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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definizioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definizioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definizioak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definizioak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Definizioak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definizioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Platon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Platon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makiavelo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makiavelo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Makiavelo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makiavelo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hobbes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hobbes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hobbes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hobbes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hannah_Arendt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hannah_Arendt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hannah Arendt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hannah_Arendt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jule_Goikoetxea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jule_Goikoetxea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Jule Goikoetxea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jule_Goikoetxea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theda_Skocpol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theda_Skocpol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Theda Skocpol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theda_Skocpol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estatuaren_sorrerarako_teoriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estatuaren_sorrerarako_teoriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Estatuaren sorrerarako teoriak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Estatuaren_sorrerarako_teoriak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Estatuaren sorrerarako teoriak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Estatuaren_sorrerarako_teoriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lehengo_estatuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lehengo_estatuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lehengo estatuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lehengo_estatuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estatu_modernoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estatu_modernoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Estatu modernoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estatu_modernoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estatuaren_formakuntza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estatuaren_formakuntza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Estatuaren formakuntza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estatuaren_formakuntza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estatu_motak_eta_formak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estatu_motak_eta_formak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Estatu motak eta formak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Estatu_motak_eta_formak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Estatu motak eta formak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Estatu_motak_eta_formak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estatu_unitarioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estatu_unitarioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Estatu unitarioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estatu_unitarioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estatu_konplexua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estatu_konplexua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Estatu konplexua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estatu_konplexua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kritika_estatuari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kritika_estatuari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kritika estatuari</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kritika_estatuari-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Kritika estatuari azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kritika_estatuari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ikuspegi_marxista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikuspegi_marxista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ikuspegi marxista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikuspegi_marxista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikuspegi_anarkista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikuspegi_anarkista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ikuspegi anarkista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikuspegi_anarkista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikuspegi_liberala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikuspegi_liberala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Ikuspegi liberala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikuspegi_liberala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Estatu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 181 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-181" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">181 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B5" title="አገር ግዛት – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አገር ግዛት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau" title="Estau – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دولة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܐܬܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܬܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دولة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دولة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="دوله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u" title="Estáu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8A" title="Пачалихъ – avarera" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Пачалихъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Dövlət – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دؤولت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤولت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Дәүләт – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дәүләт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoot" title="Stoot – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stoot" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valst%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Valstībė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Valstībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дзяржава – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дзяржава – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri" title="Negeri – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Negeri" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Държава – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="রাষ্ট্র – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাষ্ট্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Estat (política) – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat (política)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Пачхьалкх – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пачхьалкх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA" title="دەوڵەت – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەوڵەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1t" title="Stát – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stw%C3%B2" title="Państwò – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Państwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Патшалăх – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Патшалăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwladwriaeth" title="Gwladwriaeth – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwladwriaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlete" title="Dewlete – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dewlete" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – behe-sorabiera" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="behe-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κράτος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity) – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="State (polity)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctato" title="Ŝtato – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riik" title="Riik – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau" title="Estau – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estau" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دولت – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtio" title="Valtio – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riik" title="Riik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Riik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat" title="État – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoot" title="Stoot – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stoot" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A2t" title="Stât – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Stât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steat" title="Steat – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Steat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1t_(polait%C3%AD)" title="Stát (polaití) – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stát (polaití)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ta" title="Léta – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léta" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3" title="Tetã – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara – gorontaloera" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontaloera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaha" title="Jaha – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jaha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moku%CA%BB%C4%81ina" title="Mokuʻāina – hawaiiera" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mokuʻāina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מדינה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/State" title="State – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="State" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – goi-sorabiera" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="goi-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta" title="Eta – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eta" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llam" title="Állam – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պետություն – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_(pemerintahan)" title="Negara (pemerintahan) – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara (pemerintahan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Паччахьалкхе – ingushera" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Паччахьалкхе" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingushera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADki" title="Ríki – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="სახელმწიფო – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახელმწიფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1mleket" title="Mámleket – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mámleket" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awanak" title="Awanak – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Awanak" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Къэрал – kabardiera" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къэрал" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewiya%C9%A3_%C9%9Bja%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мемлекет – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мемлекет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B" title="រដ្ឋ – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រដ្ឋ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="국가 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Канму – komi-permyakera" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Канму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permyakera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кърал – karachayera-balkarera" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кърал" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachayera-balkarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="رِیاسَتھ – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رِیاسَتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlet" title="Dewlet – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dewlet" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Канму – komiera" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Канму" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мамлекет – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мамлекет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Civitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staot" title="Staot – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staot" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – lombardiera" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%A1" title="Letá – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Letá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ລັດ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valstyb%C4%97" title="Valstybė – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valstybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsts" title="Valsts – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Negara" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кирдемасторсь – mokxera" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кирдемасторсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjakana" title="Fanjakana – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanjakana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Кугыжаныш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кугыжаныш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Држава – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Држава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രാഷ്ട്രം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാഷ്ട്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Улс – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_(politik)" title="Negara (politik) – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara (politik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stado" title="Stado – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stado" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кирдимастор – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кирдимастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – napoliera" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staot" title="Staot – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Staot" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat_(politiek)" title="Staat (politiek) – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staat (politiek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat" title="État – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="État" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat" title="Estat – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Паддзахад – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Паддзахад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_(%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7)" title="ਰਾਜ (ਰਾਜ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ) – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਜ (ਰਾਜ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_(politica)" title="Estado (politica) – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Estado (politica)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ریاست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κράτος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دولت – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دولت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_llaqta" title="Mama llaqta – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mama llaqta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadi" title="Stadi – erretorromaniera" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Stadi" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="erretorromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Государство – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Штат – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Штат" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB" title="Ил – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ил" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istadu" title="Istadu – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istadu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="رياست – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رياست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA)" title="රාජ්‍යය (ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමය) – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාජ්‍යය (ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/State" title="State – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="State" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C3%A1t" title="Štát – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat%C3%A2" title="Staatâ – Inariko samiera" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Staatâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inariko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlad" title="Dowlad – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dowlad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shteti" title="Shteti – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Држава – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola" title="Dola – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dola" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo – silesiera" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Państwo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="அரசு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Давлат – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="รัฐ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantri" title="Kantri – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kantri" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet" title="Devlet – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiko" title="Tiko – tsongera" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Tiko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsongera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Дәүләт – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дәүләт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Күрүне – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Күрүне" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Кун – udmurtera" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кун" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Держава – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ریاست – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davlat" title="Davlat – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Davlat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdkund" title="Valdkund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Valdkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Nhà nước – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ew" title="Réew – wolofera" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réew" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolofera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%EF%BC%89" title="国（政治） – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国（政治）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AC%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="სახენწჷფო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სახენწჷფო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מדינה – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מדינה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Land" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%BD" title="ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ – amazigera estandarra" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazigera estandarra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94)" title="國 (政治實體) – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國 (政治實體)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" title="國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-kok" title="Pang-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pang-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" title="國 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7275#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Estatu" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Estatu" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Estatu"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Estatu"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Estatu" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Estatu" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&oldid=10119426" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Estatu&id=10119426&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEstatu"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEstatu"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Estatu"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Estatu&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7275" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-1-Wikipedia10000" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_guztiek_izan_beharreko_artikuluen_zerrenda/3._maila" title="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" 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.sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#DDCCAA; padding-bottom:0; font-size:180%; font-weight: normal;">Politika</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Botereak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botere_betearazle" title="Botere betearazle">Betearazlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botere_legegile" title="Botere legegile">Legegilea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botere_judizial" title="Botere judizial">Judiziala</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Gobernu motak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarkia" title="Monarkia">Monarkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errepublika" title="Errepublika">Errepublika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarkia" title="Anarkia">Anarkia</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Erregimen eta sistemak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlamentarismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlamentarismo">Parlamentarismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidentzialismo" title="Presidentzialismo">Presidentzialismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demokrazia" title="Demokrazia">Demokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotismo" title="Despotismo">Despotismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diktadura" title="Diktadura">Diktadura</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Junta_militar" title="Junta militar">Junta militarra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolutismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolutismo">Absolutismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoritarismo" title="Autoritarismo">Autoritarismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erregeordetza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erregeordetza (sortu gabe)">Erregeordetza</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Botere