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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antecedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antecedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antecedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antecedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Legend_of_the_Ayar_Brothers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Legend_of_the_Ayar_Brothers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The Legend of the Ayar Brothers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Legend_of_the_Ayar_Brothers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Legend_of_Manco_Cápac_and_Mama_Ocllo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Legend_of_Manco_Cápac_and_Mama_Ocllo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>The Legend of Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Legend_of_Manco_Cápac_and_Mama_Ocllo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Cuzco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Cuzco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kingdom of Cuzco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Cuzco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganization_and_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganization_and_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Reorganization and formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganization_and_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_and_consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_and_consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Expansion and consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_and_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inca_Civil_War_and_Spanish_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca_Civil_War_and_Spanish_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca_Civil_War_and_Spanish_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Inca_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Inca_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>End of the Inca Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Inca_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_and_defining_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_defining_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Age and defining gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_defining_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Gender roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Burial customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Duality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_husbandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_husbandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Animal husbandry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_husbandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_of_the_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_the_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Organization of the empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_the_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suyu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suyu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Suyu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suyu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monumental_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monumental_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Monumental architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monumental_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Tunics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uncu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Uncu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics,_precious_metals_and_textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics,_precious_metals_and_textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Ceramics, precious metals and textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics,_precious_metals_and_textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Coca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banner_of_the_Inca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banner_of_the_Inca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Banner of the Inca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banner_of_the_Inca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Music and Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Measures,_calendrics_and_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measures,_calendrics_and_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Measures, calendrics and mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measures,_calendrics_and_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_and_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_and_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Communication and medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_and_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons,_armor_and_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons,_armor_and_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Weapons, armor and warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons,_armor_and_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations_to_altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations_to_altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Adaptations to altitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations_to_altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inca_archeological_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca_archeological_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Inca archeological sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca_archeological_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inca-related" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca-related"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Inca-related</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca-related-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Inca Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkas" title="Inkas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Inkas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka" title="Inka – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Inka" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AB_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="ኢንካ መንግሥት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢንካ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ince" title="Ince – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ince" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="إنكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Inca" title="Imperio Inca – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Inca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_incaicu" title="Imperiu incaicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu incaicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka_Mburuvi" title="Inka Mburuvi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Inka Mburuvi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawantinsuyu" title="Tawantinsuyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tawantinsuyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nk_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="İnk imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnk imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="اینکا ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینکا ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ইনকা সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইনকা সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Inca Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Inca Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Инка империяһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Инка империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Імперыя Інкаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Інкаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Імпэрыя інкаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Імпэрыя інкаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Inca" title="Imperyong Inca – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Inca" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Империя на инките – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Империя на инките" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka" title="Inka – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Inka" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka" title="Inka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Inka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_inka" title="Impalaeriezh inka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh inka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Inca" title="Imperi Inca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Inca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Инксен империйӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Инксен империйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inck%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Incká říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Incká říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymerodraeth_yr_Inca" title="Ymerodraeth yr Inca – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymerodraeth yr Inca" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkariget" title="Inkariget – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Inkariget" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkareich" title="Inkareich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inkareich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkade_riik" title="Inkade riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inkade riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%8A%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αυτοκρατορία των Ίνκας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία των Ίνκας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_incaico" title="Imperio incaico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio incaico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkaa_imperio" title="Inkaa imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Inkaa imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka_Inperioa" title="Inka Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inka Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="امپراتوری اینکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری اینکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_empire" title="Inca empire – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Inca empire" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_inca" title="Empire inca – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire inca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka-Ryk" title="Inka-Ryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Inka-Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%9E%A4%82%F0%9E%A4%A2%F0%9E%A5%84%F0%9E%A4%A5%F0%9E%A4%A2%F0%9E%A4%BC%F0%9E%A4%AB%F0%9E%A5%85%F0%9E%A4%AA%F0%9E%A4%AD_%F0%9E%A4%8B%F0%9E%A4%B2%F0%9E%A4%B3%F0%9E%A4%A2%F0%9E%A5%84" title="𞤂𞤢𞥄𞤥𞤢𞤼𞤫𞥅𞤪𞤭 𞤋𞤲𞤳𞤢𞥄 – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="𞤂𞤢𞥄𞤥𞤢𞤼𞤫𞥅𞤪𞤭 𞤋𞤲𞤳𞤢𞥄" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incigh" title="Incigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Incigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Impiraght_Incagh" title="Yn Impiraght Incagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Impiraght Incagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawantinsuyu" title="Tawantinsuyu – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tawantinsuyu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Inca" title="Imperio Inca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Inca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EC%B9%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="잉카 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉카 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ինկերի կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինկերի կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="इन्का साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इन्का साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inke" title="Inke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Inke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Inkao" title="Imperio Inkao – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Imperio Inkao" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Inka" title="Kerajaan Inka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Inka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkaveldi%C3%B0" title="Inkaveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Inkaveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_inca" title="Impero inca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero inca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אינקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajan_Inka" title="Krajan Inka – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Krajan Inka" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಇಂಕಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინკების იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინკების იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Инктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Inka" title="Emperoureth Inka – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Inka" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka" title="Inka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Inka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Инк падышачылыгы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инк падышачылыгы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca" title="Inca – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Inca" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Incarum" title="Imperium Incarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Incarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inku_imp%C4%93rija" title="Inku impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Inku impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink%C5%B3_imperija" title="Inkų imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Inkų imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca" title="Inca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Inca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka_Birodalom" title="Inka Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Inka Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Царство на Инките – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Царство на Инките" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjakana_Inka" title="Fanjakana Inka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanjakana Inka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഇൻക സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇൻക സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="इंका साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंका साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="انكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اینکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اینکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Inka" title="Empayar Inka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Inka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_D%C3%A1%CC%A4-gu%C3%B3k" title="Inca Dá̤-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Inca Dá̤-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca%27s" title="Inca's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inca's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="इङ्का साम्राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इङ्का साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="インカ帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インカ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Инкийн импери – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Инкийн импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkarik" title="Inkarik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Inkarik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkariket" title="Inkariket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Inkariket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkariket" title="Inkariket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Inkariket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawantinsuyu" title="Tawantinsuyu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tawantinsuyu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inklar_imperiyasi" title="Inklar imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Inklar imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਇੰਕਾ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਕਾ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilisashon_Inka" title="Sivilisashon Inka – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sivilisashon Inka" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اینکایان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اینکایان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkariek" title="Inkariek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Inkariek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_Ink%C3%B3w" title="Państwo Inków – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo Inków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Inca" title="Império Inca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Inca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Inca" title="Imperiul Inca – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Inca" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thagaripen_Inka" title="Thagaripen Inka – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Thagaripen Inka" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawantinsuyu" title="Tawantinsuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tawantinsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Інкска ріша – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Інкска ріша" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Империя инков – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя инков" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱤᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Inkasve" title="Mbretëria e Inkasve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Inkasve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca" title="Inca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Inca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Inca Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inksk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Inkská ríša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Inkská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkovski_imperij" title="Inkovski imperij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Inkovski imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ئیمپڕاتۆریی ئینکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپڕاتۆریی ئینکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Царство Инка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Царство Инка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_Inka" title="Carstvo Inka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carstvo Inka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karajaan_Inka" title="Karajaan Inka – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karajaan Inka" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkavaltakunta" title="Inkavaltakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Inkavaltakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkariket" title="Inkariket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inkariket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Inka" title="Imperyong Inka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Inka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இன்கா பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இன்கா பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2" title="จักรวรรดิอินคา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิอินคา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Империяи Инкҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Империяи Инкҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nka_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="İnka İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnka İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Інки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkiden_imperii" title="Inkiden imperii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Inkiden imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Inca" title="Đế quốc Inca – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Inca" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka_impeerium" title="Inka impeerium – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inka impeerium" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9C%8B" title="印加國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="印加國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Inca" title="Imperyo Inca – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Inca" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="印加帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印加帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אינקא אימפעריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינקא אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0" title="印加 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印加" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inca&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1438–1533 empire in South America</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Inca", "Incan", and "Incas" redirect here. For a general view of Inca civilization, people and culture, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">History of the Incas</a>. For the Carolina parakeet, see <a href="/wiki/Incas_(Carolina_parakeet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas (Carolina parakeet)">Incas (Carolina parakeet)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Inca_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Inca (disambiguation)">Inca (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Incan (disambiguation)">Incan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Realm of the Four Parts</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">Tawantinsuyu</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1438–1533/1572</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tawantinsuyu_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Inca Empire at its greatest extent, c. 1525"><img alt="The Inca Empire at its greatest extent, c. 1525" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tawantinsuyu_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Tawantinsuyu_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tawantinsuyu_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Tawantinsuyu_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tawantinsuyu_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Tawantinsuyu_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="549" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Inca Empire at its greatest extent, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1525</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cuzco</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Quechua" title="Classical Quechua">Classical Quechua</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara language</a> before reign of Huayna Capac<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a> and scores of other smaller languages.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inca_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca religion">Inca religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Divine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">semi-diarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1438–1471 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1471–1493 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tupac_Yupanqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupac Yupanqui">Topa Inca Yupanqui</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1493–1525 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Huayna_Capac" title="Huayna Capac">Huayna Capac</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1525–1532 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar" title="Huáscar">Huascar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1532–1533 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a> created the Tawantinsuyu </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1438</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">Civil war</a> between <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar" title="Huáscar">Huascar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1529–1532</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1533/1572</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• End of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">last Inca resistance</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1572</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1527<sup id="cite_ref-Turchin222_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turchin222-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taagepera497_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taagepera497-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (770,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Early 16th century<sup id="cite_ref-La_catastrophe_demographique_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_catastrophe_demographique-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 million</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Kingdom of Chimor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Kingdom of Cusco</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wiphala.svg/20px-Wiphala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wiphala.svg/30px-Wiphala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wiphala.svg/40px-Wiphala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara kingdoms</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile"><span class="nowrap">New Castile</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo"><span class="nowrap">New Toledo</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia"><span class="nowrap">New Andalusia</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/20px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inca Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu_(5055856044).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg/200px-Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg/300px-Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg/400px-Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6876" data-file-height="2147" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca society</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incan_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Incan agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayllu" title="Ayllu">Ayllu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_education" title="Inca education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incan_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Incan engineers">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Roads</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Kingdom of Cusco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cusco" title="History of Cusco">History of Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca%E2%80%93Chanka_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca–Chanka war">Inca–Chanka war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimor%E2%80%93Inca_War" title="Chimor–Inca War">Chimor–Inca War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Invasion of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inca_civilization" title="Template:Inca civilization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inca_civilization" title="Template talk:Inca civilization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inca_civilization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inca civilization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Inca Empire</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially known as the <b>Realm of the Four Parts</b> (<a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>: <i lang="qu"><b>Tawantinsuyu</b></i>, <abbr title="Literally">lit.</abbr> "land of four parts"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), was the largest empire in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian America">pre-Columbian America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SchwartzNichols2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchwartzNichols2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca civilization</a> rose from the <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> highlands sometime in the early <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> began the conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532 and by 1572, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">the last Inca state</a> was fully conquered. </p><p>From 1438 to 1533, the Incas incorporated a large portion of western <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> Mountains, using conquest and peaceful assimilation, among other methods. At its largest, the empire joined modern-day <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, what are now western <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, western and south central <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, northwest <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the southwesternmost tip of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">a large portion</a> of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> into a state comparable to the historical empires of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Its official language was <a href="/wiki/Classical_Quechua" title="Classical Quechua">Quechua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Inca Empire was unique in that it lacked many of the features associated with civilization in the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologist</a> Gordon McEwan wrote that the Incas were able to construct "one of the greatest imperial states in human history" without the use of the wheel, draft animals, knowledge of iron or steel, or even a system of writing.