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</a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital of Canada. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ottawa (disambiguation)">Ottawa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Ottawa<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> is the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">southern</a> portion of the province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, at the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/confluence" class="extiw" title="wikt:confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_River" title="Rideau River">Rideau River</a>. Ottawa borders <a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau, Quebec</a>, and forms the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">census metropolitan area</a> (CMA) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a> (NCR).<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> As of 2021,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit">[update]</a> Ottawa had a city population of 1,017,449 and a metropolitan population of 1,488,307, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">fourth-largest</a> city and <a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">fourth-largest</a> metropolitan area in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021census1-16">[15]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Ottawa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital city">Federal capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Ottawa Ville d'Ottawa (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament-Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Parliament-Ottawa.jpg/268px-Parliament-Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Parliament-Ottawa.jpg/402px-Parliament-Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Parliament-Ottawa.jpg/536px-Parliament-Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="863"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block on Parliament Hill</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rideau_Canal_at_downtown_Ottawa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rideau_Canal_at_downtown_Ottawa.JPG/132px-Rideau_Canal_at_downtown_Ottawa.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rideau_Canal_at_downtown_Ottawa.JPG/198px-Rideau_Canal_at_downtown_Ottawa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rideau_Canal_at_downtown_Ottawa.JPG/264px-Rideau_Canal_at_downtown_Ottawa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="775"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg/132px-10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg/198px-10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg/264px-10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="1440"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_west_elevation_of_Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier_Hotel,_Ottawa;.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/View_of_west_elevation_of_Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier_Hotel%2C_Ottawa%3B.jpg/132px-View_of_west_elevation_of_Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier_Hotel%2C_Ottawa%3B.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/View_of_west_elevation_of_Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier_Hotel%2C_Ottawa%3B.jpg/198px-View_of_west_elevation_of_Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier_Hotel%2C_Ottawa%3B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/View_of_west_elevation_of_Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier_Hotel%2C_Ottawa%3B.jpg/264px-View_of_west_elevation_of_Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier_Hotel%2C_Ottawa%3B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2625"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier" title="Château Laurier">Château Laurier</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Major%27s_Hill_Park(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Major%27s_Hill_Park%283%29.jpg/132px-Major%27s_Hill_Park%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Major%27s_Hill_Park%283%29.jpg/198px-Major%27s_Hill_Park%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Major%27s_Hill_Park%283%29.jpg/264px-Major%27s_Hill_Park%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg/268px-Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg/402px-Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg/536px-Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa" title="Downtown Ottawa">Downtown Ottawa</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottawa,_Ontario.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ottawa"><img alt="Flag of Ottawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.svg/180px-Flag_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.svg/240px-Flag_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="216"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ottawa" title="Flag of Ottawa">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ottawa,_Ontario.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ottawa"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ottawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.png/74px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.png/111px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.png/147px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="592"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ottawa" title="Coat of arms of Ottawa">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawa,_City_of.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Ottawa"><img alt="Official logo of Ottawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ottawa%2C_City_of.svg/140px-Ottawa%2C_City_of.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ottawa%2C_City_of.svg/210px-Ottawa%2C_City_of.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ottawa%2C_City_of.svg/280px-Ottawa%2C_City_of.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="218"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bytown" title="Bytown">Bytown</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inc2014-2">[2]</a></li><li>"O-town"<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Advance-Ottawa-En Avant" Written in the <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism_in_Ottawa" title="Bilingualism in Ottawa">two official languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Montague-4">[4]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="6" data-overlays='["_8a91682366dea9e7432288df0edac5aa8dc551cc"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ottawa&revid=1259743718&groups=_8a91682366dea9e7432288df0edac5aa8dc551cc" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ottawa&revid=1259743718&groups=_8a91682366dea9e7432288df0edac5aa8dc551cc 2x" alt="Map"></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ontario_OTTAWA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Ottawa"><img alt="Location of Ottawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Map_of_Ontario_OTTAWA.svg/250px-Map_of_Ontario_OTTAWA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Map_of_Ontario_OTTAWA.svg/375px-Map_of_Ontario_OTTAWA.svg.png 1.5x, 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_location_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottawa is located in Canada"><img alt="Ottawa is located in Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/250px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/375px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/500px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.597%;left:71.107%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Ottawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Ottawa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Canada</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottawa is located in Ontario"><img alt="Ottawa is located in Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/250px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/375px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/500px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2314"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.894%;left:92.116%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Ottawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Ottawa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Ontario</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottawa is located in Southern Ontario"><img alt="Ottawa is located in Southern Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/250px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/375px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/500px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="717"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.506%;left:84.159%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Ottawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Ottawa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Southern Ontario</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ottawa&params=45_25_29_N_75_41_42_W_region:CA-ON_type:city(1,000,000)&title=Ottawa">45°25′29″N 75°41′42″W / 45.42472°N 75.69500°W / 45.42472; -75.69500 (Ottawa)</a><a href="#cite_note-cgndbott-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1826 as <a href="/wiki/Bytown" title="Bytown">Bytown</a><a href="#cite_note-EdwardsIvison2005-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1855 as City of Ottawa<a href="#cite_note-EdwardsIvison2005-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (politics)">Amalgamated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 2001</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">Single-tier municipality</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council system</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Ottawa" title="Mayor of Ottawa">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sutcliffe" title="Mark Sutcliffe">Mark Sutcliffe</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">City council</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_City_Council" title="Ottawa City Council">Ottawa City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Federal representation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List of MPs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left; display:none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Arya" title="Chandra Arya">Chandra Arya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">LPC</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mona_Fortier" title="Mona Fortier">Mona Fortier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">LPC</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Marie-France_Lalonde" title="Marie-France Lalonde">Marie-France Lalonde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">LPC</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/David_McGuinty" title="David McGuinty">David McGuinty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">LPC</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Naqvi" title="Yasir Naqvi">Yasir Naqvi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">LPC</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">CPC</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Sudds" title="Jenna Sudds">Jenna Sudds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">LPC</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Vandenbeld" title="Anita Vandenbeld">Anita Vandenbeld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">LPC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Provincial_Parliament_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)">Provincial representation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List of MPPs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left; display:none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Blais" title="Stephen Blais">Stephen Blais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">OLP</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Collard" title="Lucille Collard">Lucille Collard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">OLP</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/John_Fraser_(Ontario_MPP)" title="John Fraser (Ontario MPP)">John Fraser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">OLP</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Goldie_Ghamari" title="Goldie Ghamari">Goldie Ghamari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">PC</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Harden" title="Joel Harden">Joel Harden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">NDP</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_MacLeod" title="Lisa MacLeod">Lisa MacLeod</a> (<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">PC</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Karen_McCrimmon" title="Karen McCrimmon">Karen McCrimmon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">OLP</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Pasma" title="Chandra Pasma">Chandra Pasma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">NDP</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CityPop-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-UAPop-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-CMAPop-9">[9]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital city">Federal capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,790.31 km2 (1,077.34 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">2,778.10 km2 (1,072.63 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">520.82 km2 (201.09 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,767.41 km2 (2,612.91 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">70 m (230 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital city">Federal capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,017,449 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">365/km2 (950/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,068,821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,954/km2 (5,060/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,488,307 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">185/km2 (480/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ottawan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code span</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">K0A-K4C<a href="#cite_note-Montague-4">[4]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_613,_343,_and_753" title="Area codes 613, 343, and 753">613, 343, 753</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (Ottawa–Gatineau <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>89.9 billion (2020)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita (Ottawa–Gatineau <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>60,414 (2020)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawa.ca">ottawa.ca</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ottawa is the political centre of Canada and the headquarters of the federal government. The city houses numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Ottawa" title="List of diplomatic missions in Ottawa">foreign embassies</a>, key buildings, organizations, and institutions of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canada's government</a>; these include the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Canada Building">Supreme Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">residence of Canada's viceroy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Privy_Council" title="Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council">Office of the Prime Minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Founded in 1826 as <a href="/wiki/Bytown" title="Bytown">Bytown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">incorporated</a> as Ottawa in 1855,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ottawa" title="City of Ottawa">municipal government of Ottawa</a> is established and governed by the City of Ottawa Act of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ontario" title="Government of Ontario">Government of Ontario</a>. It has an elected city council across 24 wards and a mayor elected city-wide. Ottawa has the highest proportion of university-educated residents among Canadian cities<a href="#cite_note-natpost-19">[18]</a> and is home to several colleges and universities, research and cultural institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_College" title="Algonquin College">Algonquin College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_La_Cit%C3%A9" title="Collège La Cité">Collège La Cité</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Centre" title="National Arts Centre">National Arts Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Ottawa" title="List of museums in Ottawa">numerous national museums</a>, monuments, and historic sites.