfund sites in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Oklahoma" title="List of Superfund sites in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Oregon" title="List of Superfund sites in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of Superfund sites in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Rhode_Island" title="List of Superfund sites in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_South_Carolina" title="List of Superfund sites in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_South_Dakota" title="List of Superfund sites in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Tennessee" title="List of Superfund sites in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Texas" title="List of Superfund sites in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Utah" title="List of Superfund sites in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Vermont" title="List of Superfund sites in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Virginia" title="List of Superfund sites in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Washington_(state)" title="List of Superfund sites in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_West_Virginia" title="List of Superfund sites in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Wisconsin" title="List of Superfund sites in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Wyoming" title="List of Superfund sites in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of Superfund sites in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_American_Samoa" title="List of Superfund sites in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Guam" title="List of Superfund sites in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="List of Superfund sites in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of Superfund sites in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="List of Superfund sites in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jimmy_Carter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jimmy_Carter" title="Template:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jimmy_Carter" title="Template talk:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy_Carter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jimmy_Carter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">39th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1977–1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of governors of Georgia">76th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" title="Governor of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a> (1971–1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate" title="Georgia State Senate">Georgia State Senator</a> (1963–1967)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1977)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1977)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1978)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1978)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1979)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1979)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)#January_1981" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">January 1981</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Political positions of Jimmy Carter">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of executive actions by Jimmy Carter">Executive Actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12036" title="Executive Order 12036">Executive Order 12036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12086" title="Executive Order 12086">Executive Order 12086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12148" title="Executive Order 12148">Executive Order 12148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_bonds" title="Carter bonds">Carter bonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_rabbit_incident" title="Jimmy Carter rabbit incident">Rabbit incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Diplomatic relations with China</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Reform_Act_of_1978" title="Civil Service Reform Act of 1978">Civil Service Reform Act of 1978</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service_(United_States)" title="Senior Executive Service (United States)">Senior Executive Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of international presidential trips made by Jimmy Carter">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Reform_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977">Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Debt_Collection_Practices_Act" title="Fair Debt Collection Practices Act">Fair Debt Collection Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Regulatory_and_Interest_Rate_Control_Act_of_1978" title="Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978">Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superfund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_at_the_White_House" title="Solar power at the White House">Solar power at the White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/100px-Carter_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/150px-Carter_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/200px-Carter_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1490" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Equivalent_of_War_speech" title="Moral Equivalent of War speech">Moral Equivalent of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Crisis_of_Confidence_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="A Crisis of Confidence speech">A Crisis of Confidence</a></li> <li>State of the Union Addresses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1978 State of the Union Address">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1979 State of the Union Address">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1980 State of the Union Address">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1981 State of the Union Address">1981</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Electoral history of Jimmy Carter">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia gubernatorial elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Georgia gubernatorial election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Georgia gubernatorial election">1970</a></li></ul></li> <li>Democratic Party presidential primaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter">Post-presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum" title="Jimmy Carter Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_for_Humanity" title="Habitat for Humanity">Habitat for Humanity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_%26_Rosalynn_Carter_Work_Project" title="Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project">Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elders_(organization)" title="The Elders (organization)">The Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historical_Park" title="Jimmy Carter National Historical Park">Jimmy Carter National Historical Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_and_Rosalynn_Carter_House" title="Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House">Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Agreement,_1999" title="Nairobi Agreement, 1999">Nairobi Agreement, 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_Government_Commission" title="Continuity of Government Commission">Continuity of Government Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Bibliography of Jimmy Carter">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Everything_to_Gain:_Making_the_Most_of_the_Rest_of_Your_Life" title="Everything to Gain: Making the Most of the Rest of Your Life">Everything to Gain</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hornet%27s_Nest_(novel)" title="The