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<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Volta–Congo languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_Volta-Congu" title="Llingües Volta-Congu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües Volta-Congu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Волта-конгоански езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Волта-конгоански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_volta-congoleses" title="Llengües volta-congoleses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües volta-congoleses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta-Kongo-Sprachen" title="Volta-Kongo-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volta-Kongo-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_Volta-Congo" title="Lenguas Volta-Congo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas Volta-Congo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%E2%80%93%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" title="زبان‌های ولتا–کنگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ولتا–کنگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_volta%C3%AFco-congolaises" title="Langues voltaïco-congolaises – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues voltaïco-congolaises" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_volta-congo" title="Linguas volta-congo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas volta-congo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%ED%83%80%EC%BD%A9%EA%B3%A0%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="볼타콩고어군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="볼타콩고어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsunan_Volta-Congo" title="Harsunan Volta-Congo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harsunan Volta-Congo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta%C5%A1ko-kongoanski_jezici" title="Voltaško-kongoanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Voltaško-kongoanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta-Kongo-lingui" title="Volta-Kongo-lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Volta-Kongo-lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Volta%E2%80%93Kongo" title="Rumpun bahasa Volta–Kongo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Volta–Kongo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_volta-congo" title="Lingue volta-congo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue volta-congo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_v%C3%B4ltaika-k%C3%B4ng%C3%B4ley" title="Fiteny vôltaika-kôngôley – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny vôltaika-kôngôley" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta-Congotalen" title="Volta-Congotalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volta-Congotalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta-Kongo_spriaken" title="Volta-Kongo spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Volta-Kongo spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_wolta-kongijskie" title="Języki wolta-kongijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki wolta-kongijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_volta-congolesas" title="Línguas volta-congolesas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas volta-congolesas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Вольта-конголезские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вольта-конголезские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltankongolaiset_kielet" title="Voltankongolaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Voltankongolaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta-Kongospr%C3%A5k" title="Volta-Kongospråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Volta-Kongospråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Volta-Congo" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Volta-Congo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Volta-Congo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Folta-K%C3%B3ng%C3%B2" title="Àwọn èdè Folta-Kóngò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn èdè Folta-Kóngò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9-%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="沃尔特-刚果语支 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沃尔特-刚果语支" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ffddaa;">Volta–Congo</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">? <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Volta–Congo</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannas_languages" title="Savannas languages">Savannas</a> <small> (aka Gur-Adamawa) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a> <small>(includes <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>)</small></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fali_languages_(Cameroon)" title="Fali languages (Cameroon)">Fali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbre_language" title="Mbre language">Mbre</a></i> <small>(also spelled <i>Pre</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ega_language" title="Ega language">Ega</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/volt1241">volt1241</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The Volta–Congo languages shown within the Niger–Congo language family. Non-Volta–Congo languages are greyscale.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Volta–Congo</b> is a major branch of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo family</a>. It includes all the Niger-Congo languages and subfamilies except the families of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic languages">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian</a> branches, <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijo</a>. It thus only differs from <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic–Congo">Atlantic–Congo</a> in that it excludes the Atlantic languages and, in some conceptions, <a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a>. </p><p>In the infobox at the right, the languages which appear to be the most divergent (including the dubious <a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a>, which may not be Volta–Congo at all) are placed at the top, whereas those closer to the core (the similar "Benue–Kwa" branches of <a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a>) are near the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the Kwa or Savannas branches prove to be invalid, the tree will be even more crowded. