CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Abubakar Tafawa Balewa - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cc712f3c-b438-4df6-9514-ef81fb413f1c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa","wgTitle":"Abubakar Tafawa Balewa","wgCurRevisionId":1258430820,"wgRevisionId":1258430820,"wgArticleId":674763,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Nigerian English from April 2023","All Wikipedia articles written in Nigerian English","Use dmy dates from August 2024","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Abubakar Tafawa Balewa","1912 births","1966 deaths","People from Bauchi State","Assassinated Nigerian politicians","Prime ministers of Nigeria", "Foreign ministers of Nigeria","Leaders ousted by a coup","Deaths by firearm in Nigeria","Alumni of the UCL Institute of Education","Nigerian knights","Nigerian Muslims","Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire","People murdered in Nigeria","Assassinated prime ministers","20th-century Nigerian politicians","Northern People's Congress politicians","Burials in Bauchi State","Nigerian revolutionaries","People from colonial Nigeria","Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom","1966 murders in Nigeria","Politicians assassinated in the 1960s"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa","wgRelevantArticleId":674763,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q335684","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Tafawa_Balewa_in_office_02.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1795"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Tafawa_Balewa_in_office_02.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1197"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="957"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa rootpage-Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early political activity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early political activity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_minister_(1957–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_minister_(1957–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chief minister (1957–1960)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_minister_(1957–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_minister_(1960–1966)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_minister_(1960–1966)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prime minister (1960–1966)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_minister_(1960–1966)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime minister (1960–1966) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_minister_(1960–1966)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>The Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Regional policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Bloc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Bloc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Eastern Bloc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Bloc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overthrow_and_murder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overthrow_and_murder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Overthrow and murder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overthrow_and_murder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literary work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nigerian_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigerian_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nigerian institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigerian_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87" title="أبو بكر تفاوى باعليوه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبو بكر تفاوى باعليوه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ابوبکر تفاوا بالوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابوبکر تفاوا بالوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B6%80%EB%B0%94%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4_%ED%83%80%ED%8C%8C%EC%99%80_%EB%B0%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%99%80" title="아부바카르 타파와 발레와 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아부바카르 타파와 발레와" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%A8_%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="אבובכר טפאווה בלווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבובכר טפאווה בלווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87" title="ابو بكر تفاوى باعليوه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابو بكر تفاوى باعليوه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%90%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AF" title="アブバカル・タファワ・バレワ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブバカル・タファワ・バレワ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Балева, Абубакар Тафава – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Балева, Абубакар Тафава" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Абубакар Тафава Балева – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абубакар Тафава Балева" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ابو بکر طفاوا بلوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابو بکر طفاوا بلوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%B7%B4%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E7%93%A6" title="阿布巴卡尔·塔法瓦·巴勒瓦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿布巴卡尔·塔法瓦·巴勒瓦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335684#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&oldid=1258430820" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&id=1258430820&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAbubakar_Tafawa_Balewa"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAbubakar_Tafawa_Balewa"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335684" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Nigeria from 1960 to 1966</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tafawa Balewa" redirects here. For the local government area, see <a href="/wiki/Tafawa_Balewa,_Bauchi" title="Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi">Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi</a>. For the public square in Lagos, see <a href="/wiki/Tafawa_Balewa_Square" title="Tafawa Balewa Square">Tafawa Balewa Square</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a> <a href="/wiki/Alhaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhaji">Alhaji</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">KBE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tafawa_Balewa_in_office_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tafawa_Balewa_in_office_02.jpg/220px-Tafawa_Balewa_in_office_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tafawa_Balewa_in_office_02.jpg/330px-Tafawa_Balewa_in_office_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tafawa_Balewa_in_office_02.jpg/440px-Tafawa_Balewa_in_office_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="947" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria" title="Prime Minister of Nigeria">Prime Minister of Nigeria</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 October 1960 – 15 January 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1963)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1963)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors‑General</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_Robertson" title="James Wilson Robertson">Sir James Wilson Robertson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1960)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960–1963)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 Nigerian coup d'etat">Position abolished</a></i><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi" title="Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi">Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi</a> as Military head of state</span>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister of Nigeria</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 August 1957 – 1 October 1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor‑General</th><td class="infobox-data">Sir James Wilson Robertson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria" title="Prime Minister of Nigeria">Prime Minister</a>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Deputy Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_People%27s_Congress" title="Northern People's Congress">Northern People's Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 August 1957 – 15 January 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello" title="Ahmadu Bello">Ahmadu Bello</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Nigeria" title="Parliament of Nigeria">Parliament</a> for Bauchi South