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中国哲学 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-古典时期(春秋战国)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古典时期(春秋战国)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>古典时期(春秋战国)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-古典时期(春秋战国)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关古典时期(春秋战国)子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-古典时期(春秋战国)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-儒家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#儒家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>儒家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-儒家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-道家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#道家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>道家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-道家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-墨家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#墨家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>墨家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-墨家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>法家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-纵横家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#纵横家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>纵横家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-纵横家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-帝国早期(汉唐)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帝国早期(汉唐)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>帝国早期(汉唐)</span> </div> </a> <button 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<span>开关帝国中晚期(宋元明清)子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-帝国中晚期(宋元明清)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-北宋五子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#北宋五子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>北宋五子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-北宋五子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-朱子學:繼別為宗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#朱子學:繼別為宗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>朱子學:繼別為宗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-朱子學:繼別為宗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-從陸象山到劉蕺山" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#從陸象山到劉蕺山"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>從陸象山到劉蕺山</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-從陸象山到劉蕺山-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-晚明三大家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#晚明三大家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>晚明三大家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-晚明三大家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-顏元與李塨" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#顏元與李塨"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>顏元與李塨</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-顏元與李塨-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-戴震" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#戴震"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>戴震</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-戴震-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-洪秀全與洪仁玕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#洪秀全與洪仁玕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>洪秀全與洪仁玕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-洪秀全與洪仁玕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-曾國藩與趙烈文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#曾國藩與趙烈文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>曾國藩與趙烈文</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-曾國藩與趙烈文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-康有為與梁啟超" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#康有為與梁啟超"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>康有為與梁啟超</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-康有為與梁啟超-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代及当代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代及当代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>近代及当代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近代及当代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-比较哲学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#比较哲学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>比较哲学</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-比较哲学-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关比较哲学子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-比较哲学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-比较西方哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#比较西方哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>比较西方哲學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-比较西方哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-比较印度哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#比较印度哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>比较印度哲學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-比较印度哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中西哲學定義之爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中西哲學定義之爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>中西哲學定義之爭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中西哲學定義之爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">中国哲学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。59种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فلسفة صينية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة صينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="فلسفه صينيه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلسفه صينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_china" title="Filosofía china – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filosofía china" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99si" title="Çin fəlsəfəsi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin fəlsəfəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Ҡытай фәлсәфәһе – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай фәлсәфәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Китайска философия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайска философия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="চীনা দর্শন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনা দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒྱ་རིགས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་རིག་པ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་རིགས་ཀྱི་མཚན་ཉིད་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensament_xin%C3%A8s" title="Pensament xinès – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pensament xinès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_filozofie" title="Čínská filozofie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínská filozofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_filosofi" title="Kinesisk filosofi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinesisk filosofi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Philosophie" title="Chinesische Philosophie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesische Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chinese philosophy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ina_filozofio" title="Ĉina filozofio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉina filozofio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_china" title="Filosofía china – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía china" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_filosoofia" title="Hiina filosoofia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina filosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinatar_filosofia" title="Txinatar filosofia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinatar filosofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فلسفه چینی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه چینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinalainen_filosofia" title="Kiinalainen filosofia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinalainen filosofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_chinoise" title="Philosophie chinoise – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie chinoise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi_chinwaz" title="Filozofi chinwaz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Filozofi chinwaz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פילוסופיה סינית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוסופיה סינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="चीनी दर्शन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी दर्शन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineska_filozofija" title="Kineska filozofija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kineska filozofija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_filoz%C3%B3fia" title="Kínai filozófia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai filozófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_Tionghoa" title="Filsafat Tionghoa – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filsafat Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkwenye-Amamihe_Nke_Nd%E1%BB%8B_Cha%E1%BB%8Bna" title="Nkwenye-Amamihe Nke Ndị Chaịna – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nkwenye-Amamihe Nke Ndị Chaịna" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_cinese" title="Filosofia cinese – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaini_filasafi" title="Chaini filasafi – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chaini filasafi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ფილოსოფია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინური ფილოსოფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1tay_filosofiyas%C4%B1" title="Qıtay filosofiyası – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qıtay filosofiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Қытай философиясы – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай философиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ಚೀನೀತತ್ತ್ವ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನೀತತ್ತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="중국 철학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국 철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_Sinica" title="Philosophia Sinica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia Sinica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_filosofija" title="Kinijos filosofija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinijos filosofija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кинеска филозофија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кинеска филозофија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafah_Cina" title="Falsafah Cina – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Falsafah Cina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Chinese_filosofie" title="Geschiedenis van de Chinese filosofie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de Chinese filosofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੀਨੀ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨੀ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_chi%C5%84ska" title="Filozofia chińska – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia chińska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="چينايي فلسفه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چينايي فلسفه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_chinesa" title="Filosofia chinesa – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia chinesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofie_chinez%C4%83" title="Filozofie chineză – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filozofie chineză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Китайская философия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайская философия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineska_filozofija" title="Kineska filozofija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kineska filozofija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnska_filozofia" title="Čínska filozofia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínska filozofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_kineze" title="Filozofia kineze – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filozofia kineze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кинеска филозофија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинеска филозофија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_filosofi" title="Kinesisk filosofi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesisk filosofi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சீன மெய்யியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன மெய்யியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiyang_Tsino" title="Pilosopiyang Tsino – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pilosopiyang Tsino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C9%99_f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99" title="Cinə fəlsəfə – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cinə fəlsəfə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_felsefesi" title="Çin felsefesi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin felsefesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Китайська філософія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайська філософія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Triết học Trung Quốc – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triết học Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ფილოსოფია – 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div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;"><b>中国哲学</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yin-yang-and-bagua-near-nanning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yin-yang-and-bagua-near-nanning.jpg/300px-Yin-yang-and-bagua-near-nanning.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yin-yang-and-bagua-near-nanning.jpg/450px-Yin-yang-and-bagua-near-nanning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yin-yang-and-bagua-near-nanning.jpg/600px-Yin-yang-and-bagua-near-nanning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: small;">在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="广西">广西</a>南宁市外的空地上铺的,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3" title="阴阳">阴阳</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6" title="八卦">八卦</a>符号</div></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%97" title="繁体字">繁体字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hant"> 中國哲學 </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97" title="简化字">简化字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hans"> 中国哲学 </span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc">标音</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-pinyin"> Zhōngguó zhéxué </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A6%A5%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威妥瑪拼音">威妥瑪拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-wadegile"> Chung-kuo che-hsüeh </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="國語羅馬字">國語羅馬字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn"> Jonggwo jershyue </span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="闽语">闽语</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" title="白話字">白話字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="nan-latn-pehoeji"> Tiong-kok tiat-ha̍k </span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">拉丁化</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="wuu-latn"> Tson-kueʔ tseʔ-ghoʔ </span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案">粵拼</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="yue-latn-jyutping"> Zung<sup>1</sup>-gwok<sup>3</sup> zit<sup>3</sup>-hok<sup>6</sup> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%AD%AF%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3#粤语耶鲁拼音" title="耶魯拼音">耶魯拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="yue-latn"> Jūng-gwok jit-hohk </span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客語</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="客家話拼音方案">客家话拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="hak-latn"> Zung<sup>1</sup>-get<sup>5</sup> ziet<sup>5</sup>-hok<sup>6</sup> </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link 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class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_satellite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/China_satellite.png/220px-China_satellite.