motak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristokrazia" title="Aristokrazia">Aristokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autokrazia" title="Autokrazia">Autokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burokrazia" title="Burokrazia">Burokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudillismo" title="Caudillismo">Caudillismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazikismo" title="Kazikismo">Kazikismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptokrazia" title="Kleptokrazia">Kleptokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koronelismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koronelismo (sortu gabe)">Koronelismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korporatibismo" title="Korporatibismo">Korporatibismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korporokrazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korporokrazia (sortu gabe)">Korporokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demagogia" title="Demagogia">Demagogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritokrazia" title="Meritokrazia">Meritokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minarkia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minarkia (sortu gabe)">Minarkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklokrazia" title="Oklokrazia">Oklokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarkia" title="Oligarkia">Oligarkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutokrazia" title="Plutokrazia">Plutokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soziokrazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soziokrazia (sortu gabe)">Soziokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknokrazia" title="Teknokrazia">Teknokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teokrazia" title="Teokrazia">Teokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo">Nepotismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisioloxismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisioloxismo (sortu gabe)">Fisioloxismoa</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Estatu motak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiri-estatu" title="Hiri-estatu">Hiri-estatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonia_(politika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolonia (politika)">Kolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfederazio" title="Konfederazio">Konfederazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazio" title="Federazio">Federazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inperio" title="Inperio">Inperioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printzerri" title="Printzerri">Printzerria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protektoratu" title="Protektoratu">Protektoratua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarkia" title="Monarkia">Monarkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errepublika" title="Errepublika">Errepublika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errepublika_federal" title="Errepublika federal">Errepublika federala</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Kontzeptuak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktibismo" title="Aktibismo">Aktibismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltzar" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Biltzar">Biltzarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustelkeri_politiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustelkeri politiko">Ustelkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dotrina">Dotrina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobernu" title="Gobernu">Gobernua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonia" title="Hegemonia">Hegemonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia">Ideologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legegintzaldi" title="Legegintzaldi">Legegintzaldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askatasun" title="Askatasun">Askatasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazio" title="Nazio">Nazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alderdi_politiko" title="Alderdi politiko">Alderdi politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberri" title="Aberri">Aberria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legebiltzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Legebiltzar">Legebiltzarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subiranotasun" class="mw-redirect" title="Subiranotasun">Subiranotasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirania">Tirania</a></li> <li><a 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title="Departamendu">Departamendua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskualde" title="Eskualde">Eskualdea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barruti" title="Barruti">Barrutia</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Kargu eta postuak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantzelari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantzelari">Kantzelaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailburu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sailburu (sortu gabe)">Sailburua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinegotzi" title="Zinegotzi">Zinegotzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diputatu" title="Diputatu">Diputatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diktadore" title="Diktadore">Diktadorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkate" title="Alkate">Alkatea</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Filosofia_politiko" title="Filosofia politiko">Filosofia politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_politiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia politiko (sortu gabe)">Historia politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapolitika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapolitika (sortu gabe)">Metapolitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politika_internazional" class="mw-redirect" title="Politika internazional">Politika internazionala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_politiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria politiko (sortu gabe)">Teoria politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitika" title="Geopolitika">Geopolitika</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Ideologiak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezker_politiko" title="Ezker politiko">Ezker politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskuin_politiko" title="Eskuin politiko">Eskuin politikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlismo" title="Karlismo">Karlismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo">Komunismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faxismo" title="Faxismo">Faxismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo">Liberalismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populismo" title="Populismo">Populismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozialdemokrazia" title="Sozialdemokrazia">Sozialdemokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozialismo" title="Sozialismo">Sozialismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristau_demokrazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristau demokrazia">Kristau demokrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianismo" title="Libertarianismo">Libertarianismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo">Humanismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentrismo" title="Zentrismo">Zentrismoa</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid grey; background:#EEE8AA; padding: 2px;">Jokabideak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klientelismo_(politika)" title="Klientelismo (politika)">Klientelismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinismo" title="Chauvinismo">Chauvinismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolektibismo" title="Kolektibismo">Kolektibismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonialismo" title="Kolonialismo">Kolonialismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontserbadorismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontserbadorismo">Kontserbadorismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitismo" title="Elitismo">Elitismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inperialismo" title="Inperialismo">Inperialismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-inperialismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-inperialismo">Neo-inperialismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbentzionismo_(politika)" title="Interbentzionismo (politika)">Interbentzionismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolazionismo" title="Isolazionismo">Isolazionismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazionalismo" title="Nazionalismo">Nazionalismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurkakotasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurkakotasun (sortu gabe)">Aurkakotasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakezaletasun" title="Bakezaletasun">Bakezaletasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erradikalismo" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Erradikalismo">Erradikalismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatismo" title="Separatismo">Separatismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradizionalismo_katoliko" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradizionalismo katoliko">Tradizionalismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alderdi-aniztasun" title="Alderdi-aniztasun">Alderdi-aniztasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alderdi-bitasun" title="Alderdi-bitasun">Alderdi-bitasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alderdi-bakartasun" title="Alderdi-bakartasun">Alderdi-bakartasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstentzio" title="Abstentzio">Abstentzioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnistia" title="Amnistia">Amnistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desobedientzia_zibil" title="Desobedientzia zibil">Desobedientzia zibila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disidentzia" title="Disidentzia">Disidentzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kultura-aniztasun" title="Kultura-aniztasun">Kultura-aniztasuna</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9235565">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Politika_aurkibidea" title="Txantiloi:Politika aurkibidea"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi_eztabaida:Politika_aurkibidea" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Politika aurkibidea"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Politika_aurkibidea&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Estatua</b> unitate politiko beregaina eta burujabea den <a href="/wiki/Nazio" title="Nazio">nazioa</a>, nazio zatia edo nazio multzoa da; unitate horretan, aginpidea gauzatzen duten erakundeen multzoa<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Estatuaren definizioak eztabaidagarriak dira<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECudworth20071_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECudworth20071-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow19939-10_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow19939-10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Oso erabilia den definizio bat <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> soziologoarengandik dator: «estatua indarkeriaren legezko erabilerari buruzko monopolioa mantentzen duen erakundea da», nahiz eta beste definizio batzuk komunak izan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECudworth200795_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECudworth200795-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmon200854_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon200854-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Estaturik ez egoteak ez du gizarte bat existitzea eragozten, hala nola estaturik gabeko <a href="/wiki/Irokes" title="Irokes">Haudenosaunee Konfederazioa</a>, erakunde edo rol hutsak edo politikoak ere ez dituena<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Estatu baten gobernantza maila, estatu garaikideen oinarrizko aparatua gobernuak osatzen duela kontuan hartuta<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, erabiltzen da porrot egin ote duen zehazteko<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Hala ere, autoreen arabera, definizioa aldatu egiten da. Oro har, <a href="/wiki/Gizarte" title="Gizarte">gizarte</a> baten arauak ezartzeko agintea eta ahalmena dituzten erakundeen multzoa da, lurralde jakin baten barneko eta kanpoko burujabetasuna dituena. Estatu izateko, hiru ezaugarri bete behar dira: lurraldea izatea, lurralde horrek biztanleria izatea, eta gobernatzeko subiranotasuna. Gainera, beste estatuen onarpena garrantzitsua da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> baroiaren garaietatik, estatuak hiru botereak —<a href="/wiki/Botere_legegile" title="Botere legegile">legegilea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botere_judizial" title="Botere judizial">judiziala</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Botere_betearazle" title="Botere betearazle">betearazlea</a>— eta legez bortizkeriaren erabilpenaren monopolioa dituzten erakunde politikoak direla esaten da. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Etimologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estatu hitza eta bere antzekoak Europako beste hizkuntza batzuetan (estadua euskaraz, estato italieraz, estado gaztelaniaz eta portugesez, état frantsesez, staat alemanez), azken batean, latinezko <i>status</i> hitzetik datoz, <i>baldintza, zirkunstantzia</i> esan nahi duelarik. Latinezko <i>status</i> hitza zutik egotetik, izatetik, edo irautetik dator, horrela entitate politikoaren konnotazio sakratua edo magikoa emanez. </p><p><a href="/wiki/XIV._mendea" title="XIV. mendea">XIV. mendean</a>, Europan erromatar zuzenbidea berpiztearekin batera, terminoa pertsonen (hala nola <i>erresumaren ondare</i> desberdinak, nobleak, erkideak eta elizgizonak) eta, bereziki, erregearen estatutu bereziaren euskarri juridikoa aipatzera pasatu zen. Estamenturik handienak, gehienetan (aberastasun eta gizarte-maila handiena zutenak), boterea zutenak ziren. Hitzak, gainera, erromatar ideiekin (<a href="/wiki/Zizeron" title="Zizeron">Zizeronen</a> garaikoak) bat egiten zuen: <i>status rei publicae</i> (arazo publikoen egoera). Denboraren poderioz, hitzak gizarte-talde partikularren aipamena galdu zuen, eta gizarte osoaren ordenamendu juridikoarekin eta hura betearazteko tresnekin lotu zen<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Makiavelo" title="Nikolas Makiavelo">Makiaveloren</a> <a href="/wiki/XVI._mendea" title="XVI. mendea">XVI. mende</a> hasierako lanek (batez ere <i>Printzeak</i>) funtsezko zeregina izan zuten <i>estatu</i> hitzaren erabilera bere zentzu modernoaren antzeko zerbaitetan jendarteratzeko<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Eliza eta estatuaren arteko aldia, oraindik ere, <a href="/wiki/XVI._mendea" title="XVI. mendea">XVI. mendekoa</a> da. Ipar Ameriketako koloniek, jada 1630eko hamarkadan, <i>Estatu</i> bezala definitzen zuten beren burua. <i>L 'Etat, c' est moi</i> (Estatua neu naiz) <a href="/wiki/Luis_XIV.a_Borboikoa" title="Luis XIV.a Borboikoa">Luis XIV.ari</a> egozten zaion esamoldea, beharbada apokrifoa, <a href="/wiki/XVIII._mendea" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendearen</a> amaieran agertzen da<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definizioak">Definizioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Definizioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Definizioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platon">Platon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Platon»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Platon"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg/176px-Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg/265px-Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg/353px-Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Platonen bustoa. Pio-Clementino del Vaticano museoan aurkituko duguna.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platonek</a>, gizakia izaki sozial bat den heinean, perfekzioa lortzeko bide bakarra komunitatean izango dela zeritzon. Gizarte bakoitzaren bertuteak bateratzeko gai den erakunde bakarra estatua da. Platonen estatuaren idealaren egituraketa, antropologian oinarritzen da: <a href="/wiki/Filosofo" title="Filosofo">filosofo</a> <a href="/wiki/Greziar" title="Greziar">greziarraren</a> ustez, hiru <a href="/wiki/Arima" title="Arima">arimaz</a> osatuta gaude: <a href="/wiki/Arrazionalismo_(filosofia)" title="Arrazionalismo (filosofia)">arrazionala</a>, suminezkoa eta irritsezkoa, baina, bakoitzean, hiru arima horietako bat nagusitzen da. Hortaz, nagusitzen den arima mota horren arabera hartu beharko luke lekua gizartean. Antzematen zaionez, Platon espezializazioaren alde dago; beraz, Platonen estatu ideala ere, espezializazioan oinarritutako estatua da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makiavelo">Makiavelo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Makiavelo»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Makiavelo"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Makiavelo" title="Nikolas Makiavelo">Makiavelo</a> zientzia politiko modernoaren aitatzat hartzen da, eta gaur egun ezagutzen dugun estatuari buruz hausnartu zuen lehena da. Makiavelok <a href="/wiki/Medici_familia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici familia">Medici familiari</a> zuzendutako gomendio liburu batean laburbildu zuen bere pentsamendu osoa: <i><a href="/wiki/Printzea" title="Printzea">Printzea</a></i>. Italiar pentsalariak ezkortasun antropologikoan sinesten du, hau da, gizakia berez gaiztoa eta berekoia dela eta bere interesen arabera jokatzen duela. Bidezko gizarte-ordena eraikitzeko eta horren kontra egiten dutenei aurre egiteko bide bakarra <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moralitate</a> gabeko printze batek gobernatutako estatua da.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estatu indartsu batek soilik lortuko du printzearen xedea, hots, herritarren zoriontasuna. Estatu indartsu hori eraikitzeko eta mantentzeko, bide guztiak zilegi dira, baita krudelkeria eta iruzurrak ere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hobbes">Hobbes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hobbes»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Hobbes"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Leviathan_hobbes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leviathan_hobbes.jpg/250px-Leviathan_hobbes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leviathan_hobbes.jpg/330px-Leviathan_hobbes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leviathan_hobbes.jpg/500px-Leviathan_hobbes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Leviathan, Thomas Hobbesek 1651 argitaratutako liburua.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> mundu <a href="/wiki/Anglosaxoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglosaxoi">anglosaxoian</a> filosofo politikorik handienetakoa da, eta, pentsamendu politikoaren historian, eragin handiena izan dutenetakoa. Bere estatu idealaren proposamena <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(liburua)" title="Leviathan (liburua)">Leviathan</a></i> liburuan laburbildu zuen. Horrek bi egoera azaltzen zituen natura egoera (egoera aurrepolitikoa), non ez zegoen ezer ziurtatuta; hau da, gatazka egoera zen. Gatazka egoera hori gainditzean, lege naturalen eta estatuaren egoeran egongo ginateke. Egoera horretan, herritar bakoitzak norbaiten esku utziko du bere segurtasuna, aniztasunetik bakartasunera pasatuz. Estatuak hartuko du bere gain mendean duen gizartea defendatzea. Beraz, estatuaren papera herritarrak gatazketatik defendatzea da, eta, beraz, soberanoa da; estatua da indarraren erabiltzaile legitimo bakarra, bai bere burua defendatzeko, bai ondasunak defendatzeko, adibidez, botereari eustea.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hannah_Arendt">Hannah Arendt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hannah Arendt»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Hannah Arendt"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> <a href="/wiki/XX._mendea" title="XX. mendea">XX. mendeko</a> eragin handiko filosofo alemaniarra izan zen. Haren ustez, gizakion jomuga askatasuna da. Askatasunak zentzu askotan uler daitekeela zioen, baina, beti, estatuari lotuta. Ideia hori <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Greziako</a> filosofoengandik hartu zuen, haiek <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polisetan</a> biltzen zirenean lortzen baitzuten benetako askatasuna. Beraz, estatuaren joera askatasuna da, eta, aitzitik, benetako askatasuna esfera politikoan soilik aurkituko dugu. Baina estatua gizakiaren izaera eta interesak arbuiatzen dituenean eta gobernuaren interesak lortzeko bide mekanismotzat erabiltzen badu gizakia, estatu hori estatu totalitarioa da, estatuak sistema axiologiko baten bitartez lortu behar duelako gizartearen ongizatea<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jule_Goikoetxea">Jule Goikoetxea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jule Goikoetxea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Jule Goikoetxea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jule_Goikoetxea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jule Goikoetxea">Jule Goikoetxea</a> Euskal Herriko egungo filosofo politiko eta aktibista-feminista garrantzitsuenetako bat da. Asko jardun du gaur egungo estatuari buruz, estatua ez dela desagertzen ari deritzo, baizik eta sistemak aldaketa bat izan duela autoritarismo liberala eta patriarkalean ongi errotzeko eta haien mesedetara jarduteko. Prozesu horretan, hiritarrek eta herriak berak zuen subiranotasunaren gaitasuna murriztuz eta murriztuz joan da subiranotasuna enpresa pribatuen zein <a href="/wiki/Lobby" title="Lobby">lobbyen</a> eskuetan geratu arte. <a href="/wiki/Globalizazio" title="Globalizazio">Globalizazioak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Europar_Batasuna" title="Europar Batasuna">Europar Batasunak</a> zeresan handia dute prozesu horretan, izan ere, erabaki publikoaren pribatizazioa ekarri baitute. Azken finean, globalizazioa demokraziaren pribatizatzea da.