West<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1954 – 15 January 1966</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mallam Abubakar<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-12-00</span>)</span>December 1912<br /><a href="/wiki/Bauchi" title="Bauchi">Bauchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria Protectorate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 1966<span style="display:none">(1966-01-15)</span> (aged 53)<br />near <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, Nigeria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Tafawa_Balewa%27s_tomb" title="Tafawa Balewa's tomb">Tafawa Balewa's tomb</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_People%27s_Congress" title="Northern People's Congress">Northern People's Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barewa_College" title="Barewa College">Barewa College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education" title="UCL Institute of Education">University of London Institute of Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <b>Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">KBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span> (December 1912 – 15 January 1966) was a <a href="/wiki/Nigerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian">Nigerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a> who served as the first and only <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria" title="Prime Minister of Nigeria">prime minister of Nigeria</a> upon independence.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conservative <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophile</a>, he favoured maintaining close ties with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>. During his first few years in office as prime minister, Nigeria was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> reigning as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">Queen of Nigeria</a>, until Nigeria became a republic in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was both a defender of Northern special interests and an advocate of Nigerian reform and unity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was born in December 1912, in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria Protectorate</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi State</a>). His father, Yakubu Dan Zala, was of <a href="/wiki/Gera_language" title="Gera language">Gere</a> ethnicity,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his mother Fatima Inna was of Gere and <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father worked in the house of the district head of Lere, a district within the <a href="/wiki/Bauchi_Emirate" title="Bauchi Emirate">Bauchi Emirate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took his name from two corrupted <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula language</a> words: "Tafari" (Rock) and "Baleri" (Black), which resulted in being the childhood nickname "Black Rock".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balewa began his education at a <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Qur'anic school</a> in Bauchi; when southern colonial administrators began to push for <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">western education</a> in the Northern region, Balewa was among the children sent to Tafawa Balewa Elementary School, after the Qur'anic school. Thereafter, he proceeded to Bauchi Provincial School.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many of his contemporaries, he studied at <a href="/wiki/Barewa_College" title="Barewa College">Barewa College</a>, then known as Katsina College, where he was student number 145. Ahmadu Rabah, later known as <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello" title="Ahmadu Bello">Ahmadu Bello</a>, was student number 87 and was two years his senior, while <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Imam" title="Abubakar Imam">Abubakar Imam</a> was a year ahead of him.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The college was several kilometers from Bauchi and was not close to a railway station nor other public transportation. During holidays, which was twice a year, Balewa trekked home, a journey of more than 400 kilometers. He trekked for 40 kilometers a day, before finding a resting place at a nearby village. In total, the journey took him 10 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katsina College had British <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> teachers, many of whom had been educated at leading British schools and then attended <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford Universities</a>. Students were taught in English, and speech was an important part of learning for the students. Apart from excellence in English, the school was also a training ground for teachers to be posted to the provincial and middle schools within the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Northern Region, Nigeria">Northern Provinces of Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balewa completed his five-year education in 1933 and returned to Bauchi to teach at Bauchi Middle School. He taught at the school and rose to become a senior schoolmaster. In 1941, he became acquainted with a young <a href="/wiki/Aminu_Kano" title="Aminu Kano">Aminu Kano</a>, who was posted to the school as a teacher. After a student unrest, investigations into student grievances indicted the headmaster, and in 1941 Balewa was nominated as the new headmaster.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, Balewa and some other educated teachers in the Northern Provinces were chosen to study abroad at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Education">Institute of Education</a>, which today forms part of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>. Upon returning to Nigeria, he became an Inspector of Schools for the colonial administration and later entered politics.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_activity">Early political activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was elected in 1946 to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Northern Region, Nigeria">Northern House of Assembly</a>, and to the Legislative Council in 1947. As a <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">legislator</a>, he was a vocal advocate of the rights of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a>. He supported hesitance by the North to become independent, based on the objection that the north and south regions were not on an equal footing. In the Northern Assembly, he sought more roles and responsibility in the Native Administration for the educated members of the emirates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Together with Alhaji Sir <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello" title="Ahmadu Bello">Ahmadu Bello</a>, who held the hereditary title of <i>Sardauna</i> of <a href="/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a>, they proposed the transformation of the cultural organization, Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa, which means <a href="/wiki/Northern_People%27s_Congress" title="Northern People's Congress">Northern People's Congress</a> (NPC) in English, to become a political platform for use as campaign platform during the elections of 1951. Balewa was elected vice president of the new party and subsequently resigned his post as headmaster of Bauchi Middle School. NPC won the plurality of votes to the regional House of Assembly in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_Crebolder_2_-_40_-_Independence_ceremony._Robertson_GG,_Princess_Alexandra,_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa,_President_-_Lagos,_Nigeria_-_October_1,_1960.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_Crebolder_2_-_40_-_Independence_ceremony._Robertson_GG%2C_Princess_Alexandra%2C_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%2C_President_-_Lagos%2C_Nigeria_-_October_1%2C_1960.tif/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_Crebolder_2_-_40_-_Independence_ceremony._Robertson_GG%2C_Princess_Alexandra%2C_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%2C_President_-_Lagos%2C_Nigeria_-_October_1%2C_1960.tif/lossy-page1-330px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_Crebolder_2_-_40_-_Independence_ceremony._Robertson_GG%2C_Princess_Alexandra%2C_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%2C_President_-_Lagos%2C_Nigeria_-_October_1%2C_1960.tif/lossy-page1-440px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Balewa (far right), with <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_The_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy" title="Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy">Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy</a>, for the proclamation of independence celebrations in Lagos.