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable features of the Inca Empire included its monumental <a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">architecture</a>, especially stonework, extensive road network (<span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu"><a href="/wiki/Qhapaq_%C3%91an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qhapaq Ñan">Qhapaq Ñan</a></i></span>) reaching all corners of the empire, finely-woven <a href="/wiki/Andean_textiles" title="Andean textiles">textiles</a>, use of knotted strings (<span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu"><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">quipu</a></i></span> or <i>khipu</i>) for record keeping and communication, agricultural innovations and production in a difficult environment, and the organization and management fostered or imposed on its people and their labor. </p><p>The Inca Empire functioned largely without money and without markets. Instead, exchange of goods and services was based on <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">reciprocity</a> between individuals and among individuals, groups, and Inca rulers. "Taxes" consisted of a labour obligation of a person to the Empire. The Inca rulers (who theoretically owned all the means of production) reciprocated by granting access to land and goods and providing food and drink in celebratory feasts for their subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred <i><a href="/wiki/Huaca" title="Huaca">huacas</a></i> or <i>wak’a</i>, but the Inca leadership encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun worship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a>—their sun god—and imposed its sovereignty above other religious groups, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Pachamama" title="Pachamama">Pachamama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Incas considered their king, the <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a>, to be the "son of the Sun".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Inca economy, especially in the past, was often the subject of scholarly debate. Darrell E. La Lone, in his work <i>The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy</i>, noted that scholars have previously described it as "feudal, slave, [or] socialist," as well as "a system based on reciprocity and redistribution; a system with markets and commerce; or an <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_mode_of_production" title="Asiatic mode of production">Asiatic mode of production</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The Inca referred to their empire as <i>Tawantinsuyu</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008221_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008221-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the suyu of four [parts]". In <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>, <i>tawa</i> is four and -<i>ntin</i> is a suffix naming a group, so that a <i>tawantin</i> is a quartet, a group of four things taken together, in this case the four <i>suyu</i> ("regions" or "provinces") whose corners met at the capital. The four <i>suyu</i> were: <a href="/wiki/Chinchaysuyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinchaysuyu">Chinchaysuyu</a> (north), <a href="/wiki/Antisuyu" title="Antisuyu">Antisuyu</a> (east; the Amazon jungle), <a href="/wiki/Qullasuyu" title="Qullasuyu">Qullasuyu</a> (south) and <a href="/wiki/Kuntisuyu" title="Kuntisuyu">Kuntisuyu</a> (west). The name <i>Tawantinsuyu</i> was, therefore, a descriptive term indicating a union of provinces. The Spanish normally transliterated the name as <i>Tahuatinsuyo</i>. </p><p>While the term <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">Inka</i></span> nowadays is translated as "ruler" or "lord" in Quechua, this term does not simply refer to the "king" of the Tawantinsuyu or <i><a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a></i> but also to the Inca nobles, and some theorize its meaning could be broader.<sup id="cite_ref-pease_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pease-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that sense, the Inca nobles were a small percentage of the total population of the empire, probably numbering only 15,000 to 40,000, but ruling a population of around 10 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200893_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200893-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Spanish arrived in the Empire of the Incas, they gave the name <i>Peru</i> to what the natives knew as Tawantinsuyu.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Inca Empire" originated from the Chronicles of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">History of the Incas</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antecedents">Antecedents</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expansion_of_the_Inca_empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Expansion_of_the_Inca_empire.jpg/220px-Expansion_of_the_Inca_empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Expansion_of_the_Inca_empire.jpg/330px-Expansion_of_the_Inca_empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Expansion_of_the_Inca_empire.jpg/440px-Expansion_of_the_Inca_empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martti_P%C3%A4rssinen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martti Pärssinen (page does not exist)">Martti Pärssinen</a>'s reconstruction of Inca imperial expansion in 1992.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Inca Empire was the last chapter of thousands of years of <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a>. The Andean civilization is one of at least five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be "pristine." The concept of a <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">"pristine" civilization</a> refers to a civilization that has developed independently of external influences and is not a derivative of other civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Inca Empire was preceded by two large-scale empires in the Andes: the <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span>–1100 AD), based around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a> or Huari (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–1100 AD), centered near the city of <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>. The Wari occupied the Cuzco area for about 400 years. Thus, many of the characteristics of the Inca Empire derived from earlier multi-ethnic and expansive Andean cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To those earlier civilizations may be owed some of the accomplishments cited for the Inca Empire: "thousands of kilometres/miles of roads and dozens of large administrative centers with elaborate stone construction...terraced mountainsides and filled in valleys", and the production of "vast quantities of goods".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Troll" title="Carl Troll">Carl Troll</a> has argued that the development of the Inca state in the central Andes was aided by conditions that allow for the elaboration of the <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Chu%C3%B1o" title="Chuño">chuño</a></i>. Chuño, which can be stored for long periods, is made of potato dried at the freezing temperatures that are common at nighttime in the southern Andean highlands. Such a link between the Inca state and chuño has been questioned, as other crops such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> can also be dried with only sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-Gade2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gade2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Troll also argued that <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a>, the Incas' pack animal, can be found in their largest numbers in this very same region.<sup id="cite_ref-Gade2016_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gade2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum extent of the Inca Empire roughly coincided with the distribution of llamas and <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incan_animal_husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Incan animal husbandry">the only large domesticated animals in Pre-Hispanic America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a third point Troll pointed out irrigation technology as advantageous to Inca state-building.<sup id="cite_ref-Gade1996_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gade1996-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Troll theorized concerning environmental influences on the Inca Empire, he opposed <a href="/wiki/Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">environmental determinism</a>, arguing that culture lay at the core of the Inca civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Gade1996_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gade1996-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <p>The Inca people were a <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> tribe in the <a href="/wiki/Cusco_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Region">Cusco</a> area around the 12th century. Indigenous Andean <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a> tells two main origin stories: the legends of Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo, and that of the Ayar brothers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Legend_of_the_Ayar_Brothers">The Legend of the Ayar Brothers</h4></div> <p>The center cave at Tambo Tocco (Tampu T’uqu) was named Capac Tocco (Qhapaq T’uqu, "principal niche"). The other caves were Maras Tocco (Maras T’uqu) and Sutic Tocco (Sutiq T’uqu).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200857_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200857-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four brothers and four sisters stepped out of the middle cave. They were: <a href="/wiki/Manco_Capac" class="mw-redirect" title="Manco Capac">Ayar Manco</a> (Ayar Manqu), <a href="/wiki/Ayar_Cachi" title="Ayar Cachi">Ayar Cachi</a> (Ayar Kachi), Ayar Auca (Ayar Awka) and Ayar Uchu (Ayar Uchi); and <a href="/wiki/Mama_Ocllo" title="Mama Ocllo">Mama Ocllo</a> (Mama Uqllu), <a href="/wiki/Mama_Raua" class="mw-redirect" title="Mama Raua">Mama Raua</a> (Mama Rawa), Mama Huaco (Mama Waqu) and Mama Coea (Mama Qura). Out of the side caves came the people who were to be the ancestors of all the Inca clans. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Manco_Capac,_First_Inca,_1_of_14_Portraits_of_Inca_Kings_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Manco_Capac%2C_First_Inca%2C_1_of_14_Portraits_of_Inca_Kings_-_overall.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Manco_Capac%2C_First_Inca%2C_1_of_14_Portraits_of_Inca_Kings_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Manco_Capac%2C_First_Inca%2C_1_of_14_Portraits_of_Inca_Kings_-_overall.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Manco_Capac%2C_First_Inca%2C_1_of_14_Portraits_of_Inca_Kings_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Manco_Capac%2C_First_Inca%2C_1_of_14_Portraits_of_Inca_Kings_-_overall.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Manco_Capac%2C_First_Inca%2C_1_of_14_Portraits_of_Inca_Kings_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Capac</a>, First Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings, Probably mid-18th century. Oil on canvas. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ayar Manco carried a magic staff made of the finest gold. Where this staff landed, the people would live. They traveled for a long time. On the way, Ayar Cachi boasted about his strength and power. His siblings tricked him into returning to the cave to get a sacred <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a>. When he went into the cave, they trapped him inside to get rid of him. </p><p>Ayar Uchu decided to stay on the top of the cave to look over the Inca people. The minute he proclaimed that, he turned to stone. They built a shrine around the stone and it became a sacred object. Ayar Auca grew tired of all this and decided to travel alone. Only Ayar Manco and his four sisters remained. </p><p>Finally, they reached Cusco. The staff sank into the ground. Before they arrived, Mama Ocllo had already borne Ayar Manco a child, <a href="/wiki/Sinchi_Roca" title="Sinchi Roca">Sinchi Roca</a>. The people who were already living in Cusco fought hard to keep their land, but Mama Huaca was a good fighter. When the enemy attacked, she threw her <a href="/wiki/Bolas" title="Bolas">bolas</a> (several stones tied together that spun through the air when thrown) at a soldier (gualla) and killed him instantly. The other people became afraid and ran away. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manqu_Qhapaqwan_Mama_Uqllu.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Manqu_Qhapaqwan_Mama_Uqllu.gif/130px-Manqu_Qhapaqwan_Mama_Uqllu.gif" decoding="async" width="130" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Manqu_Qhapaqwan_Mama_Uqllu.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mama_Ocllo" title="Mama Ocllo">Mama Ocllo</a>, children of the <a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Guaman_Poma_de_Ayala" title="Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala">Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/El_primer_nueva_cor%C3%B3nica_y_buen_gobierno" title="El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno">El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno</a></i>, <i>circa</i> 1615</figcaption></figure> <p>After that, Ayar Manco became known as <a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Capac</a>, the founder of the Inca. It is said that he and his sisters built the first Inca homes in the valley with their own hands. When the time came, Manco Capac turned to stone like his brothers before him. His son, Sinchi Roca, became the second emperor of the Inca.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200869_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200869-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Legend_of_Manco_Cápac_and_Mama_Ocllo"><span id="The_Legend_of_Manco_C.C3.A1pac_and_Mama_Ocllo"></span>The Legend of Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo</h4></div> <p>Legend collected by the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a></i></span> chronicler <a href="/wiki/Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega" title="Inca Garcilaso de la Vega">Inca Garcilaso de la Vega</a> in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Comentarios_Reales_de_los_Incas" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Comentarios Reales de los Incas">Los Comentarios Reales de los Incas</a></i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> The Royal Commentaries of the Inca</span>). It narrates the adventure of a couple, <a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Capac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mama_Ocllo" title="Mama Ocllo">Mama Ocllo</a>, who were sent by the <a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Sun God</a> and emerged from the depths of <a href="/wiki/Titicaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> (<i>pacarina</i> ~ <i>paqarina</i> "sacred place of origin") and marched north. They carried a golden staff, given by the <a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Sun God</a>; the message was clear: in the place where the golden staff sank, they would establish a city and settle there. The staff sank at <a href="/wiki/Huanacaure" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanacaure">Mount Guanacaure</a> in the Acamama Valley; therefore, the couple decided to remain there and informed the inhabitants of the area that they were sent by the <a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Sun God</a>. They then proceeded to teach them agriculture and weaving. Thus, the Inca civilization began.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Cuzco">Kingdom of Cuzco</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Kingdom of Cusco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inca_Expansion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inca_Expansion.svg/220px-Inca_Expansion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inca_Expansion.svg/330px-Inca_Expansion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inca_Expansion.svg/440px-Inca_Expansion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Inca expansion according to <a href="/wiki/John_Howland_Rowe" title="John Howland Rowe">John Howland Rowe</a> in his "absolute chronology", developed in 1944–1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the leadership of Manco Capac, the Inca formed the small city-state <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Kingdom of Cuzco</a> (Quechua <i>Qusqu</i>). In 1438, they began a far-reaching expansion under the command of <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a> ("paramount leader") <a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti Cusi Yupanqui</a> (Pachakutiy Kusi Yupanki), whose epithet <i>Pachacuti</i> means "the turn of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of Pachacuti was given to him after he conquered the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Chancas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancas">Chancas</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chanka%E2%80%93Inca_War" title="Chanka–Inca War">Chanka–Inca War</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Apur%C3%ADmac_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Apurímac Region">Apurímac</a>). During his reign, he and his son <a href="/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Topa Inca Yupanqui">Topa Yupanqui</a> (Tupa Yupanki) brought much of the modern-day territory of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> under Inca control.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-521-31896-3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-521-31896-3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reorganization_and_formation">Reorganization and formation</h3></div> <p>Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the Tahuantinsuyu, which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders: Chinchaysuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW) and Qullasuyu (SE).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pachacuti is thought to have built <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>, either as a family home or summer retreat, although it may have been an agricultural station.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pachacuti sent spies to regions he wanted in his empire and they brought to him reports on political organization, military strength and wealth. He then sent messages to their leaders extolling the benefits of joining his empire, offering them presents of luxury goods such as high quality textiles and promising that they would be materially richer as his subjects. </p><p>Most accepted the rule of the Inca as a <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_phrases_used_by_English_speakers#F" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French phrases used by English speakers">fait accompli</a></i> and acquiesced peacefully. Refusal to accept Inca rule resulted in military conquest. Following conquest the local rulers were executed. The ruler's children were brought to Cuzco to learn about Inca administration systems, then return to rule their native lands. This allowed the Inca to indoctrinate them into the Inca nobility and, with luck, marry their daughters into families at various corners of the empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_and_consolidation">Expansion and consolidation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colla%E2%80%93Inca_War" title="Colla–Inca War">Colla–Inca War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimor%E2%80%93Inca_War" title="Chimor–Inca War">Chimor–Inca War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Inca_Empire" title="List of wars involving the Inca Empire">List of wars involving the Inca Empire</a></div> <p>Pachacuti had named his favorite son, Amaru Yupanqui, as his co-ruler and successor.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as co-ruler Amaru showed little interest in military affairs. Due to this lack of military talent, he faced much opposition from the Inca nobility, who began to plot against him.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Pachacuti decided to take a blind eye to his son's lack of capability. Following a revolt during which Amaru almost led the Inca forces to defeat, the <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a> decided to replace the co-ruler with another one of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Topa Inca Yupanqui">Topa Inca Yupanqui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Túpac Inca Yupanqui began conquests to the north in 1463 and continued them as Inca ruler after Pachacuti's death in 1471. Túpac Inca's most important conquest was the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimor</a>, the Inca's only serious rival for the coast. Túpac Inca's empire then stretched north into what are today <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. Topa Inca's son <a href="/wiki/Huayna_C%C3%A1pac" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayna Cápac">Huayna Capac</a> added a small portion of land to the north in what is today Ecuador. At its height, the Inca Empire included modern-day Peru, what are today western and south central <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, southwest <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">a large portion</a> of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, at the north of the <a href="/wiki/Maule_River" title="Maule River">Maule River</a>. Traditional <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> claims the advance south halted after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Maule" title="Battle of the Maule">Battle of the Maule</a> where they met determined resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1983_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1983-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This view is challenged by historian <a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Silva" title="Osvaldo Silva">Osvaldo Silva</a> who argues instead that it was the social and political framework of the Mapuche that posed the main difficulty in imposing imperial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1983_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1983-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silva does accept that the battle of the Maule was a stalemate, but argues the Incas lacked incentives for conquest they had had when fighting more complex societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimú Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1983_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1983-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silva also disputes the date given by traditional historiography for the battle: the late 15th century during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Topa Inca Yupanqui">Topa Inca Yupanqui</a> (1471–93).<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1983_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1983-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he places it in 1532 during the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">Inca Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1983_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1983-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Silva agrees on the claim that the bulk of the Inca conquests were made during the late 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1983_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1983-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the Inca Civil War an <a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Inca army</a> was, according to <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Rosales" title="Diego de Rosales">Diego de Rosales</a>, subduing a revolt among the <a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguitas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Valleys" title="Transverse Valleys">Copiapó and Coquimbo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1983_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1983-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The empire's push into the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Chinchipe_River" title="Chinchipe River">Chinchipe River</a> was stopped by the <a href="/wiki/Shuar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuar people">Shuar</a> in 1527.<sup id="cite_ref-Salazar1977_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salazar1977-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire extended into corners of what are today the north of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and part of the southern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. However, most of the southern portion of the Inca empire, the portion denominated as Qullasuyu, was located in the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>. </p><p>The Inca Empire was an amalgamation of languages, cultures and peoples. The components of the empire were not all uniformly loyal, nor were the local cultures all fully integrated. The Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labour. The following quote describes a method of taxation: </p> <blockquote><p>For as is well known to all, not a single village of the highlands or the plains failed to pay the tribute levied on it by those who were in charge of these matters. There were even provinces where, when the natives alleged that they were unable to pay their tribute, the Inca ordered that each inhabitant should be obliged to turn in every four months a large quill full of live lice, which was the Inca's way of teaching and accustoming them to pay tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-StarnKirk2009_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarnKirk2009-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inca_Civil_War_and_Spanish_conquest">Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">Inca Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitulo-XXXVIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Capitulo-XXXVIII.jpg/220px-Capitulo-XXXVIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Capitulo-XXXVIII.jpg/330px-Capitulo-XXXVIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Capitulo-XXXVIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>The first image of the Inca in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cieza_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Cieza de León">Pedro Cieza de León</a>, <i>Crónica del Perú</i>, 1553</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">conquistadors</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> and his brothers explored south from what is today <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, reaching Inca territory by 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was clear that they had reached a wealthy land with prospects of great treasure, and after another expedition in 1529 Pizarro traveled to Spain and received royal approval to conquer the region and be its <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>. This approval was received as detailed in the following quote: "In July 1529 the <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Queen of Spain</a> signed a charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Incas. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in Peru, or New Castile, as the Spanish now called the land".