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theda_Skocpol">Theda Skocpol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Theda Skocpol»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Theda Skocpol"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theda_Skocpol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theda Skocpol (sortu gabe)">Theda Skocpol</a> estatubatuarra egungo soziologorik adierazgarrienetako bat da. Hainbat lan argitaratu ditu; garrantzitsuena, <i>States and Social Revolutions</i> (1979) da, hamaika hizkuntzatara itzulia. Lan horretan, <a href="/wiki/Errusia" title="Errusia">Errusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantzian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinan</a> gertatutako iraultza sozialak alderatu ditu<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Estatuen arteko desberdintasunez ere jardun da; bi desberdintasun daudela dio estatubatuar soziologoak: alde batetik, estatuen boterea nazioarte mailan, eta, bestetik, estatu horiek esparru nazionalean duten gaitasuna. Bigarren desberdintasuna alderatzea zailagoa dela nabaria da; horretarako, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weberren</a> filosofoa oinarri hartuta, <a href="/wiki/Legitimitate_(zuzenbide_zibila)" title="Legitimitate (zuzenbide zibila)">legitimitatea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomia_(psikologia_eta_filosofia)" title="Autonomia (psikologia eta filosofia)">autonomia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gaitasun_(zuzenbidea)" title="Gaitasun (zuzenbidea)">gaitasuna</a> kontzeptuak alderatu behar zirela adierazi zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estatuaren lehen formak boterea modu iraunkorrean zentralizatzea posible izan zen guztietan sortu ziren. Estatuak osatzeko, nekazaritza eta biztanleria finkatzea beharrezko baldintzatzat jo izan dira<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nekazaritza-mota batzuk estatua eratzeko aproposagoak dira, esaterako, aleak (<a href="/wiki/Gari" title="Gari">garia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garagar" title="Garagar">garagarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artatxiki" title="Artatxiki">artatxikia</a>), ekoizpen, <a href="/wiki/Zerga" title="Zerga">zerga</a> eta biltegiratze kontzentraziorako egokiak direlako<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Nekazaritza" title="Nekazaritza">Nekazaritza</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Idazkera_sistema" title="Idazkera sistema">idazkera</a>, ia nonahi, prozesu honekin lotzen dira, nekazaritzak bere biziraupenerako denbora gehiena eman behar ez zuen gizarte-klase bat agertzea ahalbidetu zuelako, eta idazkerak (edo idazkeraren baliokide bat, esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Inka_Inperioa" title="Inka Inperioa">Inka</a> <a href="/wiki/Kipu" title="Kipu">kipu</a>) funtsezko informazioaren zentralizazioa posible egin zuelako<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Burokratizazioak posible egin zuen lurralde handietan hedatzea<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ezagutzen diren lehen estatuak <a href="/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto">Egipton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerika" title="Mesoamerika">Mesoamerikan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Andeak" title="Andeak">Andeetan</a> sortu ziren. <a href="/wiki/Aro_Modernoa" title="Aro Modernoa">Aro moderno</a> samarretan baino ez dituzte estatuek ia erabat desplazatu <a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurra</a> osoko gizarteen antolakuntza politikorako <i>estaturik gabeko</i> forma alternatiboak. <a href="/wiki/Ehiztari-biltzaileak" title="Ehiztari-biltzaileak">Ehiztari-biltzaileen</a> tribu ibiltariak eta <a href="/wiki/Abeltzaintza" title="Abeltzaintza">abeltzaintzan</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Nekazaritza" title="Nekazaritza">nekazaritzan</a> oinarritutako <a href="/wiki/Tribu" title="Tribu">tribu-sozietate</a> nahiko handi eta konplexuak ere egon dira denbora osoko estatu-antolakuntza espezializaturik gabe, eta <i>estaturik gabeko</i> antolakuntza politiko horiek, izan ere, <a href="/wiki/Historiaurrea" title="Historiaurrea">historiaurre</a> osoan, <a href="/wiki/Historia_unibertsala" title="Historia unibertsala">giza historian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zibilizazio" title="Zibilizazio">zibilizazioaren</a> zati handi batean nagusitu dira. </p><p>Estatuarekin lehiatzen ziren lehen antolamendu-formak erlijio-erakundeak (Eliza) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiri-errepublika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiri-errepublika (sortu gabe)">hiri-errepublikak</a> ziren<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/XIX._mendea" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendearen</a> amaieratik, munduko bizitzeko lurra ia osorik estatu ezberdinek erreklamatutako muga, gutxi-asko, zehatzak dituzten eremuetan banatu da. Lehen, lur-eremu nahiko handiak erreklamatugabeak edo bizigabeak ziren, edo estatu gisa antolatugabeak ziren herri <a href="/wiki/Nomada" title="Nomada">nomadak</a> bizi ziren. Hala ere, gaur egungo estatuetan ere, <a href="/wiki/Basamortu" title="Basamortu">basamortu</a> eremu zabalak daude, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Amazonia" title="Amazonia">Amazoniako</a> <a href="/wiki/Oihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oihan">oihana</a> eta beste batzuk, <a href="/wiki/Indigena" title="Indigena">indigenak</a> bakarrik (eta haietako batzuk inolako harremanik gabe) bizi direnak edo, gehienetan, hutsik daudenak. Era berean, <i>porrot egindako estatuak</i> deitzen direnak ere badaude, <i>de facto</i> erreklamatutako lurralde guztiaren gaineko kontrolik ez dutenak edo kontrol hori zalantzan jartzen direnak. Gaur egun, nazioarteko komunitateak 200 <a href="/wiki/Estatu_burujabe" title="Estatu burujabe">estatu burujabe</a> inguru ditu, eta horietako gehienak <a href="/wiki/Nazio_Batuen_Erakundea" title="Nazio Batuen Erakundea">Nazio Batuen Erakundean</a> ordezkatuta daude. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estatuaren_sorrerarako_teoriak">Estatuaren sorrerarako teoriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Estatuaren sorrerarako teoriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Estatuaren sorrerarako teoriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lehengo_estatuak">Lehengo estatuak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lehengo estatuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Lehengo estatuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lehengo estatuen sorrerarako teoriek <a href="/wiki/Zereal" title="Zereal">zereal</a> <a href="/wiki/Nekazaritza" title="Nekazaritza">nekazaritza</a> eta populazio finkatuak azpimarratzen dituzte beharrezko baldintza gisa<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Batzuen ustez, <a href="/wiki/Klima_aldaketa" title="Klima aldaketa">klima-aldaketak</a> giza populazioen kontzentrazio handiagoa ekarri zuen gero eta murritzagoak ziren ur-ibilbide ingurura<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estatu_modernoak">Estatu modernoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Estatu modernoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Estatu modernoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Spruyt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Spruyt (sortu gabe)">Hendrik Spruytek</a> estatu modernoa politika nagusi gisa agertzearen inguruko hiru azalpen kategoria bereizten ditu: </p> <ol><li>Segurtasunean oinarritutako azalpenak, gerraren papera azpimarratzen dutenak</li> <li>Estatua eratzeko eragile gisa, merkataritza, jabetza-eskubideak eta kapitalismoa azpimarratzen dituzten ekonomian oinarritutako azalpenak</li> <li>Teoria instituzionalistak, zeinak gatazka eta lankidetza arazoak lehian dauden erakunde politikoek baino hobeto konpontzeko gai den antolakuntza forma gisa ikusten duten estatua<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ol> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Gorski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Gorski (sortu gabe)">Philip Gorski</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivek_Swaroop_Sharma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vivek Swaroop Sharma (sortu gabe)">Vivek Swaroop Sharmaren</a> iritziz, estatu burujabeen sorrerarako marko <i>neodarwindarra</i> da azterketetan azalpen nagusia<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Marko <i>neodarwiniarrak</i> azpimarratzen du nola hautespen naturalaren eta lehiaren bidez sortu zen estatu modernoa antolakuntza-forma nagusi gisa<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estatuaren_formakuntza">Estatuaren formakuntza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Estatuaren formakuntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Estatuaren formakuntza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lurralde bat estatu bihurtzeko eta, horrenbestez, estatu eraikuntza gauza dadin, ezinbestekoa du honako ezaugarriak gorpuztea (ez da, ezinbestean, ondorengo ordena jarraitu beharrik): </p> <ul><li>Komunitatea izan behar du; hau da, herria.</li> <li>Lurraldearen mugek zehaztuak egon behar dute.</li> <li>Komunitateak bere burua gobernatzeko mekanismoak izan behar ditu, hala nola legeak.</li> <li>Estatu batek, ezinbestean, <a href="/wiki/Burujabetza" title="Burujabetza">burujabe</a> izan behar du; bere gainetik ez du beste botererik onartu behar: hitz gutxitan, estatuaren subiranotasuna bermatu beharra dago.</li> <li>Bere boterea kanporatzeko gaitasuna izan behar du; hau da, beste estatuen aitorpena eskuratu.</li> <li>Ezinbestekoa da egonkortua dagoen lurraldearen gaineko kontrola eta horrekiko leialtasuna egotea.</li> <li>Bere <a href="/wiki/Autoritate" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoritate">autoritatea</a> instituzionalizatzeko edo erakundetzeko gaitasuna izatea eta, hertsadura ezartzeko, erakundeak eratzea, adibidez, indar armatuak, eskolak eta auzitegiak.</li> <li>Kontrola bereizteko gaitasuna izatea, hots, <a href="/wiki/Instituzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituzio">instituzio</a> multzo bat izatea hainbat jarduera zehatz egiteko, besteak beste, zergen eta beste baliabide batzuen diru bilketa modu kontrolatu batean gauzatzeko.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aginte" title="Aginte">Agintari</a> profesionalak egotea.</li> <li>Identitate kolektibo bat barneratzeko gaitasuna izatea beste estatuetatik bereizteko ikur propio eta komunak sortuz. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Ereserki" title="Ereserki">ereserki</a> edo bandera propioak.</li></ul> <p>Horrela, aurreko baldintza minimo eta beharrezkoak betez gero, lurralde guztiak prozesu luze bat igaroko dute, eta benetako estatu bati buruz hitz egin daitekeela esan dezakegu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estatu_motak_eta_formak">Estatu motak eta formak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Estatu motak eta formak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Estatu motak eta formak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Estatu formak</b><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> testu legegile eta bibliografikoetan erabili ohi dira eskubide konstituzionalaren kontzeptua azaltzeko, non estatuak har dezakeen antolaketa modu ezberdinei erreferentzia egiten dion. Antolaketa hiru elementu konstitutiboren artean duten harremanaren ondorio izango da. Hau da, lurraldea, <a href="/wiki/Biztanleria" title="Biztanleria">biztanleria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Botere_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Botere (argipena)">boterearen</a> artean sortzen den harremanaren ondorio izango da estatu forma. </p><p>Honen arabera bi multzotan bana dezakegu estatu forma: </p> <ul><li>Alde batetik, <b><a href="/wiki/Estatu_unitario" title="Estatu unitario">estatu unitarioa</a></b>: bertan, biztanleria eta boterea homogeneoak, uniformeak eta sinpleak dira, eta hiruren arteko harremana adiera bakarrekoa eta zuzena da.</li> <li>Bestetik, <b>estatu konplexua</b>: kasu horretan, lurraldearen, biztanleriaren eta boterearen homogeneotasun falta dago. Horren ondorioz, bere <a href="/wiki/Ordenamendu_juridiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordenamendu juridiko">ordenamendu juridikoaren</a> egituraren baitan dibertsifikazioa gertatzen da (<a href="/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo">estatu federala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konfederazio" title="Konfederazio">konfederala</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erregionalismo_(politika)" title="Erregionalismo (politika)">erregionala</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estatu_unitarioa">Estatu unitarioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Estatu unitarioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Estatu unitarioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Estatu_unitario" title="Estatu unitario">Estatu unitario</a>»</div> <p>Estatu unitarioetan, botere politikorako erdigune bakarra dago. Horrek estatu osoan eragiten du bere agente eta autoritate lokalen bitartez. <a href="/wiki/Botere_legegile" title="Botere legegile">Botere legegile</a> bakarra, <a href="/wiki/Botere_judizial" title="Botere judizial">botere judizial</a> bakarra, <a href="/wiki/Botere_betearazle" title="Botere betearazle">botere betearazle edo exekutibo</a> bakarra eta <a href="/wiki/Konstituzio" title="Konstituzio">konstituzio</a> politiko bakarra du; hau da, estatu unitarioetan, batasun laukoitza dago: ordenamendu juridikoaren batasuna, gobernuko aginpidearen batasuna, gobernatuen batasuna eta lurraldearen batasuna. </p><p>Estatu unitarioen barruan, bi mota aurki ditzakegu: </p> <ul><li><b>Estatu unitario puruak:</b> entitate bakar batez osatuta daude, gobernu estatal bakarrarekin eta administrazio-zatiketarik gabe.