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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bifurcation_of_consciousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bifurcation of consciousness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bifurcation_of_consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umwelt_and_Mitwelt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umwelt_and_Mitwelt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Umwelt and Mitwelt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umwelt_and_Mitwelt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>New Contributions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_Contributions-sublist" 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href="#Institutional_ethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Institutional ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lecture_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lecture_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Lecture video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lecture_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruling_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruling_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ruling relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruling_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_recognition/awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="#Important_Quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Important Quotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_Quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dorothy E. Smith</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="دوروثي إي سميث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوروثي إي سميث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Smith" title="Dorothy Smith – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dorothy Smith" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Smith" title="Dorothy Smith – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dorothy Smith" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_E._Smith" title="Dorothy E. Smith – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dorothy E. Smith" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_E._Smith" title="Dorothy E. Smith – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dorothy E. Smith" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C._%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="دوروتی ای. اسمیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوروتی ای. اسمیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Smith" title="Dorothy Smith – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dorothy Smith" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_E._Smith" title="Dorothy E. Smith – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dorothy E. Smith" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%89_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="دوروثى سميث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوروثى سميث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9" title="ドロシー・スミス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドロシー・スミス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ډوريتي اي سميت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډوريتي اي سميت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_E._Smith" title="Dorothy E. Smith – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dorothy E. Smith" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_E._Smith" title="Dorothy E. Smith – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dorothy E. Smith" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="دۆرۆتی سمیت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دۆرۆتی سمیت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_E._Smith" title="Dorothy E. Smith – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dorothy E. Smith" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_E._Smith" title="Dorothy E. Smith – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dorothy E. Smith" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q545915#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_E._Smith" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British-Canadian sociologist (1926–2022)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Dorothy Smith, see <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Smith_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dorothy Smith (disambiguation)">Dorothy Smith (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Dorothy E. Smith</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CM</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorothysmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dorothysmith.jpg/220px-Dorothysmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dorothysmith.jpg/330px-Dorothysmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dorothysmith.jpg/440px-Dorothysmith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Dorothy Edith Place</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-07-06</span>)</span>6 July 1926<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Northallerton" title="Northallerton">Northallerton</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding of Yorkshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 June 2022<span style="display:none">(2022-06-03)</span> (aged 95)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist studies">Feminist studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Education studies">educational studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People</i></li> <li><i>The Conceptual Practices of Power: A Feminist Sociology of Knowledge</i></li> <li><i>The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional ethnography</a>, ruling relations, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_standpoint_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist standpoint theory">feminist standpoint theory</a>, bifurcation of consciousness</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dorothy Edith Smith</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CM</a></span></span> (née <b>Place</b>; 6 July 1926 – 3 June 2022) was a British-born Canadian ethnographer, feminist studies scholar, sociologist, and writer with research interests in a variety of disciplines. These include <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">women's studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Education_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Education studies">educational studies</a>. Smith was also involved in certain subfields of sociology, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">sociology of knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">family studies</a>, and methodology. She founded the sociological sub-disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_standpoint_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist standpoint theory">feminist standpoint theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">institutional ethnography</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith was born on 6 July 1926<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Northallerton" title="Northallerton">Northallerton</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding of Yorkshire</a>, England,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Dorothy F. Place and Tom Place, who had her and three sons. Her mother was a university-trained chemist who had been engaged in the women's suffrage movement as a young woman, and her father was a timber merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of her brothers, <a href="/wiki/Ullin_Place" title="Ullin Place">Ullin Place</a>, was known for his work on consciousness as a process of the brain, and another was poet <a href="/wiki/Milner_Place" title="Milner Place">Milner Place</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of twenty-five, Smith entered the work force as a secretary in the book publishing industry, but this left her wanting more.