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the conquistadors returned to Peru in 1532, a <a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">war of succession</a> between the sons of <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a> Huayna Capac, <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar" title="Huáscar">Huáscar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a>, and unrest among newly conquered territories weakened the empire. Perhaps more importantly, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> had spread from Central America. The first epidemic of European disease in the Inca Empire was probably in the 1520s, killing Huayna Capac, his designated heir, and an unknown, probably large, number of other Inca subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Altroy_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Altroy-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forces led by Pizarro consisted of 168 men, along with one <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> and 27 <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>. The conquistadors were armed with <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">steel armor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapier" title="Rapier">long swords</a>. In contrast, the Inca used weapons made out of wood, stone, copper and bronze, while using an <a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca fiber</a> based armor, putting them at significant technological disadvantage—none of their weapons could pierce the Spanish steel armor. In addition, due to the absence of horses in Peru, the Inca did not develop tactics to fight cavalry. However, the Inca were still effective warriors, being able to successfully <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Maule" title="Battle of the Maule">fight</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a>, who later would <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">strategically defeat</a> the Spanish as they expanded <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Seven_Cities" title="Destruction of the Seven Cities">further south</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapa_inkakuna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sapa_inkakuna.jpg/220px-Sapa_inkakuna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sapa_inkakuna.jpg/330px-Sapa_inkakuna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sapa_inkakuna.jpg/440px-Sapa_inkakuna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capaccona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capaccona (page does not exist)">Capaccona</a> or <i>Qhapaqkuna</i> "the kings", a 17th-century Cusco painting with the Inca lineages mentioned by colonial chronicles and their relationship with the royal queens of Cuzco, which hide behind a complex representation of the Inca social organization.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first engagement between the Inca and the Spanish was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pun%C3%A1" title="Battle of Puná">Battle of Puná</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>, Ecuador, on the Pacific Coast; Pizarro then founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a> in July 1532. <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando de Soto (explorer)">Hernando de Soto</a> was sent inland to explore the interior and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca, Atahualpa, who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at <a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a> with his army of 80,000 troops, that were at the moment armed only with hunting tools (knives and lassos for hunting llamas). </p><p>Pizarro and some of his men, most notably a friar named <a href="/wiki/Vincente_de_Valverde" title="Vincente de Valverde">Vincente de Valverde</a>, met with the Inca, who had brought only a small retinue. The Inca offered them ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">chicha</a> in a golden cup, which the Spanish rejected. The Spanish interpreter, Friar Vincente, read the "<a href="/wiki/Requerimiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Requerimiento">Requerimiento</a>" that demanded that he and his empire accept the rule of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I of Spain</a> and convert to Christianity. Atahualpa dismissed the message and asked them to leave. After this, the Spanish began their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">attack</a> against the mostly unarmed Inca, captured Atahualpa as hostage, and forced the Inca to collaborate. </p><p>Atahualpa offered the Spaniards enough gold to fill the <a href="/wiki/The_Ransom_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ransom Room">room he was imprisoned in</a> and twice that amount of silver. The Inca fulfilled this ransom, but Pizarro deceived them, refusing to release the Inca afterwards. During Atahualpa's imprisonment, Huascar was assassinated elsewhere. The Spaniards maintained that this was at Atahualpa's orders; this was used as one of the charges against Atahualpa when the Spaniards finally executed him, in August 1533.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200879_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200879-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although "defeat" often implies an unwanted loss in battle, many of the diverse ethnic groups ruled by the Inca "welcomed the Spanish invaders as liberators and willingly settled down with them to share rule of Andean farmers and miners".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many regional leaders, known as <a href="/wiki/Kuraka" title="Kuraka">kurakas</a>, continued to serve the Spanish overlords, called <a href="/wiki/Encomiendas_in_Peru" title="Encomiendas in Peru">encomenderos</a>, as they had served the Inca overlords. Other than efforts to spread the religion of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the Spanish benefited from and made little effort to change the society and culture of the former Inca Empire until the rule of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Francisco de Toledo</a> as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> from 1569 to 1581.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Inca_Empire">End of the Inca Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Society in the Spanish Colonial Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="2605" /></a><figcaption>Atahualpa, the last <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a> of the empire, was executed by the Spanish on 29 August 1533. <a href="/wiki/Los_funerales_de_Atahualpa" title="Los funerales de Atahualpa">Painting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Montero_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Luis Montero Cáceres">Luis Montero</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cusco_-_Qoricancha_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cusco_-_Qoricancha_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Cusco_-_Qoricancha_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cusco_-_Qoricancha_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/330px-Cusco_-_Qoricancha_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cusco_-_Qoricancha_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/440px-Cusco_-_Qoricancha_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Facade of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convent_of_Santo_Domingo,_Cusco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convent of Santo Domingo, Cusco (page does not exist)">Convent of Santo Domingo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, built on the base of the <a href="/wiki/Coricancha" title="Coricancha">Coricancha</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish installed Atahualpa's brother <a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> in power; for some time Manco cooperated with the Spanish while they fought to put down resistance in the north. Meanwhile, an associate of Pizarro, <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a>, attempted to claim Cusco. Manco tried to use this intra-Spanish feud to his advantage, recapturing Cusco in 1536, but the Spanish retook the city afterwards. Manco Inca then retreated to the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Vilcabamba,_Peru" title="Vilcabamba, Peru">Vilcabamba</a> and established the small <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a>, where he and his successors ruled for another 36 years, sometimes raiding the Spanish or inciting revolts against them. In 1572 the last Inca stronghold was conquered and the last ruler, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Topa Amaru</a>, Manco's son, was captured and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200831_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200831-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ended resistance to the Spanish conquest under the political authority of the Inca state. </p><p>After the fall of the Inca Empire many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed, including their sophisticated farming system, known as the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_archipelago" title="Vertical archipelago">vertical archipelago</a> model of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson199276_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson199276-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish colonial officials used the Inca <a href="/wiki/Mita_(Inca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mita (Inca)">mita</a> <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> labor system for colonial aims, sometimes brutally. One member of each family was forced to work in the gold and silver mines, the foremost of which was the titanic silver mine at <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a>. When a family member died, which would usually happen within a year or two, the family was required to send a replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> is usually presumed to have spread through the Empire before the arrival of the Spaniards, the devastation is also consistent with other theories.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, smallpox spread rapidly before the Spanish invaders first arrived in the empire. The spread was probably aided by the efficient Inca road system. Smallpox was only the first epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other diseases, including a probable <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> outbreak in 1546, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> in 1614, and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> in 1618, all ravaged the Inca people. </p><p>There would be periodic attempts by indigenous leaders to expel the Spanish colonists and re-create the Inca Empire until the late 18th century. See <a href="/wiki/Juan_Santos_Atahualpa" title="Juan Santos Atahualpa">Juan Santos Atahualpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca_education" title="Inca education">Inca education</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> <p>The number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak is uncertain, with estimates ranging from 4–37 million. Most population estimates are in the range of 6 to 14 million. In spite of the fact that the Inca kept excellent census records using their <a href="/wiki/Quipus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quipus">quipus</a>, knowledge of how to read them was lost as almost all fell into disuse and disintegrated over time or were destroyed by the Spaniards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200893–96._The_10_million_population_estimate_in_the_info_box_is_a_mid-range_estimate_of_the_population._51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200893–96._The_10_million_population_estimate_in_the_info_box_is_a_mid-range_estimate_of_the_population.-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua languages</a></div> <p>The empire was linguistically diverse. Some of the most important languages were <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a>, respectively mainly spoken in the Central Andes, the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qullasuyu" title="Qullasuyu">Qullasuyu</a>), the south coast (<a href="/wiki/Kuntisuyu" title="Kuntisuyu">Kuntisuyu</a>), and the area of the north coast (<a href="/wiki/Chinchaysuyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinchaysuyu">Chinchaysuyu</a>) around <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chan" title="Chan Chan">Chan Chan</a>, today <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a>. Other languages included <a href="/wiki/Quignam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quignam language">Quignam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaqaru_language" title="Jaqaru language">Jaqaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uru-Chipaya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Uru-Chipaya languages">Uru-Chipaya languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humahuaca_language" title="Humahuaca language">Humahuaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cac%C3%A1n_language" title="Cacán language">Cacán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extinct_languages_of_the_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River_basin#Chacha" title="Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin">Chachapoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catacao_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacao languages">Catacao languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manta_language_(Ecuador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manta language (Ecuador)">Manta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a> as well as numerous Amazonian languages on the frontier regions. The exact linguistic topography of the pre-Columbian and early colonial Andes remains incompletely understood, owing to the extinction of several languages and the loss of historical records. </p><p>In order to manage this diversity, the Inca lords promoted the usage of <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>, especially <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_coste%C3%B1o" class="extiw" title="es:Quechua costeño">the variety of what is now Lima</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>. Defined by mutual intelligibility, Quechua is actually a family of languages rather than one single language, parallel to the Romance or Slavic languages in Europe. Most communities within the empire, even those resistant to Inca rule, learned to speak a variety of Quechua (forming new regional varieties with distinct phonetics) in order to communicate with the Inca lords and mitma colonists, as well as the wider integrating society, but largely retained their native languages as well. The Incas also had their own ethnic language, which is thought to have been closely related to or a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a>. </p><p>There are several common misconceptions about the history of Quechua, as it is frequently identified as the "Inca language". Quechua did not originate with the Incas, had been a lingua franca in multiple areas before the Inca expansions, was diverse before the rise of the Incas, and it was not the native or original language of the Incas. However, the Incas left a linguistic legacy, in that they introduced Quechua to many areas where it is still widely spoken today, including Ecuador, southern Bolivia, southern Colombia, and parts of the Amazon basin. The Spanish conquerors continued the official usage of Quechua during the early colonial period, and transformed it into a literary language.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Incas were not known to develop a written form of language; however, they visually recorded narratives through paintings on vases and cups (<a href="/wiki/Qiru" title="Qiru">qirus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These paintings are usually accompanied by geometric patterns known as toqapu, which are also found in textiles. Researchers have speculated that toqapu patterns could have served as a form of written communication (e.g. heraldry, or glyphs), however this remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Incas also kept records by using <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">quipus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_and_defining_gender">Age and defining gender</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city,_Argentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg/220px-Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg/330px-Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg/440px-Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>"The Maiden", one of the <a href="/wiki/Llullaillaco_mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullaillaco mummies">Llullaillaco mummies</a>. Inca human sacrifice, <a href="/wiki/Salta_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Salta province">Salta province</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The high infant mortality rates that plagued the Inca Empire caused all newborn infants to be given the term <i>wawa</i> when they were born.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most families did not invest very much into their child until they reached the age of two or three years old. Once the child reached the age of three, a "coming of age" ceremony occurred, called the <i>rutuchikuy</i>. For the Incas, this ceremony indicated that the child had entered the stage of "ignorance". During this ceremony, the family would invite all relatives to their house for food and dance, and then each member of the family would receive a lock of hair from the child. After each family member had received a lock, the father would shave the child's head. This stage of life was categorized by a stage of "ignorance, inexperience, and lack of reason, a condition that the child would overcome with time".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Inca society, in order to advance from the stage of ignorance to development the child must learn the roles associated with their gender. </p><p>The next important ritual was to celebrate the maturity of a child. Unlike the coming of age ceremony, the celebration of maturity signified the child's sexual potency. This celebration of puberty was called <i>warachikuy</i> for boys and <i>qikuchikuy</i> for girls. The <i>warachikuy</i> ceremony included dancing, fasting, tasks to display strength, and family ceremonies. The boy would also be given new clothes and taught how to act as an unmarried man. The <i>qikuchikuy</i> signified the onset of menstruation, upon which the girl would go into the forest alone and return only once the bleeding had ended. In the forest she would fast, and, once returned, the girl would be given a new name, adult clothing, and advice. This "folly" stage of life was the time young adults were allowed to have sex without being a parent.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the ages of 20 and 30, people were considered young adults, "ripe for serious thought and labor".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young adults were able to retain their youthful status by living at home and assisting in their home community. Young adults only reached full maturity and independence once they had married. </p><p>At the end of life, the terms for men and women denote loss of sexual vitality and humanity. Specifically, the "decrepitude" stage signifies the loss of mental well-being and further physical decline. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4">Table 7.1 from R. Alan Covey's Article<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Age</b> </td> <td><b>Social Value of Life Stage</b> </td> <td><b>Female Term</b> </td> <td><b>Male Term</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>< 3 </td> <td>Conception </td> <td>Wawa </td> <td>Wawa </td></tr> <tr> <td>3–7 </td> <td>Ignorance (not speaking) </td> <td>Warma </td> <td>Warma </td></tr> <tr> <td>7–14 </td> <td>Development </td> <td>Thaski (or P'asña) </td> <td>Maqt'a </td></tr> <tr> <td>14–20 </td> <td>Folly (sexually active) </td> <td>Sipas (unmarried) </td> <td>Wayna (unmarried) </td></tr> <tr> <td>20+ </td> <td>Maturity (body and mind) </td> <td>Warmi </td> <td>Qhari </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td>Infirmity </td> <td>Paya </td> <td>Machu </td></tr> <tr> <td>90 </td> <td>Decrepitude </td> <td>Ruku </td> <td>Ruku </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3></div> <p>In the Inca Empire, the age of marriage differed for men and women: men typically married at the age of 20, while women usually got married about four years earlier at the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men who were highly ranked in society could have multiple wives, but those lower in the ranks could only take a single wife.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marriages were typically within classes and resembled a more business-like agreement. Once married, the women were expected to cook, collect food and watch over the children and livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Girls and mothers would also work around the house to keep it orderly to please the public inspectors.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These duties remained the same even after wives became pregnant and with the added responsibility of praying and making offerings to Kanopa, who was the god of pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was typical for marriages to begin on a trial basis with both men and women having a say in the longevity of the marriage. If the man felt that it would not work out or if the woman wanted to return to her parents' home the marriage would end. Once the marriage was final, the only way the two could be divorced was if they did not have a child together.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marriage within the Empire was crucial for survival. A family was considered disadvantaged if there was not a married couple at the center because everyday life centered around the balance of male and female tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_roles">Gender roles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Shapa_Inka_and_his_wife_traveling_the_Qhapaq_%C3%91an,_1615.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Shapa_Inka_and_his_wife_traveling_the_Qhapaq_%C3%91an%2C_1615.jpg/220px-The_Shapa_Inka_and_his_wife_traveling_the_Qhapaq_%C3%91an%2C_1615.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Shapa_Inka_and_his_wife_traveling_the_Qhapaq_%C3%91an%2C_1615.jpg/330px-The_Shapa_Inka_and_his_wife_traveling_the_Qhapaq_%C3%91an%2C_1615.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Shapa_Inka_and_his_wife_traveling_the_Qhapaq_%C3%91an%2C_1615.jpg/440px-The_Shapa_Inka_and_his_wife_traveling_the_Qhapaq_%C3%91an%2C_1615.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>The Inka and his wife, the <a href="/wiki/Qoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qoya">Quya</a>, traveling the Qhapaq Ñan.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to some historians, such as Terence N. D'Altroy, male and female roles were considered equal in Inca society. The "indigenous cultures saw the two genders as complementary parts of a whole".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, there was not a hierarchical structure in the domestic sphere for the Incas. Within the domestic sphere, women came to be known as weavers, although there is significant evidence to suggest that this gender role did not appear until colonizing Spaniards realized women's productive talents in this sphere and used it to their economic advantage. There is evidence to suggest that both men and women contributed equally to the weaving tasks in pre-Hispanic Andean culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women's everyday tasks included: spinning, watching the children, weaving cloth, cooking, brewing chichi, preparing fields for cultivation, planting seeds, bearing children, harvesting, weeding, hoeing, herding, and carrying water.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men on the other hand, "weeded, plowed, participated in combat, helped in the harvest, carried firewood, built houses, herded llama and alpaca, and spun and wove when necessary".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relationship between the genders may have been complementary. Onlooking Spaniards believed women were treated like slaves, because women did not work in Spanish society to the same extent, and certainly did not work in fields.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were sometimes allowed to own land and herds because inheritance was passed down from both the mother's and father's side of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kinship within the Inca society followed a parallel line of descent. In other words, women descended from women and men descended from men. Due to the parallel descent, a woman had access to land and other assets through her mother.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inca_education" title="Inca education">Inca education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Pachacuti_Yamqui_es.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Santa_Cruz_Pachacuti_Yamqui_es.gif/220px-Santa_Cruz_Pachacuti_Yamqui_es.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Santa_Cruz_Pachacuti_Yamqui_es.gif/330px-Santa_Cruz_Pachacuti_Yamqui_es.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Santa_Cruz_Pachacuti_Yamqui_es.gif/440px-Santa_Cruz_Pachacuti_Yamqui_es.gif 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Representation of the Inca worldview</figcaption></figure> <p>It was extremely classist and formal: only the children of the central nobility and certain levels of the <a href="/wiki/Kuraka" title="Kuraka">curacal</a> (<span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">hatun</i></span> curaca) received systematic education. They had to attend the <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">yachaywasi</i></span> (house of knowledge) in Cusco to learn from the <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu"><a href="/wiki/Amauta" title="Amauta">amautas</a></i></span> (wises) and the <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">haravicus</i></span> (poets). They learned languages, accounting, astronomy, about wars and political application strategies. The non-formalized education for the <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">hatun runas</i></span> was given in daily life, in practice; it was also given in the assemblies of the ayllu or <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">camachico</i></span>, where they were mainly taught the three moral and legal principles: <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">ama quella</i></span> (don't be lazy), <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">ama sua</i></span> (don't steal) and <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">ama llulla</i></span> (don't lie).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_customs">Burial customs</h3></div> <p>Due to the dry climate that extends from modern-day Peru to what is now Chile's <a href="/wiki/Norte_Grande" title="Norte Grande">Norte Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mummification" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummification">mummification</a> occurred naturally by <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a>. It is believed that the ancient Incas learned to mummify their dead to show reverence to their leaders and representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mummification was chosen to preserve the body and to give others the opportunity to worship them in their death. The ancient Inca believed in reincarnation, so preservation of the body was vital for passage into the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since mummification was reserved for royalty, this entailed preserving power by placing the deceased's valuables with the body in places of honor. The bodies remained accessible for ceremonies where they would be removed and celebrated with.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Inca mummified their dead with various tools. <a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a> corn beer was used to delay <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> and the effects of bacterial activity on the body. The bodies were then stuffed with natural materials such as vegetable matter and animal hair. Sticks were used to maintain their shape and poses.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the mummification process, the Inca would bury their dead in the fetal position inside a vessel intended to mimic the womb for preparation of their new birth. A ceremony would be held that included music, food, and drink for the relatives and loved ones of the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duality">Duality</h3></div> <p>The basic organizational principle of Inca society was duality or <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu"><a href="/wiki/Yanantin" title="Yanantin">yanantin</a></i></span>, which was based on kinship relationships. The <a href="/wiki/Ayllu" title="Ayllu">ayllus</a> were divided into two parts that could be Hanan or Hurin, Alaasa or Massaa, Uma or Urco, Allauca or Ichoc; according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Pease_Garc%C3%ADa_Yrigoyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Pease García Yrigoyen (page does not exist)">Franklin Pease</a>, these terms were understood as "high or low," "right or left," "male or female," "inside or outside," "near or far," and "front or back."<sup id="cite_ref-pease_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pease-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the specific functions of each part are unclear, it is documented that one leader was subordinate to the other, with <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rostworowski" title="María Rostworowski">Rostworowski</a> noting that in Cuzco, the upper half was more important, while in Ica, the lower half held more significance.