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/China_satellite.png/330px-China_satellite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/China_satellite.png/440px-China_satellite.png 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="956" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史">中国历史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中国历史年表">年表</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%9D%E4%BB%A3" title="中国朝代">朝代</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="中国近代史">近代史</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="明朝歷史">明史</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝历史">清史</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="中華民國歷史">民國史</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中华人民共和国历史">共和国史</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2" title="中國文化史">文化史</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="中国史前文化">史前文化</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="中国传说时代">传说时代</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="中国地理">中国地理</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%8F%B2" title="中国疆域史">疆域</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="中国边境线">边界</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="中国首都">首都</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="中国行政区划">区划</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E5%8D%80" title="中國時區">時區</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="中国气候">气候</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE" title="Category:中国地图">地圖</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="中国环境">环境</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8" title="Category:中国地质">地质</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4" title="Category:中国生物群">生物</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="中國政治史">中國政治</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B3%95%E7%B3%BB" title="中华法系">法制</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中國法制史">史</a>) - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%8F%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="中國吏治史">吏治史</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%81%8C%E5%AE%98" title="中国古代职官">职官制度</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="中国政党史">政党</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="中国军事史">军事</a> - <a 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title="中华民族">民族</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="中华文化">中国文化</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="中国神话">神话</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="中国思想史">思想</a> - <a class="mw-selflink selflink">哲学</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="中国文学">文學</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="中国宗教">宗教</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="中国宗教史">史</a>)<br /> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%8F%9C" title="中国菜">饮食</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%8D%E9%A5%B0%E5%8F%B2" title="中国服饰史">服饰</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="中國建築">建築</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="中国世界遗产">文物</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5" title="漢族傳統節日">節日</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97" title="中国民俗">民俗</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%8F%B2" title="中国教育史">教育</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="中国科学技术史">科学</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%AF" title="五术">五术</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="中医学">医学</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AF%E6%95%B0" title="术数">術數</a>) - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF" title="中国武术">武术</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="中国美术史">藝術</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%A6%E6%B3%95" title="中国书法">书法</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%B9%E7%95%AB" title="中國油畫">油画</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%BB" title="中国画">国画</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="中国音乐">音乐</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8F%E6%9B%B2" title="戏曲">戏曲</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="華語電影">电影</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_dragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/32px-China_dragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/48px-China_dragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/64px-China_dragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:250;width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="Category:中國民間信仰">中國民間信仰系列</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="中国民间信仰">中国民间信仰</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="“禄”象征符号,抽象化的“禄”字,意思是“繁荣”、“生产性”、“稳定性”、“坚定”,代表北斗七星的“天璣”,同样类似的还有印欧语的“卐”符号。禄的神明为禄神。"><img alt="“禄”象征符号,抽象化的“禄”字,意思是“繁荣”、“生产性”、“稳定性”、“坚定”,代表北斗七星的“天璣”,同样类似的还有印欧语的“卐”符号。禄的神明为禄神。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/75px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/113px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/150px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">哲学</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7" title="德">德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="氣 (中國)">气</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%99" title="神仙">神</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%B5_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="灵 (中国宗教)(页面不存在)">灵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E9%9D%88" title="顯靈">顯靈</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3" title="阴阳">阴阳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%81%8B" title="命運">命運</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E5%88%86" title="緣分">緣分</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD" title="業">报应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%97%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="得道">得道</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">理论</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E6%9B%B8" title="善書">善書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="中国神话">中国神话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%99" title="神仙">仙</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA" title="真人">真人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C" title="混沌">混沌</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99" title="龙">龙</a> 和 <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0" title="凤凰">凤凰</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1" title="四象">四象</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%87" title="Category:中國神祇">中国神祇</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%A4%A9%E8%BE%9F%E5%9C%B0_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D)" title="开天辟地 (中国神话)">中国开创传说</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">实践</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99#燒香的意義" title="香">敬香</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E7%A5%80" title="祭祀">敬祖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="功德">功德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E7%B1%A4" title="求籤">求籤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%B2%E7%AD%8A" title="擲筊">擲筊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8A%9F" title="气功">气功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%99%E6%96%B9%E6%9C%AF" title="神仙方术">方術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="風水">風水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%93%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="術數">術數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%92%92" class="mw-redirect" title="符咒">符咒</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">神職</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AB" title="巫">巫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A9%E7%AB%A5" title="乩童">乩童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%A3%AB" title="方士">法師</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%9F%E7%A5%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廟祝(页面不存在)">廟祝</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">場所</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A0" title="祠">祠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="宮廟">宮廟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%A0%82" title="佛堂">佛堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%95" title="龕">神龕</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">内部传统</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>传统哲学或教义:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="道家思想">道家思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">其他学派</a></li></ul> <p><b>传统宗教仪式:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E7%A5%80" title="祭祀">祭祀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AE" title="醮">齋醮</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%A6%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="誦經(页面不存在)">誦經</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东北民间信仰(页面不存在)">东北民间信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法教(页面不存在)">法教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A9%E7%AB%A5" title="乩童">乩童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A9" title="傩">傩文化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E5%B7%AB%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国传统巫教(页面不存在)">中国传统巫教</a></li></ul> <p><b>神明</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">天公</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%85%AC" title="土地公">土地公</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B6%E5%90%9B" title="灶君">灶君</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E7%A5%9E" title="门神">门神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="祖先">祖先</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%BD%E7%A5%96" title="媽祖">媽祖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E4%B8%BB" title="川主">川主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%88%BA%E5%8D%83%E6%AD%B2%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="王爺千歲信仰">王爺信仰</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="中國秘密宗教">秘密社会</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德教(页面不存在)">德教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%95%99" title="羅教">羅教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8A%9F" title="气功">气功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B8%9D%E6%95%99" title="天帝教">天帝教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%85%86%E6%81%A9" title="林兆恩">三一教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%81%93" class="mw-disambig" title="天道">天道</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A9%E8%BE%95%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轩辕教(页面不存在)">轩辕教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%95%99" title="理教">理教</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">与宗教相关的</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E5%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="中國傳統宗法性宗教">中國傳統宗法性宗教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="本主教">本主教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E6%91%A9%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="毕摩教">毕摩教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E6%95%99" title="苯教">苯教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E6%95%99" title="東巴教">東巴教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%95%99" title="摩教">摩教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苗教(页面不存在)">苗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%B1%B1%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="梅山教">梅山教</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="Template:中国民间信仰"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="Template 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:哲学">系列条目</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span title="从左到右:柏拉图、康德、尼采、释迦牟尼、孔子、伊本·西那"><img alt="从左到右:柏拉图、康德、尼采、释迦牟尼、孔子、伊本·西那" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Philbar_4.png/220px-Philbar_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Philbar_4.png/330px-Philbar_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Philbar_4.png/440px-Philbar_4.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" usemap="#ImageMap_b14b2c0451708ba6" resource="/wiki/File:Philbar_4.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_b14b2c0451708ba6"><area href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" shape="rect" coords="0,0,73,73" alt="柏拉图" title="柏拉图" /><area href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" shape="rect" coords="73,0,147,73" alt="康德" title="康德" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" shape="rect" coords="147,0,220,73" alt="尼采" title="尼采" /><area href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" shape="rect" coords="0,73,73,147" alt="释迦牟尼" title="释迦牟尼" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="73,73,147,147" alt="孔子" title="孔子" /><area href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" shape="rect" coords="147,73,220,147" alt="伊本·西那" title="伊本·西那" /></map><figcaption>从左到右:柏拉图、康德、尼采、释迦牟尼、孔子、伊本·西那</figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption" style="white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">康德</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">尼采</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">释迦牟尼</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="伊本·西那">伊本·西那</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Category:哲学分支">分支</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形而上学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑学</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:各时期哲学">时期</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">古希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">古印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6" title="诸子百家">古中国</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世紀</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="宋明理学">宋明理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="德国古典哲学">德国古典哲学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="现代哲学">当代</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">欧陆哲学</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">地域</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="东方哲学">东方</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">中国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日本哲學">日本</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="美國哲學">美</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="英國哲學">英</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国哲学(页面不存在)">法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:French philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="德国古典哲学">德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="意大利哲学">意</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄国哲学(页面不存在)">俄</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Russian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中東哲學">中东</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰哲学</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F" title="Category:哲学传统">传统</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教信仰哲學">各宗教的哲学信仰</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度哲学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="猶太教哲學">猶太教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="基督教神學">基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰教</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:哲学文献">文献</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:美学文献">美学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C" title="Category:知识论著作">知识论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:伦理学文献">伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C" title="Category:逻辑学著作">逻辑学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:形而上学文献">形而上学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Category:政治哲学文献" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Category:Political philosophy literature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="Category:政治哲學文獻">政治哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy_literature" class="extiw" title="en:Category:Political philosophy literature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Category:Political philosophy literature</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:哲学家">哲学家</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美學家列表">美学家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="知識論者列表">知识论者</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伦理学家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ethicists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伦理学家列表(页面不存在)">伦理学家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethicists" class="extiw" title="en:List of ethicists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ethicists</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="逻辑学家">逻辑学家</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="形而上學學者列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List_of_metaphysicians"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形而上學學者列表(页面不存在)">形而上学学者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" class="extiw" title="en:List of metaphysicians"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List_of_metaphysicians</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会和政治哲学家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会和政治哲学家列表(页面不存在)">社会和政治哲学家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociopolitical_thinkers" class="extiw" title="en:Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of sociopolitical thinkers</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学中的女性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学中的女性(页面不存在)">女哲学家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociopolitical_thinkers" class="extiw" title="en:Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of sociopolitical thinkers</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="Category:哲學相關列表">列表</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学索引(页面不存在)">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Index of philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学概要">概要</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91" title="哲學年鑑">年份</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的哲學問題">問題</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="重要哲学出版物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of important publications in philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重要哲学出版物列表(页面不存在)">出版物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:List of important publications in philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of important publications in philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of philosophies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学列表(页面不存在)">理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophies" class="extiw" title="en:List of philosophies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of philosophies</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学词汇表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学词汇表(页面不存在)">词汇表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="哲學家列表">哲學家</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:哲学">哲学主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy-sidebar" title="Template:Philosophy-sidebar"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy-sidebar" title="Template talk:Philosophy-sidebar"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Philosophy-sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Philosophy-sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>中国哲学</b>为基于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="古代汉语">古典汉语</a>的、华夏文明各学派的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>思想。起源于<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="春秋时期">春秋时期</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="战国时代">战国时代</a>,期间被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6" title="诸子百家">诸子百家</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-pe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,是重要的知识和文化发展<sup id="cite_ref-pe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。特征為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%8F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="華夏文明">華夏文明</a>各學派的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a>思想。