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Sélection adverse — Wikipédia
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<li id="toc-Lutter_contre_la_sélection_adverse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutter_contre_la_sélection_adverse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lutter contre la sélection adverse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutter_contre_la_sélection_adverse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sélection adverse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 21 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="الاختيار السالب – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاختيار السالب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selecci%C3%B3_adversa" title="Selecció adversa – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Selecció adversa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugunstig_udv%C3%A6lgelse" title="Ugunstig udvælgelse – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ugunstig udvælgelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_Selektion" title="Adverse Selektion – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adverse Selektion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_selection" title="Adverse selection – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Adverse selection" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selecci%C3%B3n_adversa" title="Selección adversa – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Selección adversa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%98%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کژگزینی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کژگزینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitallinen_valikoituminen" title="Haitallinen valikoituminen – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haitallinen valikoituminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleksi_yang_merugikan" title="Seleksi yang merugikan – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seleksi yang merugikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selezione_avversa" title="Selezione avversa – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Selezione avversa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%86%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9C" title="逆選抜 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="逆選抜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%84%A0%ED%83%9D" title="역선택 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역선택" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_selectie" title="Adverse selectie – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adverse selectie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negatywna_selekcja" title="Negatywna selekcja – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Negatywna selekcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_adversa" title="Seleção adversa – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seleção adversa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Неблагоприятный отбор – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неблагоприятный отбор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snedvridet_urval" title="Snedvridet urval – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Snedvridet urval" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ters_se%C3%A7im" title="Ters seçim – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ters seçim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noqulay_tanlov" title="Noqulay tanlov – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Noqulay tanlov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%B1a_ch%E1%BB%8Dn_tr%C3%A1i_%C3%BD" title="Lựa chọn trái ý – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lựa chọn trái ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%90%91%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9" title="逆向选择 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="逆向选择" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q380037#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lection_adverse" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:S%C3%A9lection_adverse" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lection_adverse"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lection_adverse"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/S%C3%A9lection_adverse" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/S%C3%A9lection_adverse" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&oldid=214191472" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&id=214191472&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FS%25C3%25A9lection_adverse"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FS%25C3%25A9lection_adverse"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=S%C3%A9lection+adverse"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q380037" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/35px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/53px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/70px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89conomie_(discipline)" title="Économie (discipline)">économie</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <p>La <b>sélection adverse</b> ou <b>antisélection</b> est un phénomène <a href="/wiki/Statistique" title="Statistique">statistique</a> et <a href="/wiki/%C3%89conomie_(activit%C3%A9_humaine)" title="Économie (activité humaine)">économique</a> qui joue un rôle important notamment dans les domaines de l'<a href="/wiki/Assurance" title="Assurance">assurance</a> et de la <a href="/wiki/Gestion_du_risque" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestion du risque">gestion du risque</a>, par lequel une offre faite sur un marché aboutit à des résultats inverses de ceux souhaités, à cause d'<a href="/wiki/Asym%C3%A9trie_d%27information" title="Asymétrie d'information">asymétries d'information</a>. C'est une forme du <a href="/wiki/Probl%C3%A8me_principal-agent" title="Problème principal-agent">problème principal-agent</a>. Dans une situation principal-agent, le problème de la sélection adverse est essentiellement basé sur l'incertitude concernant le type de l'agent, contrairement à une situation d'<a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A9a_moral" title="Aléa moral">aléa moral</a>. </p><p>Elle se manifeste par la difficulté pour le client d’appréhender : </p> <ul><li>le niveau de compétence et d’expérience des fournisseurs ;</li> <li>l’adéquation du produit ou des compétences du fournisseur à ses besoins ;</li> <li>le contenu et la qualité effective du produit ou du service.