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">Comparative linguistic</a> research by John M. Stewart in the sixties and seventies helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic (linguistics)">genetic</a> unity of Volta–Congo and shed light on its internal structure, but the results remain tentative. Williamson and Blench (2000) note that in many cases it is difficult to draw clear lines between the branches of Volta–Congo and suggest that this might indicate the diversification of a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> rather than a clear separation of families. This had been suggested before by Bennet (1983 as cited in Williamson and Blench 2000:17) in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adamawa%E2%80%93Ubangi_languages" title="Adamawa–Ubangi languages">Adamawa–Ubangi languages</a>, which apart from <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a> are now linked together as <a href="/wiki/Savannas_languages" title="Savannas languages">Savannas</a>. Other branches are <a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a>, which includes the well-known and particularly numerous <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> group. The relationship of Kwa to Benue–Congo (named <i>Benue–Kwa</i>), and the eastern and western branches of Benue–Congo to each other, remain obscure. </p><p>The vowel systems of Volta–Congo languages have been the subject of much historical comparative linguistic debate. Casali (1995) defends the hypothesis that Proto-Volta–Congo had a nine- or ten-vowel system employing <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> and that this set has been reduced to a seven vowel-system in many Volta–Congo languages. The <a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Togo_Mountain_languages" title="Ghana–Togo Mountain languages">Ghana–Togo Mountain languages</a> are examples of languages where nine- or ten-vowel systems are still found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Blench, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf">Niger-Congo: an alternative view</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Casali, Roderic F. (1995) 'On the Reduction of Vowel Systems in Volta–Congo', <i><a href="/wiki/African_Languages_and_Cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="African Languages and Cultures">African Languages and Cultures</a>,</i> 8, 2, Dec, 109–121. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09544169508717790">10.1080/09544169508717790</a></li> <li>Stewart, John M. (1976) <i>Towards Volta–Congo reconstruction: a comparative study of some languages of Black-Africa</i>. (Inaugural speech, Leiden University) Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.</li> <li>Stewart, John M. (1985) 'Nasality patterns in the Volta–Congo foot.' Paper presented at the Colloquium on African Linguistics, Leiden, Sept. 1985.</li> <li>Williamson, Kay & Blench, Roger (2000) 'Niger–Congo', in Heine, Bernd and Nurse, Derek (eds) <i>African Languages — An Introduction.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University press, pp. 11–42.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Niger–Congo_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Savannas_languages" title="Savannas languages">Savannas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_languages" title="Adamawa languages">Adamawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bena%E2%80%93Mboi_languages" title="Bena–Mboi languages">Bena–Mboi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bikwin%E2%80%93Jen_languages" title="Bikwin–Jen languages">Bikwin–Jen</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bua_languages" title="Bua languages">Bua</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_language" title="Day language">Day</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fali_languages_(Cameroon)" title="Fali languages (Cameroon)">Fali</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kim_languages" title="Kim languages">Kim</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwah_language" title="Kwah language">Kwah (Baa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbum_languages" title="Mbum languages">Mbum (Kebi–Benue)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_languages" title="Mumuye languages">Mumuye</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom (Kam)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duru_languages" title="Duru languages">Samba–Duru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tula%E2%80%93Waja_languages" title="Tula–Waja languages">Tula–Waja</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yendang_languages" title="Yendang languages">Yendang (Maya)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Central Gur</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Miyobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo (Burkina)</a> ?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiefo_language" title="Tiefo language">Tiefo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viemo_language" title="Viemo language">Viemo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Banda_languages" title="Banda languages">Banda</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mba_languages" title="Mba languages">Mba</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_languages" title="Ngbaka languages">Ngbaka (Mundu–Baka)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_language" title="Ngbandi language">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sere_languages" title="Sere languages">Sere (Ndogo)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zande_languages" title="Zande languages">Zande</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volta–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukunoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kainji_languages" title="Kainji languages">Kainji</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Plateau_languages" title="Plateau languages">Plateau</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages" title="Cross River languages">Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Delta_languages" title="Central Delta languages">Central Delta</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Cross_River_languages" title="Lower Cross River languages">Lower Cross River</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Cross_River_languages" title="Upper Cross River languages">Upper Cross River</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bantoid_languages" title="Northern Bantoid languages">Northern Bantoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakoid_languages" title="Dakoid languages">Dakoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mambiloid_languages" title="Mambiloid languages">Mambiloid</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beboid_languages" title="Beboid languages">Beboid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bendi_languages" title="Bendi languages">Bendi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ekoid_languages" title="Ekoid languages">Ekoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grassfields_languages" title="Grassfields languages">Grassfields</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tivoid_languages" title="Tivoid