</figcaption></figure><p>Balewa was among the new legislators in <a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a>. Under a new constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Macpherson_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Macpherson Constitution">Macpherson Constitution</a> of 1951, an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a> system was implemented whereby, some regional legislators were elected to the Federal House of Representatives in Lagos, and among the federal legislators, three members from each region would be appointed federal ministers with portfolio. Balewa was among those nominated to Lagos and along with <a href="/wiki/Kashim_Ibrahim" title="Kashim Ibrahim">Kashim Ibrahim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Ribadu" title="Muhammadu Ribadu">Muhammadu Ribadu</a> were nominated to become ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_government">In government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balewa entered the government in 1952 as Minister of Works, and later served as Minister of Transport during a time Nigeria was moving towards <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-government</a>. During his tenure at the transport ministry, both the Marine and Railway departments were transformed to corporations and the designs for a bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a> and plans for the <a href="/wiki/Kainji_Dam" title="Kainji Dam">Kainji Dam</a> were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chief_minister_(1957–1960)"><span id="Chief_minister_.281957.E2.80.931960.29"></span>Chief minister (1957–1960)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chief minister (1957–1960)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1957, NPC won the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> of votes in the Federal House of Representatives and Balewa became the Chief Minister and designated Prime Minister. As part of his plans to unify the country towards the move for independence in 1960, he formed a coalition government between the <a href="/wiki/Northern_People%27s_Congress" title="Northern People's Congress">NPC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Nigeria_and_the_Cameroons" title="National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons">National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons</a> (NCNC), led by <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a> and also invited the <a href="/wiki/Action_Group_(Nigeria)" title="Action Group (Nigeria)">Action Group</a> (A.G.), the 1957 cabinet was constituted as an all party cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though, <a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a>, the leader of A.G. and premier of the Western region was skeptical of the plan,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the national executive committee of Action Group party endorsed the National Government and <a href="/wiki/Ayo_Rosiji" title="Ayo Rosiji">Ayo Rosiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Akintola" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Akintola">Samuel Akintola</a> were nominated by the party. During this period, Balewa developed a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/K._O._Mbadiwe" title="K. O. Mbadiwe">K.O. Mbadiwe</a> from NCNC and Akintola from AG.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_minister_(1960–1966)"><span id="Prime_minister_.281960.E2.80.931966.29"></span>Prime minister (1960–1966)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prime minister (1960–1966)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Cabinet of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa">Cabinet of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa,_Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria_(06).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria_%2806%29.jpg/220px-President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria_%2806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria_%2806%29.jpg/330px-President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria_%2806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria_%2806%29.jpg/440px-President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria_%2806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Balewa at the White House with <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President Kennedy</a>, 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>Balewa retained the post as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria" title="Prime Minister of Nigeria">Prime Minister of Nigeria</a> when Nigeria gained independence in 1960 and was reelected in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He announced independence in a motion to Parliament on 18 January 1959: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That this House authorizes the Government of the Federation of Nigeria to request <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom">Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom</a> as soon as practicable to introduce a legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom providing for the establishment of the Federation of Nigeria on October 1, 1960 as an Independent Sovereign State, and to request Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom at the appropriate time to support with the other Member Governments of the Commonwealth, Nigeria's desire to become a member of the Commonwealth. This is a great day for Nigeria. It marks the beginning of the last stage of our march toward independence and all of us who are here today should be thankful to Almighty God who has given us the opportunity to witness the events of this most memorable time.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, <i>Mr. Prime Minister: A Selection of Speeches Made by Alhaii the Right Honourable Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</i>, <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Republic">The Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nigeria adopted <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">a new constitution</a> in 1963 which abolished the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a> and the office of governor-general, with Nigeria becoming a <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">parliamentary republic within the Commonwealth</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President of Nigeria</a> and head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-onwuekwe_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onwuekwe-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_policy">Regional policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regional policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to Nigeria's independence, a constitutional conference<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1954 had adopted a regional political framework for the country, with all regions given a considerable amount of <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a>. The three regions then were composed of diverse <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">premiers</a> and some prominent leaders of the regions later took on a policy of guiding their regions against political encroachment from other regional leaders. Later on, this political environment influenced the Balewa administration. His term in office was turbulent, with regional <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factionalism</a> constantly threatening his government.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> charge and conviction against one of the western region's leaders, <a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Obafemi Awolowo</a>, led to protest and condemnation from many of his supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1965 election in the region later produced violent protests. Rioting and violence were soon synchronous with what was perceived as inordinate political encroachment and an over-exuberant election outcome for Awolowo's western opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, Balewa, from 1960 to 1961, doubled as Foreign Affairs advocate of Nigeria. In 1961, the Balewa government created an official Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Relations ministerial position in favour of <a href="/wiki/Jaja_Wachuku" title="Jaja Wachuku">Jaja Wachuku</a> who became, from 1961 to 1965, the first substantive Nigerian <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a> of Foreign Affairs and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> Relations, later called External Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week after taking office, he arrived in the United States on his first foreign visit to address the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, as Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, Balewa played important roles in the continent's formative <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">indigenous rule</a>. He was an important leader in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> and creating a cooperative relationship with <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/African_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="African countries">African countries</a>. He was also instrumental in negotiations between <a href="/wiki/Moise_Tshombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Moise Tshombe">Moise Tshombe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese</a> authorities during the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> of 1960–1964.