Hornet's Nest (novel)">The Hornet's Nest</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Endangered_Values" title="Our Endangered Values">Our Endangered Values</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palestine:_Peace_Not_Apartheid" title="Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid">Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid</a></i> (2006) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_Palestine:_Peace_Not_Apartheid" title="Commentary on Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid">reaction and commentary</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_White_House" title="Beyond the White House">Beyond the White House</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Can_Have_Peace_in_the_Holy_Land" title="We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land">We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Diary" title="White House Diary">White House Diary</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Call_to_Action:_Women,_Religion,_Violence,_and_Power" title="A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power">A Call to Action</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Life" title="A Full Life">A Full Life</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of awards and honors received by Jimmy Carter">Awards<br />and honors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Liberty_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Liberty Medal">Philadelphia Liberty Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Medal" title="Hoover Medal">Hoover Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Award" title="Christopher Award">Christopher Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter%E2%80%93Menil_Human_Rights_Prize" title="Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize">Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Grammy Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Peanut_Statue" title="Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue">Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jimmy_Carter" title="USS Jimmy Carter">USS <i>Jimmy Carter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historical_Park" title="Jimmy Carter National Historical Park">Jimmy Carter National Historical Park</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Statue of Jimmy Carter">Georgia State Capitol statue</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Residences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_G._Carter_Nursing_Center" title="Lillian G. Carter Nursing Center">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_and_Rosalynn_Carter_House" title="Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House">Home</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince_(nanny)" title="Mary Prince (nanny)">Mary Prince</a> (nanny)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">UFO incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_(film)" title="Jimmy Carter (film)">Jimmy Carter</a></i> (2002 television documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_from_Plains" title="Man from Plains">Man from Plains</a></i> (2007 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Carter_(politician)" title="Jack Carter (politician)">Jack Carter</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Carter" title="Amy Carter">Amy Carter</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Carter_(politician)" title="Jason Carter (politician)">Jason Carter</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Carter_Sr." title="James Earl Carter Sr.">James Earl Carter Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gordy_Carter" title="Lillian Gordy Carter">Lillian Gordy Carter</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Carter_Spann" title="Gloria Carter Spann">Gloria Carter Spann</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Carter_Stapleton" title="Ruth Carter Stapleton">Ruth Carter Stapleton</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Carter" title="Billy Carter">Billy Carter</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dolvin" title="Emily Dolvin">Emily Dolvin</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carter" title="Hugh Carter">Hugh Carter</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">← Gerald Ford</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jimmy_Carter" title="Category:Jimmy Carter">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ronald_Reagan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ronald_Reagan" title="Template:Ronald Reagan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ronald_Reagan" title="Template talk:Ronald Reagan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ronald_Reagan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ronald Reagan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ronald_Reagan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">40th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1981–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California" title="List of governors of California">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> (1967–1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Birthplace of Ronald Reagan">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Pitney_Variety_Store_Building" title="H. C. Pitney Variety Store Building">Pitney Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Boyhood_Home" title="Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home">Boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_del_Cielo" title="Rancho del Cielo">Rancho del Cielo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_filmography" title="Ronald Reagan filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Governorship of Ronald Reagan">Governorship of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library" title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Presidential Library and Museum </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/100px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/150px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/200px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2355" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981" title="Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981">Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986" title="Tax Reform Act of 1986">Tax Reform Act of 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan">Assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">1st term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">2nd term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_(1987)" title="Washington Summit (1987)">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">INF Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1988)" title="Moscow Summit (1988)">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_Island_Summit" title="Governors Island Summit">Governors Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya">Libya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Ronald_Reagan" title="List of international presidential trips made by Ronald Reagan">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grace_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grace Commission">The Grace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ronald_Reagan" title="List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Ronald Reagan judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration scandals">Administration scandals</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_begin_bombing_in_five_minutes" title="We begin bombing in five minutes">We begin bombing in five minutes</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Ronald_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Efforts to impeach