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href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anatomy and physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cold adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishery_and_associated_ecosystem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishery_and_associated_ecosystem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fishery and associated ecosystem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishery_and_associated_ecosystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Compliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissostichus_mawsoni" title="Dissostichus mawsoni – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dissostichus mawsoni" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesen-Antarktisdorsch" title="Riesen-Antarktisdorsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Riesen-Antarktisdorsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissostichus_mawsoni" title="Dissostichus mawsoni – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dissostichus mawsoni" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissostichus_mawsoni" title="Dissostichus mawsoni – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dissostichus mawsoni" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دندان‌ماهی جنوبگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دندان‌ماهی جنوبگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gine_antarctique" title="Légine antarctique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Légine antarctique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EA%B7%B9%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%A8%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0" title="남극이빨고기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남극이빨고기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissostichus_mawsoni" title="Dissostichus mawsoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dissostichus mawsoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="דיסוסטיצ'וס מאוסוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיסוסטיצ'וס מאוסוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="سمكة القطب الجنوبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سمكة القطب الجنوبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctische_tandvis" title="Antarctische tandvis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antarctische tandvis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A7%E3%83%80%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7" title="ライギョダマシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライギョダマシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktisk_tannfisk" title="Antarktisk tannfisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antarktisk tannfisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antar_polarny" title="Antar polarny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antar polarny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Антарктический клыкач – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антарктический клыкач" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissostichus_mawsoni" title="Dissostichus mawsoni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dissostichus mawsoni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissostichus_mawsoni" title="Dissostichus mawsoni – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dissostichus mawsoni" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E9%A0%AD%E7%8A%AC%E7%89%99%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E9%AD%9A" title="鱗頭犬牙南極魚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鱗頭犬牙南極魚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q521778#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of fish</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Antarctic toothfish </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmawsoni_Head_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dmawsoni_Head_shot.jpg/220px-Dmawsoni_Head_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Dmawsoni_Head_shot.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Dissostichus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perciformes" title="Perciformes">Perciformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nototheniidae" title="Nototheniidae">Nototheniidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dissostichus" title="Dissostichus"><i>Dissostichus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>D. mawsoni</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Dissostichus mawsoni</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/John_Roxborough_Norman" title="John Roxborough Norman">Norman</a>, 1937</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Antarctic toothfish</b> (<i><b>Dissostichus mawsoni</b></i>), also known as the <b>Antarctic cod</b>, is a large, black or brown fish found in very cold (subzero) waters of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> near Antarctica. It is the largest fish in the Southern Ocean, feeding on shrimp and smaller fish, and preyed on by whales, <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a>, and seals. It is caught for food and marketed as <b>Chilean sea bass</b> together with its sister species, the more northerly <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a> (<i>D. eliginoides</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often mistakenly called "Antarctic cod", the Antarctic toothfish belongs to the notothen family (<a href="/wiki/Nototheniidae" title="Nototheniidae">Nototheniidae</a>), a family of fish genera that are abundant near Antarctica. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_taxonomy">Name and taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common name "toothfish" refers to the two rows of teeth in the upper jaw, thought to give it a shark-like appearance. </p><p>The genus name <i>Dissostichus</i> is from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dissos</i></span> (twofold) and <i>stichus</i> (line) and refers to the presence of two long <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral lines</a> that enable the fish to sense prey. The species name, <i>mawsoni</i>, honors the Australian geologist <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a> who led the 1911–1914 <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> that explored the Antarctic coast and obtained the species' <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type</a> specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-ETYFish_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETYFish-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Antarctic toothfish was first formally <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> in 1937 from the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Ichthyologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyologist">ichthyologist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roxborough_Norman" title="John Roxborough Norman">John Roxborough Norman</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type locality (biology)">type locality</a> given as off <a href="/wiki/MacRobertson_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="MacRobertson Land">MacRobertson Land</a> at 66°45'S, 62°03'E in Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-CofF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CofF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fully grown, these fish (and their warmer-water relative, the <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a>, <i>D. eleginoides</i>) can grow to more than 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) in length and 135 kg in weight, twice as large as the next-largest Antarctic fish. Being large, and consistent with the unstructured <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a> of the ocean (i.e., big fish eat little fish regardless of identity, even eating their own offspring), the Antarctic toothfish has been characterized as a voracious predator. Furthermore, by being by far the largest midwater fish in the Southern Ocean, it is thought to fill the ecological role that <a href="/wiki/Sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharks">sharks</a> play in other oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eastman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aiding in that role, the Antarctic toothfish is one of only five notothenioid species that, as adults, are <a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">neutrally buoyant</a>. This buoyancy is attained at 100–120 cm in length<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enables them to spend time above the bottom without expending extra energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Yukhov,_V.L._1971_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yukhov,_V.L._1971-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fuiman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuiman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both bottom-dwelling and mid-water prey are, therefore, available to them. Most other notothenioid fish and the majority of all Antarctic fishes, including smaller toothfish, are <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">confined to the bottom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastman_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coloring is black to olive brown, sometimes lighter on the undersides, with a mottled pattern on body and fins. Small fish blend in very well among the <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species has a broad head, an elongated body, long <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal fin">anal fins</a>, large <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fin">pectoral fins</a>, and a rudder-like <a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">caudal fin</a>. They typically move slowly, but are capable of speed bursts that can elude predatory seals.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuiman_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuiman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feeding_ecology">Feeding ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Feeding ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the continental shelf, Antarctic toothfish feed on <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hippolytidae" title="Hippolytidae">Nauticaris</a></i> spp.) and small fish, principally another neutrally buoyant nototheniid, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_silverfish" title="Antarctic silverfish">Antarctic silverfish</a> (<i>Pleuragramma antarcticum</i>). This loosely <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">schooling</a> species is also a major prey of <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Adélie Penguin">Adélie</a> (<i>Pygoscelis adeliae</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Penguin">emperor penguins</a> (<i>Aptenodytes forsteri</i>), <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Weddell Seal">Weddell seals</a> (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale#Taxonomy" title="Minke whale">Antarctic minke whales</a> (<i>Balaenoptera bonaerensis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, competition for prey among toothfish and these other mesopredators (middle <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic level</a> predators) could be very important. The large Antarctic toothfish are eaten by <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a> (<i>Physeter macrocephalus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Killer_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer whale">killer whales</a> (<i>Orcinus orca</i>), Weddell seals, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Colossal_squid" title="Colossal squid">colossal squid</a> (<i>Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni</i>). Toothfish that are dwelling on the bottom, particularly those caught during the summer on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_slope" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental slope">continental slope</a>, eat mainly <a href="/wiki/Rattail" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattail">grenadiers</a> (Macrouridae), but also feed on other smaller fish species and <a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">skates</a> (<i>Raja</i> spp.).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also feed on the <a href="/wiki/Colossal_squid" title="Colossal squid">colossal squid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antarctic toothfish have been caught to depths of 2200 m, though based on commercial fishing effort, few occur that deep.