虽然中国哲学在很大程度上始于<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="战国时期">战国时期</a>,但中国哲学的元素已经存在了几千年。一些可以在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="華夏">華夏</a>思想最早記錄<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">殷</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" title="周朝">周</a>之际成書的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E7%BB%8F" title="易经">易经</a>》找到,这是一部古老的占卜纲要,至少可以追溯到公元前672年<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,後來中国哲学大盛於于<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="春秋时期">春秋</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="战国">战国</a>时期。其發展史可大体分为:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%91%A8" title="东周">东周</a>古典的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6" title="诸子百家">诸子百家</a>哲学;<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E5%B0%8A%E5%84%92%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="獨尊儒術">獨尊儒術</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道</a>冲突而交错的发展时期;<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清</a>儒佛道融合而转生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="宋明理学">理学</a>;<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="晚清">晚清</a>以后的中西会通时期。中国哲学通过对<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="韩国">韩国</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" class="mw-redirect" title="汉字文化圈">东亚文化区</a>的影响,它在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="东方哲学">东方哲学</a>框架内的地位与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">古希腊哲学</a>在欧洲思想框架内的地位相当。中国哲学的多样性在当今,与<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">马克思主义</a>理论及新社会和政治局势问题相结合的哲学论调,决定了道德观和儒学的传统论调的一种趋势。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="古代中国">古代中国</a>主要有<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="佛家">佛家</a>等为主要的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>流派,其中尤其以儒家、佛家和道家影响最深远。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方哲学</a>於近代傳入,也影响甚鉅,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國共產黨">中國共產黨</a>執政後,<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="马克思主义哲学">马克思主义哲学</a>更取代儒家,成為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>官方<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意識形態">政治理想</a>;儒家失勢後演變成<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a>,其支持者繼續承傳華夏古風。 </p><p>中國人的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙觀">宇宙觀</a>方面以<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="易經">易經</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%BA%84" class="mw-redirect" title="老庄">老莊</a>為核心,<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="倫理">倫理</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80" title="價值觀">社會觀</a>是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="孔孟">孔孟</a>之說為代表,佛家則以宣揚<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%A0%B1" title="果報">因果</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴">輪迴</a>、眾緣唯心的道理與儒道互相輔助而成<sup id="cite_ref-大乘文化_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-大乘文化-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古典时期(春秋战国)"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.85.B8.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F.EF.BC.88.E6.98.A5.E7.A7.8B.E6.88.98.E5.9B.BD.EF.BC.89"></span>古典时期(春秋战国)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:古典时期(春秋战国)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="儒家"><span id=".E5.84.92.E5.AE.B6"></span>儒家</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:儒家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>思想是以「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%9F%E4%B9%8B%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孔孟之道(页面不存在)">孔孟之道</a>」為源頭,在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中國文化">中國文化</a>發展史上源遠流長,對中國人的普遍倫理道德,對中國文化的價值和價值優先觀念都有著深刻的影響。已經成為中華民族的一種<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E6%BD%9B%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="集體潛意識">集體潛意識</a>。儒家的價值觀影響古代中國大多數公開場合是以儒家的價值觀作為優先的標準。因此可以說儒家的價值取向在總體上代表了中國傳統文化的基本價值優先觀<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>儒家注重自身修養並講求<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="倫理">倫理</a>道德,其中心思想乃「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81" title="仁">仁</a>義」,也就是人與人之間應注重<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%B0%90" class="mw-disambig" title="和谐">和諧</a>的關係<sup id="cite_ref-儒家_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-儒家-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。人際關係以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%80%AB" title="五倫">五倫</a>為依歸,有一定的規範。對待<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%BC%A9" title="長輩">長輩</a>要尊敬尊重對待;<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8B%E5%8F%8B" title="朋友">朋友</a>之間要言而有信;為官者要清廉愛民;做人有自知之明,盡份內事,「君子務本,本立而道生」。統治者要仁政愛民<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>;對於其他人<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%84%9B" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="博愛">博愛</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。對待上司要<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%A0" title="忠">忠誠</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>;對待父母親屬要<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D" title="孝">孝順</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>;人要有抱負而有毅力<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。重視追求知識<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>,善於吸取別人的長處<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>推己及人<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>的思想。關於生活工作的人生,小孩子的時候,就傾愛父母;年輕的時候有了戀人,就傾愛戀人;婚後有了妻兒(配偶愛人和兒女),就傾愛愛人和兒女;當官員、公務員(廣義地說是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E5%91%98" class="mw-redirect" title="职员">職員</a>),就傾愛君主(及或上司)<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。 </p><p>儒家政治思想是「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E6%94%BF" title="仁政">仁政</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%81%93" title="王道">王道</a>」以及「<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="禮制">禮制</a>」,其理想是「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C_(%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3)" title="大同 (思想)">大同</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="领土收复主义">大一統</a>」,其政治學主要闡述君臣關係、官民關係。孔子「君事臣以禮,臣事君以忠」,<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a>「民為重,社稷次之,君為輕」,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90" title="荀子">荀子</a>「從道不從君,從義不從父,人之大行也」,是儒家政治學的代表性主張。在現實政治的問題上,儒家要求統治者和被統治者雙方都要承擔義務,從理論上說,被統治者有權利反抗不正常承擔義務的統治者。「仁政易行」則提倡分清「不能」與「不為」之間的區別,即「不去做」與「做不到」之間的差異。而其「無恆產,因無恆心」也體現了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A5%E6%B0%91%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="以民為本(页面不存在)">民本思想</a>。儒家的教育目的,在於以發揚人性、完成人格為起點,直至達到建立仁治之國和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C_(%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3)" title="大同 (思想)">大同世界</a>的理想<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因此,儒家的理想,是成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="博学家">通才</a>,或者多才多藝而不僅僅是一才一藝,或者在一才一藝基礎上能觸類旁通,也即<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E4%BA%BA%E5%A3%AB" title="專業人士">專才</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="博学家">通才</a>的結合<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C_(%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3)" title="大同 (思想)">大同社會</a>是儒家思想大道之行的描述<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,也就是說,儒家思想的經濟學,是為了人類理想社會而服務。儒家重義輕利,以義為本,以義導利。尊重利用自然<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="市场经济">市场经济</a>規律,反對違背破壞市場規律,同時反對<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="垄断">操縱市場</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>,認可「<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="效益主義">待價而沽</a>」<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。儒家重理,又提出<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%A9%E8%87%B4%E7%9F%A5" title="格物致知">格物致知</a>。儒家重視科技及在物質上的實用,提出了「用力少,見功多」的原則,併發展出了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%AD%B8" title="實學">實學</a>,但同時注重全面的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC" title="人格">人格</a>發展,反對把人變成物質的工具。儒家形上學在以後的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="理學">理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%B8" title="心學">心學</a>中進行了展開<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。儒家相當重視編修<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歷史">歷史</a>的悠久傳統<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="道家"><span id=".E9.81.93.E5.AE.B6"></span>道家</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:道家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a>思想是中國最重要也是最具影響力的哲學思想之一<sup id="cite_ref-中國道家_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國道家-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。道家,是道德家的簡稱<sup id="cite_ref-道家思想_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家思想-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。道家起源有一說是有出於史官<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。道家還有隱士一類的達觀厭世者,他們驅使人們以「達觀」來解決人生問題<sup id="cite_ref-道家思想_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家思想-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。道家的理論奠定於《<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%85%B8%E7%B1%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="老子 (中國古典典籍)">老子</a>》(又名《<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="道德經">道德經</a>》),與《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%AD%90_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%85%B8%E7%B1%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="莊子 (中國古典典籍)">莊子</a>》(又名《南华经》)為主要思想典籍。 </p><p>道家崇尚<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">自然</a>相處之道,以天為道並順天而行事,就可消災解禍。認人類社會中的難題之所以無法解決,皆是因為干預行為過多,故提倡行為上要以無所作為就可以達到<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BA_(%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6)" title="无为 (道家)">無為</a>養息。道家也嚮往著反璞歸真的樸實社會,認為人類對事物不妄加任何人為的作用,回歸原來樸素、無知、無慮的境界,人類的紛爭和煩惱即可真正的解脫<sup id="cite_ref-中國道家_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國道家-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。老子在總體上傾向治國方面,在人生觀上,老子主張「清虛自守,卑弱自持。」政治上提出「<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%82%BA%E8%80%8C%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="無為而治">無為而治</a>」,以無為而無不為<sup id="cite_ref-道家思想_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家思想-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。道家由人生觀和社會觀擴展至宇宙論,提出「<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-disambig" title="氣">氣</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">自然</a>」等哲學概念。道家之一切理論無不是圍繞道而展開的。道既是生物之源,亦是生成萬物之根本,亦是天地萬物之本性,亦是人安身立命之根據,亦為治國安邦之根本方略<sup id="cite_ref-道家心性論研究_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家心性論研究-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。道家強調「游心」,並推崇<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a>,道家強調「虛心」,並推崇自然。主張要聯繫性、心、情三者又有所區別。性是指人之先天之本性,突出者為人之先天性之因素;心是指人之內在精神,突出者為人之為人之主體性因素;情是指人之主觀情感,突出者為我之為我之情緒感受。有性、有心、有情,故而之為人。道家所追求的人生,即是自然、自在而自由的人生。道家對人之命運,持一種自然的無可奈何的態度。以這樣一種態度來對待一切,來保守心靈之寧靜、淡泊與自由。道家對於生死,持一種純自然的態度。與(今之所谓)<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>(传统中国并不区分“道家”与“道教”)之追求<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%81" title="长生不老">长生不老</a>有所不同,道家並不追求長生,道家只追求自由而自在地活著。道家修養論之主旨是致虛守靜。<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90" title="老子">老子</a>首倡致虛守靜,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="莊子">莊子</a>則將致虛守靜具體化為「心齋」與「坐忘」,並進而將致虛守靜提升為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">本體論</a>的高度,而標舉「齊物」。 </p><p>道家奉「道德經」為中心理念,但道德經中有些東西與「易經」的道理有所相連,所以不排除此項哲學發源於「易經」。 </p><p>道家哲學是從天道運行的原理為基礎,展開以自然為義理的“<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93#《老子》中的「道」" title="道">道</a>”的哲學。天道運行有其自然而然的原理在,道的哲學即在解明此一原理性內涵,而得以提出認識一個世界運行秩序之無定限、無執著,道家哲學發展的社會哲學,認為社會的存在是個客體,人們是在其中生存的主體,所以應該要有其獨立自存的自由性,而不受任何意識型態的束縛<sup id="cite_ref-道家哲學_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家哲學-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。基本上道家哲學並不否定儒家的社會理想,但對於社會責任的態度並不預設立場,並更加尊重人類自主性的態度與存在定位<sup id="cite_ref-道家哲學_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家哲學-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。道家相當重視人性的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" title="解放">解放</a>。解放就是一方面是人的知識能力的解放,另方面是人的生活心境的解放,並以修身達觀的生活功夫來處理世界事務<sup id="cite_ref-道家哲學_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家哲學-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。道家的社會哲學不是進取的,積極的,因為社會只是天道的過程,而不是目的本身<sup id="cite_ref-道家傳統_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家傳統-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。道家認為儒家的社會理想是合理的,但不是絕對的,因此基本上並不需要提出一套決定性的社會理想,因為天道變化,本身無所謂絕對的是非善惡之性能,因而道家強調得更多的,是在社會中生存的智慧原理,而且這種智慧必須是能應在任何歷史情境的社會之中都行之有效的生存之道<sup id="cite_ref-道家傳統_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家傳統-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E9%9D%9E%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="韓非子">韓非子</a>提倡的「學本<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="黄老">黃老</a>」,將「理」與「道」連結再一起,認為「道」是成為萬物運行法則。吸取儒家仁義思想,與法家治理之數,產生道法共冶一爐,成為漢朝早期的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E8%80%81%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="黃老治術">黃老之治</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。道家思想的核心是「道」,認為「道」是宇宙的本源,也是統治宇宙中一切運動的法則<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。也就因為道家的社會哲學不以自己發展規格為主,而強調應對的智慧,因此利於人們修養生息的需求,故而讓漢初的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E8%80%81%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="黃老治術">黃老之治</a>有了實驗的理論基礎<sup id="cite_ref-道家傳統_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家傳統-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同時也安定中國<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB" title="士大夫">士大夫</a>失意於儒家本位的官場文化仍有發揮的舞台<sup id="cite_ref-道家傳統_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家傳統-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>道家則自老莊玄虛之說,後來成為兩晉大夫競尚清談,南朝宋文帝下旨令<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%95%E5%BD%A5%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="何彥德(页面不存在)">何彥德</a>創立「<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="玄學">玄學</a>」。另外變化為方士神仙之術,自漢朝<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E9%81%93%E9%99%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="張道陵">張道陵</a>以符水禁咒之法成為「<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>」之始<sup id="cite_ref-大乘文化_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-大乘文化-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="墨家"><span id=".E5.A2.A8.E5.AE.B6"></span>墨家</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:墨家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="諸子百家">諸子百家</a>中主要派別之一,創立人為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E7%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="墨翟">墨翟</a>,產生於<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="戰國時期">戰國時期</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a>主張<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BC%E7%88%B1" title="兼爱">兼愛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%94%BB" title="非攻">非攻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E8%B3%A2" class="mw-disambig" title="尚賢">尚賢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%90%8C" title="尚同">尚同</a>。 </p><p>墨家邏輯是中國古代第一個邏輯學體系,全球三大古典邏輯體系之一,主要以三物論為代表,三物分別為故、理、類。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%BE%AF" title="墨辯">墨辯</a>》是墨家邏輯的主要著作。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法家"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.AE.B6"></span>法家</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:法家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a></div> <p>商鞅 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="纵横家"><span id=".E7.BA.B5.E6.A8.AA.E5.AE.B6"></span>纵横家</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:纵横家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B5%E6%A8%AA%E5%AE%B6" title="纵横家">纵横家</a></div> <p>公孙衍、张仪 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="帝国早期(汉唐)"><span id=".E5.B8.9D.E5.9B.BD.E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.EF.BC.88.E6.B1.89.E5.94.90.EF.BC.89"></span>帝国早期(汉唐)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:帝国早期(汉唐)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="佛教哲学"><span id=".E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.A6"></span>佛教哲学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:佛教哲学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>對於中國習俗風尚與其他宗教也產生了巨大的影響。佛教從印度傳入中國以後,中國人才有三世(過去世、現在世、未來世)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">六道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴">輪迴</a>,以及善惡<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%A0%B1" title="果報">果報</a>等觀念,才知道生有所從來,死知有所往。具體表現在相信有三世<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。佛家認為,世間的萬事萬物都是因緣和合而生;<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%83%85" title="有情">眾生</a>有生老病死,天有陰晴圓缺,花開花落,生滅相成。佛教有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">六道</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴">輪迴</a>之說,雖然現世作惡而得福得壽,但其業果若不報於現世而將報於來世。因信三世六道,故信善惡定有果報,或報之自身體,或報之子孫,或報之來世。同時還引進了悔罪植福、延壽薦亡、修德禳災、設供祈願等觀念<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>佛陀之學即為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="佛学">佛學</a>,佛學以<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%A0%B1" title="果報">因果</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴">輪迴</a>為理論,以五戒十善法為規律,藉以出世解脫為佛家一主要思想﹐以萬事無常轉變以及生死痛苦為理論。以無我、緣生、苦空為方法﹐以證得無上正等正覺並達致涅槃為目的。為達此目的強調需要出世與解脫,出世就是指必須厭惡世間欲望,不斷自我修練,解脫是在脫離生存所帶來的痛苦為目的。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>根本精神更進一步強調要捨己救世<sup id="cite_ref-大乘文化_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-大乘文化-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>根据佛教,佛陀一生所教的内容主要就是知<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B#四聖諦" title="四谛">灭苦</a>。「<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四聖諦</a>」學說是佛教教義的核心,就是苦締、集諦、滅諦、道諦。「<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦諦</a>」是佛教認為一切<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">六道</a>眾生都免不了生、老、病、死、求不得、愛別離、五陰熾盛八苦所煎熬。這些苦難不會因為我們的死亡而結束,因為我們死後並非徹底地消失,而是繼續會在六道中輪迴不息,無論你生在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="天 (佛教)">天道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%AE%E7%BE%85%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="阿修羅道">阿修羅道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E9%81%93" title="人間道">人間道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%94%9F%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="畜生道">畜生道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%93%E9%AC%BC%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="餓鬼道">餓鬼道</a>還是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="地獄道">地獄道</a>,這些痛苦都總是存在的,只是程度不同罷了。