Ronald Reagan">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ronald_Wilson_Reagan/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Ronald Wilson Reagan/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ronald_Wilson_Reagan/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Ronald Wilson Reagan/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Bush transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speeches_and_debates_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Speaks_Out_Against_Socialized_Medicine" title="Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine">Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Time_for_Choosing" title="A Time for Choosing">"A Time for Choosing"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan%27s_Neshoba_County_Fair_%22states%27_rights%22_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan's Neshoba County Fair "states' rights" speech">Reagan's Neshoba County Fair "states' rights" speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">First inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">Second inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">"Ash heap of history"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_Empire_speech" title="Evil Empire speech">"Evil empire"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!" title="Tear down this wall!">"Tear down this wall!"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1981_Ronald_Reagan_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1981 Ronald Reagan speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1982 State of the Union Address">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1983 State of the Union Address">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1984 State of the Union Address">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1985 State of the Union Address">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1986 State of the Union Address">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1987 State of the Union Address">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1988 State of the Union Address">1988</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Bibliography of Ronald Reagan">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Life" title="An American Life">An American Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reagan_Diaries" title="The Reagan Diaries">The Reagan Diaries</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Electoral history of Ronald Reagan">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 California gubernatorial election">1966 California gubernatorial election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eleventh_Commandment_(Ronald_Reagan)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eleventh Commandment (Ronald Reagan)">11th commandment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 California gubernatorial election">1970 California gubernatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican presidential primaries (1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention (1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1976 presidential campaign">1976 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/There_you_go_again" title="There you go again">"There you go again"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">"Let's make America great again"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morning_in_America" title="Morning in America">"Morning in America"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_the_woods" title="Bear in the woods">"Bear in the woods"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">United States presidential election (1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan">Cultural <br /> depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Bibliography of Ronald Reagan">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_in_music" title="Ronald Reagan in music">In music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Them_Eat_Jellybeans!" title="Let Them Eat Jellybeans!">Let Them Eat Jellybeans!</a> (1981)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rap_Master_Ronnie" title="Rap Master Ronnie">Rap Master Ronnie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ed_the_Happy_Clown" title="Ed the Happy Clown">Ed the Happy Clown</a></i> (1983 comic series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image"><i>Spitting Image</i> (TV series)</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Mind_Forever_Voyaging" title="A Mind Forever Voyaging">A Mind Forever Voyaging</a></i> (1985 game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns" title="The Dark Knight Returns">The Dark Knight Returns</a></i> (1986) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Dark_Knight_Returns_(film)" title="Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (film)">film adaptation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pizza_Man_(1991_film)" title="Pizza Man (1991 film)">Pizza Man</a></i> (1991 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_Reagan_Was_Shot" title="The Day Reagan Was Shot"><i>The Day Reagan Was Shot</i></a> (2001 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reagan%27s_War" title="Reagan's War">Reagan's War</a></i> (2002 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reagans" title="The Reagans"><i>The Reagans</i></a> (2003 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_(2011_film)" title="Reagan (2011 film)"><i>Reagan</i></a> (2011 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Butler" title="The Butler"><i>The Butler</i></a> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Killing_Reagan" title="Killing Reagan">Killing Reagan</a></i> (2015 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Reagan_(film)" title="Killing Reagan (film)"><i>Killing Reagan</i></a> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops_Cold_War" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War">Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War</a></i> (2020 game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reagans_(2020_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reagans (2020 miniseries)"><i>The Reagans</i></a> (2020 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_(2023_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan (2023 film)"><i>Reagan</i></a> (2023 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_would_Reagan_do%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What would Reagan do?">"What would Reagan do?"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reykjavik_(film)" title="Reykjavik (film)">Reykjavik</a></i> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ronald_Reagan_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Ronald Reagan (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan" title="USS Ronald Reagan">USS <i>Ronald Reagan</i> (CVN-76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Ronald_Reagan" title="List of things named after Ronald Reagan">Namesakes and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day" title="Ronald Reagan Day">Ronald Reagan Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Dinner" title="Lincoln Dinner">Reagan Day Dinner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wyman" title="Jane Wyman">Jane Wyman</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Reagan" title="Maureen Reagan">Maureen Reagan</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Reagan" title="Michael Reagan">Michael Reagan</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patti_Davis" title="Patti Davis">Patti Davis</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Reagan" title="Ron Reagan">Ron Reagan</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reagan" title="Jack Reagan">Jack Reagan</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelle_Wilson_Reagan" title="Nelle