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led a vocal protest against the <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpeville Massacre">Sharpeville Massacre</a> of 1960 and also entered into an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> ministers who wanted <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to leave the Commonwealth in 1961. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USNS_Kingsport_SYNCOM_Call_Kennedy-Balewa_July_1963.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USNS_Kingsport_SYNCOM_Call_Kennedy-Balewa_July_1963.png/220px-USNS_Kingsport_SYNCOM_Call_Kennedy-Balewa_July_1963.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USNS_Kingsport_SYNCOM_Call_Kennedy-Balewa_July_1963.png/330px-USNS_Kingsport_SYNCOM_Call_Kennedy-Balewa_July_1963.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USNS_Kingsport_SYNCOM_Call_Kennedy-Balewa_July_1963.png/440px-USNS_Kingsport_SYNCOM_Call_Kennedy-Balewa_July_1963.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Balewa (2nd from right) talks to President Kennedy on the first live broadcast via the SYNCOM satellite from Lagos.</figcaption></figure> <p>He visited the US in 1961 for eight days, four of which he spent in Washington at <a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a>. During his visit, he became the first Nigerian leader to address a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session of the United States Congress</a> and visited the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Islamic Center of Washington">Islamic Center of Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had an enormous amount of respect for President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, describing him, and his age in particular as "matured as that of any older statesman."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took part in the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Syncom#Syncom_2" title="Syncom">Syncom 2</a> NASA program, allowing him to phone for President Kennedy from the <a href="/wiki/USNS_Kingsport" title="USNS Kingsport">USNS Kingsport</a> docked at Lagos Harbor via the SYNCOM satellite on 23 August 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It marked the first live two-way call between heads of government by satellite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balewa, during his premiership, attached great importance to its Commonwealth membership, declaring in a UN speech, "we shall not forget our old friends."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Bloc">Eastern Bloc</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eastern Bloc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balewa had a pro-West orientation in his foreign policy, which represented for abhorrence to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> states. As a result, the circulation of communist literature in Nigeria was banned and students were discouraged from taking Soviet educational scholarship. Balewa had personally assured the British government "we shall use every means in our power to prevent the infiltration of communism and communist ideas into Nigeria." At one point, the Soviets were implicated in a plot to overthrow Balewa's government.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overthrow_and_murder">Overthrow and murder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Overthrow and murder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balewa was overthrown and murdered in a <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Nigerian coup d'état">military coup on 15 January 1966</a>, as were many other leaders, including his old companion Sir <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello" title="Ahmadu Bello">Ahmadu Bello</a>. The circumstances of his death still remain unresolved. His body was discovered at a roadside near <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> six days after he was ousted from office. Balewa was buried in <a href="/wiki/Bauchi" title="Bauchi">Bauchi</a>. News of his assassination spurred violent riots throughout <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nigeria">Northern Nigeria</a> and ultimately led to the bloody <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_counter-coup" title="1966 Nigerian counter-coup">counter-coup of July 1966</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%27s_Grave_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%27s_Grave_1.jpg/220px-Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%27s_Grave_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%27s_Grave_1.jpg/330px-Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%27s_Grave_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%27s_Grave_1.jpg/440px-Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa%27s_Grave_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_work">Literary work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literary work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933, Balewa wrote <i>Shaihu Umar</i>, a novella about a pious <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> in response to a request by Rupert East, the head of the colonial Translation Bureau, to promote <a href="/wiki/Hausa_literature" title="Hausa literature">Hausa literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shaihu Umar</i> was first published in 1934. An <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> translation by Mervyn Hiskett was published in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written in a prose homily structure,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a>, Shaihu Umar, recounts his events in his life's history. Events and themes in the novel deal with the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">trans-Saharan slave trade</a>, familial relationships and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> themes of submission to the will of God. <i>Shaihu Umar</i> was staged as a play in the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and filmed by Adamu Halilu in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigerian_institutions">Nigerian institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nigerian institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balewa advocated for the creation of a Nigerian Privy Council to domestically replace the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a> in a speech to the Legislative Council in April 1952. This was due to its judicial committee's seemingly insensitivities to regional differences in court cases.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tafawa_Balewa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tafawa_Balewa.jpg/220px-Tafawa_Balewa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tafawa_Balewa.jpg/330px-Tafawa_Balewa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tafawa_Balewa.jpg/440px-Tafawa_Balewa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Tafawa Balewa in Owerri <a href="/wiki/Imo_State" title="Imo State">Imo State</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1960, Balewa was knighted by Her Majesty Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as a Knight Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> in May 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also awarded an honorary doctorate of laws from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> in July 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balewa's portrait was placed on the 5 <a href="/wiki/Naira" class="mw-redirect" title="Naira">Naira</a> Note. The <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa_University" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University">Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sir_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa_Bauchi_State_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Bauchi State International Airport">Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Bauchi State International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bauchi" title="Bauchi">Bauchi</a> was named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balewa was described as modest and self-effacing.