languages">Tivoid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akoko_language" title="Akoko language">Akoko</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Akpes_language" title="Akpes language">Akpes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayere%E2%80%93Ahan_languages" title="Ayere–Ahan languages">Ayere–Ahan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Edoid_languages" title="Edoid languages">Edoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idomoid_languages" title="Idomoid languages">Idomoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nupoid_languages" title="Nupoid languages">Nupoid</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oko_language" title="Oko language">Oko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Atlantic_languages" title="West Atlantic languages">West Atlantic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bak_languages" title="Bak languages">Bak</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijago_language" title="Bijago language">Bijago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gola_language" title="Gola language">Gola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_language" title="Limba language">Limba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mel_languages" title="Mel languages">Mel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalu_language" title="Nalu language">Nalu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rio_Nunez_languages" title="Rio Nunez languages">Rio Nunez</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_languages" title="Senegambian languages">Senegambian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sua_language" title="Sua language">Sua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dompo_language" title="Dompo language">Dompo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ega_language" title="Ega language">Ega</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangree_language" title="Mangree language">Mangree</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbre_language" title="Mbre language">Mbre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpra_language" title="Mpra language">Mpra</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamou_language" title="Siamou language">Siamou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mande_languages" title="Eastern Mande languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Mande)" title="Busa language (Mande)">Busa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Boko_language" title="Boko language">Boko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo (Burkina)</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanga_language" title="Shanga language">Shanga</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kyenga_language" title="Kyenga language">Tyenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mande_languages" title="Southern Mande languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_language" title="Dan language">Dan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Goo_language" title="Goo language">Goo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tura_language" title="Tura language">Tura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gban_language" title="Gban language">Gban</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beng_language" title="Beng language">Beng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guro_language" title="Guro language">Guro</a>–<a href="/wiki/Yaure_language" title="Yaure language">Yaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_language" title="Mano language">Mano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwan_language" title="Mwan language">Mwa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wan_language" title="Wan language">Wan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central West<br />(Manding–Kpelle)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jogo_languages" title="Jogo languages">Jogo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mokole_languages" title="Mokole languages">Mokole</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soso%E2%80%93Jalonke_languages" title="Soso–Jalonke languages">Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mande_languages" title="Southwestern Mande languages">Southwestern Mande</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vai%E2%80%93Kono_languages" title="Vai–Kono languages">Vai–Kono</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest<br />(Samogo–Soninke)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jowulu_language" title="Jowulu language">Jowulu (Jɔ)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samogo_languages" title="Samogo languages">Samogo (partial: Duun–Sembla)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soninke%E2%80%93Bozo_languages" title="Soninke–Bozo languages">Soninke–Bozo</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Katloid_languages" title="Katloid languages">Katla</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lafofa_languages" title="Lafofa languages">Lafofa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rashad_languages" title="Rashad languages">Rashad</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Talodi%E2%80%93Heiban_languages" title="Talodi–Heiban languages">Talodi–Heiban</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komta_language" title="Komta language">Komta</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degere" title="Degere">Degere</a> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dima-Bottego_language" title="Dima-Bottego language">Dima-Bottego</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omaio_language" title="Omaio language">Omaio</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimba_language" title="Rimba language">Rimba</a> ?</li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Serengeti-Dorobo_language" title="Serengeti-Dorobo language">Serengeti-Dorobo</a></i>" ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wawu_language" title="Wawu language">Wawu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Niger%E2%80%93Congo_language" title="Proto-Niger–Congo language">Proto-Niger–Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Bantu_language" title="Proto-Bantu language">Proto-Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Yoruboid_language" title="Proto-Yoruboid language">Proto-Yoruboid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volta–Congo_languages&oldid=1257578486">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volta–Congo_languages&oldid=1257578486</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Category:Volta–Congo languages">Volta–Congo languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Category:Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo 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