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> It is one of the most visited cities in Canada, with over 11 million visitors annually contributing more than $2.2B to the city's economy.<a href="#cite_note-citynews-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-citizennews-22">[21]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_history">2.1 Early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#European_exploration_and_early_development">2.2 European exploration and early development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Selection_as_capital">2.3 Selection as capital</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Post-Confederation">2.4 Post-Confederation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Post%E2%80%93Second_World_War">2.5 Post–Second World War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Neighbourhoods">3.1 Neighbourhoods</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Old_Ottawa">3.1.1 Old Ottawa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Suburbs_and_outlying_communities">3.1.2 Suburbs and outlying communities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Architecture">3.2 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Climate">3.3 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Physical_geography">3.4 Physical geography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Built_environment">3.5 Built environment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Demographics">4 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Race_and_ethnicity">4.1 Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Religion">4.2 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Language">4.3 Language</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Media">5.1 Media</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Education">6 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Primary_and_secondary_education">6.1 Primary and secondary education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Higher_education_and_research">6.2 Higher education and research</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Culture_and_contemporary_life">7 Culture and contemporary life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Landmarks">7.1 Landmarks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Arts">7.2 Arts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Performing_and_visual_arts">7.2.1 Performing and visual arts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Cuisine">7.3 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Festivals">7.4 Festivals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Sports">8 Sports</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Professional_sports">8.1 Professional sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Collegiate_sports">8.2 Collegiate sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Non-professional_and_amateur_sports">8.3 Non-professional and amateur sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Government_and_politics">9 Government and politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Transportation">10 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Public_transportation">10.1 Public transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Airports">10.2 Airports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Inter-city_transportation">10.3 Inter-city transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Streets_and_highways">10.4 Streets and highways</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Cycling_and_pedestrian_network">10.5 Cycling and pedestrian network</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Notable_people">11 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Footnotes">13 Footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Bibliography">15 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The city name Ottawa was chosen in 1855 in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>, whose name is itself derived from the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a> adawe, meaning "to trade."<a href="#cite_note-Rayburn2001-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[23]</a> In modern Algonquin, the city is known as Odàwàg.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottawa" title="History of Ottawa">History of Ottawa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ottawa_history" title="Timeline of Ottawa history">Timeline of Ottawa history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champlain_Sea_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Champlain_Sea_1.png/260px-Champlain_Sea_1.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="735"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Champlain_Sea_1.png/260px-Champlain_Sea_1.png" data-width="260" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Champlain_Sea_1.png/390px-Champlain_Sea_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Champlain_Sea_1.png/520px-Champlain_Sea_1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley" title="Ottawa Valley">Ottawa Valley</a> became habitable around 10,000 years ago, following the natural draining of the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2015-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Archaeological findings of arrowheads, tools and pottery indicate that Indigenous populations first settled in the area about 6,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Pilon-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> These findings suggest that these <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin people</a> were engaged in foraging, hunting and fishing, but also trade and travel. Three major rivers meet within Ottawa, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-Pilon-28">[27]</a> The Algonquins are a broad Indigenous people who are closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> This period ended with the arrival of settlers and <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonization</a> of North America by Europeans during and after the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_exploration_and_early_development">European exploration and early development</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European exploration and early development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1610, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9" title="Étienne Brûlé">Étienne Brûlé</a> became the first documented European to navigate the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>, passing what would become Ottawa on his way to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods19805-33">[32]</a> Three years later, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> wrote about the waterfalls in the area and about his encounters with the Algonquin people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods19807-34">[33]</a> The first non-Indigenous settlement in the area was created by <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Wright" title="Philemon Wright">Philemon Wright</a>, a <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New Englander</a>. Wright founded a lumber town in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from the present-day city of Ottawa in <a href="/wiki/Hull,_Quebec" title="Hull, Quebec">Hull</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Wetering1997123-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200616-36">[35]</a> He, with five other families and twenty-five <a href="/wiki/Laborer" title="Laborer">labourers</a>, also created an agricultural community, which was named <a href="/wiki/Wright%27s_Town,_Lower_Canada" title="Wright's Town, Lower Canada">Wright's Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198611-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200620-38">[37]</a> Wright pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River_timber_trade" title="Ottawa River timber trade">Ottawa Valley timber trade</a> (soon to be the area's most significant economic activity) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Wetering199711-39">[38]</a> In 1826, news of the British military's impending construction of the Rideau Canal led to land speculators founding a community on the south side of the Ottawa River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods198060-40">[39]</a> The following year, the town was named after British military engineer Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_By" title="John By">John By</a> who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The Rideau canal provided a secure route between <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a> on Lake Ontario. It bypassed a vulnerable stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering the state of New York that had left re-supply ships bound for southwestern Ontario easily exposed to enemy fire during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegget198622%E2%80%9324-42">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_camp_by_By.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/First_camp_by_By.jpg/220px-First_camp_by_By.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2879" data-file-height="2215"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/First_camp_by_By.jpg/220px-First_camp_by_By.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/First_camp_by_By.jpg/330px-First_camp_by_By.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/First_camp_by_By.jpg/440px-First_camp_by_By.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Camp used by soldiers and labourers of the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a>, on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a> in 1826. The building of the canal attracted many land speculators to the area.</figcaption></figure> Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of today's <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>. He also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named "Upper Town" west of the canal and "<a href="/wiki/Lower_Town" title="Lower Town">Lower Town</a>" east of the canal. Similar to its <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> namesakes, historically, "Upper Town" was predominantly English-speaking and Protestant, whereas "Lower Town" was mostly French, Irish and Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1986page_31-43">[42]</a> Bytown's population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was completed in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-BytownMuseum-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaMika1982114-45">[44]</a> Bytown's early pioneer period saw Irish labour unrest during the <a href="/wiki/Shiners%27_War" title="Shiners' War">Shiners' War</a> from 1835 to 1845<a href="#cite_note-whc-cpo-46">[45]</a> and political dissension that was evident in the 1849 <a href="/wiki/Stony_Monday_Riot" title="Stony Monday Riot">Stony Monday Riot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199722-47">[46]</a> In 1855, Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city.<a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Pittman_Lett" title="William Pittman Lett">William Pittman Lett</a> was installed as the first city clerk, serving from 1844 to 1891, guiding Ottawa through 36 years of development, leading the hiring of key municipal roles, founding civic organizations, and proposing a set of by-laws for the city.<a href="#cite_note-Cook2015-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_as_capital">Selection as capital</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selection as capital" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The selection of Ottawa as the capital of Canada predates the Confederation of Canada. The choice was contentious and not straightforward, with the parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">United Province of Canada</a> holding more than 200 votes over several decades to attempt to settle on a legislative solution to the location of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-:6-51">[50]</a> The governor-general of the province had designated <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a> as the capital in 1841. However, the major population centres of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, as well as the former capital of Lower Canada, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, all had legislators dissatisfied with Kingston. Anglophone merchants in Quebec were the leading group supportive of the Kingston arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 1842, a vote rejected Kingston as the capital,<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> and study of potential candidates included the then-named Bytown, but that option proved less popular than Toronto or Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> In 1843, a report of the Executive Council recommended Montreal as the capital as a more fortifiable location and commercial centre; however, the governor-general refused to execute a move without a parliamentary vote.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> In 1844, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen</a>'s acceptance of a parliamentary vote moved the capital to Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> In 1849, after <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Parliament_Buildings_in_Montreal" title="Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal">violence in Montreal</a>, a series of votes was held, with Kingston and Bytown again considered potential capitals. However, the successful proposal was for two cities to share capital status and the legislature to alternate sitting in each: Quebec City and Toronto, in a policy known as perambulation.