Wilson Reagan">Nelle Wilson Reagan</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Reagan" title="Neil Reagan">Neil Reagan</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_(Ronald_Reagan%27s_dog)" title="Rex (Ronald Reagan's dog)">Rex</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">← Jimmy Carter</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush →</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ronald_Reagan" title="Category:Ronald Reagan">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_environmental_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#BBDDCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template talk:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_environmental_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_environmental_law" title="United States environmental law">United States environmental law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a><br /> decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Holland" title="Missouri v. Holland">Missouri v. Holland</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Vermont Yankee v. NRDC</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hughes_v._Oklahoma" title="Hughes v. Oklahoma">Hughes v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lujan_v._National_Wildlife_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation (page does not exist)">Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BP_P.L.C._v._Mayor_and_City_Council_of_Baltimore" title="BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore">BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">NEPA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. SCRAP</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Edison_Co._v._People_Against_Nuclear_Energy" title="Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy">Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norton_v._Southern_Utah_Wilderness_Alliance" title="Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance">Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winter_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Co._v._Geertson_Seed_Farms" title="Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms">Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">CAA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Train_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Ass%27ns,_Inc." title="Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation_v._EPA" title="Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA">Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._EPA" title="Massachusetts v. EPA">Massachusetts v. EPA</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_v._Duke_Energy_Corp." title="Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.">Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power_Co._v._Connecticut" title="American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut">American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utility_Air_Regulatory_Group_v._EPA" title="Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA">Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._EPA" title="Michigan v. EPA">Michigan v. EPA</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HollyFrontier_Cheyenne_Refining,_LLC_v._Renewable_Fuels_Assn." title="HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining, LLC v. Renewable Fuels Assn.">HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_v._EPA" title="West Virginia v. EPA">West Virginia v. EPA</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">RCRA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey" title="City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey">City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Union_Co._v._United_States" title="Southern Union Co. v. United States">Southern Union Co. v. United States</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">ESA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babbitt_v._Sweet_Home_Chapter_of_Communities_for_a_Great_Oregon" title="Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon">Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_v._Sierra_Club" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club">United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">CWA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Riverside_Bayview" title="United States v. Riverside Bayview">United States v. Riverside Bayview</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Agency_of_Northern_Cook_County_v._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers">SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Water_Management_District_v._Miccosukee_Tribe" title="South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe">South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S._D._Warren_Co._v._Maine_Board_of_Environmental_Protection" title="S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection">S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entergy_Corp._v._Riverkeeper_Inc." title="Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.">Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coeur_Alaska,_Inc._v._Southeast_Alaska_Conservation_Council" title="Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council">Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2012)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2012)">Sackett v. EPA I</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Flood_Control_District_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_v._Hawkes_Co." title="Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.">Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers_v._Department_of_Defense" title="National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense">National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Maui_v._Hawaii_Wildlife_Fund" title="County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund">County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)">Sackett v. EPA II</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CERCLA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bestfoods" title="United States v. Bestfoods">United States v. Bestfoods</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam_v._United_States" title="Guam v. United States">Guam v. United States</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">federal legislation</a>,<br /> treaties,<br />and lower court<br />decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park_Protection_Act" title="Yellowstone National Park Protection Act">Yellowstone National Park Protection Act</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Act_of_1897" title="Organic Act of 1897">Forest Service Organic Administration Act</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">Rivers and Harbors Act</a> (1899) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Act" title="Refuse Act">Refuse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacey_Act_of_1900" title="Lacey Act of 1900">Lacey Act</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks%E2%80%93McLean_Act" title="Weeks–McLean Act">Weeks–McLean Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke%E2%80%93McNary_Act" title="Clarke–McNary Act">Clarke–McNary Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1924" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1924">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McSweeney-McNary_Act_of_1928" title="McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928">McSweeney-McNary Act</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_Protection_and_Flood_Prevention_Act_of_1954" title="Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954">Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Control_Act_of_1955" title="Air Pollution Control Act of 1955">Air