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanchet_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanchet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aging_and_reproduction">Aging and reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aging and reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aging data indicate Antarctic toothfish are relatively fast-growing when young, but then growth slows later in life. They reach about one-third of maximum size after 5 years, and half maximum by 10 years, after which growth slows considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To grow fast when small is an adaptation of most <a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">predatory fish</a>, e.g., sharks, so as not to be small for very long. The maximum age recorded so far has been 48 years.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antarctic toothfish take a long time to mature (13 years for males, 17 years for females) and once mature may not <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a> every year, though the actual spawning interval is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few Antarctic toothfish with mature eggs have ever been caught, meaning knowledge is sparse about fecundity.<sup id="cite_ref-Yukhov,_V.L._1971_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yukhov,_V.L._1971-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HanchetTwo_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanchetTwo-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spawn sometime during winter.<sup id="cite_ref-HanchetTwo_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanchetTwo-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large, mature, older fish have been caught among the <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific-Antarctic_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific-Antarctic Ridge">Pacific-Antarctic Ridge</a>, a location thus thought to be important for spawning. Smaller, subadult Antarctic toothfish tend to concentrate in shallower waters on the continental shelf, while a large portion of the older fish are found on in the continental slope.<sup id="cite_ref-HanchetTwo_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanchetTwo-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashford_et_al._2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashford_et_al._2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sequestering by size and age could be another adaptation for small fish to avoid being eaten by large ones. The recruitment potential of Antarctic toothfish, a measure of both fecundity and survival to spawning age, is not known. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anatomy and physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Antarctic toothfish has a lightweight, partially <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> skeleton, lacks a <a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">swim bladder</a>, and has fatty deposits which act as a stored energy source, particularly during spawning. This fat also makes large toothfish neutrally buoyant. Many toothfish caught over the seamounts are very depleted of fat, and this is thought perhaps to be related to spawning and spawning migration, which are energy-demanding activities.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known what happens to these fat-depleted fish, including whether they reach, or how long it takes them to reach, breeding condition again; this ostensibly occurs upon returning to continental-slope waters. Antarctic toothfish have <a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision in fishes">vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> systems well adapted to find prey in low light levels.<sup id="cite_ref-EastmanLanoo_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastmanLanoo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since ice covers the surface of the ocean where Antarctic toothfish occur even in summer, these sensory specializations likely evolved to enable survival in the reduced light levels found under ice and in the Antarctic winter, as well as at deep depths. Antarctic toothfish also have a very well developed sense of smell,<sup id="cite_ref-EastmanLanoo_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastmanLanoo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is why they are easily caught by baited hooks and also scavenge the remains of penguins killed by other predators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_adaptation">Cold adaptation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cold adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Antarctic toothfish lives in subzero degree water below latitude <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60°S</a>. It is noteworthy, like most other Antarctic notothenioids, for producing <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze_protein" title="Antifreeze protein">antifreeze glycoproteins</a>, a feature not seen in its closest relative, the Patagonian toothfish, which typically inhabits slightly warmer waters. The presence of antifreeze glycoproteins allows the Antarctic toothfish (and other notothenioids) to thrive in subzero waters of the Southern Ocean surrounding <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. The Antarctic toothfish's voracious appetite also is important in coping with cold water.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mainly caught in the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a> in the austral summer, but has also been recorded from Antarctic coastal waters south of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> sector, in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a>, and near the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fishery_and_associated_ecosystem">Fishery and associated ecosystem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fishery and associated ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fishery for Antarctic toothfish, managed by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources" title="Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources">Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources</a> (CCAMLR), has existed since 1997. The existence of this fishery in the Ross Sea, the area where most Antarctic toothfish are caught, is very contentious - the main argument proposed for this is the lack of accurate population parameters, such as original <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">stock size</a>, fecundity, and recruitment. Moreover, the main fishing grounds are presumed by some researchers to cover the area through which the entire stock of Antarctic toothfish pass.