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his death, his major assets included his house in Bauchi and a 50-acre farm where he vacationed when he wanted to relax. The farm was located on the way to Tafawa Balewa village about nine miles outside Bauchi; many official decisions while in office were taken at the farm. Balewa was married to four women who bore him nineteen children.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balewa was buried in <a href="/wiki/Tafawa_Balewa%27s_tomb" title="Tafawa Balewa's tomb">Tafawa Balewa's tomb</a> at Bauchi.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa">Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_First_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian First Republic">Nigerian First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Cabinet of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa">Cabinet of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPost1963" class="citation web cs1">Post, Ken (18 December 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nksIAQAAIAAJ&q=abubakar+tafawa+balewa+constituency">"The Nigerian Federal Election of 1959: Politics and Administration in a Developing Political System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nigerian+Federal+Election+of+1959%3A+Politics+and+Administration+in+a+Developing+Political+System&rft.date=1963-12-18&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnksIAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dabubakar%2Btafawa%2Bbalewa%2Bconstituency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/people/460/abubakar-tafawa-balewa">"Abubakar Tafawa Balewa"</a>. <i>jfk.artifacts.archives.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jfk.artifacts.archives.gov&rft.atitle=Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjfk.artifacts.archives.gov%2Fpeople%2F460%2Fabubakar-tafawa-balewa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abubakar-Tafawa-Balewa">"Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa | prime minister of Nigeria"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sir+Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa+%7C+prime+minister+of+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAbubakar-Tafawa-Balewa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgunbadejo1988" class="citation journal cs1">Ogunbadejo, Oye (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/722811">"Nigerian-Soviet Relations, 1960-87"</a>. <i>African Affairs</i>. <b>87</b> (346): 83–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a098014">10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098014</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/722811">722811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=Nigerian-Soviet+Relations%2C+1960-87&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=346&rft.pages=83-104&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a098014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F722811%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ogunbadejo&rft.aufirst=Oye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F722811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abubakar-Tafawa-Balewa">"Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa | prime minister of Nigeria | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Sir+Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa+%7C+prime+minister+of+Nigeria+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAbubakar-Tafawa-Balewa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKperogi2016" class="citation web cs1">Kperogi, Farooq (22 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924071913/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/notes-from-atlanta/gere-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-s-real-ethnic-group/130284.html">"Gere: Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa's Real Ethnic Group"</a>. <i>Daily Trust</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/notes-from-atlanta/gere-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-s-real-ethnic-group/130284.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Trust&rft.atitle=Gere%3A+Sir+Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa%27s+Real+Ethnic+Group&rft.date=2016-01-22&rft.aulast=Kperogi&rft.aufirst=Farooq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytrust.com.ng%2Fnews%2Fnotes-from-atlanta%2Fgere-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-s-real-ethnic-group%2F130284.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmotola2017" class="citation web cs1">Omotola, Balogun (10 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diamondboatconsult.wordpress.com/2017/11/10/biography-of-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-kbe/">"BIOGRAPHY OF SIR ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA, KBE"</a>. <i>Diamond Boat Consult</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diamond+Boat+Consult&rft.atitle=BIOGRAPHY+OF+SIR+ABUBAKAR+TAFAWA+BALEWA%2C+KBE&rft.date=2017-11-10&rft.aulast=Omotola&rft.aufirst=Balogun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiamondboatconsult.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F11%2F10%2Fbiography-of-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-kbe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigeriaFederal_Department_of_Information1982" class="citation book cs1">Nigeria; Federal Department of Information (1982). <i>Nigerian heroes</i>. Lagos: Federal Dept. of Information. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18561384">18561384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigerian+heroes.&rft.place=Lagos&rft.pub=Federal+Dept.+of+Information&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18561384&rft.au=Nigeria&rft.au=Federal+Department+of+Information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkinbode2019" class="citation web cs1">Akinbode, Ayomide (21 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehistoryville.com/abubakar-tafawa-balewa-golden-voice-africa/">"Abubakar Tafawa Balewa: The Golden Voice of Africa"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa%3A+The+Golden+Voice+of+Africa&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.aulast=Akinbode&rft.aufirst=Ayomide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistoryville.com%2Fabubakar-tafawa-balewa-golden-voice-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSani.2006" class="citation book cs1">Sani., Umar, Muhammad (2006). <i>Islam and colonialism : intellectual responses of Muslims of Northern Nigeria to British colonial rule</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/900413946X" title="Special:BookSources/900413946X"><bdi>900413946X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62554253">62554253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+colonialism+%3A+intellectual+responses+of+Muslims+of+Northern+Nigeria+to+British+colonial+rule&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62554253&rft.isbn=900413946X&rft.aulast=Sani.&rft.aufirst=Umar%2C+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsmile2020" class="citation web cs1">smile (30 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glimpse.ng/sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa/">"SIR ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA"</a>. <i>Glimpse Nigeria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glimpse+Nigeria&rft.atitle=SIR+ABUBAKAR+TAFAWA+BALEWA&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft.au=smile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glimpse.ng%2Fsir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327172755/https://leonardschrader.com/n04zi/3570e3-achievements-of-sir-ahmadu-bello">"achievements of sir ahmadu bello"</a>. <i>leonardschrader.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardschrader.com/n04zi/3570e3-achievements-of-sir-ahmadu-bello">the original</a> on 27 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardschrader.com&rft.atitle=achievements+of+sir+ahmadu+bello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardschrader.com%2Fn04zi%2F3570e3-achievements-of-sir-ahmadu-bello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clearstoryusa.com/kathy-lette-ioi/is-tafawa-balewa-a-fulani-man-24c7f6">"is tafawa balewa a fulani man"</a>. <i>clearstoryusa.