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorothy_E._Smith_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorothy_E._Smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this realization, Smith completed her undergraduate degree at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, earning her B.Sc. in sociology with a major in social anthropology in 1955. She then married William Reid Smith, whom she had met while attending LSE, and they moved to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-UQAC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UQAC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They both attended graduate school at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, where she received her Ph.D. in sociology in 1963, nine months after the birth of their second child. Not long afterward she and her husband were divorced; she retained custody of the children. She then taught as a lecturer at UC Berkeley from 1964 to 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith started teaching sociology and was the only female teacher in a faculty of 44.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the divorce, Smith was lacking in day care and family support while trying to raise her two children alone. As a result, she decided to move back to England in the late 60s.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While she was there, she gave lectures on sociology at the University of Essex, Colchester.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, Smith moved with her two sons to <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</a> to teach at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, where she helped to establish a Women's Studies Program.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977 Smith moved to <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">Toronto, Ontario</a> to work at the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Institute_for_Studies_in_Education" title="Ontario Institute for Studies in Education">Ontario Institute for Studies in Education</a>, where she lived until she retired.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994 she became an adjunct professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a>, where she continued her work in institutional ethnography.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith served on the international advisory board for the feminist journal <a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith died of complications due to a fall at her home in Vancouver on 3 June 2022, at the age of 95.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inspiration">Inspiration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inspiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Familial_Influence">Familial Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Familial Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dorothy Smith came from a long line of feminist activists.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these familial figures had an impact on Smith’s sociological theories and ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably were <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fox_(Quaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Fox (Quaker)">Margaret Fox</a>, Lucy Ellison Abraham, and Dorothy Foster Place.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Margaret Fox née Fell was the feminist leader of the <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">17th century Quaker movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often referred to as the “mother of Quakerism” she opened her home to be used as one of the first headquarters for the Quaker religious Society of Friends.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucy Ellison Abraham and Dorothy Foster Place were Dorothy Smith’s grandmother and mother respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were members of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women’s Social and Political Union</a> (WSPU) and engaged in militant suffrage activism.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham participated mostly in the organizational and office work, while Place was more active, even getting arrested once during a window breaking campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith’s own identity as a Marxist-feminist developed during the 1970s, when her life history and the on going women’s movement merged to contribute to her life and sociological practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vancouver Women’s Movement from 1968 to 1977 proved to be a key moment in the development of Smith’s identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of Smith’s feminist ancestry and her own experiences in women’s movements went on to shape her standpoint theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking into account how the influential female figures in her life addressed feminism and gender inequality, Smith was able to compile her experiences into a theory. <sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith’s standpoint theory argues that the origin of standpoint came from women’s experiences as housewives.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of her three ancestors were housewives and that added to and shaped their approach to feminism and activism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Influence">Outside Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Outside Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith had influential ties to theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Alfred Schütz">Alfred Schütz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building on top of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist theory</a>, Smith evolved <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a> into gender-stratified capitalism, explaining in her work <i>Feminism and Marxism</i> how "objective social, economic and political relations ... shape and determine women's oppression".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Schutz, Smith explains, "Individuals are experienced as 'types'",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developing upon his concept of <a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">umwelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitwelt" title="Mitwelt">mitwelt</a> relations. In <i>The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology</i>, Smith explains mitwelt and umwelt relations of male dominance claiming, "women's work conceals from men the actual concrete forms on which their work depends".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a> after taking one of his classes, as well as <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>, after stumbling upon one of his books.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorothy_E._Smith_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorothy_E._Smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adopted_Ideologies">Adopted Ideologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adopted Ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_to_Marxism">Connection to Marxism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Connection to Marxism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith took on a similar mindset as Karl Marx, founder of Marxism. She took a similar approach of Marxism and applied it to feminism. One of the papers written by Smith, draws upon Marx’s ideologies. In the paper, “The Ideological Practice of Sociology”, Smith explains the distinction between ideology and social science, taking upon some of Marx’s ideas. Furthermore, Smith gave a talk relating to “feminism and Marxism”. In the talk, she spoke about how her feminist distinctiveness developed through Marxism. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that not all standpoints are viewed equally shows how Smith’s take on standpoint theory also draws direct connections with Marxism.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inequality in standpoints and how they are perceived in society reflects Marxist ideas of the impact of social, economic, and political relations on shaping and determining oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Before Smith, American feminist theorist <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Harding" title="Sandra Harding">Sandra Harding</a> conducted the 1986 study, <i>The Science Question in Feminism</i>, which created the concept of standpoint theory in order to emphasize the knowledge of women, arguing that hierarchies naturally created ignorance about social reality and critical questions among those whom the hierarchies favored.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, those at the bottom of these ladders had a perspective that made it easier to explain social problems.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bifurcation_of_consciousness">Bifurcation of consciousness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bifurcation of consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bifurcation is defined as dividing or separating into two parts or branches.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith argued that there is a split between the world that an individual actually experiences and the dominant view that one is supposed to adapt, in this case being the male-dominated view.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the bifurcation of consciousness, specifically related to standpoint theory, this refers to the separation of the two modes of being for women. Since sociology is a male-dominated field, women must fight to push past their expected roles as housewives and mothers, moving from the local realm of the home to the "extra local" realm of society.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women, therefore, split their consciousness in two in order to establish themselves as knowledgeable and competent beings within society and the field of sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowell_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowell-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umwelt_and_Mitwelt">Umwelt and Mitwelt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Umwelt and Mitwelt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Umwelt can be described as the world around us. It is on a more intimate level like such as a husband and wife. Mitwelt is the with-world for instance Mitwelt relations refer more to a type of relation, such as an individual and their mail carrier.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Alfred Schütz">Alfred Schütz</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Mitwelt" title="Mitwelt">mitwelt</a> relationships as less intimate than <a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">umwelt</a> relationships. Smith extends these concepts by demonstrating how umwelt is more "central in women's lives, and men relegate their umwelt relations to women".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meaning, women tend to have more intimate relationships that men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Contributions">New Contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standpoint_theory">Standpoint theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Standpoint theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standpoint theory is rooted in the idea that what one knows is impacted by their position in society.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also contains three main beliefs: no one can have complete and objective knowledge, no two people can have exactly the same standpoint, and we must not take for granted our own standpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith emphasized the importance of recognizing our standpoint and utilizing it as the entry point to our investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her overall goal with standpoint theory was to fully account for the perspectives of different genders and their effects on our reality.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During her time as a graduate student in the 1960s, Smith developed her notion of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_standpoint_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist standpoint theory">standpoint</a>, shaping Harding's theory. During this time, Smith recognized that she was experiencing "two subjectivities, home and university",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that these two worlds could not be blended. In recognition of her own standpoint, Smith shed light on the fact that sociology was lacking in the acknowledgment of standpoint. At this point, the methods and theories of sociology had been formed upon and built in a male-dominated social world, unintentionally ignoring the women's world of sexual reproduction, children, and household affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women's duties are seen as natural parts of society, rather than as an addition to culture. Smith believed that asking questions from a woman's perspective could provide insight into social institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith determined that for minority groups, the constant separation between the world as they experience it versus continually having to adapt to the view of the dominant group creates oppression, which can lead to members of the marginalized group feeling alienated from their "true" selves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith compared the women's experience to the women's standpoint, and believed that women's oppression was grounded in male control. The idea that women shared a method in their experiences with oppression was enforced by Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example">Example</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith often used one particular story as an example of the importance of standpoint theory, and as a way of explaining it: </p><p>One day, while riding in a train in Ontario, Smith observed a family of Indians standing together by a river, watching the train pass by. It was only after having made these initial assumptions that Smith realized that they were just that; they were assumptions, assumptions that she had no way of knowing if they were true or not. She called them "Indians", but she couldn't have known, for sure, what their origins were. She called them a family, which could have very well not been true. She also said they were watching the train go by, an assumption that emerged solely based on her position in time and space, her position riding in the train, looking out at the "family".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Smith, this served as a representation of her own privilege, through which she made assumptions and immediately imposed them on the group of "Indians". It helped lead her to the conclusion that experiences differ, across space, time, and circumstance. It is unfair to create society—and ruling relations—based on only one point of view/being.