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Logistical difficulties made this an unpopular arrangement,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> and although an 1856 vote passed for the lower house of parliament to relocate permanently to Quebec City, the upper house refused to approve funding.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The funding impasse led to the ending of the legislature's role in determining the seat of government. The legislature requested the Queen determine the seat of government. The Queen then acted on the advice of her governor general <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Walker_Head" title="Edmund Walker Head">Edmund Head</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> who, after reviewing proposals from various cities, selected the recently renamed Ottawa. The Queen sent a letter to colonial authorities selecting Ottawa as the capital, effective 31 December 1857. <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a>, briefly a co-premier of the Province of Canada, attempted to reverse this decision but was unsuccessful. The Parliament ratified the Queen's choice in 1859, with Quebec serving as interim capital from 1859 to 1865.<a href="#cite_note-:6-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The relocation process began in 1865, with the first session of Parliament held in the new buildings in 1866. The buildings were generally well received by legislators.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Parliament_Hill_and_Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls._%22City_of_Ottawa,_Canada_West%22,_ca._1859,_by_Stent_and_Laver..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/View_of_Parliament_Hill_and_Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls._%22City_of_Ottawa%2C_Canada_West%22%2C_ca._1859%2C_by_Stent_and_Laver..jpg/220px-View_of_Parliament_Hill_and_Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls._%22City_of_Ottawa%2C_Canada_West%22%2C_ca._1859%2C_by_Stent_and_Laver..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="413"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/View_of_Parliament_Hill_and_Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls._%22City_of_Ottawa%2C_Canada_West%22%2C_ca._1859%2C_by_Stent_and_Laver..jpg/220px-View_of_Parliament_Hill_and_Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls._%22City_of_Ottawa%2C_Canada_West%22%2C_ca._1859%2C_by_Stent_and_Laver..jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/View_of_Parliament_Hill_and_Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls._%22City_of_Ottawa%2C_Canada_West%22%2C_ca._1859%2C_by_Stent_and_Laver..jpg/330px-View_of_Parliament_Hill_and_Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls._%22City_of_Ottawa%2C_Canada_West%22%2C_ca._1859%2C_by_Stent_and_Laver..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/View_of_Parliament_Hill_and_Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls._%22City_of_Ottawa%2C_Canada_West%22%2C_ca._1859%2C_by_Stent_and_Laver..jpg/440px-View_of_Parliament_Hill_and_Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls._%22City_of_Ottawa%2C_Canada_West%22%2C_ca._1859%2C_by_Stent_and_Laver..jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ottawa in 1859, before construction on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>. Two years prior, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> selected the city as the permanent capital of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ottawa was chosen as the capital for two primary reasons.<a href="#cite_note-reasons-64">[63]</a> First, Ottawa's isolated location, surrounded by dense forest far from the Canada–US border and situated on a cliff face, would make it more defensible from attack.<a href="#cite_note-McGill-Queen's_Press_-_MQUP-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2003-66">[65]</a> Second, Ottawa was approximately midway between <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and Kingston (in <a href="/wiki/Canada_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada West">Canada West</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and Quebec City (in <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a>), making the selection an important political compromise.<a href="#cite_note-:12-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Other minor considerations included that despite Ottawa's regional isolation, there was water transportation access from spring to fall, both to Montreal via the Ottawa River, and to Kingston via the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="Rideau Waterway">Rideau Waterway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Additionally, by 1854 it also had a modern all-season railway (the <a href="/wiki/Bytown_and_Prescott_Railway" title="Bytown and Prescott Railway">Bytown and Prescott Railway</a>) that carried passengers, lumber and supplies the 82 kilometres (50 miles) to <a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Ontario" title="Prescott, Ontario">Prescott</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198611-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGill-Queen's_Press_-_MQUP-65">[64]</a> Ottawa's small size was also thought to be less prone to politically motivated mob violence, as had happened in the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Parliament_Buildings_in_Montreal" title="Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal">previous Canadian capitals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bourrie1996-70">[69]</a> Finally, the government already owned the land that eventually became <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>, which it thought would be an ideal location for the Parliament buildings.<a href="#cite_note-:12-67">[66]</a> The original Parliament buildings, which included the Centre, East and West Blocks, were constructed between 1859 and 1866 in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival style</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> At the time, this was the largest North American construction project ever attempted and <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Works Canada">Public Works Canada</a> and its architects were not initially well prepared for the relatively shallow-lying bedrock and had to redesign architectural drawings, leading to delays. The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Parliament" title="Library of Parliament">Library of Parliament</a> and Parliament Hill landscaping were completed in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Confederation">Post-Confederation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-Confederation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebreton_Flats_after_1900_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lebreton_Flats_after_1900_fire.jpg/220px-Lebreton_Flats_after_1900_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="414"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lebreton_Flats_after_1900_fire.jpg/220px-Lebreton_Flats_after_1900_fire.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lebreton_Flats_after_1900_fire.jpg/330px-Lebreton_Flats_after_1900_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lebreton_Flats_after_1900_fire.jpg/440px-Lebreton_Flats_after_1900_fire.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/LeBreton_Flats" title="LeBreton Flats">LeBreton Flats</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1900_Hull%E2%80%93Ottawa_fire" title="1900 Hull–Ottawa fire">1900 Hull–Ottawa fire</a>. The fire destroyed one-fifth of Ottawa and two-thirds of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Hull,_Quebec" title="Hull, Quebec">Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.</figcaption></figure> Starting in the 1850s, entrepreneurs known as lumber barons began to build large sawmills, which became some of the largest mills in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1980107-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bytown_and_Prescott_Railway" title="Bytown and Prescott Railway">Rail lines</a> built in 1854 connected Ottawa to areas south and, from 1886 to the transcontinental rail network via Hull and <a href="/wiki/Lachute" title="Lachute">Lachute</a>, Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> By 1885 Ottawa was the only city in Canada whose downtown street-lights were powered entirely by electricity.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> In 1889, the Government developed and distributed 60 "water leases" (still in use) to mainly local industrialists which gave them permission to generate electricity and operate hydroelectric generators at <a href="/wiki/Chaudi%C3%A8re_Falls" title="Chaudière Falls">Chaudière Falls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Public transportation began in 1870 with a <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">horsecar</a> system,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Wetering199728-77">[76]</a> overtaken in the 1890s by a vast <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Electric_Railway" title="Ottawa Electric Railway">electric streetcar system</a> that operated until 1959.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1900_Hull%E2%80%93Ottawa_fire" title="1900 Hull–Ottawa fire">Hull–Ottawa fire of 1900</a> destroyed two-thirds of Hull, including 40 percent of its residential buildings and most of the buildings of its largest employers along the waterfront.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> It began as a chimney fire in Hull on the north side of the river, but due to wind, spread rapidly throughout the widespread wooden buildings. In Ottawa, it destroyed about one-fifth of the buildings from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down to <a href="/wiki/Dow%27s_Lake" title="Dow's Lake">Dow's Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Wetering199757-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The fire had a disproportionate effect on west-end lower-income neighbourhoods. It had also spread among many lumber yards, a major part of Ottawa's economy. The fire destroyed approximately 3200 buildings and caused an estimated $300 million in damage (in 2020 Canadian dollars).<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> An estimated 14% of Ottawans were left homeless.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawa_Old_Post_Office_Confederation_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A sepia photograph from the fourth floor of a building, overlooking a triangular public plaza, many old cars with canvas tops are parked in the square. Neo-gothic buildings make up two borders of the square, and a set of tram tracks comprise the third" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottawa_Old_Post_Office_Confederation_Square.jpg/220px-Ottawa_Old_Post_Office_Confederation_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="723"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottawa_Old_Post_Office_Confederation_Square.jpg/220px-Ottawa_Old_Post_Office_Confederation_Square.jpg" data-alt="A sepia photograph from the fourth floor of a building, overlooking a triangular public plaza, many old cars with canvas tops are parked in the square. Neo-gothic buildings make up two borders of the square, and a set of tram tracks comprise the third" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottawa_Old_Post_Office_Confederation_Square.jpg/330px-Ottawa_Old_Post_Office_Confederation_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottawa_Old_Post_Office_Confederation_Square.jpg/440px-Ottawa_Old_Post_Office_Confederation_Square.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ottawa Post Office, located in Confederation Square, pictured in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> On 1 June 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">Grand Trunk Railway</a> opened both the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier" title="Château Laurier">Château Laurier</a> hotel and its neighbouring downtown <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Ottawa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Station (Ottawa)">Union Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Wetering199741-85">[84]</a> On 3 February 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a> of the Parliament buildings was <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill#Fire,_incidents_and_renovations" title="Parliament Hill">destroyed by a fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2011108-86">[85]</a> The House of Commons and Senate was temporarily relocated to the recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, now the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Nature" title="Canadian Museum of Nature">Canadian Museum of Nature</a><a href="#cite_note-Mullington2005-87">[86]</a> until the completion of the new Centre Block in 1922. The centrepiece of the new <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Buildings</a> is a dominant Gothic Revival-styled structure known as the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-(Canada)2004-88">[87]</a> The location of what is now <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Square" title="Confederation Square">Confederation Square</a> was a former commercial district centrally located in a triangular area downtown surrounded by historically significant heritage buildings, including the Parliament buildings. It was redeveloped as a ceremonial centre in 1938 as part of the <a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="City Beautiful Movement">City Beautiful Movement</a>. It became the site of the <a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)" title="National War Memorial (Canada)">National War Memorial</a> in 1939 and was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> A new <a href="/wiki/Central_Post_Office_(Ottawa)" title="Central Post Office (Ottawa)">Central Post Office</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of Canada">Privy Council of Canada</a>) was constructed in 1939 beside the War Memorial because the original post office building on the proposed Confederation Square grounds had to be demolished.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Second_World_War">Post–Second World War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post–Second World War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VEDaySparksStreet1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/VEDaySparksStreet1945.jpg/220px-VEDaySparksStreet1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/VEDaySparksStreet1945.jpg/220px-VEDaySparksStreet1945.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/VEDaySparksStreet1945.jpg/330px-VEDaySparksStreet1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/VEDaySparksStreet1945.jpg/440px-VEDaySparksStreet1945.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>V-Day, downtown Ottawa in 1945, to mark the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawagreenbelt.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ottawagreenbelt.PNG/220px-Ottawagreenbelt.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="297"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ottawagreenbelt.PNG/220px-Ottawagreenbelt.