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clearstoryusa.com&rft.atitle=is+tafawa+balewa+a+fulani+man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclearstoryusa.com%2Fkathy-lette-ioi%2Fis-tafawa-balewa-a-fulani-man-24c7f6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politicalzone.ng/tag/tafawa-balewa/">"Tag: Tafawa Balewa"</a>. <i>Political Zone Nigeria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Political+Zone+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Tag%3A+Tafawa+Balewa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalzone.ng%2Ftag%2Ftafawa-balewa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://susanneo.com/4bon4sd3/bc8fb0-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-spouse">"abubakar tafawa balewa spouse"</a>. <i>susanneo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=susanneo.com&rft.atitle=abubakar+tafawa+balewa+spouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsusanneo.com%2F4bon4sd3%2Fbc8fb0-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-spouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.2014" class="citation book cs1">A., Joseph, Richard (6 February 2014). <i>Democracy and prebendal politics in Nigeria : the rise and fall of the Second Republic</i>. Cambridge. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107633537" title="Special:BookSources/9781107633537"><bdi>9781107633537</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864086426">864086426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+prebendal+politics+in+Nigeria+%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+the+Second+Republic&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864086426&rft.isbn=9781107633537&rft.aulast=A.&rft.aufirst=Joseph%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmar" class="citation web cs1">Umar, Fahad Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30824509">"Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa&rft.aulast=Umar&rft.aufirst=Fahad+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30824509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/teaching-resources-for-historians/teaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age/through-the-lens-of-history-biafra-nigeria-the-west-and-the-world/the-first-nigerian-republic-formation-and-operation/a-northern-nigerian-call-for-independence">"A Northern Nigerian Call for Independence | AHA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Northern+Nigerian+Call+for+Independence+%26%23124%3B+AHA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fteaching-and-learning%2Fteaching-resources-for-historians%2Fteaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age%2Fthrough-the-lens-of-history-biafra-nigeria-the-west-and-the-world%2Fthe-first-nigerian-republic-formation-and-operation%2Fa-northern-nigerian-call-for-independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onwuekwe-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onwuekwe_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChika_B._Onwuekwe2003" class="citation book cs1">Chika B. Onwuekwe (2003). "Constitutional Development, 1914–1960: British Legacy or Local Exigency?". In Adebayo Oyebade (ed.). <i>The Foundations of Nigeria: Essays in Honor of Toyin Falola</i>. Africa World Press. pp. 172–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59221-120-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59221-120-8"><bdi>1-59221-120-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Development%2C+1914%E2%80%931960%3A+British+Legacy+or+Local+Exigency%3F&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Nigeria%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Toyin+Falola&rft.pages=172-173&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59221-120-8&rft.au=Chika+B.+Onwuekwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3529&context=open_access_etds">"open_access_etds"</a>. <i>pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu&rft.atitle=open_access_etds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdxscholar.library.pdx.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3529%26context%3Dopen_access_etds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1954/feb/10/nigeria-constitutional-conference">"NIGERIA (CONSTITUTIONAL CONFERENCE) (Hansard, 10 February 1954)"</a>. <i>api.parliament.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=NIGERIA+%28CONSTITUTIONAL+CONFERENCE%29+%28Hansard%2C+10+February+1954%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1954%2Ffeb%2F10%2Fnigeria-constitutional-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsunnews2017" class="citation web cs1">sunnews (16 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnewsonline.com/accord-concondiale-the-continuous-search-for-nigerias-elusive-unity-10/">"Accord Concondiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity (10)"</a>. <i>The Sun Nigeria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Accord+Concondiale%3A+The+continuous+search+for+Nigeria%27s+elusive+unity+%2810%29&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.au=sunnews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnewsonline.com%2Faccord-concondiale-the-continuous-search-for-nigerias-elusive-unity-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Sharpeville-massacre">"Sharpeville massacre | Summary, Significance, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sharpeville+massacre+%7C+Summary%2C+Significance%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FSharpeville-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/150646-s-l-akintola-obafemi-awolowo-femi-fani-kayode.html?tztc=1">"Between S.L. Akintola and Obafemi Awolowo, By Femi Fani-Kayode"</a>. <i>www.premiumtimesng.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.premiumtimesng.com&rft.atitle=Between+S.L.+Akintola+and+Obafemi+Awolowo%2C+By+Femi+Fani-Kayode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fopinion%2F150646-s-l-akintola-obafemi-awolowo-femi-fani-kayode.html%3Ftztc%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigeria-consulate-frankfurt.de/English/MFA-Nigeria/mfa-nigeria.html">"MFA Nigeria"</a>. <i>www.nigeria-consulate-frankfurt.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nigeria-consulate-frankfurt.de&rft.atitle=MFA+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigeria-consulate-frankfurt.de%2FEnglish%2FMFA-Nigeria%2Fmfa-nigeria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdmin2013" class="citation web cs1">Admin, Web (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nigeriaunmission.org/maiden-speech-at-the-un/">"Maiden General Assembly Statement at the United Nations"</a>. <i>Permanent Mission of Nigeria to the United Nations, New York</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Permanent+Mission+of+Nigeria+to+the+United+Nations%2C+New+York&rft.atitle=Maiden+General+Assembly+Statement+at+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.aulast=Admin&rft.aufirst=Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnigeriaunmission.org%2Fmaiden-speech-at-the-un%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isnhof.org/">"Abubakar Tafawa Balewa"</a>. <i>Hall of Fame</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170524142024/http://isnhof.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isnhof.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKperogi" class="citation web cs1">Kperogi, Farooq A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2012/04/tafawa-balewas-electrifying-1961.html">"Tafawa Balewa's Electrifying 1961 American Visit"</a>. <i>Notes From Atlanta</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notes+From+Atlanta&rft.atitle=Tafawa+Balewa%27s+Electrifying+1961+American+Visit&rft.aulast=Kperogi&rft.aufirst=Farooq+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farooqkperogi.com%2F2012%2F04%2Ftafawa-balewas-electrifying-1961.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Balewa%2C%20Alhaji%20Sir%20Abubaker%20Tafawa/JFKOH-AB-01/JFKOH-AB-01-TR.pdf">"Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Oral History Interview – 5/7/1964"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alhaji+Sir+Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa%2C+Oral+History+Interview+%E2%80%93+5%2F7%2F1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchives%2FJFKOH%2FBalewa%252C%2520Alhaji%2520Sir%2520Abubaker%2520Tafawa%2FJFKOH-AB-01%2FJFKOH-AB-01-TR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lat_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVartabedian2013" class="citation news cs1">Vartabedian, Ralph (26 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-syncom-satellite-20130726-dto-htmlstory.html">"How a satellite called Syncom changed the world"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=How+a+satellite+called+Syncom+changed+the+world&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft.aulast=Vartabedian&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fla-na-syncom-satellite-20130726-dto-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207144926/https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/worlds-first-geosynchronous-satellite-launched/">"World's First Geosynchronous Satellite Launched"</a>. <i>History Channel</i>. Foxtel. 