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_ethnography">Institutional ethnography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Institutional ethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional ethnography</a></div> <p>Institutional ethnography (IE) is a sociological method of inquiry which Smith developed, created to explore the social relations that structure people's everyday lives. For the institutional ethnographer, ordinary daily activity becomes the site for an investigation of social organization. Smith developed IE as <a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist feminist">Marxist feminist</a> sociology<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "for women, for people";<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is now used by researchers in the social sciences, in education, in human services and in policy research as a method for mapping the translocal relations that coordinate people's activities within institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Trenerry_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenerry-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walby_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walby-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith insisted that her outline of Institutional ethnography would be expanded upon in a collaborative manner amongst sociologists, emphasizing the networking needed to progress the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith uses the example of the everyday act of walking her dog to show how a benign act can actually be used for sociological investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She claims that in walking her dog and allowing it to do its business on some lawns, but not others actually reaffirms the class system.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In choosing which lawns are acceptable or not for her dog she is reaffirming the differences in forms of property ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her work on sociology for women, Smith spent time attempting to show that the standpoint of women has been historically excluded from aspects of life related to professional ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meaning managing, organizing, and administering.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here Smith highlights how important it is to investigate how the everyday worlds we live in are shaped by the institutions that surround us.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case Smith defines institutions as complex, functional organizations, in which many forms and groups are interwoven.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutional processes then particular actions into standardized and generalized forms.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Smith draws on Marx’s discussion of commodity relations: when goods and services are exchanged in the market setting, their value appears in the form of money.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar way, bureaucratic forms of organization make actions accountable in terms of abstract and generalized categories.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lecture_video">Lecture video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lecture video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DorothySmithLecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DorothySmithLecture.jpg/220px-DorothySmithLecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DorothySmithLecture.jpg/330px-DorothySmithLecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DorothySmithLecture.jpg/440px-DorothySmithLecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Smith giving a lecture at the University of Toronto.</figcaption></figure><p><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith gave a recorded lecture introducing her work and thoughts on institutional ethnography. This lecture was hosted at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health on November 5, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruling_relations">Ruling relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ruling relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith also developed the concept of <i>ruling relations</i>, the institutional complexes that "coordinate the everyday work of administration and the lives of those subject to administrative regimes".<sup id="cite_ref-blackwellrulingrelations_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackwellrulingrelations-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows a society to have control and organization, with examples being systems of bureaucracy and management.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also defines how they will interact with one another. Smith argues that ruling relations dehumanize people. She focuses on how it can limit women to only being seen in their traditional roles of mother, wife, homemaker, or housekeeper.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_recognition/awards"><span id="Professional_recognition.2Fawards"></span>Professional recognition/awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Professional recognition/awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Smith's early essays were influential in the emergence of sex and gender education in sociology, her work is neglected by other sociologists.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in recognition of her contributions in the "transformation of sociology", and for extending the boundaries of "feminist standpoint theory" to "include race, class, and gender". Smith received numerous awards from the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a>, including the American Sociological Association's Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Jessie Bernard Award for Feminist Sociology (1993).<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recognition of her scholarship, she also received two awards from the Canadian Sociological Association and the Canadian Anthropological Association; the Outstanding Contribution Award (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/John_Porter_(sociologist)" title="John Porter (sociologist)">John Porter</a> Award for her book <i>The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology</i> (1990).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 she was named as a member of the Order of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her work is ranked among the most important produced in 20th and 21st Century sociology,<sup id="cite_ref-Zake_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zake-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has been suggested that <i>Institutional Ethnography</i> should be considered a contemporary classic.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Everyday_World_as_Problematic:_A_Feminist_Sociology_(1987)"><span id="The_Everyday_World_as_Problematic:_A_Feminist_Sociology_.281987.29"></span><i>The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology</i> (1987)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology (1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith wrote <i>Everyday World as a Problematic: A Feminist Sociology.</i> The book is a series of six essays that touch upon her ideas of social life, feminist theory, Marxism, and phenomenology. <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her concept of the <i>line of fault</i> is the notion of recognizing the male biases as a society and being conscious from a woman's perspective and noticing the inequality between male and female.