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashford_et_al._2012_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashford_et_al._2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, the fishing season has finished in the area by the end of February and for the remainder of the year, much of the area is covered by sea ice, providing a natural impediment to fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fishery is characterised by opponents as being a challenge to manage owing to the nature of benthic <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">longline fishing</a>. The bycatch of other fish can also be significant, with the ratio of toothfish caught ranging from 4.5% to 17.9% and averaging 9.3% from the 1999/2000 fishing season to 2013/14 in CCAMLR Subarea 88.1 when the toothfish catch first exceeded 50 tonnes and from 2.3% to 24.5% averaging 12.4% in CCAMLR Subarea 88.2 up to the latest publicly available figure from 2013/14.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bycatch of other fish species is also regulated to a maximum amount annually by CCAMLR. CCAMLR decision rules are based on determining the catch level that will ensure that the median estimated spawning stock biomass (not total biomass) is greater than or equal to 50% of the average pre-exploitation spawning biomass after a further 35 years of fishing (i.e. 35 years from each year of assessment), with the additional condition that the probability is less than a 10% that the spawning biomass will decline below 20% of the pre-exploitation level at any time during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-CONSTABLE,_A.J._2000_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CONSTABLE,_A.J._2000-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current spawning stock biomass for Antarctic toothfish in the Ross Sea Region is estimated to be at 75% of the pre-exploitation level (95% Bayesian probability interval 71–78%), well above the 50% target reference point. </p><p>An independent study was reported to have detected the disappearance of large fish at the southern periphery of its range in the <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a> and was postulated to be consistent with this apparent loss of large fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Ainley_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more recent work has shown this was not the case in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have reported that the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Killer_whale#Taxonomy_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer whale">fish-eating killer whales</a> has been apparently decreasing in the southern Ross Sea, foraging efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seals</a> is decreasing, and numbers of <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguin" title="Adélie penguin">Adélie penguins</a> (competitors for <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_silverfish" title="Antarctic silverfish">Antarctic silverfish</a>) have been increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Ainley_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent studies have confirmed visual sightings of Weddell seals and Type-C killer whales holding and consuming large toothfish in the McMurdo Sound area and raise questions over the previously assumed importance of assumed dominance of Antarctic silverfish (<i>Pleuragramma antarcticum</i>) in the diet of Weddell seal and Type-C killer whales.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reports highlight the importance of managing this fishery in the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_approach_to_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem approach to fisheries">best interests of the ecosystem</a> by continuing to collect information on both Antarctic toothfish life history and the interaction of that species with predators and prey. An important<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> research programme in this regard is the annual 'Shelf' survey carried out annually since 2012, which is designed to monitor the abundance of subadult Antarctic toothfish in areas where subadult-sized fish have been regularly found (e.g., in the southern Ross Sea) has been designed provide data to better estimate recruitment variability and provide an important early-warning signal of changes in toothfish recruitment. The project also is used for additional targeted data collection to better understand the lifecycle and ecosystem role of Antarctic toothfish.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has provided evidence for long-distance migrations of type-C killer whales between the Ross Sea and New Zealand waters, indicating a much wider range that had been postulated by a number of scientists. One adult female type-C killer whale has been seen in both New Zealand waters and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and a high large proportion of type-C killer whales sighted in McMurdo Sound have scars caused by cookiecutter sharks that are currently assumed to be limited to north of 50°S.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time as this study was occurring, Italian whale experts at Terra Nova Bay, about 360 km north of Scott Base, deployed satellite transmitters on type-C killer whales to determine the whales' movements. Their results independently verified that type-C killer whales were commuting between Scott Base and the waters off Northland.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total catch of Antarctic toothfish in 2013–14 was 3820 tonnes; 3,320 tonnes of this were taken from the Ross Sea (FAO Statistical Divisions 88.1 and 88.2), with the remainder taken from other high seas areas within the CCAMLR convention area.