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pease also points out that both halves were integrated through reciprocity. In Cuzco, "Hanan" and "Hurin" were opposites yet complementary, like human hands in the <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">yanantin</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-pease_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pease-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion in the Inca Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabeza_de_Viracocha,_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cabeza_de_Viracocha%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg/170px-Cabeza_de_Viracocha%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cabeza_de_Viracocha%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg/255px-Cabeza_de_Viracocha%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cabeza_de_Viracocha%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg/340px-Cabeza_de_Viracocha%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Diorite <a href="/wiki/Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Viracocha</a> Inca sculpture from Amarucancha archeological site, <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Inca myths were <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">transmitted orally</a> until early Spanish colonists recorded them; however, some scholars claim that they were recorded on <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">quipus</a>, Andean knotted string records.<sup id="cite_ref-Urton2009_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urton2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Inca believed in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After death, the passage to the next world was fraught with difficulties. The spirit of the dead, <i>camaquen,</i> would need to follow a long road and during the trip the assistance of a black dog that could see in the dark was required. Most Incas imagined the after world to be like an earthly paradise with flower-covered fields and snow-capped mountains. </p><p>It was important to the Inca that they not die as a result of burning or that the body of the deceased not be incinerated. Burning would cause their vital force to disappear and threaten their passage to the after world. The Inca nobility practiced <a href="/wiki/Cranial_deformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial deformation">cranial deformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BurgerSalazar2004_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurgerSalazar2004-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They wrapped tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns to shape their soft skulls into a more conical form, thus distinguishing the nobility from other social classes. </p><p>The Incas made <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifices</a>. As many as 4,000 servants, court officials, favorites and concubines were killed upon the death of the Inca <a href="/wiki/Huayna_Capac" title="Huayna Capac">Huayna Capac</a> in 1527.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies1981_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies1981-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Incas performed child sacrifices around important events, such as the death of the Sapa Inca or during a famine. These sacrifices were known as <i>capacocha</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Qhapaq_hucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Qhapaq hucha">qhapaq hucha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Incas were <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheists</a> who worshipped many gods. These included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Viracocha</a> (<i>Wiraqucha</i>) (also Pachacamac or <i>Pacha Kamaq</i>) – Created all living things</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apu_Illapu" class="mw-redirect" title="Apu Illapu">Apu Illapu</a> – Rain god, prayed to when they need rain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayar_Cachi" title="Ayar Cachi">Ayar Cachi</a> – Hot-tempered god, causes earthquakes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illapa">Illapa</a> – Goddess of lightning and thunder (also Yakumama, goddess of water)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a> – Sun god and patron deity of the holy city of Cusco (home of the sun)</li> <li>Kuychi – Rainbow god, connected with fertility</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mama_Killa" title="Mama Killa">Mama Killa</a> – Means "Mother Moon", wife of Inti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mama_Occlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mama Occlo">Mama Ocllo</a> (<i>Mama Uqllu</i>) – Created wisdom to civilize the people, taught women to weave cloth and build houses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Capac</a> (<i>Manqu Qhapaq</i>) – Known for his courage and sent to Earth to become first king of the Incas. Taught people how to grow plants, make weapons, work together, share resources and worship the other gods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachamama" title="Pachamama">Pachamama</a> – Goddess of earth and wife of Viracocha. People give her offerings of coca leaves and beer and pray to her for major agricultural occasions</li> <li>Quchamama – meaning "lake mother", represents the goddess of the sea.</li> <li>Sachamama – meaning "tree mother", represented as a snake with two heads.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacumama" title="Yacumama">Yakumama</a> – meaning "water mother", represented as a snake, transformed into a great river (also Illapa) when she came to Earth.</li></ul> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca mythology</a>, there were three different worlds created by Viracocha:<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacha_(Inca_mythology)" title="Pacha (Inca mythology)">Hanan Pacha</a> (upper world, celestial or supraterrestrial): Reserved for the righteous, it was inhabited by gods and accessible only through a bridge of hair. It was symbolized by the <a href="/wiki/Condor" title="Condor">condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacha_(Inca_mythology)" title="Pacha (Inca mythology)">Kay Pacha</a> (world of the present and here): The earthly world where humans live, represented by the <a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">puma</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacha_(Inca_mythology)" title="Pacha (Inca mythology)">Uku Pacha</a> (world below or world of the dead): Involving the dead and everything below the earth's surface, it was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Supay" title="Supay">Supay</a> and symbolized by the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism" title="Serpent symbolism">serpent</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Economy of the Inca Empire">Economy of the Inca Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Inca agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertical_archipelago" title="Vertical archipelago">Vertical archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mit%27a" title="Mit'a">Mit'a</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qullqa" title="Qullqa">Qullqa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabajo-inca8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Trabajo-inca8.jpg/170px-Trabajo-inca8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Trabajo-inca8.jpg/255px-Trabajo-inca8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Trabajo-inca8.jpg/340px-Trabajo-inca8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Incan_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Incan agriculture">Inca farmers</a> using a <i>chaki taklla</i> (Andean foot plough) in <i><a href="/wiki/El_primer_nueva_cor%C3%B3nica_y_buen_gobierno" title="El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno">El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno</a></i> (ca. 1615) by <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Guaman_Poma_de_Ayala" title="Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala">Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Inca Empire employed <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planning</a>. Coastal chiefdoms within the Inca Empire punctually traded with outside regions, although they did not operate a substantial internal <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Axe-monies" title="Axe-monies">axe-monies</a> were used along the northern coast, where the custom of reciprocity was not in place,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presumably by the provincial <i>mindaláe</i> trading class,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most households in the empire lived in a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_economy" title="Traditional economy">traditional economy</a> in which households were required to pay tributes, usually in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Mit%27a" title="Mit'a">mit’a</a> <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> labor, and military obligations,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though barter (or <i>trueque</i>) was present in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoseley200144_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoseley200144-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, the state provided security, food in times of hardship through the supply of emergency resources, agricultural projects (e.g. aqueducts and terraces) to increase productivity, and occasional feasts hosted by Inca officials for their subjects. While mit’a was used by the state to obtain labor, individual villages had a pre-inca system of communal work, known as <a href="/wiki/Mink%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mink'a">mink’a</a>. This system survives to the modern day, known as <i>mink’a</i> or <i>faena</i>. The economy rested on the material foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_archipelago" title="Vertical archipelago">vertical archipelago</a>, a system of ecological complementarity in accessing resources<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cultural foundation of <i><a href="/wiki/Ayni" title="Ayni">ayni</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">reciprocal exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisac,_Cuzco,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-31,_DD_99.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pisac%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_99.JPG/220px-Pisac%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_99.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pisac%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_99.JPG/330px-Pisac%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_99.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pisac%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_99.JPG/440px-Pisac%2C_Cuzco%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-31%2C_DD_99.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7934" data-file-height="5006" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/And%C3%A9n" title="Andén">Andenes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Valley" title="Sacred Valley">Sacred Valley</a> of the Incas, near <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADsac" title="Písac">Pisac</a>, Cuzco.</figcaption></figure> <p>It was the main economic activity in the Tawantinsuyu, followed by livestock raising. It was a mixed economy with agrarian technology based on ancestral knowledge such as the <i><a href="/wiki/And%C3%A9n" title="Andén">andenes</a></i> (terraces), <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">wachaque</i></span> (sunken fields), <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu"><a href="/wiki/Waru_waru" class="mw-redirect" title="Waru waru">waru waru</a></i></span> (raised fields), <i>qucha</i> (artificial lakes); and the improvement of cultivation tools, like the <i>chaquitaclla</i> and the <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">raucana</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-hernandez_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hernandez-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> was the staple food with over 200 species and 5000 different varieties while <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> were considered sacred plants.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They also built <a href="/wiki/Agrobiology" title="Agrobiology">agrobiological</a> experimentation centers such as <a href="/wiki/Moray_(Inca_ruin)" title="Moray (Inca ruin)">Moray</a> (Cuzco), Castrovirreyna (Huancavelica) and Carania (Yauyos), through circular terraces where the products of the entire empire were reproduced.<sup id="cite_ref-hernandez_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hernandez-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_husbandry">Animal husbandry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inca_animal_husbandry" title="Inca animal husbandry">Inca animal husbandry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lama3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lama3.jpg/220px-Lama3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lama3.jpg/330px-Lama3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lama3.jpg/440px-Lama3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Camelids were a vital resource in Tahuantinsuyo. The Inca state ensured a supply of both meat and fiber from these animals.</figcaption></figure> <p>In pre-Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">camelids</a> played a crucial role in the economy. The domesticated species, <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicugna_pacos" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicugna pacos">alpaca</a>, were raised in large herds and used for various purposes within the Inca production system.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, two wild camelid species, <a href="/wiki/Vicugna_vicugna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicugna vicugna">vicuña</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lama_guanicoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lama guanicoe">guanaco</a>, were also utilized. Vicuñas were hunted through collective drives (chacos), sheared with tools like stones, knives, and metal axes, and then released to maintain their population. Guanacos were hunted for their highly valued meat. Chronicles indicate that all camelid meat was consumed, but due to restrictions on slaughter, its consumption was likely considered a luxury. Fresh meat was probably accessible mainly to the military or during ceremonial occasions involving widespread distribution of sacrificed animals. During the colonial period, pastures diminished or degraded due to the massive presence of introduced Spanish animals and their feeding habits, significantly altering the Andean environment.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Government of the Inca Empire">Government of the Inca Empire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs"><span class="anchor" id="Beliefs"></span>Beliefs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_Inti.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_Inti.svg/170px-Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_Inti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_Inti.svg/255px-Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_Inti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_Inti.svg/340px-Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_Inti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a>, as represented by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bernardo de Tagle">José Bernardo de Tagle</a> of Peru</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sapa Inca, the head of upper Cusco,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was conceptualized as divine and was effectively head of the state religion. The <i><a href="/wiki/Willaq_Umu" title="Willaq Umu">Willaq Umu</a></i> (or Chief Priest), the head of lower Cusco,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was second to the emperor. Local religious traditions continued and in some cases such as the Oracle at <a href="/wiki/Pachacamac" title="Pachacamac">Pachacamac</a> on the coast, were officially venerated. Following Pachacuti, the Sapa Inca claimed descent from Inti, who placed a high value on imperial blood; by the end of the empire, it was common to <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incestuously</a> wed brother and sister. He was "son of the sun", and his people the <i>Intip churin</i>, or "children of the sun", and both his right to rule and mission to conquer derived from his holy ancestor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Sapa Inca also presided over ideologically important festivals, notably during the <i><a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a></i> or "Sun festival" attended by soldiers, mummified rulers, nobles, clerics and the general population of Cusco beginning on the June solstice and culminating nine days later with the ritual breaking of the earth using a foot plow by the Inca. Moreover, Cusco was considered cosmologically central, loaded as it was with <i>huacas</i> and radiating <i>ceque</i> lines as the geographic center of the Four-Quarters; <a href="/wiki/Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega" title="Inca Garcilaso de la Vega">Inca Garcilaso de la Vega</a> called it "the navel of the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy201486–89,_111,_154–55_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy201486–89,_111,_154–55-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoseley200181–85_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoseley200181–85-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008138–39_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008138–39-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_the_empire">Organization of the empire</h3></div> <p>The Inca Empire was a decentralized government consisting of a central government with the Inca at its head and four regional quarters, or <i>suyu</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinchay_Suyu" title="Chinchay Suyu">Chinchay suyu</a> (NW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_Suyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti Suyu">Anti suyu</a> (NE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti_Suyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunti Suyu">Kunti suyu</a> (SW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulla_Suyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Qulla Suyu">Qulla suyu</a> (SE)</li></ul> <p>The four corners of these quarters met at the center, Cuzco. These <i>suyu</i> were likely created around 1460 during the reign of Pachacuti before the empire reached its largest territorial extent. At the time the <i>suyu</i> were established they were roughly of equal size and only later changed their proportions as the empire expanded north and south along the Andes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteward1946262_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteward1946262-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuzco was likely not organized as a <i>wamani</i> or province. Rather, it was probably somewhat akin to a modern <a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">federal district</a>, like Washington, DC or Mexico City. The city sat at the center of the four <i>suyu</i> and served as the preeminent center of politics and religion. While Cusco was essentially governed by the Sapa Inca, his relatives and the royal <i>panaqa</i> lineages, each <i>suyu</i> was governed by an <i>Apu</i>, a term of esteem used for men of high status and for venerated mountains. Both Cuzco as a district and the four <i>suyu</i> as administrative regions were grouped into upper <i>hanan</i> and lower <i>hurin</i> divisions. As the Inca did not have written records, it is impossible to exhaustively list the constituent <i>wamani</i>. However, colonial records allow us to reconstruct a partial list. There were likely more than 86 <i>wamani</i>, with more than 48 in the highlands and more than 38 on the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteward1946185–92_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteward1946185–92-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy201442–43,_86–89_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy201442–43,_86–89-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008113–14_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008113–14-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suyu">Suyu</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inca_Empire_South_America.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Inca_Empire_South_America.png/170px-Inca_Empire_South_America.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Inca_Empire_South_America.png/255px-Inca_Empire_South_America.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Inca_Empire_South_America.png/340px-Inca_Empire_South_America.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>The four <i>suyus</i> or quarters of the empire</figcaption></figure> <p>The most populous <i>suyu</i> was <a href="/wiki/Chinchaysuyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinchaysuyu">Chinchaysuyu</a>, which encompassed the former <a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimú Empire</a> and much of the northern Andes. At its largest extent, it extended through much of what are now Ecuador and Colombia. </p><p>The largest <i>suyu</i> by area was <a href="/wiki/Qullasuyu" title="Qullasuyu">Qullasuyu</a>, named after the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Qulla_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Qulla people">Qulla people</a>. It encompassed what is now the Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> and much of the southern Andes, reaching what is now Argentina and as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Maipo_River" title="Maipo River">Maipo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maule_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Maule river">Maule river</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Central Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillehay1988_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillehay1988-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa" title="José Bengoa">José Bengoa</a> singled out <a href="/wiki/Quillota" title="Quillota">Quillota</a> as likely being the foremost Inca settlement in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBengoa200337–38_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBengoa200337–38-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second smallest <i>suyu</i>, <a href="/wiki/Antisuyu" title="Antisuyu">Antisuyu</a>, was northwest of Cusco in the high Andes. Its name is the root of the word "Andes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy201487_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy201487-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kuntisuyu" title="Kuntisuyu">Kuntisuyu</a> was the smallest <i>suyu</i>, located along the southern coast of modern Peru, extending into the highlands towards Cusco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy201487–88_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy201487–88-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws">Laws</h3></div> <p>The Inca state had no <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">separate judiciary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Code_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code (law)">codified laws</a>. Customs, expectations and traditional local power holders governed behavior. The state had legal force, such as through <i>tukuy rikuq</i> (lit. "he who sees all") or inspectors. The highest such inspector, typically a blood relative to the Sapa Inca, acted independently of the conventional hierarchy, providing a point of view for the Sapa Inca free of bureaucratic influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014235–36_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014235–36-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Inca had three moral precepts that governed their behavior:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Ama sua</i>: Do not steal</li> <li><i>Ama llulla</i>: Do not lie</li> <li><i>Ama quella</i>: Do not be lazy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3></div> <p>Colonial sources are not entirely clear or in agreement about Inca government structure, such as exact duties and functions of government positions. But the basic structure can be broadly described. The top was the <i>Sapa Inca</i>, who wore the <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu"><a href="/wiki/Maskaypacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maskaypacha">maskaypacha</a></i></span> as a symbol of power.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below that may have been the <i>Willaq Umu</i>, literally the "priest who recounts", the High Priest of the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy201499_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy201499-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, beneath the <i>Sapa Inca</i> also sat the <i>Inkap rantin</i>, who was a confidant and assistant to the <i>Sapa Inca</i>, perhaps similar to a Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with <a href="/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Topa Inca Yupanqui">Topa Inca Yupanqui</a>, a "Council of the Realm" was composed of 16 nobles: 2 from <i>hanan</i> Cusco; 2 from <i>hurin</i> Cusco; 4 from Chinchaysuyu; 2 from Cuntisuyu; 4 from Collasuyu; and 2 from Antisuyu. This weighting of representation balanced the <i>hanan</i> and <i>hurin</i> divisions of the empire, both within Cuzco and within the Quarters (<i>hanan suyu</i> and <i>hurin suyu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuidema198348_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuidema198348-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While provincial <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> and government varied greatly, the basic organization was decimal. Taxpayers – male heads of household of a certain age range – were organized into <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvée labor">corvée labor</a> units (often doubling as military units) that formed the state's muscle as part of <a href="/wiki/Mit%27a" title="Mit'a">mit'a</a> service. Each unit of more than 100 tax-payers were headed by a <i>kuraka</i>, while smaller units were headed by a <i>kamayuq</i>, a lower, non-hereditary status. However, while <i>kuraka</i> status was hereditary and typically served for life, the position of a <i>kuraka</i> in the hierarchy was subject to change based on the privileges of superiors in the hierarchy; a <i>pachaka kuraka</i> could be appointed to the position by a <i>waranqa kuraka</i>. Furthermore, one <i>kuraka</i> in each decimal level could serve as the head of one of the nine groups at a lower level, so that a <i>pachaka kuraka</i> might also be a <i>waranqa kuraka</i>, in effect directly responsible for one unit of 100 tax-payers and less directly responsible for nine other such units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1982121–27_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1982121–27-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014233–34_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014233–34-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008114–15_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008114–15-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kuraka in Charge<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1982123_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1982123-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014233_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014233-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Number of Taxpayers </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Hunu kuraka</i></td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Pichkawaranqa kuraka</i></td> <td>5,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Waranqa kuraka</i></td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Pichkapachaka kuraka</i></td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Pachaka kuraka</i></td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Pichkachunka kamayuq</i></td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Chunka kamayuq</i></td> <td>10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monumental_architecture">Monumental architecture</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>We can assure your majesty that it is so beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would even be remarkable in Spain. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></cite></div> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Inca architecture</a></div> <p>Architecture was the most important of the Inca arts, with textiles reflecting architectural motifs. The most notable example is <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>, which was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Inca_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca engineers">Inca engineers</a>. The prime Inca structures were made of stone blocks that fit together so well that a knife could not be fitted through the stonework. These constructs have survived for centuries, with no use of mortar to sustain them. </p><p>This process was first used on a large scale by the <a href="/wiki/Pukara" title="Pukara">Pucara</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 300) peoples to the south in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> and later in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 400</span>–1100) in what is now Bolivia. The rocks were sculpted to fit together exactly by repeatedly lowering a rock onto another and carving away any sections on the lower rock where the dust was compressed. The tight fit and the concavity on the lower rocks made them extraordinarily stable, despite the ongoing challenge of earthquakes and volcanic activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunics">Tunics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupa-inca-tunic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tupa-inca-tunic.png/220px-Tupa-inca-tunic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tupa-inca-tunic.png/330px-Tupa-inca-tunic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tupa-inca-tunic.png/440px-Tupa-inca-tunic.