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ottawagreenbelt.PNG/330px-Ottawagreenbelt.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Ottawagreenbelt.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Greber plan's <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_(Ottawa)" title="Greenbelt (Ottawa)">National Capital Greenbelt</a> surrounding the urban core</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_G._Diefenbaker_Building_2014_p3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John_G._Diefenbaker_Building_2014_p3.jpg/220px-John_G._Diefenbaker_Building_2014_p3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John_G._Diefenbaker_Building_2014_p3.jpg/220px-John_G._Diefenbaker_Building_2014_p3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John_G._Diefenbaker_Building_2014_p3.jpg/330px-John_G._Diefenbaker_Building_2014_p3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John_G._Diefenbaker_Building_2014_p3.jpg/440px-John_G._Diefenbaker_Building_2014_p3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/John_G._Diefenbaker_Building" title="John G. Diefenbaker Building">John G. Diefenbaker Building</a> was Ottawa's fourth city hall, from 1958 <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_City_Hall" title="Ottawa City Hall">until 2001.</a></figcaption></figure> Ottawa's former industrial appearance was vastly altered by the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Greber_Plan" title="Greber Plan">Greber Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a> hired French architect-planner <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Greber" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Greber">Jacques Greber</a> to design an urban plan for managing development in the National Capital Region, to make it more aesthetically pleasing and a location more befitting for Canada's political centre.<a href="#cite_note-The_Gr%C3%A9ber_Report-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Planners-93">[92]</a> Greber's plan included the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_(Ottawa)" title="Greenbelt (Ottawa)">National Capital Greenbelt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kichi_Zibi_Mikan" title="Kichi Zibi Mikan">Kichi Zibi Mikan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queensway_(Ottawa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensway (Ottawa)">Queensway</a> highway system. His plan also called for changes in institutions such as moving downtown Union Station (now the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada_Building" title="Senate of Canada Building">Senate of Canada Building</a>) to the suburbs, the removal of the street car system, the decentralization of selected government offices, the relocation of industries and removal of substandard housing from the downtown. The plan also recommended the creation of the Rideau Canal and Ottawa River pathways.<a href="#cite_note-The_Gr%C3%A9ber_Report-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erickson2006-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeshenSt-Onge2001360-95">[94]</a> In 1958, the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Commission" title="National Capital Commission">National Capital Commission</a> was established as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Corporation">Crown Corporation</a> through the National Capital Act. The commission's original mission was to implement the Greber Plan recommendations conducted during the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> This marked the creation of a permanent political infrastructure for managing the <a href="/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">capital region</a>. Prior attempts to do so in the previous 50 years had been temporary. These included plans from the 1899 Ottawa Improvement Commission (OIC), the Todd Plan in 1903, the Holt Report in 1915 and the Federal District Commission (FDC) established in 1927 with a 16-year mandate.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> From 1931 to 1958, City Hall had been at the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Building_(Ottawa)" title="Transportation Building (Ottawa)">Transportation Building</a> adjacent to Union Station (now part of the <a href="/wiki/CF_Rideau_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="CF Rideau Centre">Rideau Centre</a>). In 1958, a new <a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Ottawa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City Hall (Ottawa)">City Hall</a> opened on Green Island near Rideau Falls, where urban renewal had recently transformed this industrial location into a green space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1986186%E2%80%93194-99">[98]</a> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_City_Hall" title="Ottawa City Hall">Ottawa City Hall</a> returned downtown to a 1990 building on 110 Laurier Avenue West, the home of the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Ottawa-Carleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton">Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton</a>. This new location was close to Ottawa's <a href="/wiki/First_City_Hall_(Ottawa)" title="First City Hall (Ottawa)">first (1849–1877)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_City_Hall_(Ottawa)" title="Second City Hall (Ottawa)">second (1877–1931)</a> City Halls.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> This new city hall complex also contained an adjacent 19th-century restored heritage building formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Normal_School" title="Ottawa Normal School">Ottawa Normal School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1986186%E2%80%93194-99">[98]</a> From the 1960s to the 1980s, there was a large increase in construction in the National Capital Region,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2011217-101">[100]</a> which was followed by large growth in the <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a> industry during the 1990s and 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Shavinina2004-102">[101]</a> Ottawa became one of Canada's largest high-tech cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North. By the 1980s, Bell Northern Research (later <a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a>) employed thousands, and large federally assisted research facilities such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a> contributed to an eventual technology boom. The early companies led to newer firms such as <a href="/wiki/Newbridge_Networks" title="Newbridge Networks">Newbridge Networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitel" title="Mitel">Mitel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corel" class="mw-redirect" title="Corel">Corel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In 1991, provincial and federal governments responded to a <a href="/wiki/Land_claim" title="Land claim">land claim</a> submitted by the Algonquins of Ontario regarding the unceded status of the land on which Ottawa is situated.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Negotiations have been ongoing, with an eventual goal to sign a treaty that would release Canada from claims for misuse of land under Algonquin <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">title</a>, affirm rights of the Algonquins, and negotiate conditions of the title transfer.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Ottawa's city limits have expanded over time, including a large expansion effective 1 January 2001, when the province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> amalgamated all the constituent municipalities of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Ottawa%E2%80%93Carleton" title="Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton">Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton</a> into a single city.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Regional Chair <a href="/wiki/Bob_Chiarelli" title="Bob Chiarelli">Bob Chiarelli</a> was elected as the new city's first mayor in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Ottawa_municipal_election" title="2000 Ottawa municipal election">2000 municipal election</a>, defeating <a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Ontario" title="Gloucester, Ontario">Gloucester</a> mayor Claudette Cain.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The city's growth led to strains on the public transit system and road bridges. On 15 October 2001, a diesel-powered <a href="/wiki/Light_rail_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Light rail transit">light rail transit</a> (LRT) line was introduced on an experimental basis. Known today as the <a href="/wiki/Trillium_Line" title="Trillium Line">Trillium Line</a>, it was dubbed the <a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a> and connected <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa" title="Downtown Ottawa">downtown Ottawa</a> to the southern suburbs via <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a>. The decision to extend the O-Train, and to replace it with an electric light rail system, was a major issue in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Ottawa_municipal_election" title="2006 Ottawa municipal election">2006 municipal elections</a>, where Chiarelli was defeated by businessman <a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien_(Canadian_politician)" title="Larry O'Brien (Canadian politician)">Larry O'Brien</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> After O'Brien's election, transit plans were changed to establish a series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown, and for using a tunnel through the downtown core.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Watson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jim Watson (Canadian politician)">Jim Watson</a>, the last mayor of Ottawa before amalgamation, was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/2010_Ottawa_municipal_election" title="2010 Ottawa municipal election">2010 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> In October 2012, the City Council approved the final <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Park" title="Lansdowne Park">Lansdowne Park</a> plan, an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Sports_and_Entertainment_Group" title="Ottawa Sports and Entertainment Group">Ottawa Sports and Entertainment Group</a> that saw a new stadium, increased green space and housing and retail added to the site.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In December 2012, City Council voted unanimously to move forward with the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Line" title="Confederation Line">Confederation Line</a>, a 12.5 km (7.8 mi) light rail transit line, which was opened on 14 September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ottawa" title="Geography of Ottawa">Geography of Ottawa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbourhoods">Neighbourhoods</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neighbourhoods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Ottawa" title="List of neighbourhoods in Ottawa">List of neighbourhoods in Ottawa</a></div> The present-day city of Ottawa consists of the historic main <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a>, as well as other urban, suburban and <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> areas within the city's post-amalgamation limits.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Ottawa">Old Ottawa</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Old Ottawa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Old Ottawa refers to the former pre-amalgamation city, as well as the former city of <a href="/wiki/Vanier,_Ontario" title="Vanier, Ontario">Vanier</a>, a densely populated, historically francophone, working class enclave, and the former <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rockcliffe_Park,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockcliffe Park, Ontario">Rockcliffe Park</a>, a wealthy residential neighbourhood adjacent to the Prime Minister's official residence at 24 Sussex and the Governor General's residence.<a href="#cite_note-hoods-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The old city includes the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa" title="Downtown Ottawa">downtown core</a> and older neighbourhoods to the east, west, and south. These vibrant neighbourhoods include the bustling commercial and cultural areas of Old Ottawa South, <a href="/wiki/Centretown" title="Centretown">Centretown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Town" title="Lower Town">Lower Town</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hill,_Ottawa" title="Sandy Hill, Ottawa">Sandy Hill</a>, the affluent tree-lined neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/The_Glebe" title="The Glebe">The Glebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westboro,_Ottawa" title="Westboro, Ottawa">Westboro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Edinburgh" title="New Edinburgh">New Edinburgh</a>, and the historically <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar</a> communities of <a href="/wiki/Hintonburg" title="Hintonburg">Hintonburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanicsville,_Ottawa" title="Mechanicsville, Ottawa">Mechanicsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlington" title="Carlington">Carlington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LeBreton_Flats" title="LeBreton Flats">LeBreton Flats</a>, with a mixture of housing types, artist lofts, and industrial uses. The old city also includes the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethnic enclaves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Ottawa" title="Chinatown, Ottawa">Chinatown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Ottawa" title="Little Italy, Ottawa">Little Italy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suburbs_and_outlying_communities">Suburbs and outlying communities</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Suburbs and outlying communities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newottawamap.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Newottawamap.png/220px-Newottawamap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="638"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Newottawamap.png/220px-Newottawamap.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Newottawamap.png/330px-Newottawamap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Newottawamap.png/440px-Newottawamap.