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Toronto, while teaching at Ontario Institute of Studies, Smith published her paper about everyday lives as a woman, and the sociology behind the everyday housewife and mother.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her work intended to create a sociology for women, as this is a male dominated field. Smith wanted to create a field of sociology that questioned the everyday problems of life.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_Quotes">Important Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Important Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"A sociology is a systematically developed consciousness of society and social relations." - Dorothy Smith<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>“Most people do not participate in the making of culture.” - Dorothy Smith <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>“The institutionalized practices of excluding women from the ideological work of society are the reason we have a history constructed largely from the perspective of men, and largely about men." - Dorothy Smith <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Simply Institutional Ethnography: Creating a Sociology for People (</i>2022, ISBN 978-1487528065)</li> <li><i>Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People</i> (2005, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759105010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759105010">978-0759105010</a>)</li> <li><i>Mothering for Schooling</i>, co-author with Alison Griffith (2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415950534" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415950534">978-0415950534</a>)</li> <li><i>Writing the Social: Critique, Theory, and Investigations</i> (1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802043078" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802043078">978-0802043078</a>)</li> <li><i>The Conceptual Practices of Power: A Feminist Sociology of Knowledge</i> (1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555530808" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555530808">978-1555530808</a>)</li> <li><i>Texts, Facts, and Femininity: Exploring the Relations of Ruling</i> (1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415102445" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415102445">978-0415102445</a>)</li> <li><i>The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology</i> (1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555530365" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555530365">978-1555530365</a>)</li> <li><i>Feminism and Marxism: A Place to Begin, A Way to Go</i> (1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0919888715" title="Special:BookSources/978-0919888715">978-0919888715</a>)</li> <li><i>Women Look at Psychiatry: I'm Not Mad, I'm Angry</i>—Collection edited by Smith and David (1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0889740006" title="Special:BookSources/978-0889740006">978-0889740006</a>), <a href="/wiki/Press_Gang_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Gang Publishing">Press Gang Publishing</a></li> <li><i>Sociological Theory Vol.10 No.1: Sociology from Women's Experience: A Reaffirmation</i> (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>What It Might Mean to Do a Canadian Sociology: The Everyday World as Problematic</i> (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_E._Smith&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sociologygroup.com/dorothy-edith-smith/">Dorothy Edith Smith: History & Feminist theory</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1999" class="citation thesis cs1">Smyth, Deirdre Mary (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/14239/1/NQ53916.pdf"><i>A Few Laced Genes: Sociology, the Women's Movement and the Work of Dorothy E. Smith</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of Toronto. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Few+Laced+Genes%3A+Sociology%2C+the+Women%27s+Movement+and+the+Work+of+Dorothy+E.+Smith&rft.degree=Doctor+of+Philosophy&rft.inst=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Deirdre+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fbitstream%2F1807%2F14239%2F1%2FNQ53916.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allan_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan2011" class="citation book cs1">Allan, Kenneth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mf2BxB149KsC&pg=PA385"><i>Contemporary social and sociological theory : visualizing social worlds</i></a> (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412978200" title="Special:BookSources/9781412978200"><bdi>9781412978200</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+social+and+sociological+theory+%3A+visualizing+social+worlds&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=385&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781412978200&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmf2BxB149KsC%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb106-7dfp">"Papers of Dorothy Foster Place"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_Hub" title="Archives Hub">Archives Hub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+Hub&rft.atitle=Papers+of+Dorothy+Foster+Place&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiveshub.jisc.ac.uk%2Fdata%2Fgb106-7dfp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen2022" class="citation web cs1">Risen, Clay (16 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/education/dorothy-e-smith-dead.html">"Dorothy E. Smith, Groundbreaker in Feminist Sociology, Dies at 95"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dorothy+E.+Smith%2C+Groundbreaker+in+Feminist+Sociology%2C+Dies+at+95&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F16%2Feducation%2Fdorothy-e-smith-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graham_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamValentine2004" class="citation book cs1">Graham, George; Valentine, Elizabeth R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMSVqx7nYWAC&pg=PR5"><i>Identifying the mind : selected papers of U.T. Place</i></a>. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195161373" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195161373"><bdi>978-0195161373</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identifying+the+mind+%3A+selected+papers+of+U.T.+Place&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195161373&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Valentine%2C+Elizabeth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMSVqx7nYWAC%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorothy_E._Smith-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorothy_E._Smith_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorothy_E._Smith_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Dorothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/mdevault/dorothy_smith.htm">"Dorothy E. Smith"</a>. <i>Université du Québec à Chicoutimi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A9+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%C3%A0+Chicoutimi&rft.atitle=Dorothy+E.+Smith&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.maxwell.syr.edu%2Fmdevault%2Fdorothy_smith.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UQAC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UQAC_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Dorothy (2 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiques.uqac.ca/contemporains/smith_dorothy/smith_dorothy_photo/smith_dorothy_photo.html">"Dorothy E. Smith"</a>. <i>UQAC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UQAC&rft.atitle=Dorothy+E.