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Tunic worn by an Inca of high rank, in vicuña wool and cotton (1450-1540 CE), kept at the Washington <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Research_Library_and_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection">Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Tunics were created by skilled Inca textile-makers as a piece of warm clothing, but they also symbolized cultural and political status and power. <i>Cumbi</i> was the fine, tapestry-woven woolen cloth that was produced and necessary for the creation of tunics. <i>Cumbi</i> was produced by specially-appointed women and men. Generally, textile-making was practiced by both men and women. As emphasized by certain historians, only with European conquest was it deemed that women would become the primary weavers in society, as opposed to Inca society where specialty textiles were produced by men and women equally.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Complex patterns and designs were meant to convey information about order in Andean society as well as the Universe. Tunics could also symbolize one's relationship to ancient rulers or important ancestors. These textiles were frequently designed to represent the physical order of a society, for example, the flow of <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> within an empire. Many tunics have a "checkerboard effect" which is known as the <i>collcapata</i>. According to historians Kenneth Mills, William B. Taylor, and Sandra Lauderdale Graham, the <i>collcapata</i> patterns "seem to have expressed concepts of commonality, and, ultimately, unity of all ranks of people, representing a careful kind of foundation upon which the structure of Inkaic universalism was built." Rulers wore various tunics throughout the year, switching them out for different occasions and feasts. </p><p>The symbols present within the tunics suggest the importance of "pictographic expression" within Inca and other Andean societies far before the iconographies of the Spanish Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uncu">Uncu</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uncu_(tunic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncu (tunic)">Uncu</a> was a men's garment similar to a tunic. It was an upper-body garment of knee-length; Royals wore it with a mantle cloth called ''<a href="/wiki/Yacolla_(garment)" title="Yacolla (garment)">yacolla</a>.''<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics,_precious_metals_and_textiles"><span id="Ceramics.2C_precious_metals_and_textiles"></span>Ceramics, precious metals and textiles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camelid_Conopa,_1470-1532,_36.683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Camelid_Conopa%2C_1470-1532%2C_36.683.jpg/260px-Camelid_Conopa%2C_1470-1532%2C_36.683.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Camelid_Conopa%2C_1470-1532%2C_36.683.jpg/390px-Camelid_Conopa%2C_1470-1532%2C_36.683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Camelid_Conopa%2C_1470-1532%2C_36.683.jpg/520px-Camelid_Conopa%2C_1470-1532%2C_36.683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>Camelid Conopa, 1470–1532, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>. Small stone figurines, or <i>conopas</i>, of llamas and alpacas were the most common ritual effigies used in the highlands of modern-day Peru and Bolivia. These devotional objects were often buried in the animals' corrals to bring protection and prosperity to their owners and fertility to the herds. The cylindrical cavities in their backs were filled with offerings to the gods in the form of a mixture including animal fat, coca leaves, maize kernels and seashells. </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramics</a> were painted using the polychrome technique portraying numerous motifs including animals, birds, waves, felines (popular in the <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavin culture</a>) and geometric patterns found in the <a href="/wiki/Nazca" title="Nazca">Nazca</a> style of ceramics. In a culture without a written language, ceramics portrayed the basic scenes of everyday life, including the smelting of metals, relationships and scenes of tribal warfare. The most distinctive Inca ceramic objects are the <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">urpu</i></span> (Cuzco bottles or "aryballos"), mainly used for the production of <a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">chicha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HerreraBerrin1997_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HerreraBerrin1997-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these pieces are on display in Lima in the <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Archaeological Museum</a> and the National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History. </p><p>Almost all of the gold and silver work of the Inca empire was melted down by the conquistadors, and shipped back to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coca">Coca</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coca_(Erythroxylum_coca)_en_Meta_(Colombia)_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coca_%28Erythroxylum_coca%29_en_Meta_%28Colombia%29_3.jpg/220px-Coca_%28Erythroxylum_coca%29_en_Meta_%28Colombia%29_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coca_%28Erythroxylum_coca%29_en_Meta_%28Colombia%29_3.jpg/330px-Coca_%28Erythroxylum_coca%29_en_Meta_%28Colombia%29_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coca_%28Erythroxylum_coca%29_en_Meta_%28Colombia%29_3.jpg/440px-Coca_%28Erythroxylum_coca%29_en_Meta_%28Colombia%29_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a> leaves in <a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta Department</a>, Colombia, approached by the Inca for many uses</figcaption></figure> <p>The Incas revered the <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> plant as sacred/magical. Its leaves were used in moderate amounts to lessen hunger and pain during work, but were mostly used for religious and health purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Boca_Raton_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boca_Raton-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spaniards took advantage of the effects of chewing coca leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Boca_Raton_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boca_Raton-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chasqui" title="Chasqui">chasquis</a>, messengers who ran throughout the empire to deliver messages, chewed coca leaves for extra energy. Coca leaves were also used as an <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anaesthetic</a> during surgeries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banner_of_the_Inca">Banner of the Inca</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wiphala" title="Wiphala">Wiphala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag#Andean_indigenism" title="Rainbow flag">Rainbow flag § Andean indigenism</a></div> <p>Chronicles and references from the 16th and 17th centuries support the idea of a banner. However, it represented the Inca (emperor), not the empire. </p><p>Francisco López de Jerez<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote in 1534: </p> <blockquote><p><span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">... todos venían repartidos en sus escuadras con sus banderas y capitanes que los mandan, con tanto concierto como turcos.</span></span><br />(<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">... all of them came distributed into squads, with their flags and captains commanding them, as well-ordered as Turks.</span></span>) </p></blockquote> <p>Chronicler Bernabé Cobo wrote: </p> <blockquote><p><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">The royal standard or banner was a small square flag, ten or twelve spans around, made of cotton or wool cloth, placed on the end of a long staff, stretched and stiff such that it did not wave in the air and on it each king painted his arms and emblems, for each one chose different ones, though the sign of the Incas was the rainbow and two parallel snakes along the width with the tassel as a crown, which each king used to add for a badge or blazon those preferred, like a lion, an eagle and other figures.</span></span> <br />(<span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">... el guión o estandarte real era una banderilla cuadrada y pequeña, de diez o doce palmos de ruedo, hecha de lienzo de algodón o de lana, iba puesta en el remate de una asta larga, tendida y tiesa, sin que ondease al aire, y en ella pintaba cada rey sus armas y divisas, porque cada uno las escogía diferentes, aunque las generales de los Incas eran el arco celeste y dos culebras tendidas a lo largo paralelas con la borda que le servía de corona, a las cuales solía añadir por divisa y blasón cada rey las que le parecía, como un león, un águila y otras figuras.</span></span>)<br />-<small><b>Bernabé Cobo, <i>Historia del Nuevo Mundo</i></b> (1653)</small></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suntur_Paucar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/220px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/330px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/440px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Two crowning snakes united by a rainbow without certain royal badge was used as the Inca sign according to Spanish chronicler <a href="/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Cobo" title="Bernabé Cobo">Bernabé Cobo</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Guaman_Poma" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaman Poma">Guaman Poma</a>'s 1615 book, <i>El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno</i>, shows numerous line drawings of Inca flags.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1847 book <i>A History of the Conquest of Peru</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Prescott" title="William H. Prescott">William H. Prescott</a> says that in the Inca army each company had its particular banner and that the imperial standard, high above all, displayed the glittering device of the rainbow, the armorial ensign of the Incas."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1917 world flags book says the Inca "heir-apparent ... was entitled to display the royal standard of the rainbow in his military campaigns."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag" title="Rainbow flag">rainbow flag</a> has been wrongly associated with the Tawantinsuyu and displayed as a symbol of Inca heritage by some groups in Peru and Bolivia. The city of Cusco also flies the Rainbow Flag, but as an official flag of the city. The Peruvian president <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Alejandro Toledo</a> (2001–2006) flew the Rainbow Flag in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>'s presidential palace. However, according to the Peruvian historiography, the Inca Empire never had a flag. Peruvian historian <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rostworowski" title="María Rostworowski">María Rostworowski</a> said, "I bet my life, the Inca never had that flag, it never existed, no chronicler mentioned it".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, to the Peruvian newspaper <i>El Comercio</i>, the flag dates to the first decades of the 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-La_Bandera_del_Tahuantisuyo_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Bandera_del_Tahuantisuyo-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress of the Republic of Peru</a> has determined that the flag is a fake by citing the conclusion of the National Academy of Peruvian History: </p> <blockquote><p>"The official use of the wrongly called 'Tawantinsuyu flag' is a mistake. In the Pre-Hispanic Andean World there did not exist the concept of a flag, it did not belong to their historic context".<sup id="cite_ref-La_Bandera_del_Tahuantisuyo_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Bandera_del_Tahuantisuyo-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><b>National Academy of Peruvian History</b></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_Dance">Music and Dance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_sixth_quya,_Cuci_Chinbo_Mama_Micay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_sixth_quya%2C_Cuci_Chinbo_Mama_Micay.jpg/220px-The_sixth_quya%2C_Cuci_Chinbo_Mama_Micay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_sixth_quya%2C_Cuci_Chinbo_Mama_Micay.jpg/330px-The_sixth_quya%2C_Cuci_Chinbo_Mama_Micay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_sixth_quya%2C_Cuci_Chinbo_Mama_Micay.jpg/440px-The_sixth_quya%2C_Cuci_Chinbo_Mama_Micay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qoya">Coya</a> Cusi Chimbo playing the <i><a href="/wiki/Tinya" title="Tinya">tinya</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient Andean inhabitants shared their experiences through singing and dancing with <i>aqa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chicha_de_jora" title="Chicha de jora">chicha de jora</a>), though these practices reflected social inequalities, as some dances and songs were reserved for nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incaic Andean music was <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic</a> (using notes re, fa, sol, la, and do).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They composed <i>taki</i> ("songs") with wind and percussion instruments, lacking string instruments. Key wind instruments included the <a href="/wiki/Quena" title="Quena">quena</a> (made of <a href="/wiki/Cane_(grass)" title="Cane (grass)">cane</a> and bone), <a href="/wiki/Siku_(instrument)" title="Siku (instrument)">zampoña</a>, pututo or <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">huayla quippa</i></span>, <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">cuyhui</i></span> (a five-voice whistle), and <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu"><a href="/wiki/Pinkillu" title="Pinkillu">pincullo</a></i></span> (a long flute). Percussion instruments included <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu"><a href="/wiki/Tinya" title="Tinya">tinya</a></i></span> (a simple small drum), <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">huankar</i></span> (a large drum with a stick), silver rattles, and <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">chilchile</i></span> (bells).<sup id="cite_ref-incamusic_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incamusic-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dances were categorized as nobiliary dances for the sapa inca and the panacas, such as <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">uaricsa arawi</i></span> and <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">guayara</i></span>, as well as <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">guari</i></span> for young nobles; masked men's war dances, such as <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">wacon</i></span>; and collective dances for laborers (<span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">haylli</i></span>), shepherds (<span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">guayayturilla</i></span>), and the ayllu in their tasks (<span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">kashua</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-incamusic_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incamusic-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measures,_calendrics_and_mathematics"><span id="Measures.2C_calendrics_and_mathematics"></span>Measures, calendrics and mathematics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Mathematics of the Incas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inca._Quipu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Inca._Quipu.jpg/220px-Inca._Quipu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Inca._Quipu.jpg/330px-Inca._Quipu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Inca._Quipu.jpg/440px-Inca._Quipu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Quipu, 15th century. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Physical measures used by the Inca were based on human body parts. Units included fingers, the distance from thumb to forefinger, palms, <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a> and wingspans. The most basic distance unit was <i>thatkiy</i> or <i>thatki</i>, or one pace. The next largest unit was reported by Cobo to be the <i>topo</i> or <i>tupu</i>, measuring 6,000 <i>thatkiy</i>s, or about 7.7 km (4.8 mi); careful study has shown that a range of 4.0 to 6.3 km (2.5 to 3.9 mi) is likely. Next was the <i>wamani</i>, composed of 30 <i>topo</i>s (roughly 232 km or 144 mi). To measure area, 25 by 50 wingspans were used, reckoned in <i>topo</i>s (roughly 3,280 km<sup>2</sup> or 1,270 sq mi). It seems likely that distance was often interpreted as one day's walk; the distance between <i>tambo</i> way-stations varies widely in terms of distance, but far less in terms of time to walk that distance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014246–47_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014246–47-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008179–80_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008179–80-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inca <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendars</a> were strongly tied to <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. Inca astronomers understood <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a> passages, along with the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">Venus cycle</a>. They could not, however, predict <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipses</a>. The Inca calendar was essentially <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunisolar">lunisolar</a>, as two calendars were maintained in parallel, one <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar</a>. As 12 lunar months fall 11 days short of a full 365-day solar year, those in charge of the calendar had to adjust every winter solstice. Each lunar month was marked with festivals and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014150–54_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014150–54-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently, the days of the week were not named and days were not grouped into weeks. Similarly, months were not grouped into seasons. Time during a day was not measured in hours or minutes, but in terms of how far the sun had travelled or in how long it had taken to perform a task.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008185–87_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008185–87-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sophistication of Inca administration, calendrics and engineering required facility with numbers. Numerical information was stored in the knots of <i><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">quipu</a></i> strings, allowing for compact storage of large numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160102_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160102-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008183-185_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008183-185-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers were stored in <a href="/wiki/Base-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Base-10">base-10</a> digits, the same base used by the Quechua language<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in administrative and military units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014233–34_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014233–34-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers, stored in <i>quipu</i>, could be calculated on <i><a href="/wiki/Yupana" title="Yupana">yupanas</a></i>, grids with squares of positionally varying mathematical values, perhaps functioning as an <a href="/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus">abacus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calculation was facilitated by moving piles of tokens, seeds or pebbles between compartments of the <i>yupana</i>. It is likely that Inca mathematics at least allowed division of integers into integers or fractions and multiplication of integers and fractions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008185_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008185-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to mid-17th-century Jesuit chronicler Bernabé Cobo,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Inca designated officials to perform accounting-related tasks. These officials were called quipo camayos. Study of khipu sample VA 42527 (Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin)<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed that the numbers arranged in calendrically significant patterns were used for agricultural purposes in the "farm account books" kept by the khipukamayuq (accountant or warehouse keeper) to facilitate the closing of accounting books.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_and_medicine">Communication and medicine</h3></div> <p>The Inca recorded information on assemblages of knotted strings, known as <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">quipu</a>, although they can no longer be decoded. Originally it was thought that Quipu were used only as mnemonic devices or to record numerical data. Quipus are also believed to record history and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008183_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008183-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Inca made many discoveries in medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They performed successful <a href="/wiki/Trepanation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trepanation">skull surgery</a>, by cutting holes in the skull to alleviate fluid buildup and inflammation caused by head wounds. Many skull surgeries performed by Inca surgeons were successful. Survival rates were 80–90%, compared to about 30% before Inca times.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to chronicler Bernabé Cobo, they also had a deep knowledge of herbalism, and the Spanish soldiers trusted the hands of an indigenous surgeon more than one of the <a href="/wiki/Barber_surgeon" title="Barber surgeon">barbers</a> who accompanied them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons,_armor_and_warfare"><span id="Weapons.2C_armor_and_warfare"></span>Weapons, armor and warfare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Inca army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacsayhuaman_-_51188929520.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sacsayhuaman_-_51188929520.jpg/220px-Sacsayhuaman_-_51188929520.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sacsayhuaman_-_51188929520.jpg/330px-Sacsayhuaman_-_51188929520.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sacsayhuaman_-_51188929520.jpg/440px-Sacsayhuaman_-_51188929520.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n" title="Sacsayhuamán">Sacsayhuamán</a>, the largest Inca <i><a href="/wiki/Pukara" title="Pukara">pukara</a></i> (fortresses)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabezas_de_Bronce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cabezas_de_Bronce.jpg/170px-Cabezas_de_Bronce.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Cabezas_de_Bronce.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> heads for maces</figcaption></figure> <p>The Inca army was the most powerful at that time, because any ordinary villager or farmer could be recruited as a soldier as part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mit%27a" title="Mit'a">mit'a</a></i> system of mandatory public service. Every able bodied male Inca of fighting age had to take part in war in some capacity at least once and to prepare for warfare again when needed. By the time the empire reached its largest size, every section of the empire contributed in setting up an army for war. </p><p>The Incas had no iron or steel and their weapons were not much more effective than those of their opponents so they often defeated opponents by sheer force of numbers, or else by persuading them to surrender beforehand by offering generous terms.<sup id="cite_ref-AHE_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHE-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inca weaponry included "hardwood spears launched using <a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">throwers</a>, arrows, javelins, slings, the <a href="/wiki/Bolas" title="Bolas">bolas</a>, clubs, and maces with star-shaped heads made of copper or bronze".<sup id="cite_ref-AHE_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHE-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrie2008_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrie2008-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rolling rocks downhill onto the enemy was a common strategy, taking advantage of the hilly terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker2008_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker2008-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fighting was sometimes accompanied by drums and trumpets made of wood, shell or bone.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson1968_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson1968-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoboHamilton1990_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoboHamilton1990-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armor included:<sup id="cite_ref-AHE_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHE-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burland1968_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burland1968-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Helmets made of wood, cane, or animal skin, often lined with copper or bronze; some were adorned with feathers</li> <li>Round or square shields made from wood or hide</li> <li>Cloth tunics padded with cotton and small wooden planks to protect the spine</li> <li>Ceremonial metal breastplates, of copper, silver, and gold, have been found in burial sites, some of which may have also been used in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-SiversDesnoyers2012_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiversDesnoyers2012-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Roads allowed quick movement (on foot) for the Inca army. Shelters called <i><a href="/wiki/Tambo_(Incan_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambo (Incan structure)">tambo</a></i> and storage silos called <a href="/wiki/Qullqa" title="Qullqa">qullqas</a> were built one day's travelling distance from each other, so an army on campaign could be fed and rested. This can be seen in names of ruins such as <a href="/wiki/Ollantaytambo" title="Ollantaytambo">Ollantaytambo</a> or "the storehouse of Ollantay". These were set up so the Inca and his entourage would always have supplies (and possibly shelter) ready as they traveled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations_to_altitude">Adaptations to altitude</h2></div> <p>The people of the Andes, including the Incas, were able to adapt to high-altitude living through successful acclimatization, which is characterized by increasing oxygen supply to the blood tissues. For the native living in the Andean highlands, this was achieved through the development of a larger lung capacity, and an increase in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, and capillary beds.