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>佛教還認為,世間的萬物都是變化不定的,沒有永恆,這叫做<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B8%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="无常 (佛教)">無常</a>。對眾生來說,因為於無常敗壞法起貪著,則將造成身心的熾燃大苦,因此說無常故苦。集諦是講苦產生的原因。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>佛教認為世上沒有無因之果,也沒有無果之因。有情眾生之所以會受苦,在於因無明而於六根觸受起愛執,而導致後有生死的純大苦聚集。佛教認為只要是在六道中輪迴,就無法避免會受苦。有情眾生要想從苦中真正的、徹底的解脫出來,只有脫離輪迴這一個辦法。<sup id="cite_ref-ctworld-a07_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctworld-a07-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>道諦為了脫離輪迴,必須進行修行。佛陀給出的方法主要為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">戒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="三昧">定</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-disambig" title="智慧 (佛教)">慧</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8" title="三學">三學</a>。依<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%AD%A3%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="八正道">八正道</a>,便可以達到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>,永遠從輪迴中解脫出來,证得<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="阿罗汉">阿罗汉</a><sup id="cite_ref-ctworld-a07_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctworld-a07-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>西漢末年,佛教開始從中國的邊疆傳入內地。佛教一開始進入中國,就和中國傳統文化充滿着矛盾。不少<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%94%9F" title="儒生">文人</a>排斥外來文化,還出現過<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="魏太武帝">北魏太武帝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="周武帝">北周武帝</a>的兩次大規模<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%A6%E7%81%AD%E4%BD%9B" title="三武灭佛">滅佛事件</a>。但經過東漢魏晉二百多年的磨合,佛教與中國的本土文化從對抗走向適應,並相互影響。南北朝時期,佛教從南到北,從東到西,跨地區,跨國界的廣泛傳播開來。在吸收中國傳統文化的條件下,形成了獨具特色的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教">中國佛教</a>。中國佛教和儒家、道家一樣,成為中國傳統文化的重要支撐,對中國社會各個方面都產生很深的影響。中國佛教發展到隋唐,進入鼎盛時期。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="帝国中晚期(宋元明清)"><span id=".E5.B8.9D.E5.9B.BD.E4.B8.AD.E6.99.9A.E6.9C.9F.EF.BC.88.E5.AE.8B.E5.85.83.E6.98.8E.E6.B8.85.EF.BC.89"></span>帝国中晚期(宋元明清)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:帝国中晚期(宋元明清)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节<b>尚無任何内容,需要<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3">扩充</a></b>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2023年1月13日</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="北宋五子"><span id=".E5.8C.97.E5.AE.8B.E4.BA.94.E5.AD.90"></span>北宋五子</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:北宋五子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="朱子學:繼別為宗"><span id=".E6.9C.B1.E5.AD.90.E5.AD.B8.EF.BC.9A.E7.B9.BC.E5.88.A5.E7.82.BA.E5.AE.97"></span>朱子學:繼別為宗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:朱子學:繼別為宗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="從陸象山到劉蕺山"><span id=".E5.BE.9E.E9.99.B8.E8.B1.A1.E5.B1.B1.E5.88.B0.E5.8A.89.E8.95.BA.E5.B1.B1"></span>從陸象山到劉蕺山</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:從陸象山到劉蕺山"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="晚明三大家"><span id=".E6.99.9A.E6.98.8E.E4.B8.89.E5.A4.A7.E5.AE.B6"></span>晚明三大家</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:晚明三大家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="顏元與李塨"><span id=".E9.A1.8F.E5.85.83.E8.88.87.E6.9D.8E.E5.A1.A8"></span>顏元與李塨</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:顏元與李塨"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="戴震"><span id=".E6.88.B4.E9.9C.87"></span>戴震</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:戴震"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="洪秀全與洪仁玕"><span id=".E6.B4.AA.E7.A7.80.E5.85.A8.E8.88.87.E6.B4.AA.E4.BB.81.E7.8E.95"></span>洪秀全與洪仁玕</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:洪秀全與洪仁玕"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="曾國藩與趙烈文"><span id=".E6.9B.BE.E5.9C.8B.E8.97.A9.E8.88.87.E8.B6.99.E7.83.88.E6.96.87"></span>曾國藩與趙烈文</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:曾國藩與趙烈文"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="康有為與梁啟超"><span id=".E5.BA.B7.E6.9C.89.E7.82.BA.E8.88.87.E6.A2.81.E5.95.9F.E8.B6.85"></span>康有為與梁啟超</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:康有為與梁啟超"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="近代及当代"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3.E5.8F.8A.E5.BD.93.E4.BB.A3"></span>近代及当代</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:近代及当代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在清末洋務運動,以及1894年<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="甲午戰爭">甲午戰爭</a>之後,首先由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1" title="孫中山">孫中山</a>為首的革命派興起,將西方的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%B3%A6%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="天賦人權">天賦人權</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" title="權力分立">權力分立</a>...等西方<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="民主主義">民主主義</a>的思潮引進,使得儒家思想及傳統哲學,開始衰退,變為非當代中國哲學主流。20世紀以來的中國哲學,由首先得勢的是西方的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="自由民主主义">自由民主主義</a>思想,以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1" title="孫中山">孫中山</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9" title="胡適">胡適</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%85%83%E5%9F%B9" title="蔡元培">蔡元培</a>,其次是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬列主義">馬列主義</a>思想,以<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E7%8D%A8%E7%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="陳獨秀">陳獨秀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E9%92%8A" title="李大钊">李大钊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="毛澤東">毛澤東</a>為代表,最後是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a>思想与傳統的回歸。 </p><p>1919年的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%9B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="五四運動">五四運動</a>,象徵傳統思想體系走向窮途末路。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="新文化運動">新文化運動</a>提出「德先生」(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>)和「賽先生」(<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學">科學</a>)的口號。西化派的領袖<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9" title="胡適">胡適</a>接受了「打倒孔家店」的口號,和陳序經「全盤西化」的主張,視傳統與現代為對立的兩極,傳統是現代化的絆腳石,想用西方民主和科學代替傳統思想。他大力提倡<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81" title="约翰·杜威">杜威</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗主義">實驗主義</a>,繼承杜威主張點點滴滴的進步那種<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E8%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="改良主義">改良主義</a>,但杜威重視外在條件的程序性,而胡適則提倡「大膽假設,小心求証」,把重點轉移到心理方面。胡適的改良主義無法解決當時中國內憂外患的問題,取而代之的是越來越激進的思想,<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬列主義">馬列主義</a>隨即成為時代思潮的主流,西化派被批評為替<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="帝國主義">帝國主義</a>搖旗吶喊的落伍思想。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="毛澤東">毛澤東</a>原是改良派,後來才越來越激進成為革命派。他曾受《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%BD%AE" class="mw-disambig" title="新潮">新潮</a>》和胡適的影響,一度主張<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="性解放">性解放</a>。在內憂外患的威脅下,西方的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="個人主義">個人主義</a>根本無法發展,有理想的青年人傾向<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="集體主義">集體主義</a>。毛澤東否定傳統,選擇<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬列主義">馬列主義</a>,以「<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="階級鬥爭">階級鬥爭</a>」為綱,開創了農民革命的新理論。毛澤東也資取於傳統,但他所取的不是儒家仁愛<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%B8" title="中庸">中庸</a>的大傳統,而是農民起義的小傳統,文革<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E5%9B%9B%E8%88%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="破四舊">破四舊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E6%9E%97%E6%89%B9%E5%AD%94" class="mw-redirect" title="批林批孔">批林批孔</a>,目的正是要徹底摧毀被譴責為「封建」的大傳統。毛澤東否定仁愛中庸等原則,與儒家精神無關,卻和漢代以來政治化的儒家,特別是明清專制下的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="權威主義">權威主義</a>有一定關連。文革以後,中共領導人喜歡談儒家,但主導思想仍是馬列毛思想,儒家思想至多佔支援地位。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>儒家傳統仍有活力,當代<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a>標明回歸傳統,主張通過對傳統的重新闡釋和改造,吸納西方現代的成就,重新恢復傳統的活力以振興中華,並貢獻於世界。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%BC%B1%E6%BA%9F" title="梁漱溟">梁漱溟</a>首先挺身而出,他終極嚮往是佛家,但為了生存,中國必先吸納以前進為導向的西方成就,然後回歸兼顧前進與後退雙向的中國文化,最後才皈依以後退為導向的佛家境界。<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E5%8D%81%E5%8A%9B" title="熊十力">熊十力</a>則吸納了印度哲學,歸宗《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="易經">易經</a>》,創造《新唯識論》作為新儒家的始祖。弟子<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%90%9B%E6%AF%85" title="唐君毅">唐君毅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9F%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%89" title="牟宗三">牟宗三</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%A4%8D%E8%A7%82" title="徐复观">徐復觀</a>,史家<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2%E7%A9%86" title="錢穆">錢穆</a>、政治家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%90%9B%E5%8B%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="張君勵">張君勵</a>都堅決反共,認為共產黨徹底破壞傳統是錯誤的。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%90%9B%E6%AF%85" title="唐君毅">唐君毅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9F%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%89" title="牟宗三">牟宗三</a>對西方哲學都有深入理解,唐君毅撰寫《哲學概論》,遍及流行的西方哲學潮流,而歸宗於<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格爾">黑格爾</a>的絕對<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="唯心論">唯心論</a>,致力於融合中西哲學。牟宗三則精研<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>,承繼<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="康德">康德</a>的批判哲學,反顯出中土三教肯定了他「智的直覺」的體証。他們要維護傳統道統的心性之學,並要以「曲通」方式開拓「學統」與「政統」,以吸納西方的民主與科學。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>新儒家認為,儒家「天道性命相貫通」的思想萬古常新,生生不已的天道,内在於人而成為超越心性的根源,透過内在的體認與恭行實踐實現在個體生命之中,再通過推己及人,將理想實現在群體生活之内。但中國傳統向来不重視抽象的思辨,新儒家卻通過對<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="康德">康德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格爾">黑格爾</a>的吸納,而擴大了視野,並體認到自己傳統的限制;「<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%96%E7%8E%8B" title="内圣外王">内聖外王</a>」的方式,並不能實現仁政的理想,反而產生了專制暴政,缺少抽象的架構思維使科學發展也大受局限。故新儒家沒有排斥民主與科学的理想,但在人生意義的追求方面,仍然堅持傳統原則,强调人人與生俱來超越的心性根源。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="比较哲学"><span id=".E6.AF.94.E8.BE.83.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.A6"></span>比较哲学</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:比较哲学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="比较西方哲學"><span id=".E6.AF.94.E8.BE.83.E8.A5.BF.E6.96.B9.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>比较西方哲學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节:比较西方哲學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7" title="中国哲学的合法性">中国哲学的合法性</a></div> <p>自19世纪引入中国哲学学术研究以来, <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%80%82" class="mw-redirect" title="胡适">胡适</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AF%E5%8F%8B%E5%85%B0" title="冯友兰">冯友兰</a>等人在西方文化的影响下,引起了对中国哲学的日益关注,同时激发了中国哲学领域的创立和有关争论。这些争论的核心焦点包括:传统中国思想中是否存在“哲学”这一学科;该学科所涉及的主题和问题是否存在于中国思想中;以及现在已确立的中国哲学学科是否真正可以被认为是中国的。这些争论引发了关于哲学及其学科性质的更广泛讨论。<sup id="cite_ref-冯友兰中国哲学简史_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冯友兰中国哲学简史-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_ChineseAndWestern_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP_ChineseAndWestern-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>根据中国著名哲学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AF%E5%8F%8B%E5%85%B0" title="冯友兰">冯友兰</a>教授《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2" title="中国哲学简史">中国哲学简史</a>》的相关内容,中西方传统的哲学的主要差别有: </p> <ul><li>中国哲学更加注重哲学与道德、政治的关联,西方哲学则注重抽象理论体系。 中国哲学追求德性的自我完善和对社会秩序的维护,西方哲学追求客观自然规律和统一的理论体系。</li> <li>中国哲学更加实用主义,西方哲学更加理性主义。中国哲学强调实践应用和关怀人生,西方哲学强调逻辑分析和理性证成。中国哲学缺乏严格的逻辑推理,西方哲学强调逻辑归纳演绎。與西方哲學比較,兩者皆有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="實踐哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Practical philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E8%B8%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實踐哲學(页面不存在)">實踐哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Practical philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Practical philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span>,但唯獨西方哲學有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="形式邏輯">形式邏輯</a>。</li> <li>哲学的方法与风格方面, 传统的中国哲学采用隐喻、类比、寓言和故事来传达他们的思想和洞见。他们不强调严格的定义、形式化的论证或系统性的理论,而是注重直观的智慧、实用的指导和道德修养。西方哲学则运用概念、命题、证明和系统来表达他们的思想和论点。他们不依赖诗意的表达、比喻性的语言或个人轶事,而是依赖逻辑分析、经验证据和科学方法。</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E6%99%93%E8%8A%92" title="邓晓芒">邓晓芒</a>教授认为, 中西哲学的差别主要源于中西方不同的文化传统和发展脉络,一个民族的思维模式是决定这个民族的生活方式的最重要的文化因素。 <sup id="cite_ref-邓晓芒_西方哲学的总体特点_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-邓晓芒_西方哲学的总体特点-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="比较印度哲學"><span id=".E6.AF.94.E8.BE.83.E5.8D.B0.E5.BA.A6.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>比较印度哲學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节:比较印度哲學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中國哲學和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="印度哲學">印度哲學</a>相比,總的來說,中國哲學更關注人,而印度哲學更關注物。以唯物主義哲學而言,傳統上,印度唯物主義哲學首先建立在對崇拜神的宗教的徹底批判的基礎上,認為宗教的存在是尋求物質真理的障礙;相對而言,中國唯物主義哲學家大多認為宗教未必妨礙人的修身,因此只有少數的學者如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="范縝">范縝</a>等對崇拜神的宗教作激烈的批判。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="中西哲學定義之爭"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E8.A5.BF.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8.E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9.E4.B9.8B.E7.88.AD"></span>中西哲學定義之爭</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节:中西哲學定義之爭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6#哲学的定义" title="哲学">哲学 § 哲学的定义</a></div> <p>哲学家们对哲学本身的定义存在分歧。没有共同的共识,这归因于哲学本身的性质是一个开放的哲学问题。许多伟大的哲学家,如柏拉图、黑格尔等,对问题“什么是哲学?”提出了答案,但这些答案在今天不太可能被广泛接受。<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>古代中國并没有“哲学”一词。前人的著作通常混合了文学、历史和哲学的元素,没有明确的分科划分,因此存在中西哲学定义是否相同的辩论。 漢語裡的「哲學」一詞出自日本學者<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8_(%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E5%AE%B6)" title="西周 (启蒙家)">西周</a>(1829—1897年)在其《百一新論》(1874)中對「philosophy」的翻譯,直到1902年中國人才在《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%9B%E6%8A%A5" title="新民丛报">新民叢報</a>》的一篇文章里將「哲學」一詞以回溯的方式應用於中國思想<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1950年代起,中國的學術研究受前蘇聯影響甚深,對思想史的研究,都套用「哲學」一詞<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。关于中国哲学與西方哲學比較,见<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#比较西方哲學">中国哲学#比较西方哲學</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">「為政以德,譬如北辰,居其所而眾星共之」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">「幼吾幼,及人之幼。老吾老,及人之老」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">「君事臣以禮,臣事君以忠」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">參見「父母在,不遠遊,遊必有方」、「今之孝者,是謂能養。至於犬馬,皆能有養;不敬,何以別乎?」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">參見「士不可不弘毅,任重而道遠」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">「朝聞道,夕死可矣」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">「見賢思齊焉,見不賢而內自省也」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">子</a>曰:「其恕乎!己所不欲,勿施于人。」——《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="論語">論語</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E9%9D%88%E5%85%AC" title="衛靈公">衛靈公</a>第十五之二三》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">孟子雲:「人少,則慕父母;知好色,則慕少艾;有妻子,則慕妻子;仕則慕君」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">子曰:「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%9B%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8D%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="君子不器(页面不存在)">君子不器</a>。」<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a>的解讀是:「器者,各適其用而不能相通。成德之士,體無不具,故用無不周,非特為一才一藝而已。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">子貢贖魯人於諸侯,來而讓不取其金,這種做法便受到孔子的批駁。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">如孔子所著的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="易經">易經</a>·繫辭》中,如「易有太極,是生兩儀,兩儀生四象,四象生八卦,八卦定吉凶,吉凶生大業。」「神無方而易無體,一陰一陽之謂道。」<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E8%A9%92%E5%BE%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="柳詒徵">柳詒徵</a>:孔子「形而上之原理,與<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90" title="老子">老子</a>所見正等」。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">史官可以一方面看到官府過去的檔案與典籍,一方面為朝廷作記錄,自然可以造就出一些通識古今,深明世故的人,《漢書》藝文志:「道家者流,蓋出於史官,歷記成敗存亡禍福古今之道,然後知秉要執本,清虛以自守,卑弱以自持,此君人南面之術也。」此代表人物有<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E8%81%83" class="mw-redirect" title="老聃">老聃</a><sup id="cite_ref-道家思想_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-道家思想-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">老子曾在他的著作中說:「有物混成,先天地生。蕭呵!寥呵!獨立而不改,可以為天地母。吾未知其名,強名之曰道」<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节:参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:4; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2" title="中国哲学简史">中国哲学简史</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7" title="中国哲学的合法性">中国哲学的合法性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="中國哲學書電子化計劃">中國哲學書電子化計劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%8F%B2" title="中国逻辑史">中国逻辑史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%80%82" class="mw-redirect" title="胡适">胡适</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AF%E5%8F%8B%E5%85%B0" title="冯友兰">冯友兰</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pe_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pe_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ebrey, Patricia. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. 2010: 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 60, Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, edited Ian McGreal Harper Collins 1995, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-06-270085-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-06-270085-5">0-06-270085-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-大乘文化-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-大乘文化_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-大乘文化_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-大乘文化_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">法舫. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an169004.htm">佛學與中國文化</a>. 大乘文化出版社. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170502101018/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an169004.htm">存档</a>于2017-05-02) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(臺灣)网页">(中文(臺灣))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E6%B3%95%E8%88%AB&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-AN%2Fan169004.