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of Ottawa showing urban areas and names of historical communities</figcaption></figure> Modern Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from the former <a href="/wiki/Carleton_County,_Ontario" title="Carleton County, Ontario">Carleton County</a> and one from the former <a href="/wiki/Russell_County,_Ontario" title="Russell County, Ontario">Russell County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Ottawa city limits are bounded on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Prescott_and_Russell_United_Counties,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescott and Russell United Counties, Ontario">United Counties of Prescott and Russell</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Renfrew_County,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Renfrew County, Ontario">Renfrew County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanark_County,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanark County, Ontario">Lanark County</a> in the west; on the south by the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_and_Grenville_United_Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds and Grenville United Counties">United Counties of Leeds and Grenville</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stormont,_Dundas_and_Glengarry_United_Counties,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties, Ontario">United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry</a>; and on the north by the <a href="/wiki/Les_Collines-de-l%27Outaouais_Regional_County_Municipality,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais Regional County Municipality, Quebec">Regional County Municipality of Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais</a> and the City of Gatineau.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The main suburban areas extend a considerable distance to the east, west and south of the inner-city.<a href="#cite_note-gmap-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> These areas also include the former cities of Cumberland, Gloucester, <a href="/wiki/Kanata,_Ontario" title="Kanata, Ontario">Kanata</a> and Nepean.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The towns of <a href="/wiki/Stittsville,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Stittsville, Ontario">Stittsville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Ontario" title="Richmond, Ontario">Richmond</a> within the former <a href="/wiki/Goulbourn_Township,_Ontario" title="Goulbourn Township, Ontario">Goulbourn Township</a> are to the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-hoods-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Nepean as a suburb also includes <a href="/wiki/Barrhaven,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrhaven, Ontario">Barrhaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hoods-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The communities of <a href="/wiki/Manotick,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Manotick, Ontario">Manotick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riverside_South,_Ottawa" title="Riverside South, Ottawa">Riverside South</a> are on the other side of the Rideau River, and <a href="/wiki/Greely,_Ontario" title="Greely, Ontario">Greely</a>, southeast of Riverside South.<a href="#cite_note-hoods-116">[115]</a> A number of rural communities (villages and <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlets</a>) are administratively part of the Ottawa municipality.<a href="#cite_note-gmap-121">[120]</a> Some of these communities are <a href="/wiki/Burritts_Rapids,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Burritts Rapids, Ontario">Burritts Rapids</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ashton,_Ontario" title="Ashton, Ontario">Ashton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fallowfield,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallowfield, Ontario">Fallowfield</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kars,_Ontario" title="Kars, Ontario">Kars</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Harbour,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzroy Harbour, Ontario">Fitzroy Harbour</a>; <a href="/wiki/Munster,_Ontario" title="Munster, Ontario">Munster</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carp,_Ontario" title="Carp, Ontario">Carp</a>; <a href="/wiki/North_Gower,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="North Gower, Ontario">North Gower</a>; <a href="/wiki/Metcalfe,_Ontario" title="Metcalfe, Ontario">Metcalfe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Constance_Bay,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Constance Bay, Ontario">Constance Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osgoode,_Ontario" title="Osgoode, Ontario">Osgoode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hoods-116">[115]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a> are within the federally defined National Capital Region but outside the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ottawa" title="City of Ottawa">city of Ottawa</a> municipal boundaries;<a href="#cite_note-gmap-121">[120]</a> these include communities of <a href="/wiki/Almonte,_Ontario" title="Almonte, Ontario">Almonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carleton_Place,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton Place, Ontario">Carleton Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embrun,_Ontario" title="Embrun, Ontario">Embrun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemptville,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemptville, Ontario">Kemptville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockland,_Ontario" title="Rockland, Ontario">Rockland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russell,_Ontario_(community)" title="Russell, Ontario (community)">Russell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hoods-116">[115]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:OttawaPanorama2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottawa above the Ottawa River in 2017, left to right— Byward Market · Fairmont Château Laurier · National Gallery of Canada · Rideau Canal Locks · Parliament Hill with Library of Parliament and Peace Tower · Alexandra Bridge · Downtown Ottawa towers · Supreme Court of Canada"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/OttawaPanorama2017.jpg/1500px-OttawaPanorama2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="357" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15417" data-file-height="3666"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1500px;height: 357px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/OttawaPanorama2017.jpg/1500px-OttawaPanorama2017.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1500" data-height="357" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/OttawaPanorama2017.jpg/2250px-OttawaPanorama2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/OttawaPanorama2017.jpg/3000px-OttawaPanorama2017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:OttawaPanorama2017.jpg" title="File:OttawaPanorama2017.jpg"> </a></div>Ottawa above the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a> in 2017, left to right— <a href="/wiki/Byward_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Byward Market">Byward Market</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fairmont_Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairmont Château Laurier">Fairmont Château Laurier</a> · <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a> Locks · <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> with <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Parliament" title="Library of Parliament">Library of Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Bridge" title="Alexandra Bridge">Alexandra Bridge</a> · <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa" title="Downtown Ottawa">Downtown Ottawa</a> towers · <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ottawa" title="Architecture of Ottawa">Architecture of Ottawa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Connaught_Building_(14579938218).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Connaught_Building_%2814579938218%29.jpg/220px-Connaught_Building_%2814579938218%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Connaught_Building_%2814579938218%29.jpg/220px-Connaught_Building_%2814579938218%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Connaught_Building_%2814579938218%29.jpg/330px-Connaught_Building_%2814579938218%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Connaught_Building_%2814579938218%29.jpg/440px-Connaught_Building_%2814579938218%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Completed in 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Connaught_Building" title="Connaught Building">Connaught Building</a> was constructed in a Gothic Revival style.</figcaption></figure> Influenced by government structures, much of the city's architecture tends to be formal and <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functional</a>; the city is also marked by <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a> styles of architecture such as the Parliament Buildings' gothic revival architecture.<a href="#cite_note-RickettsMaitland2004-126">[125]</a> Ottawa's domestic architecture contains single-family homes, but also includes smaller numbers of <a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">semi-detached</a> houses, <a href="/wiki/Rowhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowhouse">rowhouses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apartment_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartment building">apartment buildings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Many domestic buildings in Centretown are clad in red brick, with trim in wood, stone, or metal; variations are common, depending on the cultural heritage of the neighbourhoods and the time they were built.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Skyline" title="Skyline">skyline</a> has been controlled by building height restrictions originally implemented to keep Parliament Hill and the Peace Tower at 92.2 m (302 ft) visible from most parts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeshenSt-Onge2001455-129">[128]</a> Today, <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Ottawa-Gatineau" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings in Ottawa-Gatineau">several buildings are slightly taller</a> than the Peace Tower, with the tallest being the <a href="/wiki/Claridge_Icon" title="Claridge Icon">Claridge Icon</a> at 143 metres (469 ft).<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Many federal buildings in the National Capital Region are managed by <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_and_Government_Services_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Works and Government Services Canada">Public Works Canada</a>, which leads to <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">heritage conservation</a> in its renovations and management of buildings, such as the renovation of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada_Building" title="Senate of Canada Building">Senate Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Most of the federal land in the region is managed by the National Capital Commission; its control of much undeveloped land and appropriations powers gives the NCC a great deal of influence over the city's development.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ottawa has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">warm-summer humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Dfb)<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The average July maximum temperature is 26.7 °C (80 °F). The average January minimum temperature is −14.0 °C (6.8 °F).<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The highest temperature ever recorded in Ottawa was 37.8 °C (100 °F) on 4 July 1913, 1 August 1917 and 11 August 1944.<a href="#cite_note-CCN-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ottawa_CDA-140">[139]</a> Summers are generally warm and humid in Ottawa. On average, there are 11 days across the three summer months of June, July and August that have temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). Periods of hotter weather are normally accompanied by high humidity levels<a href="#cite_note-:7-141">[140]</a> Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. On average, almost every day of January, February and March has more than 5 cm of snowpack (29, 28, and 22 days, respectively), and on average, approximately 12 days a year see 5 cm or more of snowfall, with 4 of those having over 10 cm.<a href="#cite_note-:7-141">[140]</a> An average of 17 days of the year experience temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F).<a href="#cite_note-:7-141">[140]</a> Spring and fall are variable, prone to extreme changes in temperature and conditions. The month of May, for example, on average gets a day below freezing at night every other year, conversely a day surpassing 30 °C <a href="#cite_note-:7-141">[140]</a> Annual rainfall averages around 750mm per year, total precipitation 938mm<a href="#cite_note-:7-141">[140]</a> spread throughout the year, with some variation. May through November are the months more likely to see significant precipitation events, with each month having an average of 3 days of over 1 cm of precipitation, with December through April seeing on average 1–2 days. May through November have, on average, over 8 cm of rainfall per month, with peaks of approximately 9 cm in June and September. December through April have less than 8 cm, with February being the driest month at an average of 5 cm of precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-:7-141">[140]</a> Ottawa experiences about 2,080 hours of average sunshine annually (45% of possible).<a href="#cite_note-:7-141">[140]</a> Predominate wind direction in Ottawa is from the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">West</a>, Easterly air flow is more common during periods of wet weather as well as localized river/lake-effect <a href="/wiki/Convection_cell" title="Convection cell">cells</a> on summer afternoons.<a href="#cite_note-:8-142">[141]</a> Windspeed is on average higher during the winter, with northerly winds predominating during cold waves.<a href="#cite_note-CCN-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-142">[141]</a><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Ottawa (<a href="/wiki/Central_Experimental_Farm" title="Central Experimental Farm">Central Experimental Farm</a>), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present<a href="#cite_note-143">[b]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7 </td> <td style="background: #DB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.1 </td> <td style="background: #C50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.7 </td> <td style="background: #8B0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.9 </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6 </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 </td> <td style="background: #8B0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2 (22.6) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5 (29.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.6 (14.7) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3 (70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.1 (22.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0 (6.8) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.9 (8.8) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9 (19.6) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.7 (16.3) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #1A1AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.8 (−36.0) </td> <td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.3 (−36.9) </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−36.7 (−34.1) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.6 (−5.1) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2 (19.