Pollution Control Act</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Act">Fish and Wildlife Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> (1963, 1970, 1977, 1990) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Rain_Program" title="Acid Rain Program">Acid Rain Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scenic_Hudson_Preservation_Conference_v._Federal_Power_Commission" title="Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission">Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission</a></i> (2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act_of_1965" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965">Solid Waste Disposal Act</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1969" title="Endangered Species Act of 1969">Endangered Species Act</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Quality_Improvement_Act" title="Environmental Quality Improvement Act">Environmental Quality Improvement Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Act" title="Coastal Zone Management Act">Coastal Zone Management Act</a> (1972) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Program" title="Coastal Zone Management Program">Coastal Zone Management Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Protection,_Research,_and_Sanctuaries_Act_of_1972" title="Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972">Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_Control_Act" title="Noise Control Act">Noise Control Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1973">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> (1974, 1986, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act" title="Water Resources Development Act">Water Resources Development Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1974" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1974">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1976" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1976">1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1986" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1988" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1990" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1990">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1992" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1992">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1996" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1999" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1999">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2000" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2007" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2007">2007</a>, 2014, 2016, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Noxious_Weed_Act_of_1974" title="Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974">Federal Noxious Weed Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act" title="Hazardous Materials Transportation Act">Hazardous Materials Transportation Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Radiation_Control_Act" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act">Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CERCLA (Superfund)</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Wetlands_Resources_Act" title="Emergency Wetlands Resources Act">Emergency Wetlands Resources Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Change_Research_Act_of_1990" title="Global Change Research Act of 1990">Global Change Research Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Education_Act" title="National Environmental Education Act">National Environmental Education Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Species_Prevention_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1992" title="Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992">Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_Protection_Act" title="Food Quality Protection Act">Food Quality Protection Act</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007" title="Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007">Energy Independence and Security Act</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA</a></i> (D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Louisiana v. Biden</a></i> (5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act" title="CHIPS and Science Act">CHIPS and Science Act</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining_Reclamation_and_Enforcement" title="Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement">Office of Surface Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Regulations</a><br /> and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_available_technology" title="Best available technology">Best available technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_suit" title="Citizen suit">Citizen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">Corporate average fuel economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_Monitoring_Report" title="Discharge Monitoring Report">Discharge Monitoring Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effluent_guidelines" title="Effluent guidelines">Effluent guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">Environmental impact statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Executive Order 13432</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Executive Order 13990</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">LDV Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_contaminant_level" title="Maximum contaminant level">Maximum contaminant level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Climate_Assessment" title="National Climate Assessment">National Climate Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emissions_Standards_for_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants" title="National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants">National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List">National Priorities List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Performance_Standards" title="New Source Performance Standards">New Source Performance Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Review" title="New Source Review">New Source Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not-To-Exceed" title="Not-To-Exceed">Not-To-Exceed (NTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACE_financing" title="PACE financing">PACE financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Climate_Action_Plan" title="Presidential Climate Action Plan">Presidential Climate Action Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuel_Standard_(United_States)" title="Renewable Fuel Standard (United States)">Renewable Fuel Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_know" title="Right to know">Right to know</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_608" title="Section 608">Section 608 Certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_New_Alternatives_Policy" title="Significant New Alternatives Policy">Significant New Alternatives Policy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Climate" title="State of the Climate">State of the Climate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Tailoring Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_maximum_daily_load" title="Total maximum daily load">Total maximum daily load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity_category_rating" title="Toxicity category rating">Toxicity category rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Remedial_Action" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action">Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3504641#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3504641#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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