19 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/worlds-first-geosynchronous-satellite-launched/">the original</a> on 7 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Channel&rft.atitle=World%27s+First+Geosynchronous+Satellite+Launched&rft.date=2016-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historychannel.com.au%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fworlds-first-geosynchronous-satellite-launched%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHA/1963/JFKWHA-211-003/JFKWHA-211-003">"Conversation with the Prime Minister of Nigeria by means of the Syncom Communications Satellite, 23 August 1963 | JFK Library"</a>. <i>www.jfklibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jfklibrary.org&rft.atitle=Conversation+with+the+Prime+Minister+of+Nigeria+by+means+of+the+Syncom+Communications+Satellite%2C+23+August+1963+%7C+JFK+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fasset-viewer%2Farchives%2FJFKWHA%2F1963%2FJFKWHA-211-003%2FJFKWHA-211-003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1961/196101520134_p.%20134.pdf">"Constitution and Government"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+and+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww66.statcan.gc.ca%2Feng%2F1961%2F196101520134_p.%2520134.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmotuyi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Omotuyi, Sunday (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0973598418803526">"Russo/Nigerian Relations in the Context of Counterinsurgency Operation in Nigeria"</a>. <i>Jadavpur Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>23</b>: 48–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0973598418803526">10.1177/0973598418803526</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158967078">158967078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jadavpur+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Russo%2FNigerian+Relations+in+the+Context+of+Counterinsurgency+Operation+in+Nigeria&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=48-68&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0973598418803526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158967078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Omotuyi&rft.aufirst=Sunday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0973598418803526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБессмертная2000" class="citation journal cs1">Бессмертная, Olga Bessmertnaya-Ольга (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/562281">"A Hausa Author's Idea of Literature as an" about-face" response to the British literary challenge"</a>. <i>Multiculturalism & Hybridity in African ..</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Multiculturalism+%26+Hybridity+in+African+...&rft.atitle=A+Hausa+Author%27s+Idea+of+Literature+as+an%22+about-face%22+response+to+the+British+literary+challenge&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.aufirst=Olga+Bessmertnaya-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F562281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunwickFurniss1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hunwick, John O.; Furniss, Graham (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653240">"Mervyn Hiskett, 1920–1994"</a>. <i>Sudanic Africa</i>. <b>5</b>: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0803-0685">0803-0685</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653240">25653240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudanic+Africa&rft.atitle=Mervyn+Hiskett%2C+1920%E2%80%931994&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25653240%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0803-0685&rft.aulast=Hunwick&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rft.au=Furniss%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25653240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1977" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, E. (1 January 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jaas/12/1-4/article-p316_49.xml">"Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Shaihu Umar, (translated and edited by Mervyn Hiskett), Atlantic Highlands, N.J., Humanities Press, 1968, $ 1.00. (Longmans, 1967) Clement Agunwa, More Than Once, Humanities Press, 1968, $ 1.50. (Longmans, 1967) Duro Lapido, Wale Ogunyemi, Obotunde Ijimere, Three Nigerian Plays, (edited by Ulli Beier) Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, N.J., 1968, $ 1.25. (Longmans, 1967)"</a>. <i>Journal of Asian and African Studies</i>. <b>12</b> (1–4): 316–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852177X00495">10.1163/156852177X00495</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5217">1568-5217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Alhaji+Sir+Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa%2C+Shaihu+Umar%2C+%28translated+and+edited+by+Mervyn+Hiskett%29%2C+Atlantic+Highlands%2C+N.J.%2C+Humanities+Press%2C+1968%2C+%24+1.00.+%28Longmans%2C+1967%29+Clement+Agunwa%2C+More+Than+Once%2C+Humanities+Press%2C+1968%2C+%24+1.50.+%28Longmans%2C+1967%29+Duro+Lapido%2C+Wale+Ogunyemi%2C+Obotunde+Ijimere%2C+Three+Nigerian+Plays%2C+%28edited+by+Ulli+Beier%29+Humanities+Press%2C+Atlantic+Highlands%2C+N.J.%2C+1968%2C+%24+1.25.+%28Longmans%2C+1967%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=316-318&rft.date=1977-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852177X00495&rft.issn=1568-5217&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjaas%2F12%2F1-4%2Farticle-p316_49.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike, <i>Black African Cinema</i> (University of California Press, 2023), p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IMDb, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075207/">Shehu Umar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation1964" class="citation book cs1">Information, FEDERAL Ministry of (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/handle/20.500.14186/467"><i>Mr Prime Minister</i></a>. Federal Ministry of Information.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr+Prime+Minister&rft.pub=Federal+Ministry+of+Information&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Information&rft.aufirst=FEDERAL+Ministry+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng%2Fhandle%2F20.500.14186%2F467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaal2009" class="citation web cs1">Faal, Courtney (9 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/balewa-sir-abubakar-tafawa-1912-1966/">"Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (1912–1966) •"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa+%281912%E2%80%931966%29+%E2%80%A2&rft.date=2009-05-09&rft.aulast=Faal&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fglobal-african-history%2Fbalewa-sir-abubakar-tafawa-1912-1966%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytrust.com/tafawa-balewa-remembering-the-right-honourable-gentleman/">"Tafawa Balewa: Remembering the right honourable gentleman - Daily Trust"</a>. <i>dailytrust.com</i>. 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailytrust.com&rft.atitle=Tafawa+Balewa%3A+Remembering+the+right+honourable+gentleman+-+Daily+Trust&rft.date=2021-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytrust.com%2Ftafawa-balewa-remembering-the-right-honourable-gentleman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIII2022" class="citation web cs1">III, Editorial (17 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueprint.ng/nigeria-in-search-of-another-balewa/">"Nigeria in search of another Balewa"</a>. <i>Blueprint Newspapers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blueprint+Newspapers&rft.atitle=Nigeria+in+search+of+another+Balewa&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=III&rft.aufirst=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueprint.ng%2Fnigeria-in-search-of-another-balewa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121151/http://www.dailyadvent.com/index.php/2018/12/19/see-nigerias-ex-leader-buhari-is-being-compared-with/">"See Nigeria's ex-leader Buhari is being compared with – Daily Advent Nigeria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyadvent.com/index.php/2018/12/19/see-nigerias-ex-leader-buhari-is-being-compared-with/">the original</a> on 19 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=See+Nigeria%27s+ex-leader+Buhari+is+being+compared+with+%E2%80%93+Daily+Advent+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyadvent.com%2Findex.php%2F2018%2F12%2F19%2Fsee-nigerias-ex-leader-buhari-is-being-compared-with%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaster2021" class="citation web cs1">Master, NaijaBlog Talk Zone (1 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naijablog.ng/2021/02/01/see-all-assets-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-left-for-his-4-wives-and-19-children-photos/">"See All Assets Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa left for his 4 wives and 19 children (Photos)"</a>. <i>NaijaBlog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NaijaBlog&rft.atitle=See+All+Assets+Sir+Abubakar+Tafawa+Balewa+left+for+his+4+wives+and+19+children+%28Photos%29&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft.aulast=Master&rft.aufirst=NaijaBlog+Talk+Zone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaijablog.ng%2F2021%2F02%2F01%2Fsee-all-assets-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-left-for-his-4-wives-and-19-children-photos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytrust.com/my-husband-was-tricked-and-taken-away-by-his-orderly-late-tafawa-balewas-wife/">"My husband was tricked and taken away by his orderly – Late Tafawa Balewa's wife - Daily Trust"</a>. <i>dailytrust.com</i>. 