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4 (24.1) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8 (9.0) </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.6 (−23.1) </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.9 (−38.0) </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−38.9 (−38.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> </th> <td style="background: #0B0BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−40.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−42.8 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−40.1 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.8 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.6 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.6 </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−42.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.2 (2.57) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.4 (2.06) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.6 (2.43) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.3 (3.20) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.1 (3.15) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.1 (3.74) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.3 (3.63) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.4 (3.44) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.0 (3.43) </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.2 (3.55) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0 (2.83) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.6 (2.90) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">938.2 (36.93) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (1.06) </td> <td style="background: #E3FFE3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (0.67) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (1.28) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.2 (2.84) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.0 (3.15) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.1 (3.74) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.3 (3.63) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.4 (3.44) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.0 (3.43) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.6 (3.49) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.1 (2.25) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (1.39) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">771.5 (30.37) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.5 (17.5) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0 (16.1) </td> <td style="background: #003100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">30.9 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (3.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #07FF07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (6.3) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.7 (16.8) </td> <td style="background: #15FF15; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">184.4 (72.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (6.8) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (8.5) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (6.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.6 (8.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.6 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">157.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.3 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">117.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) </th> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.07 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.38 </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 15:00 LST) </th> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.6 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.5 </td> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.6 </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.2 </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.0 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.1 </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.3 </td> <td style="background: #2929FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.7 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.1 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.5 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14 (7) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13 (9) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8 (18) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 (43) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 (52) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 (55) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 (55) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (48) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (36) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2 (28) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10 (14) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1 (34) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #ACAC98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.3 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.3 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.1 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.8 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229.8 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.2 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249.3 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.6 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.4 </td> <td style="background: #9F9F9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.3 </td> <td style="background: #969696; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.6 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,083.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.9 </td> <td style="background: #F7F71F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.3 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.9 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.1 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.1 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.0 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-Ottawa_CDA-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-May_2010-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-January_1874-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-November_1875-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-August_1884-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-February_2011-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-March_2012-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-December_2012-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-February_2017-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-November_2022-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-October_2023-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-February_2024-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weatherbase(Snow depth, dew point)<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Macdonald%E2%80%93Cartier_International_Airport" title="Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport">Ottawa International Airport</a>, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1938–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 </td> <td style="background: #FA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.8 </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0 </td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.2 </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0 </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5 </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 </td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 (98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 (95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5 (22.1) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6 (25.5) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9 (28.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0 (14.0) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.5 (16.7) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7 (65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8 (21.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.3 (6.3) </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.2 (8.2) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1 (19.2) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.6 (14.7) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.4 (34.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.6 (−32.1) </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−36.1 (−33.0) </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.6 (−23.1) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.7 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6 (21.9) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 (36.7) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0 (17.6) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.7 (−7.1) </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.4 (−29.9) </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−36.1 (−33.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> </th> <td style="background: #0000E3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−47.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000E4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−47.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−42.7 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.3 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.3 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−44.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−47.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.4 (2.77) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 (1.95) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.3 (2.61) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.3 (3.20) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.8 (2.94) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.8 (3.81) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.5 (3.48) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.0 (3.11) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.6 (3.53) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.4 (3.44) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.9 (2.91) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.4 (2.85) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">929.8 (36.61) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (1.15) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (0.57) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (1.36) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.6 (2.74) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.5 (2.93) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.8 (3.81) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.5 (3.48) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.0 (3.11) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.6 (3.57) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.7 (3.33) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.5 (2.38) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7 (1.37) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">757.2 (29.81) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.2 (23.3) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.5 (19.1) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8 (15.3) </td> <td style="background: #43FF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (4.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #00BF00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20.7 (8.1) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.6 (19.5) </td> <td style="background: #00D800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">231.9 (91.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.7 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.7 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">162.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">120.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) </th> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.4 </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.13 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.87 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">62.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 15:00) </th> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.4 </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0 </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.0 </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.5 </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.2 </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.3 </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.4 </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.6 </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3 </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B7B759; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.4 </td> <td style="background: #B8B851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114.1 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">168.5 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.5 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.5 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">274.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">301.4 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.9 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">211.5 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.8 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.4 </td> <td style="background: #7D7D7D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.8 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,131.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.1 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.0 </td> <td style="background: #F7F721; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.7 </td> <td style="background: #F8F823; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.3 </td> <td style="background: #F7F721; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.1 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.7 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a> (sunshine 1981–2010)<a href="#cite_note-CCN-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCNairport1981-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-climate-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-July18Hmdx-159">[157]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Physical geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg/220px-Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg/220px-Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg/330px-Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg/440px-Downtown_Ottawa_2022.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa" title="Downtown Ottawa">Downtown Ottawa</a> is situated on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a> with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a> in the background across the river.