+Smith&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassiques.uqac.ca%2Fcontemporains%2Fsmith_dorothy%2Fsmith_dorothy_photo%2Fsmith_dorothy_photo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, R. & Wolf, A., "Contemporary Sociological Theory" 6th Edition (2006), Pearson Prentice-Hall. p. 297-298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schoolworkhelper.net/dorothy-smith-history-feminist-theory/">"Dorothy Smith: History & Feminist theory"</a>. <i>SchoolWorkHelper</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Smith Award Statement"</a>. <i>American Sociological Association</i>. 9 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. pp. 50, <span class="nowrap">64–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786463428" title="Special:BookSources/9780786463428"><bdi>9780786463428</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6702-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6702-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-6702-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everyday+World+as+Problematic%3A+A+Feminist+Sociology&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6702-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLMJ5kCQ02YC%26q%3Ddorothy%2Be%2Bsmith%2Bbiography%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schoolworkhelper.net/dorothy-smith-history-feminist-theory/">"Dorothy Smith: History & Feminist theory"</a>. <i>SchoolWorkHelper</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SchoolWorkHelper&rft.atitle=Dorothy+Smith%3A+History+%26+Feminist+theory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschoolworkhelper.net%2Fdorothy-smith-history-feminist-theory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1992" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Patricia Hill (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/202018">"Transforming the Inner Circle: Dorothy Smith's Challenge to Sociological Theory"</a>. <i>Sociological Theory</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F202018">10.2307/202018</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/202018">202018</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Theory&rft.atitle=Transforming+the+Inner+Circle%3A+Dorothy+Smith%27s+Challenge+to+Sociological+Theory.&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F202018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F202018%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F202018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Dorothy E. (1999). <i>Writing the Social: Critique, Theory, and Investigations</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Social%3A+Critique%2C+Theory%2C+and+Investigations&rft.pub=Toronto%3A+University+of+Toronto+Press.&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Dorothy E. (1993). <i>The everyday world as problematic: a feminist sociology</i>. The Northeastern series in feminist theory (4. [print.] ed.). Boston, Mass: Northeastern Univ. Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-036-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-036-5"><bdi>978-1-55553-036-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+everyday+world+as+problematic%3A+a+feminist+sociology&rft.place=Boston%2C+Mass&rft.series=The+Northeastern+series+in+feminist+theory&rft.edition=4.+%5Bprint.%5D&rft.pub=Northeastern+Univ.+Pr&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-036-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Dorothy E. (1993). <i>The everyday world as problematic: a feminist sociology</i>. The Northeastern series in feminist theory (4. [print.] ed.). Boston, Mass: Northeastern Univ. Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-036-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-036-5"><bdi>978-1-55553-036-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+everyday+world+as+problematic%3A+a+feminist+sociology&rft.place=Boston%2C+Mass&rft.series=The+Northeastern+series+in+feminist+theory&rft.edition=4.+%5Bprint.%5D&rft.pub=Northeastern+Univ.+Pr&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-036-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1992" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Dorothy E. (1992). "Sociology from Women's Experience: A Reaffirmation". <i>Sociological Theory</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">88–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F202020">10.2307/202020</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/202020">202020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Theory&rft.atitle=Sociology+from+Women%27s+Experience%3A+A+Reaffirmation&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F202020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F202020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1975" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Dorothy E. (1975). "What It Might Mean to Do a Canadian Sociology: The Everyday World as Problematic". <i>The Canadian Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">363–</span>376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3340418">10.2307/3340418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0318-6431">0318-6431</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3340418">3340418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=What+It+Might+Mean+to+Do+a+Canadian+Sociology%3A+The+Everyday+World+as+Problematic&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0318-6431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3340418%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3340418&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorothy+E.+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_digital_humanities" title="Feminist digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FPDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feminist theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_S._Anderson" title="Elizabeth S. Anderson">Elizabeth Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Barad" title="Karen Barad">Karen Barad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Brown" title="Wendy Brown">Wendy Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Bauer_(philosopher)" title="Nancy Bauer (philosopher)">Nancy Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Hélène Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Enloe" title="Cynthia Enloe">Cynthia Enloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Albertson_Fineman" title="Martha Albertson Fineman">Martha Fineman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Harding" title="Sandra Harding">Sandra Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Luce Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Julia Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon" title="Catharine A. MacKinnon">Catharine A. MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood">Val Plumwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_E._H._Russell" title="Diana E. H. Russell">Diana E. H. Russell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dorothy E. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Waring" title="Marilyn Waring">Marilyn Waring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545915#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1931" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545915#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1931" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545915#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90132691">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000217748&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201411899">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007457295805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13992863">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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