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ecosystem approach to fishing is encapsulated in Article II of the CAMLR Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ecosystem approach uses decision rules based on both population status targets and limit reference points, and incorporates uncertainty and ecosystem status in the calculation of these targets. Different reference points to account for the needs of dependent predators in the ecosystem are used depending on the location of the species in the food web. The ecosystem fisheries management approach by CCAMLR involves use of move-on rules to protect trophic interactions,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and limit direct effects of fishing on fish bycatch, seabirds, and vulnerable marine ecosystems. Annually reviewed mitigation measures such as line weighting and streamer lines minimize seabird bycatch, which have resulted in a substantial reduction in accidental seabird mortalities in the CAMLR Convention Area.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 50% (target) and 20% (limit) reference points used by the CCAMLR decision rules exceed the requirements for target and limit reference points set by almost all national and international fisheries management organizations, even for species longer lived than toothfish. A wide study of many fisheries generally indicated that most reach maximum sustainable yield at 30–35% of their pre-exploitation abundances.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CCAMLR uses a more conservative reference level to allow exploitation at a level where toothfish recruitment and the ecosystem in general is not appreciably impacted. This is required by Article II of the CAMLR Convention. A common misunderstanding<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the CCAMLR decision rules is an assumption that the decline in population size will follow a clear trajectory from the starting year to a point 35 years later when the stock size will reach 50% of pre-exploitation levels and an assumption that no feedback occurs during each assessment. The catch limit, though, is recalculated based on all updated or revised data at each annual or biennial assessment. This approach is used to ensure that the 50% level will be approached slowly and enables an ongoing readjustment of catch levels as knowledge improves.<sup id="cite_ref-CONSTABLE,_A.J._2000_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CONSTABLE,_A.J._2000-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_and_bycatch">Environment and bycatch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environment and bycatch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CCAMLR imposes stringent environmental protection and <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a> mitigation measures to Antarctic toothfish fisheries, including: </p> <ul><li>Monitoring of daytime setting and movement of vessels from the fishery should any vessel catch more than three seabirds<sup id="cite_ref-ccamlr.org_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccamlr.org-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of streamer lines during setting to keep birds away from baited hooks<sup id="cite_ref-ccamlr.org_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccamlr.org-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Weighting of lines to ensure fast sink rates to prevent seabirds from accessing baited hooks <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The use of bird exclusion devices to prevent birds from accessing hooks whilst lines are being hauled<sup id="cite_ref-ccamlr.org_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccamlr.org-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Limitations on the release of fish offal overboard at the same time as setting and hauling of lines to avoid attracting seabirds: An additional requirement prohibits the dumping of all offal south of 60°S, the region where Antarctic toothfish are caught<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prohibition on the dumping of oil, plastic, garbage, <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a>, poultry, eggs or eggshells, sewage, and ash by fishing vessels<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prohibition of the use of plastic packaging bands on fishing vessels<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Incidental_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidental mortality">Incidental mortality</a> of seabirds as a result of fishing has fallen to near-zero levels in the CCAMLR convention area. No mortality of seabirds or marine mammals was recorded as a result of fishing for Antarctic toothfish in 2011–12 and only two seabirds (southern giant petrels <i>Macronectes giganteus</i>) have been killed as a result of fishing in the Ross Sea since 1996/97.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compliance">Compliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Compliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compliance measures adopted by CCAMLR apply to all Antarctic toothfish fisheries. These include: </p> <ul><li>At-sea inspections of <a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">fishing vessels</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vessel licensing<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Port inspections of fishing vessels<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Continuous reporting of fishing vessel positions via satellite-linked <a href="/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system" title="Vessel monitoring system">vessel monitoring systems</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Catch documentation scheme for toothfish, which tracks toothfish from the point of landing through to the final point of sale and requires verification and authorisation by government authorities at each step<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The requirement to carry two scientific observers on each licensed vessel – including one from a member state other than the vessel flag<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a> (MSC) certified the Ross Sea Antarctic toothfish fishery as a sustainable and well-managed fishery.