</figcaption></figure> Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River and contains the mouths of the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_River" title="Rideau River">Rideau River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RipleyDana1875-160">[158]</a> The Rideau Canal (Rideau Waterway) first opened in 1832 and is 202 km (126 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill. It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of the <a href="/wiki/Cataraqui_River" title="Cataraqui River">Cataraqui</a> and Rideau rivers and various small lakes along the waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transport <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">locks.</a> Ottawa is situated in a lowland on top of <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> carbonate and shale and is surrounded by more craggy <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> igneous and metamorphic formations. Ottawa has had fluvial <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a> and sands, leading to the widespread formation of <a href="/wiki/Esker" title="Esker">eskers</a>. There are limited distinct features arising from glacial deposits, but Ottawa was affected by the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Late Wisconsian advance</a>. Before the draining of the Champlain Sea, the area had high salinity. After the draining of the sea, the area had pine-dominated forests.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Ottawa is located within the <a href="/wiki/Western_Quebec_Seismic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Quebec Seismic Zone">Western Quebec Seismic Zone</a>, and while relatively inactive, the city does occasionally experience earthquakes.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Earthquake2000-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Earthquake2010-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Built_environment">Built environment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Built environment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms the world's largest skating rink, thereby providing both a recreational venue and a 7.8 km (4.8 mi) transportation path to downtown for ice skaters (from Carleton University and Dow's Lake to the Rideau Centre and <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Centre" title="National Arts Centre">National Arts Centre</a>).<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> On 29 June 2007, the Rideau Canal was recognized as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> The older part of the city (including what remains of Bytown) is known as <a href="/wiki/Lower_Town" title="Lower Town">Lower Town</a>,<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lie both <a href="/wiki/Centretown" title="Centretown">Centretown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa" title="Downtown Ottawa">Downtown Ottawa</a>, which share a border along Gloucester Street.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> These core neighbourhoods contain streets such as <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Street_(Ottawa)" title="Elgin Street (Ottawa)">Elgin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank_Street_(Ottawa)" title="Bank Street (Ottawa)">Bank</a>, which fill the role of commercial <a href="/wiki/High_Street" title="High Street">main streets</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Centretown is next to downtown, which includes a substantial economic and architectural government presence across multiple branches of government. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">legislature</a>'s work takes place in the parliamentary precinct, which includes buildings on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> and others downtown, such as the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada_Building" title="Senate of Canada Building">Senate of Canada Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Important buildings in the executive branch include the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Privy_Council" title="Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council">Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council</a> as well as many civil service buildings.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> building can also be found in this area.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Across the Ottawa River, which forms the border between Ontario and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, lies the city of <a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a>, itself the result of amalgamation of the former Quebec cities of <a href="/wiki/Hull_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull (Quebec)">Hull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aylmer_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aylmer (Quebec)">Aylmer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RazinSmith2006-177">[175]</a> Although formally and administratively separate cities in two different provinces, Ottawa and Gatineau (along with several nearby municipalities) collectively constitute the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a>, which is considered a single metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-:4-178">[176]</a> One federal <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporation</a>, the National Capital Commission, or NCC, has significant land holdings in both cities, including sites of historical and touristic importance.<a href="#cite_note-:4-178">[176]</a> The NCC, through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands, has a crucial role in shaping the development of the city.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> Around the main urban area is an extensive <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">greenbelt</a>, administered by the NCC for conservation and leisure, and comprising mostly forest, farmland and marshland.<a href="#cite_note-BrownMitchell2005-180">[178]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ottawa" title="Demographics of Ottawa">Demographics of Ottawa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawa_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ottawa_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg/220px-Ottawa_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2693" data-file-height="2057"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ottawa_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg/220px-Ottawa_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ottawa_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg/330px-Ottawa_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ottawa_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg/440px-Ottawa_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ottawa population pyramid in 2021</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historic Population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">101,102</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">123,417</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">152,868</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">174,056</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">206,367</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+18.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">246,298</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">287,244</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">358,410</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1966</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">413,695</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">471,931</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1976</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">520,533</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">546,849</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">606,639</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">678,147</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/Canada_1996_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 1996 Census">1996</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">721,136</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">2001</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">774,072</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2006_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2006 Census">2006</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">812,129</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">883,391</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2016</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">934,243</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2021_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2021 Census">2021</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,017,449</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Note: Population figures are extrapolated for current municipal boundaries Sources:<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-1966-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1971-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1976-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-StatCan1981-1991-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-StatCan2001-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-amalgamation-187">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-StatCan2006-188">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-CityPop-7">[7]</a> <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ottawa_Census.png">Chart format</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census of Population</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, Ottawa had a population of 1,017,449 living in 407,252 of its 427,113 total private dwellings, a change of 8.9% from its 2016 population of 934,243. With a land area of 2,788.2 km2 (1,076.5 sq mi), it had a population density of 364.9/km2 (945.1/sq mi) in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-2021census-189">[186]</a> As of 2021 the Ottawa-Gatineau <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">census metropolitan area</a> (CMA) had a population of 1,488,307 living in 604,721 of its 638,013 total private dwellings, a change of 8.5% from its 2016 population of 1,371,576. With a land area of 8,046.99 km2 (3,106.96 sq mi), it had a population density of 185.0/km2 (479.0/sq mi) in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-2021censusCMA-190">[187]</a> Ottawa's median age of 40.1 is below the provincial and national averages as of 2016. Youths under 15 constituted 16.7% of the total population in 2016, while those of retirement age (65 years and older) made up 15.4%.<a href="#cite_note-:3-191">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigrants</a> (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 259,215 persons or 25.9% of the total population of Ottawa. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (20,320 persons or 7.8%), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (16,200 persons or 6.2%), <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (14,760 persons or 5.7%), <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (11,900 persons or 4.6%), <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (10,505 persons or 4.1%), <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> (8,795 persons or 3.4%), <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> (6,710 persons or 2.6%), <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (6,370 persons or 2.5%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (6,155 persons or 2.4%), and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (6,000 persons or 2.3%).<a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-192">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As of 2021, approximately 64.9% of Ottawa's population was white or European, while 2.6% were <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a>, and 32.5% were visible minorities (higher than the national percentage of 26.5%).<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>, religious groups in Ottawa included:<a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-192">[189]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> (528,700 persons or 52.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligion</a> (316,740 persons or 31.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (98,920 persons or 9.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (20,300 persons or 2.0%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (10,800 persons or 1.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (10,600 persons or 1.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (6,375 persons or 0.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Spirituality</a> (445 persons or <0.1%)</li> <li>Other (8,055 persons or 0.8%)</li></ul> In 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit">[update]</a>, around 65% of Ottawa residents described themselves as Christian, with <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholics</a> accounting for 38.5% of the population and members of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches 25%. Other religions were also present in Ottawa, the most prominent being <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (6.7%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (1.4%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (1.3%), and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (1.2%). Those with no religious affiliation represented 22.8%.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism_in_Ottawa" title="Bilingualism in Ottawa">Bilingualism</a> became official policy for the conduct of municipal business in 2002,<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> and 37.6% of the population can speak both languages as of 2016, making it the largest city in Canada with both English and French as co-official languages.<a href="#cite_note-Cheshire1991-196">[193]</a> Those who identify their mother tongue as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> constitute 62.4 percent, while those with <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> as their mother tongue make up 14.2 percent of the population. Regarding respondents' knowledge of one or both official languages, 59.9 percent and 1.5 percent of the population know English and French only, respectively, while 37.2 percent know both official languages. The overall Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) has a larger proportion of French speakers than Ottawa since Gatineau's population's first language is mostly French. However, Gatineau is also the most bilingual city in Canada, making the region one of the most bilingual. An additional 20.4 percent of the population list languages other than English and French as their mother tongue. These include <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (3.2%), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (3.0%), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (1.2%), <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (1.1%), and many others.