15 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailytrust.com&rft.atitle=My+husband+was+tricked+and+taken+away+by+his+orderly+%E2%80%93+Late+Tafawa+Balewa%27s+wife+-+Daily+Trust&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytrust.com%2Fmy-husband-was-tricked-and-taken-away-by-his-orderly-late-tafawa-balewas-wife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/157168-6-must-see-places-bauchi.html">"Six must-see places in Bauchi | Premium Times Nigeria"</a>. 21 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+must-see+places+in+Bauchi+%7C+Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2F157168-6-must-see-places-bauchi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbubakar+Tafawa+Balewa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Kalu Ezera;, Constitutional Developments in Nigeria: An Analytical Study of Nigeria's Constitution-Making Developments and the Historical and Political Factors That Affected Constitutional Change, 1960</li> <li>James S. Olson, Robert S. Shadle; Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Greenwood Press, 1996</li> <li>B. I. C. Ijomah, <i>The Enigma of Nigerian Nationalism</i>, Edo State University Publishing House, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789782100139" title="Special:BookSources/9789782100139">9789782100139</a></li> <li>Alh. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa official visit to USA in 25–28 July 1961, YouTube.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335684#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008153299X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73848054">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/38118/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhMkT4krtwkTRjjmv4yVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131413589">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79069865">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885680p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885680p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35154887">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067487327">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810587038505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271066405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/844706">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032188536">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mc9t9k">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&oldid=1258430820">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&oldid=1258430820</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Category:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa">Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1912_births" title="Category:1912 births">1912 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1966_deaths" title="Category:1966 deaths">1966 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Bauchi_State" title="Category:People from Bauchi State">People from Bauchi State</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_Nigerian_politicians" title="Category:Assassinated Nigerian politicians">Assassinated Nigerian politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Prime ministers of Nigeria">Prime ministers of Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_ministers_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Foreign ministers of Nigeria">Foreign ministers of Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_ousted_by_a_coup" title="Category:Leaders ousted by a coup">Leaders ousted by a coup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_firearm_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Deaths by firearm in Nigeria">Deaths by firearm in Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_UCL_Institute_of_Education" title="Category:Alumni of the UCL Institute of Education">Alumni of the UCL Institute of Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_knights" title="Category:Nigerian knights">Nigerian knights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_Muslims" title="Category:Nigerian Muslims">Nigerian Muslims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_murdered_in_Nigeria" title="Category:People murdered in Nigeria">People murdered in Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_prime_ministers" title="Category:Assassinated prime ministers">Assassinated prime ministers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Nigerian_politicians" title="Category:20th-century Nigerian politicians">20th-century Nigerian politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_People%27s_Congress_politicians" title="Category:Northern People's Congress politicians">Northern People's Congress politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_in_Bauchi_State" title="Category:Burials in Bauchi State">Burials in Bauchi State</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_revolutionaries" title="Category:Nigerian revolutionaries">Nigerian revolutionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_colonial_Nigeria" title="Category:People from colonial Nigeria">People from colonial Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1966_murders_in_Nigeria" title="Category:1966 murders in Nigeria">1966 murders in Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_assassinated_in_the_1960s" title="Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1960s">Politicians assassinated in the 1960s</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Nigerian_English_from_April_2023" title="Category:Use Nigerian English from April 2023">Use Nigerian English from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Nigerian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Nigerian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Nigerian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2024">Use dmy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 18:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-4mft6","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.022","walltime":"1.242","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12683,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":128716,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11540,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":178852,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1136.832 1 -total"," 32.91% 374.171 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 31.26% 355.409 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.80% 236.406 34 Template:Cite_web"," 14.20% 161.476 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 9.31% 105.826 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.60% 97.797 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.28% 60.006 1 Template:Birth_date"," 5.11% 58.132 1 Template:Country2nationality"," 4.74% 53.842 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.603","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10305717,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5w7wd","timestamp":"20241122142930","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Abubakar Tafawa Balewa","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q335684","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q335684","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-23T15:55:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T18:09:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/Tafawa_Balewa_in_office_02.jpg","headline":"Nigerian politician (1912-1966)"}</script> </body> </html>