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The certification is contentious, with many conservation groups protesting the certification due to the paucity of information needed to reliably manage the fishery,<sup id="cite_ref-Christian_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that only eight of the 19 vessels in the fishery during the latest year for which data are publicly available were certified. During the 2013–14 season, vessels operating under the Marine Stewardship Certification landed 51.3% of all Antarctic toothfish from the Ross Sea Region (CCAMLR Subarea 88.1) and 64.7% of Antarctic toothfish from the Amundsen Sea sector (CCAMLR Subarea 88.2).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The argument that only a portion of Antarctic toothfish is certified, the high price it commands, and the remote areas where a large proportion of the fish are caught have been advanced as an encouragement to <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal, unreported, and unregulated</a> (IUU) fishing and <a href="/wiki/Seafood_mislabeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood mislabeling">mislabeling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 genetic study of MSC-labeled Antarctic toothfish found in markets revealed a significant proportion was not from the MSC-certified stock, and many were not toothfish at all.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MSC had conducted its own internal study, which found no evidence of mislabeling.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MSC conducts an annual audit of the fishery which includes sampling of certified product. </p><p>Due to the challenges that faced toothfish management in the 1990s and early 2000s (e.g., IUU fishing, mislabeling, and inadequate data for management), consumer seafood guides such as <a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a> placed toothfish of both species (Chilean seabass) on their red, or "avoid", list;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in light of up-to-date, internationally peer-reviewed scientific information, in April 2013, Seafood Watch upgraded the Ross Sea Antarctic toothfish fishery to a "good alternative".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a comprehensive review in 2012, the Monterey Bay Aquarium revised its rating of Antarctic toothfish to 'good alternative'.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenpeace International">Greenpeace International</a> added the Antarctic toothfish to its seafood red list in 2010. <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach is at variance with the high score given the fishery when it was granted certification by the MSC.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Chilean%20sea%20bass">"Chilean sea bass"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ross+Sea+Toothfish+Fishery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.org%2Ftrack-a-fishery%2Fcertified%2Fsouthern-ocean%2Fross-sea-toothfish-longline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christian_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristianAinleyBaileyDayton2013" class="citation journal cs1">Christian, C.; Ainley, D.; Bailey, M.; Dayton, P.; Hocevar, J.; LeVine, M.; Nikoloyuk, J.; Nouvian, C.; Velarde, E.; Werner, R.; Jacquet, J. (2013). "Questionable stewardship: A review of formal objections to MSC fisheries certifications". <i><a href="/wiki/Biological_Conservation_(journal)" title="Biological Conservation (journal)">Biological Conservation</a></i>. <b>161</b>: 10–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2013.01.002">10.1016/j.biocon.2013.01.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Questionable+stewardship%3A+A+review+of+formal+objections+to+MSC+fisheries+certifications&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=10-17&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2013.01.002&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Ainley%2C+D.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+M.&rft.au=Dayton%2C+P.&rft.au=Hocevar%2C+J.&rft.au=LeVine%2C+M.&rft.au=Nikoloyuk%2C+J.&rft.au=Nouvian%2C+C.&rft.au=Velarde%2C+E.&rft.au=Werner%2C+R.&rft.au=Jacquet%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughAkroydMedley2014" class="citation web cs1">Hough, A.; Akroyd, J.; Medley, P. (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065140/https://www.msc.org/track-a-fishery/fisheries-in-the-program/certified/southern-ocean/ross-sea-toothfish-longline/assessment-downloads-1/20141216_SR4_TOO100.pdf">"Surveillance Report Ross Sea Toothfish Longline Fishery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msc.org/track-a-fishery/fisheries-in-the-program/certified/southern-ocean/ross-sea-toothfish-longline/assessment-downloads-1/20141216_SR4_TOO100.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surveillance+Report+Ross+Sea+Toothfish+Longline+Fishery&rft.date=2014-11&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Akroyd%2C+J.&rft.au=Medley%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.org%2Ftrack-a-fishery%2Ffisheries-in-the-program%2Fcertified%2Fsouthern-ocean%2Fross-sea-toothfish-longline%2Fassessment-downloads-1%2F20141216_SR4_TOO100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2006" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, G. B. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hookedpiratespoa00knec"><i>Hooked: Pirates, Poaching and the Perfect Fish</i></a></span>. Emmaus: Rodale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59486-110-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59486-110-9"><bdi>978-1-59486-110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hooked%3A+Pirates%2C+Poaching+and+the+Perfect+Fish&rft.place=Emmaus&rft.pub=Rodale&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59486-110-9&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhookedpiratespoa00knec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2007" class="citation news cs1">Knecht, G. B. (January 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116984950606189426">"A politically incorrect fish makes a comeback"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=A+politically+incorrect+fish+makes+a+comeback&rft.date=2007-01-27&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB116984950606189426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoNanceGuynn2011" class="citation journal cs1">Marko, P. B.; Nance, H. A.; Guynn, K. D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.07.006">"Genetic detection of mislabeled fish from a certified sustainable fishery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Biology" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a></i>. <b>21</b> (16): R621–R622. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.07.006">10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21854999">21854999</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10629895">10629895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Genetic+detection+of+mislabeled+fish+from+a+certified+sustainable+fishery&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=R621-R622&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10629895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21854999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.07.006&rft.aulast=Marko&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=Nance%2C+H.+A.&rft.au=Guynn%2C+K.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2011.07.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.org/newsroom/news/update-lack-of-evidence-blocks-msc-investigation-into-toothfish-mislabelling-claims">"UPDATE: Lack of evidence blocks MSC investigation into toothfish mislabelling claims — Marine Stewardship Council"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UPDATE%3A+Lack+of+evidence+blocks+MSC+investigation+into+toothfish+mislabelling+claims+%E2%80%94+Marine+Stewardship+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.org%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews%2Fupdate-lack-of-evidence-blocks-msc-investigation-into-toothfish-mislabelling-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114161244/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_recommendations.aspx?c=ln">"Seafood Watch (2012)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_recommendations.aspx?c=ln">the original</a> on January 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seafood+Watch+%282012%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montereybayaquarium.org%2Fcr%2Fcr_seafoodwatch%2Fsfw_recommendations.aspx%3Fc%3Dln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130412183508/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/SeafoodWatch/web/sfw_factsheet.aspx?gid=11">"Chilean Seabass Seafood Watch Report"</a>. April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/SeafoodWatch/web/sfw_factsheet.aspx?gid=11">the original</a> on 12 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chilean+Seabass+Seafood+Watch+Report&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montereybayaquarium.org%2Fcr%2FSeafoodWatch%2Fweb%2Fsfw_factsheet.aspx%3Fgid%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seafoodwatch.org/seafood-recommendations/groups/toothfish?type=antarctic&q=Toothfish,%20Antarctic">"Toothfish Recommendations from the Seafood Watch Program"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toothfish+Recommendations+from+the+Seafood+Watch+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seafoodwatch.org%2Fseafood-recommendations%2Fgroups%2Ftoothfish%3Ftype%3Dantarctic%26q%3DToothfish%2C%2520Antarctic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080453/http://www.seafoodwatch.org/-/m/sfw/pdf/reports/mba_seafoodwatch_chileanseabassreport.pdf">"Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch - Chilean Seabass"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 6 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seafoodwatch.org/-/m/sfw/pdf/reports/mba_seafoodwatch_chileanseabassreport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monterey+Bay+Aquarium+Seafood+Watch+-+Chilean+Seabass&rft.date=2013-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seafoodwatch.org%2F-%2Fm%2Fsfw%2Fpdf%2Freports%2Fmba_seafoodwatch_chileanseabassreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This assessment is contentious. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/oceans/seafood/red-list-of-species/">Greenpeace International Seafood Red list</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.org/track-a-fishery/certified/southern-ocean/ross-sea-toothfish-longline">"Ross Sea toothfish longline — Marine Stewardship Council"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ross+Sea+toothfish+longline+%E2%80%94+Marine+Stewardship+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.org%2Ftrack-a-fishery%2Fcertified%2Fsouthern-ocean%2Fross-sea-toothfish-longline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_toothfish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=642808">"<i>Dissostichus mawsoni</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dissostichus+mawsoni&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D642808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Dissostichus&speciesname=mawsoni">"<i>Dissostichus mawsoni</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. October 2005 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Dissostichus+mawsoni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DDissostichus%26speciesname%3Dmawsoni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+toothfish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Dissostichus mawsoni</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521778" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q521778">Q521778</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dissostichus_mawsoni" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Dissostichus mawsoni">Dissostichus mawsoni</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Dissostichus_mawsoni">Dissostichus_mawsoni</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=77420">77420</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/36W7V">36W7V</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/213159">213159</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/7039">7039</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2385955">2385955</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/618295">618295</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10663427">10663427</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=642808">642808</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=36200">36200</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/234836">234836</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=504786">504786</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=234836">234836</a></span></span></li></ul> 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