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contrat_incomplet_et_sélection_adverse"><span id="Contrat_incomplet_et_s.C3.A9lection_adverse"></span>Contrat incomplet et sélection adverse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Contrat incomplet et sélection adverse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Contrat incomplet et sélection adverse"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les contrats incomplets comportent des <a href="/wiki/Asym%C3%A9trie_d%27information" title="Asymétrie d'information">asymétries d'informations</a>, c'est-à-dire qu'il y a une répartition inégale de l'information entre les deux acteurs. Ces asymétries d'informations rendent possibles des comportements opportunistes : </p> <ul><li>les individus ne disent pas toujours ce qu'ils savent</li> <li>les individus ne tiennent pas forcément leurs promesses</li></ul> <p>Il y a deux types principaux de comportements opportunistes : </p> <ul><li>opportunisme post-contractuel</li> <li>opportunisme pré-contractuel</li></ul> <p>Le problème principal du comportement opportuniste pré-contractuel est la sélection adverse qui apparaît à chaque fois qu'un acteur possède une information que l'autre n'a pas à la signature du contrat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lutter_contre_la_sélection_adverse"><span id="Lutter_contre_la_s.C3.A9lection_adverse"></span>Lutter contre la sélection adverse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Lutter contre la sélection adverse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Lutter contre la sélection adverse"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Le signal : action émise par celui qui en sait le plus afin de transmettre une information crédible</li> <li>Le filtre</li> <li>La réputation : action émanant de celui qui en sait le moins afin de forcer celui qui en sait le plus à révéler la vérité</li></ul> <p>L'anti-sélection est la résultante de l'information imparfaite. L'une des deux parties contractante n'a pas la possibilité de connaître toutes les caractéristiques du produit, ce qui la conduit parfois à sélectionner des produits de mauvaise qualité. La <b>sélection adverse</b> ou <i>antisélection</i> se manifeste par la difficulté pour le client d’appréhender : </p> <ul><li>Le niveau de compétence et d’expérience des fournisseurs</li> <li>L’adéquation du produit ou des compétences du fournisseur à ses besoins</li> <li>Le contenu et la qualité du produit ou du service</li></ul> <p>« Il s'agit en fait de la défiance généralisée qui naît dès lors qu'il n'existe pas un <i>catalogue</i> connu de tous et spécifiant les caractéristiques de tous les biens échangés ou susceptibles de l'être. Les connaissances sur la 'qualité' des biens sont alors asymétriquement réparties. » (Brousseau, 1993). </p><p>Dans une telle situation, les produits au prix le plus bas (et donc, probablement, les plus mauvais) risquent d'éliminer tous les autres. L'exemple canonique est celui d'<a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">Akerlof</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prix_de_la_Banque_de_Su%C3%A8de_en_sciences_%C3%A9conomiques_en_m%C3%A9moire_d%27Alfred_Nobel" title="Prix de la Banque de Suède en sciences économiques en mémoire d'Alfred Nobel">« Prix Nobel » d'économie</a> en 2001) dans <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_%E2%80%9CLemons%E2%80%9D" title="The Market for “Lemons”">The Market for “Lemons”</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> qui modélise le marché d'occasion automobile. Il montre qu'en situation d'information imparfaite, le risque de sélection adverse (ou anti-sélection) va conduire à un marché des voitures d'occasion qui ne propose que des voitures avec des défauts cachés. En effet, le prix moyen sera la résultante de la moyenne des prix des bonnes et mauvaises occasions. Comme le consommateur est en situation d'information imparfaite (il ne reconnaît pas les bonnes des mauvaises voitures), il ne sera prêt à payer que le prix moyen, pour minimiser ses risques. Or, si les vendeurs de mauvaises occasions ne pourront que se réjouir, les vendeurs de bonnes occasions, n'ayant pas d'espoir de vendre, sortiront de ce marché : seuls resteront les vendeurs de mauvaises voitures. Les acheteurs conscients de ceci se désintéresseront à leur tour du marché de l'occasion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">George Akerlof, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_%E2%80%9CLemons%E2%80%9D" title="The Market for “Lemons”"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Market for “Lemons” : Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism</span></a></i>, dans <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quarterly Journal of Economics</span></i>, 1970, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>  84, pp. 488-500.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9lection_adverse&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380037?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span 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