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to other humans, the Andeans had slower heart rates, almost one-third larger <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> capacity, about 2 L (4 pints) more blood volume and double the amount of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, which transfers <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> from the lungs to the rest of the body. While the <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">Conquistadors</a> may have been taller, the Inca had the advantage of coping with the extraordinary altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a> in Asia living in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> are also adapted to living in high-altitudes, although the adaptation is different from that of the Andeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbons_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbons-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civilizations" title="Portal:Civilizations">Civilizations portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inca_archeological_sites">Inca archeological sites</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choquequirao" title="Choquequirao">Choquequirao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cojitambo" title="Cojitambo">Cojitambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fuerte_de_Samaipata" title="El Fuerte de Samaipata">El Fuerte de Samaipata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco_Pampa" title="Huánuco Pampa">Huánuco Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huchuy_Qosqo" title="Huchuy Qosqo">Huchuy Qosqo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca-Caranqui" title="Inca-Caranqui">Inca-Caranqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llaqtapata" title="Llaqtapata">Llaqtapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray_(Inca_ruin)" title="Moray (Inca ruin)">Moray (Inca ruin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroncota" title="Oroncota">Oroncota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambamarca_Fortress_Complex" title="Pambamarca Fortress Complex">Pambamarca Fortress Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADsac" title="Písac">Písac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukara_of_La_Compa%C3%B1ia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pukara of La Compañia">Pukara of La Compañia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quispiguanca" title="Quispiguanca">Quispiguanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumicucho" title="Rumicucho">Rumicucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_Viejo" title="Tambo Viejo">Tambo Viejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumebamba" title="Tumebamba">Tumebamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitcos" title="Vitcos">Vitcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chilean_Inca_Trail" title="The Chilean Inca Trail">The Chilean Inca Trail</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inca-related">Inca-related</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aclla" title="Aclla">Aclla</a>, the "chosen women"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amauta" title="Amauta">Amauta</a>, Inca teachers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_before_the_Inca_Empire" title="Amazonas before the Inca Empire">Amazonas before the Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anden" class="mw-redirect" title="Anden">Anden</a>, agricultural terrace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_aqueducts" title="Inca aqueducts">Inca aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Inca_Empire" title="List of wars involving the Inca Empire">List of wars involving the Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paria,_Bolivia" title="Paria, Bolivia">Paria, Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampukancha" title="Tampukancha">Tampukancha</a>, Inca religious site</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_smallpox#Epidemics_in_the_Americas" title="History of smallpox">History of smallpox § Epidemics in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">History of South America</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as the <b>Incan Empire</b>, or <b>Inka Empire</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The three laws of Tawantinsuyu are still referred to in Bolivia these days as the three laws of the Qullasuyu.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. Las lenguas de los incas: el puquina, el aimara y el quechua. Germany: PL Academic Research, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turchin222-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turchin222_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">"East-West Orientation of Historical 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497&rft.date=1997-09&rft.issn=0020-8833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft.au=Rein+Taagepera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3cn68807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_catastrophe_demographique-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-La_catastrophe_demographique_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lhistoire.fr/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"La catastrophe démographique" (The Demographical Catastrophe"), L'Histoire n°322, July–August 2007, p. 17"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22La+catastrophe+d%C3%A9mographique%22+%28The+Demographical+Catastrophe%22%29%2C+L%27Histoire+n%C2%B0322%2C+July%E2%80%93August+2007%2C+p.+17.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhistoire.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7560/760790"><i>The Inka Empire</i></a>. University of Texas Press. 2015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7560%2F760790">10.7560/760790</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0392-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0392-4"><bdi>978-1-4773-0392-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inka+Empire&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7560%2F760790&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-0392-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.7560%2F760790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchwartzNichols2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchwartzNichols2010_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzNichols2010" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Glenn M.; Nichols, John J. 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University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2936-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2936-0"><bdi>978-0-8165-2936-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Collapse%3A+The+Regeneration+of+Complex+Societies&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2936-0&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Glenn+M.&rft.au=Nichols%2C+John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_gsFrnn9RzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627162546/https://www.machupicchu-tours-peru.org/blog/quechua-language-incas">"Quechua, the Language of the Incas"</a>. 11 November 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allempires.com/allempires.com-redirect/article/index.php?q=inca">the original</a> on 29 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.allempires.com&rft.atitle=The+Inca+-+All+Empires&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allempires.com%2Fallempires.com-redirect%2Farticle%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dinca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm">"The Inca"</a>. <i>The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.</i> 29 May 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Lone,_Darrell_E.1982" class="citation journal cs1">La Lone, Darrell E. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/885136">"The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy: Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand"</a>. <i>Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange</i>: 292<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lima, Perú: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-949-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-949-1"><bdi>978-9972-42-949-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incas&rft.place=Lima%2C+Per%C3%BA&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+de+la+Pontificia+Universidad+Cat%C3%B3lica+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9972-42-949-1&rft.aulast=Pease&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Upton, Gary and von Hagen, Adriana (2015), <i>Encyclopedia of the Incas</i>, New York: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 2. Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilizations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804715165" title="Special:BookSources/0804715165">0804715165</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McEwan, Gordon F. (2006), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3WZuTINl2QC&q=Tiwanaku+OR+Wari">The Incas: New Perspectives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211171520/https://books.google.com/books?id=J3WZuTINl2QC&printsec=frontcover#v=snippet&q=Tiwanaku%20OR%20Wari&f=false">Archived</a> 11 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, New York: W. W. 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Routledge. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-0380-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-0380-4"><bdi>978-0-8027-0380-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Columbian+Cities&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-0380-4&rft.aulast=Hardoy&rft.aufirst=Jorge+Henr%C3%ADque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbQJBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dllama%2Binca%2Bexpansion%2Bcolombia%2Blimi%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gade1996-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gade1996_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gade1996_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGade1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gade, Daniel W. (1996). "Carl Troll on Nature and Culture in the Andes (Carl Troll über die Natur und Kultur in den Anden)". <i><a href="/wiki/Erdkunde" title="Erdkunde">Erdkunde</a></i>. <b>50</b> (4): 301–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3112%2Ferdkunde.1996.04.02">10.3112/erdkunde.1996.04.02</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erdkunde&rft.atitle=Carl+Troll+on+Nature+and+Culture+in+the+Andes+%28Carl+Troll+%C3%BCber+die+Natur+und+Kultur+in+den+Anden%29&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=301-16&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3112%2Ferdkunde.1996.04.02&rft.aulast=Gade&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200857-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200857_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEwan2008">McEwan 2008</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200869-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200869_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEwan2008">McEwan 2008</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVega1966" class="citation book cs1">Vega, Garcilaso de la (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKwUzwEACAAJ"><i>Royal Commentaries of the Incas, and General History of Peru</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-608-08701-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-608-08701-6"><bdi>978-0-608-08701-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Commentaries+of+the+Incas%2C+and+General+History+of+Peru&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-608-08701-6&rft.aulast=Vega&rft.aufirst=Garcilaso+de+la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKwUzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanindian.si.edu/inkaroad/ancestors/creationstories/children-sun.html">"The Great Inka Road: Engineering an Empire - Creation Stories"</a>. <i>americanindian.si.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americanindian.si.edu&rft.atitle=The+Great+Inka+Road%3A+Engineering+an+Empire+-+Creation+Stories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanindian.si.edu%2Finkaroad%2Fancestors%2Fcreationstories%2Fchildren-sun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerrón-Palomino2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.18800/9789972428562"><i>Voces del Ande: ensayos sobre onomástica andina</i></a> [<i>Words of the Andes: essays on Andean onomastics</i>] (in Spanish). Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18800%2F9789972428562">10.18800/9789972428562</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-856-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-856-2"><bdi>978-9972-42-856-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voces+del+Ande%3A+ensayos+sobre+onom%C3%A1stica+andina&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+de+la+Pontificia+Universidad+Cat%C3%B3lica+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18800%2F9789972428562&rft.isbn=978-9972-42-856-2&rft.aulast=Cerr%C3%B3n-Palomino&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.18800%2F9789972428562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-521-31896-3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-521-31896-3_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemarestConrad1984" class="citation book cs1">Demarest, Arthur Andrew; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IqecX148zLsC&pg=PA57"><i>Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31896-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31896-3"><bdi>0-521-31896-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Empire%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Aztec+and+Inca+Expansionism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=57-59&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-521-31896-3&rft.aulast=Demarest&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Andrew&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Geoffrey+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIqecX148zLsC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._McIver_Weatherford" class="mw-redirect" title="J. McIver Weatherford">Weatherford, J. McIver</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrjz_PgrAdsC&pg=PA60"><i>Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World</i></a>. New York: Fawcett Columbine. pp. 60–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-449-90496-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-449-90496-2"><bdi>0-449-90496-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Givers%3A+How+the+Indians+of+the+Americas+Transformed+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60-62&rft.pub=Fawcett+Columbine&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-449-90496-2&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=J.+McIver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxrjz_PgrAdsC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gamboa" class="citation book cs1">de Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento. <i>Historia de los Incas</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+los+Incas&rft.aulast=de+Gamboa&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Sarmiento&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Antonio" class="citation book cs1">José Antonio, del Busto Duthurburu. <i>Une cronología aproximada del Tahuantinsuyu</i>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+cronolog%C3%ADa+aproximada+del+Tahuantinsuyu&rft.pages=18&rft.aulast=Jos%C3%A9+Antonio&rft.aufirst=del+Busto+Duthurburu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRostworowski2008" class="citation book cs1">Rostworowski, María (2008). <i>Le Grand Inca Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui</i>. Tallandier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84734-462-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84734-462-2"><bdi>978-2-84734-462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Grand+Inca+Pachac%C3%BAtec+Inca+Yupanqui&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-84734-462-2&rft.aulast=Rostworowski&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silva1983-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silva1983_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva1983_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva1983_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva1983_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva1983_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva1983_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva1983_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva_Galdames1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Silva" title="Osvaldo Silva">Silva Galdames, Osvaldo</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/CDH/article/download/46464/48492">"¿Detuvo la batalla del Maule la expansión inca hacia el sur de Chile?"</a>. <i>Cuadernos de Historia</i> (in Spanish). <b>3</b>: 7–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+de+Historia&rft.atitle=%C2%BFDetuvo+la+batalla+del+Maule+la+expansi%C3%B3n+inca+hacia+el+sur+de+Chile%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=7-25&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Silva+Galdames&rft.aufirst=Osvaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.uchile.cl%2Findex.php%2FCDH%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F46464%2F48492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salazar1977-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salazar1977_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnesto_Salazar1977" class="citation book cs1">Ernesto Salazar (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwgia.org/iwgia_files_publications_files/0106_28Ecuador.pdf"><i>An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a>. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Indian+federation+in+lowland+Ecuador&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=International+Work+Group+for+Indigenous+Affairs&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Ernesto+Salazar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwgia.org%2Fiwgia_files_publications_files%2F0106_28Ecuador.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarnKirk2009-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarnKirk2009_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarnKirkDegregori2009" class="citation book cs1">Starn, Orin; Kirk, Carlos Iván; Degregori, Carlos Iván (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YyNo4Nsh_qQC"><i>The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i></a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8750-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8750-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-8750-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peru+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8750-3&rft.aulast=Starn&rft.aufirst=Orin&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Carlos+Iv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Degregori%2C+Carlos+Iv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyNo4Nsh_qQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_de_Samano2009" class="citation web cs1">Juan de Samano (9 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121218162839/http://bloknot.info/juan-de-samanos-relacion-de-los-primeros-descubrimientos-peru-francisco-pizarro-y-diego-de-almagro-1526/">"Relacion de los primeros descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y Diego de Almagro, 1526"</a>. bloknot.info (A. Skromnitsky). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bloknot.info/juan-de-samanos-relacion-de-los-primeros-descubrimientos-peru-francisco-pizarro-y-diego-de-almagro-1526/">the original</a> on 18 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relacion+de+los+primeros+descubrimientos+de+Francisco+Pizarro+y+Diego+de+Almagro%2C+1526&rft.pub=bloknot.info+%28A.+Skromnitsky%29&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft.au=Juan+de+Samano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbloknot.info%2Fjuan-de-samanos-relacion-de-los-primeros-descubrimientos-peru-francisco-pizarro-y-diego-de-almagro-1526%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomervill2005" class="citation book cs1">Somervill, Barbara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-FusDo4ssoC"><i>Francisco Pizarro: Conqueror of the Incas</i></a>. Compass Point Books. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-1061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-1061-9"><bdi>978-0-7565-1061-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francisco+Pizarro%3A+Conqueror+of+the+Incas&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-1061-9&rft.aulast=Somervill&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-FusDo4ssoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D'Altroy-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D'Altroy_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Altroy2003" class="citation book cs1">D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003). <i>The Incas</i>. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631176770" title="Special:BookSources/9780631176770"><bdi>9780631176770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incas&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780631176770&rft.aulast=D%27Altroy&rft.aufirst=Terence+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200879-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200879_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEwan2008">McEwan 2008</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaudzens2003" class="citation book cs1">Raudzens, George, ed. (2003). <i>Technology, Disease, and Colonial Conquest</i>. Boston: Brill Academic. p. xiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology%2C+Disease%2C+and+Colonial+Conquest&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mumford, Jeremy Ravi (2012), <i>Vertical Empire,</i> Duke University Press: Durham, pages 19-30, 56-57. ISBN 9780822353102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200831-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200831_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEwan2008">McEwan 2008</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson199276-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson199276_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanderson1992">Sanderson 1992</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiedner1960" class="citation journal cs1">Wiedner, Donald L. (April 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/abs/forced-labor-in-colonial-peru/5CD045C2F4DE84F1815BC31EDCB62521">"Forced Labor in Colonial Peru"</a>. <i>The Americas</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 357–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F978993">10.2307/978993</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1615">0003-1615</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/978993">978993</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147198034">147198034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=Forced+Labor+in+Colonial+Peru&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=357-383&rft.date=1960-04&rft.issn=0003-1615&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147198034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F978993%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F978993&rft.aulast=Wiedner&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famericas%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fforced-labor-in-colonial-peru%2F5CD045C2F4DE84F1815BC31EDCB62521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandweissQuilter2009" class="citation book cs1">Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Quilter, Jeffrey (31 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780884023531"><i>El Niño, Catastrophism, and Culture Change in Ancient America</i></a>. Dumbarton Oaks Other Titles in Pre-Columbian Studies. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884023531" title="Special:BookSources/9780884023531"><bdi>9780884023531</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Ni%C3%B1o%2C+Catastrophism%2C+and+Culture+Change+in+Ancient+America&rft.series=Dumbarton+Oaks+Other+Titles+in+Pre-Columbian+Studies&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-01-31&rft.isbn=9780884023531&rft.aulast=Sandweiss&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft.au=Quilter%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780884023531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/orlow-e.html">Millersville University <i>Silent Killers of the New World</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061103220859/http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/orlow-e.html">Archived</a> 3 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200893–96._The_10_million_population_estimate_in_the_info_box_is_a_mid-range_estimate_of_the_population.-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200893–96._The_10_million_population_estimate_in_the_info_box_is_a_mid-range_estimate_of_the_population._51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEwan2008">McEwan 2008</a>, pp. 93–96. The 10 million population estimate in the info box is a mid-range estimate of the population..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) "Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina", Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3-4, págs. 249-251. Lima: UNALM.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Sounds/Quechua/QuechuaOriginsAndDiversity.htm">"Origins And Diversity of Quechua"</a>. <i>www.quechua.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.quechua.org.uk&rft.atitle=Origins+And+Diversity+of+Quechua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quechua.org.uk%2FEng%2FSounds%2FQuechua%2FQuechuaOriginsAndDiversity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/chungara/v46n1/art06.pdf">"Comparing chronicles and Andean visual texts. Issues for analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chungara_(journal)" title="Chungara (journal)">Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena</a></i>. 46, Nº 1, 2014: 91–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chungara%2C+Revista+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+Chilena&rft.atitle=Comparing+chronicles+and+Andean+visual+texts.+Issues+for+analysis.&rft.volume=46%2C+N%C2%BA+1%2C+2014&rft.pages=91-113&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fpdf%2Fchungara%2Fv46n1%2Fart06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEeckhout2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Eeckhout, Peter (11 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/boletindearqueologia/article/view/2020/1953">"Royal Tocapu in Guacan Poma: An Inca Heraldic?"</a>. <i>Boletin de Arqueologia PUCP</i>. Nº 8, 2004 (8): 305–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18800%2Fboletindearqueologiapucp.200401.016">10.18800/boletindearqueologiapucp.200401.016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190129569">190129569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boletin+de+Arqueologia+PUCP&rft.atitle=Royal+Tocapu+in+Guacan+Poma%3A+An+Inca+Heraldic%3F&rft.volume=N%C2%BA+8%2C+2004&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=305-23&rft.date=2004-04-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18800%2Fboletindearqueologiapucp.200401.016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190129569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eeckhout&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.pucp.edu.pe%2Findex.php%2Fboletindearqueologia%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2020%2F1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Covey, R. Alan (1947). "Inca Gender Relations: from household to empire". In Brettell, Caroline; Sargent, Carolyn F. (eds.) <i>Gender in cross-cultural perspective</i> (7th ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78386-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78386-6">978-0-415-78386-6</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962171839">962171839</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incaslordsofgold00time"><i>Incas : lords of gold and glory</i></a>. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-9870-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-9870-7"><bdi>0-8094-9870-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25371192">25371192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incas+%3A+lords+of+gold+and+glory&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25371192&rft.isbn=0-8094-9870-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincaslordsofgold00time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gouda, F. (2008). Colonial Encounters, Body Politics, and Flows of Desire. Journal of Women's History, 20(3), 166–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard, K. (1997). Ancient Lives. New Moon, 4(4), 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Altroy2002" class="citation book cs1">D'Altroy, Terence N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incasthepeopleso00tere"><i>The Incas</i></a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17677-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17677-2"><bdi>0-631-17677-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46449340">46449340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incas&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46449340&rft.isbn=0-631-17677-2&rft.aulast=D%27Altroy&rft.aufirst=Terence+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincasthepeopleso00tere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen B. Graubart (2000). "Weaving and the Construction of a Gender Division of Labor in Early Colonial Peru". <i>The American Indian Quarterly</i> 24, no. 4: 537–561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverblatt1987" class="citation book cs1">Silverblatt, Irene (1987). <i>Moon, sun, and witches : gender ideologies and class in Inca and colonial Peru</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07726-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07726-6"><bdi>0-691-07726-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14165734">14165734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon%2C+sun%2C+and+witches+%3A+gender+ideologies+and+class+in+Inca+and+colonial+Peru&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14165734&rft.isbn=0-691-07726-6&rft.aulast=Silverblatt&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobo1979" class="citation book cs1">Cobo, Bernabé (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofincaemp0000cobo"><i>History of the Inca Empire : an account of the Indians' customs and their origin, together with a treatise on Inca legends, history, and social institutions</i></a></span>. Hamilton, Roland. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-73008-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-73008-X"><bdi>0-292-73008-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4933087">4933087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Inca+Empire+%3A+an+account+of+the+Indians%27+customs+and+their+origin%2C+together+with+a+treatise+on+Inca+legends%2C+history%2C+and+social+institutions&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4933087&rft.isbn=0-292-73008-X&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Bernab%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofincaemp0000cobo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalpass1996" class="citation book cs1">Malpass, Michael Andrew (1996). <i>Daily life in the Inca empire</i>. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29390-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29390-2"><bdi>0-313-29390-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33405288">33405288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+life+in+the+Inca+empire&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33405288&rft.isbn=0-313-29390-2&rft.aulast=Malpass&rft.aufirst=Michael+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1995" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Nigel (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incas0000davi"><i>The Incas</i></a></span>. University Press of Colorado. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incas0000davi/page/103">103</a>–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-360-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-360-3"><bdi>978-0-87081-360-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incas&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87081-360-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincas0000davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineHeaney" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Heaney, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/fascinating-afterlife-perus-mummies-180956319/">"The Fascinating Afterlife of Peru's Mummies"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Fascinating+Afterlife+of+Peru%27s+Mummies&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Heaney%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Ffascinating-afterlife-perus-mummies-180956319%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Garlinghouse2020" class="citation web cs1">Tom Garlinghouse (15 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/mummification.html">"Mummification: The lost art of embalming the dead"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Mummification%3A+The+lost+art+of+embalming+the+dead&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft.au=Tom+Garlinghouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fmummification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineHeaney" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Heaney, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/fascinating-afterlife-perus-mummies-180956319/">"The Fascinating Afterlife of Peru's Mummies"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Fascinating+Afterlife+of+Peru%27s+Mummies&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Heaney%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Ffascinating-afterlife-perus-mummies-180956319%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Emma J. (22 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exarc.net/issue-2018-2/ea/comparing-mummification-processes-egyptian-inca">"Comparing Mummification Processes: Egyptian & Inca"</a>. <i>EXARC Journal</i> (EXARC Journal Issue 2018/2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-8956">2212-8956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EXARC+Journal&rft.atitle=Comparing+Mummification+Processes%3A+Egyptian+%26+Inca&rft.issue=EXARC+Journal+Issue+2018%2F2&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft.issn=2212-8956&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Emma+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexarc.net%2Fissue-2018-2%2Fea%2Fcomparing-mummification-processes-egyptian-inca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorveli2018" class="citation web cs1">Morveli, Fidelus Coraza (14 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cuzcoeats.com/funeral-rites-in-inca-times/">"Funeral Rites in Inca Times"</a>. <i>Cuzco Eats</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cuzco+Eats&rft.atitle=Funeral+Rites+in+Inca+Times&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft.aulast=Morveli&rft.aufirst=Fidelus+Coraza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuzcoeats.com%2Ffuneral-rites-in-inca-times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergara2000" class="citation book cs1">Vergara, Teresa (2000). "Tahuantinsuyo: El mundo de los Incas". In Teodoro Hampe Martínez (ed.). <i>Historia del Perú. Incanato y conquista</i>. Barcelona: Lexus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972-625-35-4" title="Special:BookSources/9972-625-35-4"><bdi>9972-625-35-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tahuantinsuyo%3A+El+mundo+de+los+Incas&rft.btitle=Historia+del+Per%C3%BA.+Incanato+y+conquista&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Lexus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9972-625-35-4&rft.aulast=Vergara&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urton2009-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urton2009_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrton2009" class="citation book cs1">Urton, Gary (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=koUyPlsu_VIC"><i>Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77375-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77375-2"><bdi>978-0-292-77375-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+of+the+Inka+Khipu%3A+Binary+Coding+in+the+Andean+Knotted-String+Records&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77375-2&rft.aulast=Urton&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkoUyPlsu_VIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netside.net/~manomed/inca.htm">"The Incas of Peru"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104162011/http://www.netside.net/~manomed/inca.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Incas+of+Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netside.net%2F~manomed%2Finca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurgerSalazar2004-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BurgerSalazar2004_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgerSalazar2004" class="citation book cs1">Burger, Richard L.; Salazar, Lucy C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBHrWwtr_pYC&pg=PA4"><i>Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09763-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09763-4"><bdi>978-0-300-09763-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machu+Picchu%3A+Unveiling+the+Mystery+of+the+Incas&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09763-4&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft.au=Salazar%2C+Lucy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBHrWwtr_pYC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1981-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1981_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Davies_(historian)" title="Nigel Davies (historian)">Davies, Nigel</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vaGAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA261"><i>Human sacrifice: in history and today</i></a>. Morrow. pp. 261–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-03755-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-03755-0"><bdi>978-0-688-03755-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+sacrifice%3A+in+history+and+today&rft.pages=261-62&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-688-03755-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvaGAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhard1999" class="citation journal cs1">Reinhard, Johan (November 1999). "A 6,700 metros niños incas sacrificados quedaron congelados en el tiempo". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic, Spanish version</a></i>: 36–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic%2C+Spanish+version&rft.atitle=A+6%2C700+metros+ni%C3%B1os+incas+sacrificados+quedaron+congelados+en+el+tiempo&rft.pages=36-55&rft.date=1999-11&rft.aulast=Reinhard&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeydt-Coca1999" class="citation journal cs1">Heydt-Coca, Magda von der (1999). "When Worlds Collide: The Incorporation Of The Andean World Into The Emerging World-Economy In The Colonial Period". <i>Dialectical Anthropology</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 1–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialectical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=When+Worlds+Collide%3A+The+Incorporation+Of+The+Andean+World+Into+The+Emerging+World-Economy+In+The+Colonial+Period&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-43&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Heydt-Coca&rft.aufirst=Magda+von+der&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRostworowski1999" class="citation book cs1">Rostworowski, María (1999). <i>History of the Inca Realm</i>. Translated by B. Iceland, Harry. 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"Hierarchy and Space in Incaic Social Organization". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 49–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F481241">10.2307/481241</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/481241">481241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Hierarchy+and+Space+in+Incaic+Social+Organization&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=49-75&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F481241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F481241%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zuidema&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuidema198348-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuidema198348_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuidema1983">Zuidema 1983</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1982121–27-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1982121–27_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJulien1982">Julien 1982</a>, pp. 121–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014233–34-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014233–34_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014233–34_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD'Altroy2014">D'Altroy 2014</a>, pp. 233–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008114–15-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan2008114–15_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEwan2008">McEwan 2008</a>, pp. 114–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1982123-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1982123_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJulien1982">Julien 1982</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014233-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy2014233_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD'Altroy2014">D'Altroy 2014</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.doaks.org/objects-1/info/23071">"All T'oqapu Tunic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection</a> website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection+website&rft.atitle=All+T%27oqapu+Tunic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.doaks.org%2Fobjects-1%2Finfo%2F23071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, Kenneth, Taylor, William B., and Graham, Sandra Lauderdale, eds. <i>Colonial Latin America : A Documentary History</i>. Denver: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002, 14-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumminsAnderson2008" class="citation book cs1">Cummins, Thomas B. F.; Anderson, Barbara (23 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nrpDAgAAQBAJ&dq=uncu&pg=PA127"><i>The Getty Murua: Essays on the Making of Martin de Murua's "Historia General del Piru", J. Paul Getty Museum Ms. Ludwig XIII 16</i></a>. Getty Publications. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-894-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-894-5"><bdi>978-0-89236-894-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Getty+Murua%3A+Essays+on+the+Making+of+Martin+de+Murua%27s+%22Historia+General+del+Piru%22%2C+J.+Paul+Getty+Museum+Ms.+Ludwig+XIII+16&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-894-5&rft.aulast=Cummins&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.+F.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnrpDAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Duncu%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeltham1989" class="citation book cs1">Feltham, Jane (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/peruviantextiles0000felt"><i>Peruvian textiles</i></a>. Internet Archive. Aylesbury : Shire. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0014-9"><bdi>978-0-7478-0014-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peruvian+textiles&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Aylesbury+%3A+Shire&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0014-9&rft.aulast=Feltham&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperuviantextiles0000felt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HerreraBerrin1997-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HerreraBerrin1997_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrin1997" class="citation book cs1">Berrin, Kathleen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RbNuQgAACAAJ"><i>The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera</i></a>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01802-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01802-6"><bdi>978-0-500-01802-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Ancient+Peru%3A+Treasures+from+the+Museo+Arqueol%C3%B3gico+Rafael+Larco+Herrera&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-01802-6&rft.aulast=Berrin&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRbNuQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinster" class="citation web cs1">Minster, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/lost-treasure-of-the-inca-2136548">"What Happened to the Treasure Hoard of the Inca Emperor?"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=What+Happened+to+the+Treasure+Hoard+of+the+Inca+Emperor%3F&rft.aulast=Minster&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Flost-treasure-of-the-inca-2136548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boca_Raton-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boca_Raton_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boca_Raton_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1291&dat=19850404&id=0B1UAAAAIBAJ&pg=6387,881236">"Cocaine's use: From the Incas to the U.S."</a> <i>Boca Raton News</i>. 4 April 1985<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boca+Raton+News&rft.atitle=Cocaine%27s+use%3A+From+the+Incas+to+the+U.S.&rft.date=1985-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1291%26dat%3D19850404%26id%3D0B1UAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6387%2C881236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco López de Jerez,<i>Verdadera relación de la conquista del Peru y provincia de Cusco, llamada la Nueva Castilla</i>, 1534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guaman Poma, <i>El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno</i>, (1615/1616), pp. 256, 286, 344, 346, 400, 434, 1077, this pagination corresponds to the Det Kongelige Bibliotek search engine pagination of the book. Additionally Poma shows both well drafted European flags and coats of arms on pp. 373, 515, 558, 1077. On pp. 83, 167–71 Poma uses a European heraldic graphic convention, a shield, to place certain totems related to Inca leaders.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrebleCharles_Edward_Asnis1917" class="citation book cs1">Preble, George Henry; Charles Edward Asnis (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erYTAAAAYAAJ"><i>Origin and History of the American Flag and of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals...</i></a> Vol. 1. N. L. Brown. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+and+History+of+the+American+Flag+and+of+the+Naval+and+Yacht-Club+Signals...&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=N.+L.+Brown&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Preble&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rft.au=Charles+Edward+Asnis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DerYTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCandless1917" class="citation book cs1">McCandless, Byron (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flagsworld00grosgoog"><i>Flags of the world</i></a>. National Geographic Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flagsworld00grosgoog/page/n88">356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flags+of+the+world&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=McCandless&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflagsworld00grosgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127221514/http://vidayestilo.terra.com.pe/bandera-gay-o-del-tahuantinsuyo,df4c7c1c09e4e210VgnVCM4000009bf154d0RCRD.html">"¿Bandera gay o del Tahuantinsuyo?"</a>. <i>Terra</i>. 19 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vidayestilo.terra.com.pe/bandera-gay-o-del-tahuantinsuyo,df4c7c1c09e4e210VgnVCM4000009bf154d0RCRD.html">the original</a> on 27 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terra&rft.atitle=%C2%BFBandera+gay+o+del+Tahuantinsuyo%3F&rft.date=2010-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvidayestilo.terra.com.pe%2Fbandera-gay-o-del-tahuantinsuyo%2Cdf4c7c1c09e4e210VgnVCM4000009bf154d0RCRD.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Bandera_del_Tahuantisuyo-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-La_Bandera_del_Tahuantisuyo_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Bandera_del_Tahuantisuyo_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813085436/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participa/documentos/boletin23062004.pdf">"La Bandera del Tahuantisuyo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). 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Cambridge University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73806-4"><bdi>978-0-521-73806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+Warfare%3A+The+Triumph+of+the+West&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-73806-4&rft.au=Geoffrey+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqNj5BlEMtcC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson1968-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson1968_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Stevenson1968" class="citation book cs1">Robert Stevenson (1 January 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2Gk32Zn2tgC&pg=PA77"><i>Music in Aztec & Inca Territory</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03169-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03169-2"><bdi>978-0-520-03169-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Aztec+%26+Inca+Territory&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03169-2&rft.au=Robert+Stevenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2Gk32Zn2tgC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoboHamilton1990-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoboHamilton1990_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFather_Bernabe_CoboRoland_Hamilton1990" class="citation book cs1">Father Bernabe Cobo; Roland Hamilton (1 May 1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incareligioncust0000cobo"><i>Inca Religion and Customs</i></a></span>. University of Texas Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incareligioncust0000cobo/page/218">218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73861-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73861-4"><bdi>978-0-292-73861-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inca+Religion+and+Customs&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73861-4&rft.au=Father+Bernabe+Cobo&rft.au=Roland+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincareligioncust0000cobo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burland1968-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burland1968_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottie_Arthur_Burland1968" class="citation book cs1">Cottie Arthur Burland (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peruunderincas00burl"><i>Peru Under the Incas</i></a></span>. Putnam. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peruunderincas00burl/page/101">101</a>. <q>The sling was the most deadly projectile weapon. Spear, long-handled axe and bronze-headed mace were the effective weapons. Protection was afforded by a wooden helmet covered with bronze, long quilted tunic and flexible quilted shield.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peru+Under+the+Incas&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Cottie+Arthur+Burland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperuunderincas00burl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SiversDesnoyers2012-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SiversDesnoyers2012_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Von_SiversCharles_DesnoyersGeorge_B._Stow2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Von Sivers; Charles Desnoyers; George B. Stow (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttZL_B_qcPEC&q=copper+breastplates"><i>Patterns of World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533334-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533334-3"><bdi>978-0-19-533334-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+World+History&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533334-3&rft.au=Peter+Von+Sivers&rft.au=Charles+Desnoyers&rft.au=George+B.+Stow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttZL_B_qcPEC%26q%3Dcopper%2Bbreastplates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaestro1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maestro, Carmen Pérez (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701142707/http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFI/article/download/4689/4528">"Armas de metal en el Perú prehispánico"</a>. <i>Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Señe I, Prehistoria y Arqueología</i> (in Spanish): 319–346. 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Roberto (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/96751/1/ajhb22367.pdf">"Developmental Functional Adaptation to High Altitude: Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>American Journal of Human Biology</i>, <b>25</b> (2): 151–68, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajhb.22367">10.1002/ajhb.22367</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F96751">2027.42/96751</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24065360">24065360</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33055072">33055072</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Developmental+Functional+Adaptation+to+High+Altitude%3A+Review&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-68&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F96751&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33055072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24065360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajhb.22367&rft.aulast=Frisancho&rft.aufirst=A.+Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F96751%2F1%2Fajhb22367.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellog1968" class="citation journal cs1">Kellog, RH (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.umich.edu/collections/deep-blue-repositories">"Altitude acclimatization, A historical introduction emphasizing the regulation of breathing"</a>. <i>Physiologist</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 37–57. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4865521">4865521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiologist&rft.atitle=Altitude+acclimatization%2C+A+historical+introduction+emphasizing+the+regulation+of+breathing&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-57&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4865521&rft.aulast=Kellog&rft.aufirst=RH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umich.edu%2Fcollections%2Fdeep-blue-repositories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbons-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbons_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons" class="citation web cs1">Gibbons, Ann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/tibetans-inherited-high-altitude-gene-ancient-human-rev2">"Tibertans inherited high-altitude gene from ancient humans"</a>. <i>Science.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science.org&rft.atitle=Tibertans+inherited+high-altitude+gene+from+ancient+humans&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Ftibetans-inherited-high-altitude-gene-ancient-human-rev2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengoa2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa" title="José Bengoa">Bengoa, José</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XHjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur: desde antes de la llegada de los españoles hasta las paces de Quilín; siglos XVI y XVII</i></a> (in Spanish). 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(1982). Collier, George Allan; Rosaldo, Renato; Wirth, John D. (eds.). <i>The Inca and Aztec states: 1400 - 1800; anthropology and history</i>. Studies in anthropology. New York: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-181180-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-181180-8"><bdi>978-0-12-181180-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inca+and+Aztec+states%3A+1400+-+1800%3B+anthropology+and+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Studies+in+anthropology&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-12-181180-8&rft.aulast=Julien&rft.aufirst=Catherine+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Moseley" title="Michael E. Moseley">Moseley, Michael Edward</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_p0QgAACAAJ&pg=PA44"><i>The Incas and their ancestors: the archaeology of Peru</i></a> (Rev. ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28277-9"><bdi>978-0-500-28277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incas+and+their+ancestors%3A+the+archaeology+of+Peru&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28277-9&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Michael+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_p0QgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Inca Empire</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Inca+Empire&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Inca+Empire">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Inca+Empire&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Inca" class="extiw" title="commons:Inca"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Inca</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Inca" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Inca">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#peru">Conquest nts.html Inca Land</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_III" title="Hiram Bingham III">Hiram Bingham</a> (published 1912–1922).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destination360.com/south-america/peru/machu-picchu">Inca Artifacts, Peru and Machu Picchu</a> 360-degree movies of inca artifacts and Peruvian landscapes.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectshum.org/Ancient/inca.html">Ancient Civilizations – Inca</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990203171454/http://www2.nationalgeographic.com/mummy/index.html">"Ice Treasures of the Inca"</a> National Geographic site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://red-coral.net/Pach.html">"The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec"</a>, poetry of an Inca emperor.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305220022/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/latam/inca.html">Inca Religion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=3839">Engineering in the Andes Mountains</a>, lecture on Inca suspension bridges</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725193957/http://www.concharto.org/search/eventsearch.htm?_what=%22inca+empire%22&_maptype=1">A Map and Timeline</a> of Inca Empire events</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/searchterm/Ancient%20Peruvian%20art%20%3A%20contributions%20to%20the%20archaeology%20of%20the%20empire%20of%20the%20Incas/order/nosort">Ancient Peruvian art: contributions to the archaeology of the empire of the Incas</a>, a four volume work from 1902 (fully available online as PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.dk/elib/mss/poma/index-en.htm">"Guaman Poma – El Primer Nueva Corónica Y Buen Gobierno"</a> – A digital version of the Corónica, scanned from the original manuscript.