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">徐克謙, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.confucius2000.com/admin/list.asp?id=4547">儒家思想與中國傳統文化的價值優先觀</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131225223426/http://www.confucius2000.com/admin/list.asp?id=4547">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">(简体中文)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-儒家-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-儒家_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/37047/5/200905.pdf">朝貢體系歷史意涵與發展</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 國立政治大學. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202348/http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/37047/5/200905.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2016-03-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(臺灣)网页">(中文(臺灣))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%9D%E8%B2%A2%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%84%8F%E6%B6%B5%E8%88%87%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw%2Fbitstream%2F140.119%2F37047%2F5%2F200905.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E9%82%A6%E6%AD%A3" title="孫邦正">孫邦正</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=6801&htm=09-202-5266儒家教育學說.htm">儒家教育學說</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160304200740/http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=6801&htm=09-202-5266%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%AA.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>·大同》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">子曰:「述而不作,信而好古,竊比於我老彭。」(《論語·述而》)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-中國道家-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-中國道家_21-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國道家_21-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101031232807/http://www.lrn.cn/science/frontSciTech/200704/t20070428_55313.htm">中國道家思想</a>. 國土資源部. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrn.cn/science/frontSciTech/200704/t20070428_55313.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2010-10-31) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E9%83%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrn.cn%2Fscience%2FfrontSciTech%2F200704%2Ft20070428_55313.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-道家思想-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-道家思想_22-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-道家思想_22-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-道家思想_22-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-道家思想_22-3"><sup><b>10.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bshlmc.edu.hk/~ch/alexam/dao.htm">道家思想</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170531182422/http://www.bshlmc.edu.hk/~ch/alexam/dao.htm">存档</a>于2017-05-31).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bshlmc.edu.hk%2F~ch%2Falexam%2Fdao.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-道家心性論研究-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-道家心性論研究_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">罗安宪. 虛靜與逍遙--道家心性論研究. 中国哲学青年学术文库. 人民出版社. 2005年9月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787010050966" title="Special:网络书源/9787010050966"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787010050966</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%AA&rft.btitle=%E8%99%9B%E9%9D%9C%E8%88%87%E9%80%8D%E9%81%99--%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%BF%83%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.date=2005-09&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787010050966&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.series=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-道家哲學-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-道家哲學_25-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-道家哲學_25-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-道家哲學_25-2"><sup><b>12.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">中華人民共和國文化部外聯局. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314054649/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/cn_madeinchina/2005-09/29/content_73504.htm">道家哲学传统简介</a>. 中國日報網站. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/cn_madeinchina/2005-09/29/content_73504.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2013-03-14) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(中国大陆)网页">(中文(中国大陆))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%96%E8%81%AF%E5%B1%80&rft.btitle=%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaculture.org%2Fgb%2Fcn_madeinchina%2F2005-09%2F29%2Fcontent_73504.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-道家傳統-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-道家傳統_26-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-道家傳統_26-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-道家傳統_26-2"><sup><b>13.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-道家傳統_26-3"><sup><b>13.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">杜保瑞. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502043543/http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~duhbauruei/5rso/materials/mt06.htm">道家傳統介紹</a>. 台大哲學系中國哲學研究室. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~duhbauruei/5rso/materials/mt06.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-02) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(臺灣)网页">(中文(臺灣))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E6%9D%9C%E4%BF%9D%E7%91%9E&rft.btitle=%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%8F%B0%E5%A4%A7%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%AE%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.ntu.edu.tw%2F~duhbauruei%2F5rso%2Fmaterials%2Fmt06.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiculture.net/php/frame.php?id=/cnsweb/html/0302">道家與儒家</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210413035757/http://www.chiculture.net/php/frame.php?id=%2Fcnsweb%2Fhtml%2F0302">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">(中文)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《老子》第25章</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">張踐; 葛榮晉. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104193148/https://www.chiculture.net/index.php?file=topic_description&old_id=0304">墨翟與墨家思想</a>. 中國文化研究院. 香港. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-03-24</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chiculture.net/index.php?file=topic_description&old_id=0304">原始内容</a>存档于2020-11-04) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E5%A2%A8%E7%BF%9F%E8%88%87%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&rft.au=%E5%BC%B5%E8%B8%90&rft.au=%E8%91%9B%E6%A6%AE%E6%99%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiculture.net%2Findex.php%3Ffile%3Dtopic_description%26old_id%3D0304&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">譯著馬欣德尊者. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120210748/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=ew9zDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA185">您認識佛教嗎?: 本書獻給希望去除煩惱的人們</a>. 帕奧弟子叢書. 臺灣南傳上座部佛教學院. 2015: 185 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-88212-5-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-88212-5-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-986-88212-5-5</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=ew9zDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA185">原始内容</a>存档于2021-11-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E8%AD%AF%E8%91%97%E9%A6%AC%E6%AC%A3%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85&rft.btitle=%E6%82%A8%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%97%8E%EF%BC%9F%3A+%E6%9C%AC%E6%9B%B8%E7%8D%BB%E7%B5%A6%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E5%8E%BB%E9%99%A4%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%80%91&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-986-88212-5-5&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2&rft.series=%E5%B8%95%E5%A5%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dew9zDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA185&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120204713/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=TbUCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA368">星雲大師人間佛教思想研究</a>. 星雲大師人間佛教學研究叢書. 佛光文化事业有限公司. 2020: 368 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-5777-77-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-5777-77-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-986-5777-77-7</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=TbUCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA368">原始内容</a>存档于2021-11-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%AB%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-986-5777-77-7&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%89%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%9A%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft.series=%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%AB%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTbUCEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA368&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">現代佛敎學術叢刊編輯委員會. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120204744/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=s-cGAAAAYAAJ">佛敎與中國文化</a>. 現代佛敎學術叢刊. 大乘文化出版社. 1978 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-18</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=s-cGAAAAYAAJ">原始内容</a>存档于2021-11-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%8E%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%8F%A2%E5%88%8A%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%8E%E8%88%87%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.series=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%8E%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%8F%A2%E5%88%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds-cGAAAAYAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120204722/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=mNIPAAAAYAAJ">佛教词语的构造与汉语词汇的发展</a>. 北京語言学院出版社. 1994: 3-4 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5619-0353-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5619-0353-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-5619-0353-7</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=mNIPAAAAYAAJ">原始内容</a>存档于2021-11-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%AF%8D%E8%AF%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E4%B8%8E%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-5619-0353-7&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmNIPAAAAYAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120204748/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=O8cQAQAAMAAJ">东晋佛教思想与文学研究</a>. 巴蜀书社. 2008: 289 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-80752-263-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-80752-263-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-80752-263-8</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=O8cQAQAAMAAJ">原始内容</a>存档于2021-11-20) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-80752-263-8&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=%E5%B7%B4%E8%9C%80%E4%B9%A6%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO8cQAQAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203234927/http://ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a05.htm">基本佛學 第五課 四聖諦(一)苦諦</a>. 中台世界. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-02</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a05.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(臺灣)网页">(中文(臺灣))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8+%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E8%AA%B2+%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E8%8B%A6%E8%AB%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctworld.org.tw%2Fmeditation%2F02_a05.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203234939/http://ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a06.htm">基本佛學 第六課 四聖諦(二)集諦</a>. 中台世界. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-02</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a06.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(臺灣)网页">(中文(臺灣))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8+%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E8%AA%B2+%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E9%9B%86%E8%AB%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctworld.org.tw%2Fmeditation%2F02_a06.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctworld-a07-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ctworld-a07_38-0"><sup><b>24.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctworld-a07_38-1"><sup><b>24.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203234611/http://ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a07.htm">基本佛學 第七課 四聖諦(三)滅諦、道諦</a>. 中台世界. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-02</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctworld.org.tw/meditation/02_a07.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-03) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(臺灣)网页">(中文(臺灣))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8+%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E8%AA%B2+%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E6%BB%85%E8%AB%A6%E3%80%81%E9%81%93%E8%AB%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctworld.org.tw%2Fmeditation%2F02_a07.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_39-0"><sup><b>25.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_39-1"><sup><b>25.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_39-2"><sup><b>25.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_39-3"><sup><b>25.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">劉述先:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisixiang.com/data/14539.html">〈从典範轉移的角度看當代中國哲學思想之變局〉</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210508112353/http://www.aisixiang.com/data/14539.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)(1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-冯友兰中国哲学简史-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-冯友兰中国哲学简史_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AF%E5%8F%8B%E5%85%B0" title="冯友兰">冯友兰</a>, 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2" title="中国哲学简史">中国哲学简史</a>》(翻译:赵复三), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.99csw.com/book/1180/index.htm">https://www.99csw.com/book/1180/index.htm</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20231126040051/https://www.99csw.com/book/1180/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP_ChineseAndWestern-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEP_ChineseAndWestern_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wong, David, "Comparative Philosophy: Chinese and Western", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/comparphil-chiwes/">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/comparphil-chiwes/</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-邓晓芒_西方哲学的总体特点-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-邓晓芒_西方哲学的总体特点_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">邓晓芒:西方哲学的总体特点 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aisixiang.com/data/123985.html">https://www.aisixiang.com/data/123985.html</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240120130612/https://www.aisixiang.com/data/123985.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham Priest, What is Philosophy?, Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 September 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/philosophy/article/abs/what-is-philosophy/C6F91CBD86DA5D3E578DE806F130F3A0">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/philosophy/article/abs/what-is-philosophy/C6F91CBD86DA5D3E578DE806F130F3A0</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220513020323/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/philosophy/article/abs/what-is-philosophy/C6F91CBD86DA5D3E578DE806F130F3A0">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《中国古代哲学史》(复旦大学哲学系中国哲学教研室编,上海:上海古籍出版社,2006)導論部份。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">羅志田:《近代中國史學十論》(上海:復旦大學出版社,2003),頁271-273。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节:延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2" title="中国哲学简史">中国哲学简史</a>》,《中国哲学史》,<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AF%E5%8F%8B%E5%85%B0" title="冯友兰">冯友兰</a></li> <li>《中国哲学导论》,赖蕴慧,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="世界图书出版公司">世界图书出版公司</a>北京公司,2012</li> <li>《论道者:中国古代哲学论辩》,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葛瑞汉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Angus Charles Graham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%9B%E7%91%9E%E6%B1%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葛瑞汉(页面不存在)">葛瑞汉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Charles_Graham" class="extiw" title="en:Angus Charles Graham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Angus Charles Graham</span></a></span>)</span></span>,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="中国社会科学出版社">中国社会科学出版社</a>,2003</li> <li>《古代中国的思想世界》,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%8E%E5%85%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="本杰明·史华兹">本杰明·史华兹</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="江苏人民出版社">江苏人民出版社</a>,2008</li> <li>《中国思想之渊源》,<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9F%E5%BE%A9%E7%A6%AE" title="牟復禮">牟复礼</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="北京大学出版社">北京大学出版社</a>,2009</li> <li>《中国古代哲学史》(全二册),<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E6%97%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="复旦大学">复旦大学</a>哲学系中国哲学教研室编,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%A4%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="上海古籍出版社">上海古籍出版社</a>,2006</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节:外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>商戈令:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lhp.sdu.edu.cn/__local/0/A4/FD/A4CECE2558CA0031F3208935999_1CD6327C_A3AB7.pdf">图像、丛生与间性——探源中国哲学的新路径</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210508112359/http://www.lhp.sdu.edu.cn/__local/0/A4/FD/A4CECE2558CA0031F3208935999_1CD6327C_A3AB7.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>安乐哲:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212201614/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=669850264">活着的中国哲学</a>〉。