</li> <li><b>Estatu unitario eskualdekatua:</b> zonalde edo hainbat eskualde politiko-administratibotan banatutako estatua da, baina, bere barne erregimenean, ez dira autonomoak.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estatu_konplexua">Estatu konplexua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Estatu konplexua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Estatu konplexua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estatu konplexuaren baitan, zenbait mota daude: </p> <ul><li><b>Estatu erregionala:</b> Estatu erregionalek <a href="/wiki/Estatu_zentralista" class="mw-redirect" title="Estatu zentralista">estatu zentralista</a> bat dute jatorritzat, baina, garapenaren bitartez, autonomia gehiago ematen joan zaie statu hori osatzen duten eskualdeei. Autonomia hori ezberdina izaten da toki batetik bestera, eta autonomia handiko estatuei <i>de fakto</i>ko federakuntza esaten zaie.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Estatu_federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Estatu federal">Estatu federala</a>:</b> erakunde <a href="/wiki/Subiranotasun" class="mw-redirect" title="Subiranotasun">subirano</a> eta autonomikoz osatutako estatua da. Erakunde haietako estatus autonomoa ez daiteke gobernu zentralaren bidez modu aldebakarrekoan alda, salbuespenak salbuespen (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, kasu).</li></ul> <p>Estatu federalaren eta erregionalaren arteko alde bakarra eskuduntzaren jatorria da. Estatu erregionaletan, gobernu zentralak zenbait <a href="/wiki/Eskubide" title="Eskubide">eskubide</a> eta konpetentzia eman dizkio eskualdeari; estatu federaletan, ordea, eskualdeek zenbait eskuduntza ematen dizkiote botere zentralari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kritika_estatuari">Kritika estatuari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kritika estatuari»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Kritika estatuari"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ikuspegi_marxista">Ikuspegi marxista</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikuspegi marxista»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Ikuspegi marxista"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo">Marxismoa</a>k kritika handiak egin dizkio estatuari. Estatu hori analizatu denean, beti estatu burgestzat ikusi da: hor, <a href="/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo">kapitalismoaren</a> ondorioz, estatu burges hori herritarrak areago zapaltzeko tresna da. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Leninek</a> estatua sistema kapitalistan bakarrik zela eraginkorra idatzi zuen; iraultza sozialistan, proletariotzaren diktadura oinarri hartuta, gero eta balio txikiagoa izango duela, iraultzak aurrerago egin ahala puntu batera iritsiko baita eta, hor, estatuak ez du inongo baliorik izango, eta kendu eginen da, baina azken pauso hori lurraldea <a href="/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo">komunista</a> bilakatzean lortuko da.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ikuspegi_anarkista">Ikuspegi anarkista</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikuspegi anarkista»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Ikuspegi anarkista"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anarkismo" title="Anarkismo">Anarkismoak</a> kritika egiten dio estatuari esanez botere tresna bat dela, lurralde batek dituen botere guztiak bereganatzen saiatzen dena. Estatuari eta eskubideei kritika handiena <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Hans Kelsen</a> filosofoak egin zien. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Kelsenek</a> zioenez, estatua eta justizia bide beretik doaz, baina beste filosofo batzuen ustez, estatua eta eskubideak bateraezinak dira, estatua boterearekin baitago, ez eskubideekin<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/XVIII._mendea" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendean</a> Godwinek estatuak legeak erabiltzen zituela herritarrei isunak jartzeko eta, horren bitartez, zergak lortzeko kritikatu zuen. Bestalde, gauzak debekatzeko ere esku hartzen zuela esan zuen Godwinek . </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhonek</a> estatua etorkizunean desagertuko zela ez zuelako ezertarako balio esan zuen. Beste hainbat anarkistek kritika berak egin dizkiote estatuari, hau da, estatuak herria zapaltzeko baino ez duela balio, boteretsuen legeak bortizkeriaren bidez inposatzeko soilik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ikuspegi_liberala">Ikuspegi liberala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikuspegi liberala»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Ikuspegi liberala"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo">Liberalismoaren</a> ikuspegiaren ordezkari nagusia <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> da, ekonomiaren ikuspegitik estatuari kritika sendo bat egin dion autorerik garrantzitsuena. Haren tesi nagusia honela laburbil daiteke: gizartearen funtzionamendu ekonomikoak merkatuaren legean, norberaren interes indibidualean, eta lehian egon behar luke oinarrituta. Horrela, garai hartako “<i>laissez faire</i>” delakoaren defendatzailerik sutsuena Smith izan zen gobernuak arlo ekonomikoan egiten duen esku-hartzea salatuz. Izan ere, gobernuek behar baino gehiago gastatzen dutela eta eraginkortasungabekoak zein ustelak izaten direla deritzo. Gainera, estatuak segurtasunaz (armada eta polizia herritarren askatasunak bermatzeko) eta justiziaz (botere judiziala independentea botere politikotik) arduratu beharko lukeela soilik berresten du liberalismoak. Haien ustez, estatuak ez luke inolako botererik izan behar indibiduo batzuei kentzeko eta beste batzuei ematerako hartu emana gertatzerako orduan. Are gehiago, eragile pribatuak izan beharko lirateke, prezio sistemaren bidez, merkatua arautzen duten bakarrak gauza bakoitzari benetan duen balioa esleitu nahi baldin bazaio. Beraz, hura da estatu mugatuaren defendatzailerik sutsuena eta, horrenbestez, estatuak zenbat eta gutxiago parte hartu ekonomiaren antolaketan hainbat eta hobeto<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_hiztegianbilatu&task=bilaketa&Itemid=1693&lang=eu-ES&nondik=0&zenbat=100&non=sarreraBuruaStrict&query=estatu&subcMota=&pos=&usgDomain=&usgGeo=&usgBeste=&usgReg=">«estatu».</a> <i>Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia</i>. <small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-05-31.)</small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECudworth20071-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECudworth20071_2-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCudworth2007">Cudworth 2007</a>, 1 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow19939-10-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow19939-10_3-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow1993">Barrow 1993</a>, 9-10 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECudworth200795-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECudworth200795_4-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCudworth2007">Cudworth 2007</a>, 95 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon200854-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmon200854_5-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalmon2008">Salmon 2008</a>, 54 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/stateless">«Stateless Society | Encyclopedia.com»</a> <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-24)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Black's Law Dictionary</i>, 4th ed. (1968). West Publishing Co</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Uricich v. Kolesar</i>, 54 Ohio App. 309, 7 N.E. 2d 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPatrick2007-12-10">Patrick, Stewart.  (2007-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00728.x">«“Failed” States and Global Security: Empirical Questions and Policy Dilemmas1»</a> <i>International Studies Review</i> 9 (4): 644–662.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2486.2007.00728.x">10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00728.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1521-9488">1521-9488</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-24)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBallBallFarrHanson1989-04-28">Ball, Terence; Ball, Professor of Political Science Terence; Farr, James; Hanson, Russell L..  (1989-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QrSKH_Q5M8C&Ns0qtDZN2P&pg=PA134"><i>Political Innovation and Conceptual Change. </i></a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-35978-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-35978-8">978-0-521-35978-8</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBobbio1989">Bobbio, Norberto.  (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/democracydictato00bobb"><i>Democracy and dictatorship : the nature and limits of state power. </i></a> Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8166-1812-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8166-1812-5">978-0-8166-1812-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Alemanez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Alemanez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFErhard1791">Erhard, Christian Daniel.  (1791). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ch/books?id=q5hDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30"><i>Betrachtungen über Leopolds des Weisen Gesetzgebung in Toscana. </i></a> Richter <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGarcía2013-12-20">García, Jorge.  (2013-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/studiaaurea.79">«Nicolás Maquiavelo. El príncipe»</a> <i>Studia Aurea</i> 7: 453.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5565%2Frev%2Fstudiaaurea.79">10.5565/rev/studiaaurea.79</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1988-1088">1988-1088</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Lucy Carrillo Castillo. Dialnet (2002). <i>Thomas Hobbes y el concepto de Estado constitucional de derecho.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFfilosofiacatracha2017-09-21">filosofiacatracha.  (2017-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filosofiacatracha.wordpress.com/2017/09/21/el-estado-y-la-libertad-una-vision-desde-hannah-arendt/">«El estado y la Libertad; Una Visión desde Hannah Arendt»</a> <i>Filosofia Catracha</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGoikotxea">Goikotxea, Jule. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1955/024/002/2014-12-10/demokrazia-pribatizatzen.htm">«Demokrazia Pribatizatzen»</a> <i>Berria</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMazzuca00/2012">Mazzuca, Sebastián L..  (00/2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0718-090X2012000300002&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=e">«LEGITIMIDAD, AUTONOMÍA Y CAPACIDAD: CONCEPTUALIZANDO (UNA VEZ MÁS) LOS PODERES DEL ESTADO»</a> <i>Revista de ciencia política (Santiago)</i> 32 (3): 545–560.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-090X2012000300002">10.4067/S0718-090X2012000300002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0718-090X">0718-090X</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVillesa_Bojorque">Villesa Bojorque, Jorge Alberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filosofiacatracha.wordpress.com/2017/09/21/el-estado-y-la-libertad-una-vision-desde-hannah-arendt/"><i>El estado y la luibertad; Una vision desde Hanna Arendt.. </i></a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFcrossref">crossref. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chooser.crossref.org/">«Chooser»</a> <i>chooser.crossref.org</i>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1bvnfk9">10.2307/j.ctv1bvnfk9</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-25)</small></span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: azaroa 2023">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCarneiro1970-08-21">Carneiro, Robert L..  (1970-08-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.169.3947.733">«A Theory of the Origin of the State: Traditional theories of state origins are considered and rejected in favor of a new ecological hypothesis.»</a> <i>Science</i> 169 (3947): 733–738.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733">10.1126/science.169.3947.733</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-25)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAllen1997-04-01">Allen, Robert C.  (1997-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498397906732">«Agriculture and the Origins of the State in Ancient Egypt»</a> <i>Explorations in Economic History</i> 34 (2): 135–154.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fexeh.1997.0673">10.1006/exeh.1997.0673</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0014-4983">0014-4983</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-25)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBorcanOlssonPutterman2021-10-01">Borcan, Oana; Olsson, Ola; Putterman, Louis.  (2021-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001449832100022X">«Transition to agriculture and first state presence: A global analysis»</a> <i>Explorations in Economic History</i> 82: 101404.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2021.101404">10.1016/j.eeh.2021.101404</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0014-4983">0014-4983</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-25)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAhmedStasavage2020-05">Ahmed, Ali T.; Stasavage, David.  (2020-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/origins-of-early-democracy/09CE2053657A9CF004DB2078B563EB65">«Origins of Early Democracy»</a> <i>American Political Science Review</i> 114 (2): 502–518.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055419000741">10.1017/S0003055419000741</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-25)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaysharMoavNeeman2017-08">Mayshar, Joram; Moav, Omer; Neeman, Zvika.  (2017-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/geography-transparency-and-institutions/C80E17AD5932E319A94D28D77AA87580">«Geography, Transparency, and Institutions»</a> <i>American Political Science Review</i> 111 (3): 622–636.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055417000132">10.1017/S0003055417000132</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-25)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Boix, Carles (2015). <i>Political Order and Inequality</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781107089433" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-107-08943-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGiddens1981">Giddens, Anthony.  (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJu1Z4cTdsIC&q=Giddens%20Contemporary%20Critique%20of%20Historical%20Materialism%20the%20Nation%20State%20and%20Violence&pg=PA35"><i>The Nation-State and Violence: Volume 2 of A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. </i></a> University of California Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-06039-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-06039-5">978-0-520-06039-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-25)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSpencer2010-04-20">Spencer, Charles S..  (2010-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1002470107">«Territorial expansion and primary state formation»</a> <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> 107 (16): 7119–7126.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1002470107">10.1073/pnas.1002470107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20385804">20385804</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC2867764">PMC2867764</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-25)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBagge2019-06-03">Bagge, Sverre.  (2019-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqqbDwAAQBAJ"><i>State Formation in Europe, 843–1789: A Divided World. </i></a> Routledge <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-429-58953-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-429-58953-9">978-0-429-58953-9</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-25)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWang2021-10">Wang, Yuhua.  (2021-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cuny/cp/2021/00000054/00000001/art00009;jsessionid=s4xr4kdw4ieh.x-ic-live-01">«State-in-Society 2.0: Toward Fourth-Generation Theories of the State»</a> <i>www.ingentaconnect.com</i>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5129%2F001041521x16184035797221">10.5129/001041521x16184035797221</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSpruyt2002-06">Spruyt, Hendrik.  (2002-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.101501.145837">«T HE O RIGINS , D EVELOPMENT, AND P OSSIBLE D ECLINE OF THE M ODERN S TATE»</a> <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i> 5 (1): 127–149.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.5.101501.145837">10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.101501.145837</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939">1094-2939</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-31">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGorskiSharma2017">Gorski, Philip; Sharma, Vivek Swaroop.  (2017). Strandsbjerg, Jeppe ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/does-war-make-states/beyond-the-tilly-thesis/4D74B3D06884F763CA76307BABFF798B">«Beyond the Tilly Thesis: “Family Values” and State Formation in Latin Christendom»</a> <i>Does War Make States?: Investigations of Charles Tilly's Historical Sociology</i> (Cambridge University Press): 98–124.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316493694.005">10.1017/9781316493694.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-107-14150-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-107-14150-6">978-1-107-14150-6</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBiscaretti_di_Ruffia,_Paolo,_1912-1987">Biscaretti di Ruffia, Paolo, 1912-.  (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/773214059"><i>Derecho constitucional. </i></a> Editorial Tecnos <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=773214059">773214059</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxistarkiv.se/espanol/clasicos/mandel/introd_al_marxismo.pdf"><i>introduccion al marxismo. </i></a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBueno_Ochoa2008">Bueno Ochoa, Luis.  (2008). <i>Godwin y los orígenes del anarquismo individualista. </i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBotticelli2018-02-01">Botticelli, Sebastián.  (2018-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.25100/pfilosofica.v0i46.6149">«Dos concepciones liberales del Estado: Adam Smith y Friedrich Hayek»</a> <i>Praxis Filosófica</i> (46): 61.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.25100%2Fpfilosofica.v0i46.6149">10.25100/pfilosofica.v0i46.6149</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2389-9387">2389-9387</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-11-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBarrow1993">Barrow, Clyde W.  (1993). <i>Critical Theories of State: Marxist, Neo-Marxist, Post-Marxist. </i> University of Wisconsin Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-299-13714-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-299-13714-7">0-299-13714-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBobbio1989">Bobbio, Norberto.  (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracydictato00bobb"><i>Democracy and Dictatorship: The Nature and Limits of State Power. </i></a> University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-8166-1813-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-8166-1813-5">0-8166-1813-5</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCudworth2007">Cudworth, Erika.  (2007). <i>The Modern State: Theories and Ideologies. </i> Edinburgh University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7486-2176-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7486-2176-7">978-0-7486-2176-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDogan1992">Dogan, Mattei.  (1992). <i>Conceptions of Legitimacy. </i> In Paynter, John; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of government and politics. Psychology Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-07224-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-07224-3">978-0-415-07224-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFlintTaylor2007">Flint, Colin; Taylor, Peter.  (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalgeograp0000flin_n6h6"><i>Political Geography: World Economy, Nation-State, and Locality. </i></a> (5th ed.). Pearson/Prentice Hall <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-13-196012-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-13-196012-1">978-0-13-196012-1</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGarrard2022">Garrard, Graeme.  (2022). <i>The Return of the State: And Why It Is Essential For Our Health, Wealth and Happiness. </i> Yale University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780300256758" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780300256758">9780300256758</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHay2001">Hay, Colin.  (2001). <i>State theory. </i> In Jones, R.J. Barry (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: Entries P-Z Taylor & Francis., 1469–1475 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-24352-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-24352-0">978-0-415-24352-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJoseph2004">Joseph, Jonathan.  (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialtheoryintr0000jose"><i>Social theory: an introduction. </i></a> NYU Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8147-4277-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8147-4277-8">978-0-8147-4277-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMalešević2002">Malešević, Siniša.  (2002). <i>Ideology, legitimacy and the new state: Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia. </i> Routledge <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7146-5215-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7146-5215-3">978-0-7146-5215-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNelson206">Nelson, Brian T..  (206). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernst0000nels"><i>The making of the modern state: a theoretical evolution.. </i></a> Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4039-7189-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4039-7189-0">978-1-4039-7189-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRueschemeyerSkocpolEvans1985">Rueschemeyer, Dietrich; Skocpol, Theda; Evans, Peter B.  (1985). <i>Bringing the State Back. </i> In. Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-521-31313-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-521-31313-9">0-521-31313-9</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSalmon,_C.2008">Salmon, C., Trevor C.  (2008). <i>Issues in international relations. </i> Taylor & Francis US <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-43126-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-43126-2">978-0-415-43126-2</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSartwell2008">Sartwell, Crispin.  (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/againststateintr0000sart"><i>Against the state: an introduction to anarchist political theory. </i></a> SUNY Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7914-7447-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7914-7447-1">978-0-7914-7447-1</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFScott2009">Scott, James C.  (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofnotbeinggov0000scot"><i>The art of not being governed: an anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia. </i></a> Yale University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-300-15228-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-300-15228-9">978-0-300-15228-9</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSkinner1989">Skinner, Quentin.  (1989). <i>The state. </i> In Ball, T; Farr, J.; Hanson, R.L. (eds.). Political Innovation and Conceptual Change. Cambridge University Press, 90-131 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-521-35978-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-521-35978-3">0-521-35978-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVincent1992">Vincent, Andrew.  (1992). <i>Conceptions of the State. </i> In Paynter, John; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of government and politics. Psychology Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-07224-3." title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-07224-3.">978-0-415-07224-3.</a>.</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estaturik_gabeko_nazio" title="Estaturik gabeko nazio">Estaturik gabeko nazioak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estatu_sozialista" title="Estatu sozialista">Estatu sozialista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estatu-nazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Estatu-nazio">Estatu nazioa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7275" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7275">Q7275</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States">States</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q7275%22">Q7275</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937050q">11937050q</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937050q">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4056618-3">4056618-3</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127474">sh85127474</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566274">00566274</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131523">ge131523</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/state-sovereign-political-entity">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7275" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7275">Q7275</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States">States</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q7275%22">Q7275</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Euskal_Herriko_lurralde,_hirigintza_eta_administrazio_entitateak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9235565" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Estatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Estatu (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Estatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Estatu (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Estatu&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Euskal_Herriko_lurralde,_hirigintza_eta_administrazio_entitateak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Euskal Herriko <a href="/wiki/Lurralde" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurralde">lurralde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirigintza" title="Hirigintza">hirigintza</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Administrazio" title="Administrazio">administrazio</a> entitateak</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lurraldekoak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aldiri" title="Aldiri">Aldiria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Auzo" title="Auzo">Auzoa / Auzunea / Etxadia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zone_%C3%80_D%C3%A9fendre" title="Zone À Défendre">Babestu beharreko gunea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Basaburu" title="Basaburu">Basaburua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baserri" title="Baserri">Baserria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bazter-herri" title="Bazter-herri">Bazter-herria / Bazter herrixka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Borda" title="Borda">Bordaldea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burgu_(hirigintza)" title="Burgu (hirigintza)">Burgua / Hirixka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ekoherrixka" title="Ekoherrixka">Ekoherrixka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etxalde" title="Etxalde">Etxaldea</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erdigune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erdigune (sortu gabe)">Erdigunea / Erdialdea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giza_kokagune" title="Giza kokagune">Giza kokagunea / Kokalekua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herri_(hiria)" title="Herri (hiria)">Herria</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herrigunea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herrigunea (sortu gabe)">Herrigunea / Alde zaharra / Hiri-barnea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herrixka" title="Herrixka">Herrixka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hiri" title="Hiri">Hiria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hiribildu" title="Hiribildu">Hiribildua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herri_hustu" title="Herri hustu">Herri hustua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hiri_global" title="Hiri global">Hiri globala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hirigune" title="Hirigune">Hirigunea / Aglomerazioa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiripe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiripe (sortu gabe)">Hiripea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Industria_kolonia" title="Industria kolonia">Industria kolonia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konurbazio" title="Konurbazio">Konurbazioa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lieu-dit" title="Lieu-dit">Lieu-dit</a> <i>(Ipar)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Komunal" title="Komunal">Komunala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lo-hiri" title="Lo-hiri">Lo-hiria</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotizamendu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotizamendu (sortu gabe)">Lotizamendua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lorategi-hiri" title="Lorategi-hiri">Lorategi-hiria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Megalopoli" title="Megalopoli">Megalopolia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Metropoli" title="Metropoli">Metropolia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Metropoli-eremu" title="Metropoli-eremu">Metropoli-eremua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Okupazio" title="Okupazio">Okupazioa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parrokia_(zibila)" title="Parrokia (zibila)">Parrokia / Eliztia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Txabola_auzo" title="Txabola auzo">Txabola auzoa</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Guardia_Coello_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Guardia_Coello_1840.jpg/120px-Guardia_Coello_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Guardia_Coello_1840.jpg/250px-Guardia_Coello_1840.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administraziokoak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Udalerria_baino_lurralde-eremu_txikiagoko_erakunde" title="Udalerria baino lurralde-eremu txikiagoko erakunde">Alkate-auzoa</a> <i>(Hego)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Frantziako_barrutiak" title="Frantziako barrutiak">Barrutia</a> <i>(Ipar)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Departamendu" title="Departamendu">Departamendua</a> <i>(Ipar)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Erresuma" title="Erresuma">Erresuma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eskualde" title="Eskualde">Eskualdea</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estatua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herrialde" title="Herrialde">Herrialdea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Foru_lurralde" title="Foru lurralde">Foru lurraldeak</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Autonomia_erkidego" title="Autonomia erkidego">Autonomia erkidegoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Foru_erkidego" title="Foru erkidego">Foru erkidegoa</a>)</small> <i>(Hego)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Herrialde_(Frantzia)" title="Herrialde (Frantzia)">Frantziako Herrialdea</a> <i>(Ipar)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Hirialde_elkargo" title="Hirialde elkargo">Hirialde elkargoa</a> <i>(Ipar)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Hirigune_elkargo" title="Hirigune elkargo">Hirigune elkargoa</a> <i>(Ipar)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Kantonamendu" title="Kantonamendu">Kantonamendua / Kantoia</a> <i>(Ipar)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Komuna" title="Komuna">Komuna</a> <i>(Ipar)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Konderri" title="Konderri">Konderria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kontzeju" title="Kontzeju">Kontzejua</a> <i>(Hego)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Leku_(unitate_administratiboa)" title="Leku (unitate administratiboa)">Lekua</a> <i>(Hego)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Lurralde_kolektibitate" title="Lurralde kolektibitate">Lurralde kolektibitatea</a> <i>(Ipar)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Mankomunitate" title="Mankomunitate">Mankomunitatea</a> <i>(Hego)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Prefektura" title="Prefektura">Prefektura</a> <i>(Ipar)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Printzerri" title="Printzerri">Printzerri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Probintzia" title="Probintzia">Probintzia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Udal" title="Udal">Udala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Udalerri" title="Udalerri">Udalerria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unitate_administratibo" title="Unitate administratibo">Unitate administratiboa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historikoak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Agger" title="Agger">Agger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bastida_(hirigintza)" title="Bastida (hirigintza)">Bastida</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bizkonderri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizkonderri">Bizkonderria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Blokau" title="Blokau">Blokaua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Castrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrum">Castrum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dukerri" title="Dukerri">Dukerria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elizate" title="Elizate">Elizatea</a> <i>(Hego)</i> • <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_hiri" title="Erromatar hiri">Erromatar hiria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Erromatar villa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaztelu" title="Gaztelu">Gaztelua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaztelu_zahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaztelu zahar">Gaztelu zaharra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gotorleku" title="Gotorleku">Gotorlekua / Zitadela</a> (<a href="/wiki/Akropoli" title="Akropoli">Akropolia</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Jaurerri" title="Jaurerri">Jaurerria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kastro" title="Kastro">Kastroa / Gazteluzaharra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">Vicus</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Hego:</i> Hego Euskal Herrikoa • <i>Ipar:</i> Ipar Euskal Herrikoa</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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