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inca_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inca_Empire_topics" title="Template:Inca Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inca_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Inca Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inca_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inca Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inca_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inca Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Kingdom of Cusco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cusco" title="History of Cusco">History of Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimor%E2%80%93Inca_War" title="Chimor–Inca War">Chimor–Inca War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Invasion of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">Inca Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransom_Room" title="Ransom Room">Ransom Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suntur_Paucar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/150px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/225px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/300px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inca_education" title="Inca education">Inca education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aclla" title="Aclla">Aclla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amauta" title="Amauta">Amauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayllu" title="Ayllu">Ayllu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasqui" title="Chasqui">Chasqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitma" title="Mitma">Mitma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91usta" title="Ñusta">Ñusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakas" title="Panakas">Panakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warachikuy" title="Warachikuy">Warachikuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Inca army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Inca agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_aqueducts" title="Inca aqueducts">Inca aqueducts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apu_(god)" title="Apu (god)">Apu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coricancha" title="Coricancha">Coricancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mama_Killa" title="Mama Killa">Mama Killa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supay" title="Supay">Supay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq" title="Pacha Kamaq">Pacha Kamaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariacaca_(god)" title="Pariacaca (god)">Pariacaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urcuchillay" title="Urcuchillay">Urcuchillay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichama" title="Vichama">Vichama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willka_Raymi" title="Willka Raymi">Willka Raymi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Inca mathematics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupana" title="Yupana">Yupana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;background: #FFDEAD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Edit 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the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">Plum Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolhua" title="Acolhua">Acolhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">Capacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcatzingo" title="Chalcatzingo">Chalcatzingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Chupícuaro">Chupícuaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Coclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquis" title="Diquis">Diquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">Mezcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire" title="Purépecha Empire">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">Quelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Shaft tomb tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">Tepanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n_culture" title="Teuchitlán culture">Teuchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">Tlatilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">Veraguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">Xochipala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Cabraline_history_of_Brazil" title="Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil">Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Bolivia" title="Pre-Columbian Bolivia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehispanic_history_of_Chile" title="Prehispanic history of Chile">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Chile" title="List of archaeological sites in Chile">Archaeological sites in Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites in Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Cultural periods of Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Peru" title="List of archaeological sites in Peru">Archaeological sites in Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_period_in_Venezuela" title="Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amotape_complex" title="Amotape complex">Amotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_people" title="Atacama people">Atacameño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calima_culture" title="Calima culture">Calima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture" title="Capulí culture">Capulí</a>/<a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture#Nariño" title="Capulí culture">Nariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casma%E2%80%93Sechin_culture" title="Casma–Sechin culture">Casma–Sechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">Chancay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chango_people" title="Chango people">Chango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_culture" title="Chinchorro culture">Chinchorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiripa_culture" title="Chiripa culture">Chiripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorrera_culture" title="Chorrera culture">Chorrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupisnique" title="Cupisnique">Cupisnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco_people" title="Gran Chaco people">Gran Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhikugu" title="Kuhikugu">Kuhikugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumaco-La_Tolita_culture" title="Tumaco-La Tolita culture">La Tolita (Tumaco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_culture_(archaeology)" title="Las Vegas culture (archaeology)">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauricocha_culture" title="Lauricocha culture">Lauricocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)" title="Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)">Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokono" title="Lokono">Lokono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante%C3%B1o-Huancavilca_culture" title="Manteño-Huancavilca culture">Manteño-Huancavilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollo_culture" title="Mollo culture">Mollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_people" title="Omagua people">Omagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paij%C3%A1n_culture" title="Paiján culture">Paiján</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa_people" title="Piaroa people">Piaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukara_culture" title="Pukara culture">Pucará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucar%C3%A1_de_Tilcara" title="Pucará de Tilcara">Pucará de Tilcara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebrada_de_Humahuaca" title="Quebrada de Humahuaca">Quebrada de Humahuaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbaya" title="Quimbaya">Quimbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_culture" title="San Agustín culture">San Agustín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuar" title="Shuar">Shuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sican_culture" title="Sican culture">Sican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people" title="Timoto–Cuica people">Timoto–Cuica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">Toyopán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuncahu%C3%A1n" title="Tuncahuán">Tuncahuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdivia_culture" title="Valdivia culture">Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankarani_culture" title="Wankarani culture">Wankarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;padding:0; background:transparent;"><div><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;;background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inca</a></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Capital</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Multiple</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Hunza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Language</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan Languages</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysc Cubun</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Writing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Script</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Religion</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Aztec culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Mythology</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Calendar</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Calendar</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Society</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_society" title="Aztec society">Society</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Society</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_warfare" title="Aztec warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Army</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Women</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Aztec_civilization" title="Women in Aztec civilization">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gender_roles">Gender Roles</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Architecture</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Road System</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Art</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Art_and_cultural_production" title="Aztecs">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Arts_and_technology">Art</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Music</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Music_and_song" title="Aztecs">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean Music</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampas</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> History</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Muisca" title="Template:History of the Muisca">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca history</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Mayans</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Incas</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Notable Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">Cuitláhuac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Jasaw_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil_I" title="Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I">Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Túpac Amaru</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Conquest</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish Conquest</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish Conquest of Yucatán</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish Conquest of Guatemala</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish Conquest</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">List of Conquistadors</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div id="See_also"><b>See also</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Archaeological sites in the Americas">Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Portal:Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous cuisine of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting in the Americas before European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civilizations" title="Portal:Civilizations">Civilizations portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bolivia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bolivia_topics" title="Template:Bolivia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bolivia_topics" title="Template talk:Bolivia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bolivia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia" title="History of Bolivia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inca Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_to_1809" title="History of Bolivia to 1809">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Rebellion of Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1809%E2%80%931920)" title="History of Bolivia (1809–1920)">Early Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">Bolivian War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuquisaca_Revolution" title="Chuquisaca Revolution">Chuquisaca Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_revolution" title="La Paz revolution">La Paz revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bolivian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Peru–Bolivian Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaverry-Santa_Cruz_War" title="Salaverry-Santa Cruz War">Salaverry-Santa Cruz War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_between_Argentina_and_Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="War between Argentina and Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Bolivia-Argentina War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Defensive_Alliance_(Bolivia%E2%80%93Peru)" title="Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)">Treaty of Defensive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_Grande" title="Battle of Río Grande">Battle of Río Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litoral_Department" title="Litoral Department">Litoral Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puna_de_Atacama_dispute" title="Puna de Atacama dispute">Puna de Atacama dispute</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1809%E2%80%931920)#Rise_of_Conservative_and_Liberal_parties" title="History of Bolivia (1809–1920)">Liberal Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiriguano_War" title="Chiriguano War">Chiriguano War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Civil_War" title="Bolivian Civil War">Federal War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_War" title="Acre War">Acre War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Treaty of Petrópolis">Treaty of Petrópolis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Manuripi_region" title="Campaign of the Manuripi region">Manuripi campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1920%E2%80%931964)" title="History of Bolivia (1920–1964)">Revolutionary era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Socialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Socialism (page does not exist)">Military Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_National_Revolution" title="Bolivian National Revolution">Bolivian National Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of Bolivia (1964–1982)">Dictatorship era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91ancahuaz%C3%BA_Guerrilla" title="Ñancahuazú Guerrilla">Ñancahuazú Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoponte_Guerrilla" title="Teoponte Guerrilla">Teoponte Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Bolivia (1982–present)">Contemporary era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Water_War" title="Cochabamba Water War">Cochabamba Water War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_gas_conflict" title="Bolivian gas conflict">Gas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinational State Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Constituent_Assembly_of_2006%E2%80%932007" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Constituent Assembly of 2006–2007">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Bolivian_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Bolivian constitutional referendum">2009 referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Bolivian_political_crisis" title="2019 Bolivian political crisis">2019 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Bolivia" title="Coups d'état in Bolivia">Coups d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-right:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia" title="Coat of arms of Bolivia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1723" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bolivia" title="Geography of Bolivia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bolivian_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bolivian cities by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bolivia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia" title="Departments of Bolivia">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bolivia" title="Environmental issues in Bolivia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extreme points of Bolivia (page does not exist)">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes of Bolivia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains of Bolivia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bolivia" title="Provinces of Bolivia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers of Bolivia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Bolivia" title="List of volcanoes in Bolivia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bolivia" title="Politics of Bolivia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bolivia" title="Cabinet of Bolivia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bolivia" title="List of presidents of Bolivia">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly" title="Plurinational Legislative Assembly">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Chamber of Deputies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_members_of_the_Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly#Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Current members of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Bolivia" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies of Bolivia">Chamber President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Senators_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)">Chamber of Senators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_members_of_the_Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly#Chamber_of_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Current members of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Senators_of_Bolivia" title="President of the Chamber of Senators of Bolivia">Senate President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Bolivia" title="Vice President of Bolivia">Vice President of Bolivia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurinational Constitutional Court">Plurinational Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Bolivia)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Bolivia" title="Law of Bolivia">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Bolivia" title="Constitutional history of Bolivia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bolivia" title="Law enforcement in Bolivia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bolivia" title="Human rights in Bolivia">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Bolivia" title="Armed Forces of Bolivia">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Army" title="Bolivian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Air_Force" title="Bolivian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Navy" title="Bolivian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bolivia" title="Elections in Bolivia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Electoral_Organ" title="Plurinational Electoral Organ">Plurinational Electoral Organ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bolivia" title="Foreign relations of Bolivia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_border_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Atacama border dispute">Atacama border dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bolivia" title="List of political parties in Bolivia">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)">Movement for Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Community" title="Civic Community">Civic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creemos" title="Creemos">Creemos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bolivia" title="Agriculture in Bolivia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_boliviano" title="Bolivian boliviano">Boliviano <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bolivia" title="Central Bank of Bolivia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_industry_in_Bolivia" title="Cement industry in Bolivia">Cement Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Bolivia" title="List of companies of Bolivia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bolivia" title="Electricity sector in Bolivia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Bolivia" title="Natural gas in Bolivia">Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Bolivia" title="Mining in Bolivia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Stock_Exchange" title="Bolivian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bolivia" title="Telecommunications in Bolivia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bolivia" title="Tourism in Bolivia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bolivia" title="Transport in Bolivia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bolivia" title="Category:Society of Bolivia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bolivia" title="Crime in Bolivia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bolivia" title="Health in Bolivia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Bolivia" title="Irrigation in Bolivia">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Languages</a></li> <li>People <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bolivia" title="Demographics of Bolivia">Demographics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Bolivia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bolivia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bolivia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Bolivia" title="Water resources management in Bolivia">Water resources management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bolivia" title="Culture of Bolivia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bolivia" title="Architecture of Bolivia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bolivia" title="Cinema of Bolivia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia" title="Coat of arms of Bolivia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bolivia" title="Flag of Bolivia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_literature" title="Bolivian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bolivia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Bolivia" title="National anthem of Bolivia">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bolivia" title="Public holidays in Bolivia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Bolivia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia_at_the_Olympics" title="Bolivia at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bolivia" title="Outline of Bolivia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bolivia" title="Category:Bolivia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bolivia" title="Portal:Bolivia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peru_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peru_topics" title="Template:Peru topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peru_topics" title="Template talk:Peru topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peru_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peru topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peru_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Peruvian_history" title="Timeline of Peruvian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Ancient cultures</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Guano Era">Guano Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Internal conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">Political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Peru" title="Demographic history of Peru">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Economic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Peru" title="Climate of Peru">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Peru" title="List of earthquakes in Peru">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Peru" title="List of mountains in Peru">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_zones_of_Peru" title="Life zones of Peru">Natural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Peru" title="List of protected areas of Peru">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Peru" title="List of rivers of Peru">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Peru" title="Wildlife of Peru">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Peru">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Peru" title="Censorship in Peru">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Peru" title="Elections in Peru">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Peru" title="Foreign relations of Peru">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Peru" title="Human rights in Peru">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Peru">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Peru" title="Judiciary of Peru">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Peru" title="List of political parties in Peru">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru" title="Administrative divisions of Peru">Regions and provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Peru" title="List of companies of Peru">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Sol <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Peru" title="Electricity sector in Peru">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Stock_Exchange" title="Lima Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru" title="Taxation in Peru">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Peru" title="Tourism in Peru">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Peru" title="Transport in Peru">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Peru" title="Category:Society of Peru">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Peru" title="Crime in Peru">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Peru" title="Demographics of Peru">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Peru" title="Health in Peru">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Peru" title="Irrigation in Peru">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Peruvians" title="List of Peruvians">List of Peruvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Peru" title="Prostitution in Peru">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Peru" title="Public holidays in Peru">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Peru" title="Squatting in Peru">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Peru" title="Water resources management in Peru">Water resources management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Peru" title="Water supply and sanitation in Peru">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peru" title="Culture of Peru">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Peru" title="Architecture of Peru">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_art" title="Peruvian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Peru" title="Mass media in Peru">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Peru" title="Sport in Peru">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Peru" title="National symbols of Peru">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Peru" title="Outline of Peru">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peru" title="Category:Peru">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_monarchies" title="Template:American monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_monarchies" title="Template talk:American monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_the_Americas" title="Monarchies in the Americas">Monarchies in the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commonwealth of Nations monarchies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colla_Kingdom" title="Colla Kingdom">Colla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">Huetar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Huetar_Kingdom" title="Eastern Huetar Kingdom">Eastern Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Garabito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pacaca" title="Kingdom of Pacaca">Pacaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">Toyopán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Huetar_Kingdom" title="Western Huetar Kingdom">Western Huetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European monarchies<br />with <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas#List_of_European_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonies in the Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Courland and Semigallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados (1966–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana (1966–1970)</a></li> <li>Haiti <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">1804–06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">1811–20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">1849–59</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">1822–23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">1864–67</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs in the Americas">List of monarchs in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_last_monarchs_in_the_Americas" title="List of the last monarchs in the Americas">List of the last monarchs in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Redonda" title="Kingdom of Redonda">Kingdom of Redonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivian_monarchy" title="Afro-Bolivian monarchy">Afro-Bolivian monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucania and Patagonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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