</li> <li>李明辉:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=71747265504848574850484854">关于“中国哲学之正当性问题”的一个批注</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180225065004/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=71747265504848574850484854">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>李晨阳:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=48422876">全球华人与中国哲学的世界性</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180225064841/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=48422876">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>陳嘉映:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisixiang.com/data/12146.html">〈從移植詞看當代中國哲學〉</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210508112413/http://www.aisixiang.com/data/12146.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)(2006)</li> <li>倪梁康:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisixiang.com/data/26987.html">〈現代漢語哲學的合法性問題〉</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140714193358/http://www.aisixiang.com/data/26987.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)(2009)</li> <li>趙敦華:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)(2010)</li> <li>李幼蒸:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.confuchina.com/01%20zong%20lun/zhongguozhexue%20fuhaoxue.htm">中國哲學和符號學</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210508112438/http://www.confuchina.com/01%20zong%20lun/zhongguozhexue%20fuhaoxue.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>黑山著,周大興譯:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/home/publish/PDF/newsletter/33/33-117-126.pdf">古代中國哲學的原初存有學基礎</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141103165024/http://www.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/home/publish/PDF/newsletter/33/33-117-126.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉。</li> <li>黄勇:〈<a rel="nofollow" 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href="//web.archive.org/web/20190502164236/http://big.hi138.com/zhexue/zhongguozhexue/200605/13929.asp">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)(2006)</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output 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text-align: center;">哲学与……</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">艺术</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="设计哲学">设计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="音乐哲学">音乐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="电影哲学">电影</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">历史</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學人類學">人性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="语言哲学">语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学与文学">文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="文化哲學">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育哲學">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="人生哲学">人生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教哲学">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙学">宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">存在</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="元哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">精神</a></b> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="痛苦(哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pain (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%97%9B%E8%8B%A6%EF%BC%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="痛苦(哲学)(页面不存在)">痛苦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Pain (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pain (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%BB%98%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="幽默理論">幽默</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理学哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神经哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neurophilosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神经哲学(页面不存在)">神经哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophilosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Neurophilosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neurophilosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行動理論">行动</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="数学哲学">数学</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊哲學">信息</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="时空哲学">时空</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="物理哲学">物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="化学哲学">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="地理哲學">地理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="環境哲學">环境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="技术哲学">技术</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="工程学哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工程学哲学(页面不存在)">工程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of engineering</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="医学哲学(页面不存在)">医学哲学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="醫療衛生哲學">醫療衛生哲學</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="性哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of sex"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性哲学(页面不存在)">性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_sex" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of sex"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of sex</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会科学的哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of social science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会科学的哲学(页面不存在)">社会科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of social science</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学与经济学">经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" title="正義">公正</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="法律哲学">法律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="社会哲学">社会</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="戰爭哲學">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="哲学学派" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表(页面不存在)">哲学学派</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="哲學史">哲學史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世纪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="文艺复兴时期哲学">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="巴洛克时期哲学">巴洛克时期</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙時代</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="19世纪哲学">19世紀</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#当代哲学" title="西方哲学史">当代</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="東方哲學">东方</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">中国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6" title="名家">名家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E7%8E%84%E5%AD%B8" title="魏晉玄學">魏晉玄學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="杨朱学说">杨朱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗">禅宗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">希腊-</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="希臘化哲學">希臘化哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="前苏格拉底哲学">前苏格拉底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="毕达哥拉斯主义">毕达哥拉斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%BE%A9%E5%AE%B6" title="智辩家">诡辩学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="柏拉图主义">柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="亞里斯多德主義">亞里斯多德主義</a></b>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8D%E9%81%99%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="逍遙學派">逍遙學派</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="犬儒學派">犬儒學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%B3%A9%E9%AD%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="伊比鳩魯學派">伊比鳩魯學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="斯多葛主義">斯多亞學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E4%B8%96%E8%AE%BA" title="顺世论">顺世论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度教哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hindu philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教哲学(页面不存在)">印度教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Hindu philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hindu philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耆那教哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jain philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耆那教哲学(页面不存在)">耆那教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Jain philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jain philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iranian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗哲学(页面不存在)">波斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iranian philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B9%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B" title="玛兹达克">玛兹达克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%90%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="琐罗亚斯德教">祆教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9B" title="祖尔宛">楚尔凡教义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世紀</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">9 – 16<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="基督教哲学">基督</a>欧洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文藝復興人文主義">人文主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="托马斯主义">托马斯主义</a></b>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">阿奎那</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">东亚</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宋明理學">宋明理學</a><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="程朱理学">程朱理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%B8" title="心學">陆王心学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%98%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="永嘉学派">永嘉学派</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="韓國儒學">韓國儒學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="日本朱子学">日本朱子学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">印度</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Navya-Nyāya"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)(页面不存在)">新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" class="extiw" title="en:Navya-Nyāya"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Navya-Nyāya</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有保留的非二元论 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vishishtadvaita"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%9E%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有保留的非二元论 (印度哲学)(页面不存在)">有保留的非二元论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" class="extiw" title="en:Vishishtadvaita"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vishishtadvaita</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二元论 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dvaita"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二元论 (印度哲学)(页面不存在)">二元论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita" class="extiw" title="en:Dvaita"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dvaita</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿威罗伊主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Averroism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A8%81%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿威罗伊主义(页面不存在)">阿威罗伊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism" class="extiw" title="en:Averroism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Averroism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3#哲学思想" title="伊本·西那">阿维森纳</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="照明主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Illuminationism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="照明主义哲学(页面不存在)">照明主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism" class="extiw" title="en:Illuminationism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Illuminationism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">伊斯兰教义学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏菲主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sufi philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏菲主义哲学(页面不存在)">苏菲主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Sufi philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sufi philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="猶太教哲學">犹太教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="犹太-伊斯兰哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA-%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太-伊斯兰哲学(页面不存在)">犹太-伊斯兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" class="extiw" title="en:Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">17 – 19<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><b>人物</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新托马斯主义">新托马斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="笛卡尔主义">笛卡尔主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="康德主义">康德主义</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新康德主义">新康德主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔主义">黑格尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="马克思主义哲学">马克思主义哲学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">唯物-唯心</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="辩证唯物主义">辩证唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">唯心主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="绝对唯心论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Absolute idealism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绝对唯心论(页面不存在)">绝对唯心论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_idealism" class="extiw" title="en:Absolute idealism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Absolute idealism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">效益主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古典自由主义">自由主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現代主義">現代主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">現象學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超验主义">超验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="日本國學">日本國學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%82%E9%9D%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="寂靜主義">寂静主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="改革宗知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reformed epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%AE%97%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="改革宗知识论(页面不存在)">改革宗知识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Reformed epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reformed epistemology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="西方哲学史">当代</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">20 – 21<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分析女性主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Analytical feminism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分析女性主义(页面不存在)">分析女性主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_feminism" class="extiw" title="en:Analytical feminism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Analytical feminism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="分析马克思主义">分析马克思主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后分析哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postanalytic philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后分析哲学(页面不存在)">后分析哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Postanalytic philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postanalytic philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="结果论">结果论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">功利主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">道义论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·罗尔斯">罗尔斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="德性倫理學">德性倫理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗哲學">實驗哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="内在主义与外在主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internalism and externalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内在主义与外在主义(页面不存在)">内在主义与外在主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" class="extiw" title="en:Internalism and externalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internalism and externalism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">证伪主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基础主义">基础主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B4%AF%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="真理融贯论">真理融贯论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">维特根斯坦</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="维也纳学派">维也纳学派</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日常語言哲學">日常語言哲學</a>-<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Naturalized epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然主义知识论(页面不存在)">蒯因的自然主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalized epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Naturalized epistemology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法律实证主义">法律实证主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">欧陆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新馬克思主義">新馬克思主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="西方马克思主义">西方马克思主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後馬克思主義">後馬克思主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔主义">黑格尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="批判理論">批判理論</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="法蘭克福學派">法蘭克福學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="結構主義">結構主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後結構主義">後結構主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="解構主義">解構主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">現象學</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="符號學">符號學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="女性主義">女性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%A6" title="精神分析学">精神分析学</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%A1" title="雅各·拉岡">拉康主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后殖民主义">后殖民主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后现代主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postmodern philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后现代主义哲学(页面不存在)">后现代主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Postmodern philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postmodern philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会建构主义">社会建构主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">非西方</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="京都學派">京都學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="俄罗斯宇宙主义">俄国宇宙主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表(页面不存在)">更多</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">领域</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形上學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" title="二元論">二元論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" title="一元论">一元论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="形而上自然主義">自然主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">本体论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行動理論">行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="事件 (哲学)">事件</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="过程哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Process philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="过程哲学(页面不存在)">过程哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Process philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Process philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6" title="現實">現實</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反实在论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anti-realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反实在论(页面不存在)">反实在论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anti-realism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%AB%96" title="概念論">概念論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">唯心主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="唯物主义">唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%90%8D%E8%AB%96" title="唯名論">唯名論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="實在論">實在論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="唯心主義認識論">唯心主義認識論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="建构主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constructivist epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建构主义知识论(页面不存在)">建构主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Constructivist epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constructivist epistemology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特殊主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epistemological particularism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特殊主义知识论(页面不存在)">特殊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Epistemological particularism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epistemological particularism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="怀疑主义哲学#知识论和怀疑主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophical skepticism#Epistemology and skepticism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="怀疑主义哲学(页面不存在)">怀疑论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism#Epistemology_and_skepticism" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophical skepticism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophical skepticism#Epistemology and skepticism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E6%88%91%E8%AB%96" title="唯我論">唯我論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="信仰主義">信仰主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">精神</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-disambig" title="行为主义">行为主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E6%B6%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="取消主义">取消主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="副现象主义">副现象主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="机能主义(精神哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89(%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机能主义(精神哲学)(页面不存在)">机能主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="extiw" title="en:Functionalism (philosophy of mind)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Functionalism (philosophy of mind)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7" title="客觀性">客观主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="主觀主義">主觀主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="结果论">结果论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">义务伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="德性倫理學">德性倫理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="自由意志">自由意志</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相容论">相容论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由意志主义 (形而上学)">自由意志主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道德规范性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Norm (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德规范性(页面不存在)">规范性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Norm (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Norm (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德绝对主义">绝对主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道德特殊主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moral particularism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德特殊主义(页面不存在)">特殊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Moral particularism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moral particularism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德相对主义">相对主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="道德虛無主義">虚无主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德怀疑主义">怀疑主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德普遍主义">普遍主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="形式主义">形式主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术制度论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Institutional theory of art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术制度论(页面不存在)">制度论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="extiw" title="en:Institutional theory of art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Institutional theory of art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美学情感" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aesthetic emotions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美学情感(页面不存在)">美学回应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" class="extiw" title="en:Aesthetic emotions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aesthetic emotions</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="经典逻辑">经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="非經典邏輯">非经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="形式逻辑">形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="非形式逻辑">非形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" title="悖论">悖论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" title="謬誤">謬誤</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="各地区哲学哲学相关列表" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">各地区哲学</a></li><li>哲学相关列表</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">各地区哲学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="非洲哲学">非洲</a><small>(<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃塞俄比亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethiopian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃塞俄比亚哲学(页面不存在)">埃塞俄比亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Ethiopian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethiopian philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span>)</small></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿兹特克哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aztec philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿兹特克哲学(页面不存在)">阿兹特克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Aztec philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aztec philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="東方哲學">东方</a><small>(<b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">中国</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日本哲學">日本</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="朝韩哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Korean philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E9%9F%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝韩哲学(页面不存在)">朝韩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Korean philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Korean philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="香港哲學">香港</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="臺灣哲學">臺灣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iranian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗哲学(页面不存在)">伊朗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iranian philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度尼西亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indonesian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度尼西亚哲学(页面不存在)">印尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Indonesian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indonesian philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴基斯坦哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pakistani philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦哲学(页面不存在)">巴基斯坦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Pakistani philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pakistani philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a><small>(<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="美國哲學">美国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:American philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="英國哲學">英國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Danish philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦哲学(页面不存在)">丹麦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Danish philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Danish philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国哲学(页面不存在)">法国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:French philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="德國哲學">德国</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">希腊</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="意大利哲学">意大利</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波兰哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Polish philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰哲学(页面不存在)">波兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Polish philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Polish philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马尼亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Romanian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马尼亚哲学(页面不存在)">罗马尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Romanian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Romanian philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄国哲学(页面不存在)">俄国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Russian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯洛文尼亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slovene philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛文尼亚哲学(页面不存在)">斯洛文尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Slovene philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slovene philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学概要">概要</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学索引(页面不存在)">索引</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的哲學問題">问题</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表(页面不存在)">学派</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学词汇表(页面不存在)">词汇表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="哲學概念列表">概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="哲學家列表">哲学家</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学运动(页面不存在)">运动</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重要哲学出版物列表(页面不存在)">出版物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="WikiProject:哲学">专题</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="历史上的今天"><img alt="历史上的今天" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/Template:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:链出更改/Template:哲学">最近更改</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="中国哲学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cfce99;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:中国古代哲学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:中国古代哲学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中国古代哲学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中国哲学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">中国哲学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cfce99;;width:1%;text-align:left;">学派</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="农家">农家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%A6" title="汉学">汉学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%80%81%E9%81%93" title="黄老道">黄老道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="宋明理学">宋明理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%AD%A6" title="玄学">玄学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="新道家">新道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B5%E6%A8%AA%E5%AE%B6" title="纵横家">纵横家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6" title="名家">名家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3%E5%AE%B6" title="阴阳家">阴阳家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="杨朱学说">楊朱學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6" title="诸子百家">诸子百家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%95%99%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81" title="三教合流">三教合流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cfce99;;width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国哲学家列表">哲学家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E6%AD%A6" title="孙武">孙子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AD%90" title="墨子">墨子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%9C%B1" title="杨朱">杨朱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90" title="老子">老子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%84%E5%AD%90" title="庄子">庄子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%8A%E5%AD%90" title="告子">告子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%B8%E8%A1%8C" title="许行">许行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%99%E9%BE%99" title="公孙龙">公孙龙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B9%E8%A1%8D" class="mw-disambig" title="邹衍">邹衍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90" title="荀子">荀子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E9%9D%9E%E5%AD%90" title="韩非子">韩非子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E9%9B%8D" title="邵雍">邵雍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E4%B9%9D%E6%B8%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="陆九渊">陆九渊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%88%E4%BB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="王守仁">王守仁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%AE%97%E7%BE%B2" title="黄宗羲">黄宗羲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%AB%E4%B9%8B" title="王夫之">王夫之</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cfce99;;width:1%;text-align:left;">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7" title="德">德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fa (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法 (哲学)(页面不存在)">法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Fa (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fa (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BC%E7%88%B1" title="兼爱">兼爱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="敬 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jing (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%AC_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敬 (哲学)(页面不存在)">敬</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Jing (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jing (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E5%9D%90_(%E5%86%A5%E6%83%B3)" title="靜坐 (冥想)">静坐</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="礼 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Li (Confucianism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BC_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="礼 (哲学)(页面不存在)">礼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" class="extiw" title="en:Li (Confucianism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Li (Confucianism)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%86_(%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6)" title="天理 (儒家)">理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="天命">天命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="氣 (中國)">气</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" title="情绪">情</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81" title="仁">仁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E" title="精神">神</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="思 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Si (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="思 (哲学)(页面不存在)">思</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Si (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Si (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="体 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ti (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%93_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="体 (哲学)(页面不存在)">体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Ti (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ti (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BA_(%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6)" title="无为 (道家)">无为</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D" title="孝">孝</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Xin (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心 (哲学)(页面不存在)">心</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Xin (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Xin (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然 (哲学)(页面不存在)">性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9" title="義">義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3" title="阴阳">阴阳</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="体 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ti (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%93_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="体 (哲学)(页面不存在)">用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Ti (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ti (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%90%8D" title="正名">正名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cfce99;;width:1%;text-align:left;">思辨</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天人之辨(页面不存在)">天人之辨</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">天道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81" title="仁">人道</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="義利之辨(页面不存在)">義利之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A6%BD%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人禽之辨(页面不存在)">人禽之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B7%E5%A4%8F%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="夷夏之辨">夷夏之辨</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F" title="華夷秩序">華夷秩序</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E9%9C%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王霸之辨(页面不存在)">王霸之辨</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%81%93_(%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3)" class="mw-redirect" title="王道 (儒家思想)">王道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E9%81%93" title="霸道">霸道</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%84%92%E6%B3%95%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="儒法之辨(页面不存在)">儒法之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%84%92%E5%A2%A8%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="儒墨之辨(页面不存在)">儒墨之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AF%A6%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="名實之辨">名實之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%AB%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本末之辨(页面不存在)">本末之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E7%84%A1%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有無之辨(页面不存在)">有無之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8D%E6%80%A7%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="才性之辨(页面不存在)">才性之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%80%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="言意之辨(页面不存在)">言意之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古今之辨(页面不存在)">古今之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%96%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中外之辨(页面不存在)">中外之辨</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="国学">国学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="西学">西学</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%94%E7%94%A8%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="體用之辨(页面不存在)">體用之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%81%96%E5%A4%96%E7%8E%8B%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內聖外王之辨(页面不存在)">內聖外王之辨</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%96%E7%8E%8B" title="内圣外王">內聖外王</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cfce99;;width:1%;text-align:left;">主题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%8F%B2" title="中国逻辑史">逻辑学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="社会哲学">社会哲学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="中国主题" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:中国主题"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template talk:中国主题"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中国主题"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中国主题" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a>主题</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史">历史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中国历史年表">年表</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="中国史前文化">石器時代</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国旧石器文化列表">舊石器時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国中石器文化列表">中石器時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国新石器文化列表">新石器時代</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="明朝歷史">明朝歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝历史">清朝历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="中国近代史">中国近代史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中华民国历史">中华民国历史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中華民國大陸時期歷史年表">大陆时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%BE%8C%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="戰後臺灣歷史年表">台湾时期</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中华人民共和国历史">中华人民共和国历史</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中华人民共和国历史年表">年表</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%9D%E4%BB%A3" title="中国朝代">历代政权</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D" title="夏朝">夏朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" title="周朝">周朝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8" title="西周">西周</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%91%A8" title="东周">东周</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉朝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89" title="西汉">西汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%9D" title="新朝">新朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD" title="三国">三国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E5%90%B3" title="孫吳">孫吳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E6%B1%89" title="蜀汉">蜀汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">曹魏</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="晋朝">晋朝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B" title="西晋">西晋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="十六國">十六國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD" title="五代十国">五代十国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="遼朝">遼朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" title="西夏">西夏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" title="金朝">金朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期">大陸時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="中華民國臺灣">臺灣時期</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="中国历史地理学">疆域</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%8F%B2" title="中国疆域史">主要疆域</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F" title="中原">中原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%8C%97" title="塞北">塞北</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%AD%E5%8D%97" title="岭南">岭南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C_(%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3)" title="山东 (古代)">山东</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%80" title="中國地理大區">传统大区</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国东北地区">東北</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华北地区">華北</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%9C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华东地区">華東</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国中南地区">中南</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华中地区">华中</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华南地区">华南</a>) · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国西南地区">西南</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国西北地区">西北</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F" title="中華民國疆域">中華民國疆域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国疆域">中华人民共和国疆域</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="中国边界线">边界线</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E7%BA%BF" title="中国海岸线">海岸线</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A2%86%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%82%B9" title="中国领海基点">领海基点</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国领土变化">领土变化</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%B2%B8%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%B0" title="兩岸三地">兩岸三地</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="中国大陆">中国大陆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">台湾</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="藏南地区">藏南地区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7" title="渤海">渤海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7" title="黄海">黄海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B5%B7" title="东海">东海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7" title="南海">南海</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="中国行政区划">行政区划</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="先秦行政区划">先秦</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="九州 (中国)">九州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B7%9E" title="十二州">十二州</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="秦朝行政区划">秦朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="漢朝行政區劃">汉朝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="西汉行政区划">西汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="新朝行政區劃">新朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="东汉行政区划">东汉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="三国行政区划">三国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="西晋行政区划">西晋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="东晋行政区划">东晋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="十六國行政區劃">十六国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="南北朝行政區劃">南北朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="隋朝行政區劃">隋朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="唐朝行政区划">唐朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="五代十國行政區劃">五代十国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" class="mw-redirect" title="宋朝行政区划">宋朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="辽朝行政区划">遼朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="金朝行政区划">金朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="元朝行政区划">元朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="明朝行政區劃">明朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="清朝行政区划">清朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9" title="中華民國大陸時期行政區劃沿革">中华民国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="中华人民共和国行政区划">中华人民共和国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="中国地理">地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="中国气候">中国气候</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D" title="中国冰川">中国冰川</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国山脉列表">中国山脉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="中国平原">中国平原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="中國高原">中國高原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%98%E9%99%B5" title="中国丘陵">中国丘陵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%B9%E9%9C%9E" title="中國丹霞">中國丹霞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中華人民共和國島嶼列表">中国岛屿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国半岛列表">中国半岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E6%B9%BE" title="中国海湾">中国海湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國河流列表">中国河流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国湖泊列表">中国湖泊</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国淡水湖泊列表">淡水湖泊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%B8%E6%B0%B4%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国咸水湖泊列表">咸水湖泊</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国火山列表">火山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="中国自然资源">自然资源</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9F%BF%E4%BA%A7%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="中国矿产资源">矿产</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="中国森林资源">森林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="中国水资源">水资源</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="中国自然灾害">自然灾害</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%9D%97%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="中國蝗災史">蝗灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="中國水災史">水灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中国地震列表">地震</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="中國旱災史">旱灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB%E5%8F%B2" title="中國瘟疫史">瘟疫</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%8F%B2" title="中國環境史">環境</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="中國政治史">政治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="中国政党史">政党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%8F%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="中國吏治史">官吏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%BE%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="中国科举制度">科举</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="中国法律史">法制</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E4%BB%A3%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="中国历代宪法">宪法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B2%BB%E8%B4%AA%E5%8F%B2" title="中国治贪史">治贪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%85%B7%E5%88%91%E5%8F%B2" title="中國酷刑史">酷刑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%8D%E5%A4%96%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中國對外關係史">对外关系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="中国军事史">军事</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="中国古代军事史">古代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国战争列表">战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%B2" title="中国水军史">水軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%B2" title="中国空军史">空軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E8%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="中國軍費史">军费</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="中国经济史">经济</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="中国农业史">农业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%B2" title="中國水利史">水利</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中國電力史(页面不存在)">電力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国通商史">外贸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%8F%B2" title="中国货币史">货币</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%B2%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%B2" title="中國財政史">财政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="中国证券史">证券</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B8%E7%95%B6%E5%8F%B2" title="中國典當史">典当业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="中国新闻史">报刊业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="中国交通史">交通</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%A9%9B%E7%AB%99%E5%8F%B2" title="中國驛站史">驿站</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="漢朝經濟">漢朝經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="唐朝經濟">唐朝經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="清朝经济">清朝经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="中华民国大陆时期经济">中华民国经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="中华人民共和国经济">中华人民共和国经济</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="中国科学技术史">科技</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="中国天文学史">天文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%8F%B2" title="中国逻辑史">逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%B8" title="中國算學">数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="中国建筑">建筑</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A1%A5%E6%A2%81" title="中国桥梁">桥梁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97" title="中國園林">園林</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="宋朝科技">宋朝科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="明朝科技">明朝科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="中華民國科技">中華民國科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="中华人民共和国科技">中华人民共和国科技</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2" title="中國文化史">文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中华文明</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="黄河文明">黄河文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="长江文明">长江文明</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="中华文化">中华文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="中国神话">神话</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国神话人物列表">人物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A6%96%E6%80%AA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國妖怪列表">妖怪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="中国传说生物">神兽</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="中国传说时代">传说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="汉文化">汉文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="中国语言">中国语言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%88" title="漢語圈">漢語圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="漢字文化圈">漢字文化圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="漢字詞">漢字詞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="漢字文化影響史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢字文化影響史(页面不存在)">漢字文化影響史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Adoption of Chinese literary culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adoption of Chinese literary culture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="中国文学">中国文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%A6%E6%B3%95" title="中国书法">中国书法</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">中国哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%8F%E6%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中国戏曲">中国戏曲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="中国音乐">中国音乐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF" title="中国武术">中国武术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國傳統遊戲列表">游戏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="中国美术史">美术</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%B9%E7%95%AB" title="中國油畫">中國油畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%BB" title="中国画">中国画</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="中国宗教史">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="中国民间信仰">信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="中国思想史">思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%8F%B2" title="中国教育史">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中国科学史">科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="中國數學史">数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="中国天文学史">天文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="中国化学史">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="中國發明">发明</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E5%8E%86%E6%B3%95" title="中国传统历法">历法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%8D%E9%A5%B0%E5%8F%B2" title="中国服饰史">服饰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%9E" title="中國舞">中國舞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%8F%9C" title="中国菜">中国菜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%8C%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="中国茶文化">茶文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%85%92%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="中國酒文化">酒文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="中医学">中医</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8D%AF" title="中药">中药</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AF%E6%95%B0" title="术数">术数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97" title="中国民俗">民俗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AE%AF%E8%91%AC%E5%8F%B2" title="中國殯葬史">殡葬</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%89%E5%8F%B2" title="中國生殉史">生殉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%9B%9C%E5%A2%93%E5%8F%B2" title="中國盜墓史">盗墓</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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