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-194">[191]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ontario" title="Economy of Ontario">Economy of Ontario</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TunneysPasture2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/TunneysPasture2022.jpg/220px-TunneysPasture2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4550" data-file-height="3640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/TunneysPasture2022.jpg/220px-TunneysPasture2022.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/TunneysPasture2022.jpg/330px-TunneysPasture2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/TunneysPasture2022.jpg/440px-TunneysPasture2022.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Federal government buildings in <a href="/wiki/Tunney%27s_Pasture" title="Tunney's Pasture">Tunney's Pasture</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2015, the region of Ottawa-Gatineau has the sixth-highest total household income of all Canadian metropolitan areas ($82,053), and the Ontario portion more directly overlapping the City of Ottawa has a higher household income ($86,451).<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> The median household income after taxes in the City of Ottawa is $73,745 in 2016 was higher than the national median of $61,348.<a href="#cite_note-auto-198">[195]</a> Ottawa's unemployment rate has remained below the national and provincial unemployment rates since 2006, with a rate of 5.2% in April 2022, low compared to the decade preceding.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> In 2019 <a href="/wiki/Mercer_Human_Resource_Consulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercer Human Resource Consulting">Mercer</a> ranks Ottawa with the third highest quality of living of any Canadian city, and 19th highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada, and third cleanest city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> Ottawa's primary employers are the <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">Public Service of Canada</a> and the high-tech industry, although tourism and healthcare also represent increasingly sizeable economic activities. The federal government is the city's largest employer, employing over 116,000 individuals from the National Capital Region.<a href="#cite_note-:9-203">[200]</a> The national headquarters for many federal departments are in Ottawa, particularly throughout Centretown and in the <a href="/wiki/Terrasses_de_la_Chaudi%C3%A8re" title="Terrasses de la Chaudière">Terrasses de la Chaudière</a> and <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Portage" title="Place du Portage">Place du Portage</a> complexes in Hull. The <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Headquarters_(Canada)" title="National Defence Headquarters (Canada)">National Defence Headquarters</a> in Ottawa is the main command centre for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a>. It hosts the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> During the summer, the city hosts the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_Guard_(Canada)" title="Ceremonial Guard (Canada)">Ceremonial Guard</a>, which performs functions such as the <a href="/wiki/Changing_the_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Changing the Guard">Changing the Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> As Canada's national capital, tourism is an important part of Ottawa's economy, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/150th_anniversary_of_Canada" title="150th anniversary of Canada">150th anniversary of Canada</a>, centred in Ottawa. The lead-up to the festivities saw much investment in civic infrastructure, upgrades to tourist infrastructure and increases in national cultural attractions.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> The National Capital Region annually attracts an estimated 22 million tourists, who spend about 2.2 billion dollars and support 30,600 jobs directly.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KanataResearchPark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/KanataResearchPark.jpg/220px-KanataResearchPark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4157" data-file-height="3326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/KanataResearchPark.jpg/220px-KanataResearchPark.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/KanataResearchPark.jpg/330px-KanataResearchPark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/KanataResearchPark.jpg/440px-KanataResearchPark.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanata_Research_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanata Research Park">Kanata Research Park</a> is Canada's largest technology park.</figcaption></figure> In addition to the economic activities that come with being the national capital, Ottawa is an important technology centre; in 2015, its 1800 companies employed approximately 63,400 people.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> The concentration of companies in this industry earned the city the nickname of "Silicon Valley North."<a href="#cite_note-Shavinina2004-102">[101]</a> Most of these companies specialize in <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">environmental technology</a>. Large technology companies such as Nortel, Corel, <a href="/wiki/Mitel" title="Mitel">Mitel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognos" title="Cognos">Cognos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halogen_Software" title="Halogen Software">Halogen Software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shopify" title="Shopify">Shopify</a> and <a href="/wiki/JDS_Uniphase" class="mw-redirect" title="JDS Uniphase">JDS Uniphase</a> were founded in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Trevi%C3%B1oDoutriaux2006j-210">[207]</a> Ottawa also has regional locations for <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NovakowskiTremblay2007x-211">[208]</a> Many of the telecommunications and new technology are in the western part of the city (formerly Kanata). The "tech sector" was doing particularly well in 2015/2016.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demographics2002-213">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nordion" title="Nordion">Nordion</a>, <a href="/wiki/I-Stat" class="mw-redirect" title="I-Stat">i-Stat</a> and the National Research Council of Canada and <a href="/wiki/OHRI" class="mw-redirect" title="OHRI">OHRI</a> are part of the growing life science sector.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> The health sector is another major employer, which employs over 18,000 people in the city.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> Business, finance, administration, and sales and service rank high among types of occupations.<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2006-188">[185]</a> Approximately ten percent of Ottawa's GDP is derived from finance, insurance and real estate whereas employment in goods-producing industries is only half the national average.<a href="#cite_note-CommunityFoundations2010-217">[214]</a> The City of Ottawa is the second largest employer<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-OttawaCompensation-219">[216]</a> with approximately 2,100 people employed by the Ottawa Police service, and 13,300 full-time equivalent non-police employees.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> In 2016, Ottawa experienced an increase of 10,000 jobs over the 2012 average growth, which was relatively slower than in the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:9-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-222">[219]</a> All major clusters tracked by the city saw increases in employment between 2014 and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:11-223">[220]</a> Major areas of growth in the 2010s included local and federal administration, finance and accommodation.<a href="#cite_note-:9-203">[200]</a> Between 2008 and 2020, there was growth in the number of government employees and a reduction in high-tech jobs, a reversal of previous trends from 2003 to 2008.<a href="#cite_note-:10-222">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-223">[220]</a> Ottawa already has the largest rural economy among Canada's major cities.<a href="#cite_note-:2-224">[221]</a> In Ottawa, the rural economy contributes over $1 billion to the GDP. Agriculture alone accounts for $400 million, $136.7 million of which is farm-gate sales.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> Rural economic activity includes agriculture, retail sales, construction, forestry and mining (aggregates), tourism, manufacturing, personal and business services, and transportation, to name a few. Rural employment expanded by a healthy 18% from 1996 to 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:2-224">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Ottawa%E2%80%93Gatineau" title="Media in Ottawa–Gatineau">Media in Ottawa–Gatineau</a></div> Three main daily local newspapers are printed in Ottawa: two English newspapers, the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a> established as the Bytown Packet in 1845 and the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Sun" title="Ottawa Sun">Ottawa Sun</a>, and one French newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Le_Droit" title="Le Droit">Le Droit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> The city is also home to local stations of the television broadcast networks and systems <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a>, as well as English and French radio stations.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> In addition to the market's local media services, Ottawa is home to several national media operations, including <a href="/wiki/CPAC_(TV_channel)" title="CPAC (TV channel)">CPAC</a> (Canada's national <a href="/wiki/Legislature_broadcaster" title="Legislature broadcaster">legislature broadcaster</a>)<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> and the parliamentary bureau staff of virtually all of Canada's major newsgathering organizations in television, radio and print. The city is also home to the head office of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Ottawa" title="List of schools in Ottawa">List of schools in Ottawa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UOttawa-Tabaret_Hall-2008-05-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UOttawa-Tabaret_Hall-2008-05-05.jpg/220px-UOttawa-Tabaret_Hall-2008-05-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2855" data-file-height="2096"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UOttawa-Tabaret_Hall-2008-05-05.jpg/220px-UOttawa-Tabaret_Hall-2008-05-05.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UOttawa-Tabaret_Hall-2008-05-05.jpg/330px-UOttawa-Tabaret_Hall-2008-05-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UOttawa-Tabaret_Hall-2008-05-05.jpg/440px-UOttawa-Tabaret_Hall-2008-05-05.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Established in 1848, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a> is the oldest post-secondary institution in the city.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarletonUniversity2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CarletonUniversity2022.jpg/220px-CarletonUniversity2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5430" data-file-height="3617"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CarletonUniversity2022.jpg/220px-CarletonUniversity2022.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CarletonUniversity2022.jpg/330px-CarletonUniversity2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CarletonUniversity2022.jpg/440px-CarletonUniversity2022.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USP_2016.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/USP_2016.tif/lossy-page1-220px-USP_2016.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3236" data-file-height="2160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/USP_2016.tif/lossy-page1-220px-USP_2016.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/USP_2016.tif/lossy-page1-330px-USP_2016.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/USP_2016.tif/lossy-page1-440px-USP_2016.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_University" title="Saint Paul University">Saint Paul University</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ottawa has four main public school boards: English, English-Catholic, French, and French-Catholic. The English-language <a href="/wiki/Ottawa-Carleton_District_School_Board" title="Ottawa-Carleton District School Board">Ottawa-Carleton District School Board</a> (OCDSB) is the largest board with 147 schools,<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> followed by the English-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Catholic_School_Board" title="Ottawa Catholic School Board">Ottawa Catholic School Board</a> with 85 schools.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> The two French-language boards are the French-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Conseil_des_%C3%A9coles_catholiques_du_Centre-Est" title="Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est">Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est</a> with 49 schools,<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Conseil_des_%C3%A9coles_publiques_de_l%27Est_de_l%27Ontario" title="Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario">Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario</a> with 37 schools.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> Ottawa also has numerous <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a> which are not part of a board.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Public_Library" title="Ottawa Public Library">Ottawa Public Library</a> was created in 1906 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">Carnegie library</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> as of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit">[update]</a> the library system had 2.3 million items at its 34 branches and two mobile libraries.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> Approximately 9.5 million loans were conducted in 2020, approximately 6.7 million physical loans and the remainder digital items.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education_and_research">Higher education and research</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Higher education and research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ottawa is known as the most educated city in Canada, with over half the population having graduated from college and/or university.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> Ottawa has the highest per capita concentration of <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>, and residents with <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhDs</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> The city has two main public universities and two main public colleges. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a> was founded in 1942 to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontario's first private, non-denominational college. Over time, Carleton transitioned into the highly ranked comprehensive university it is today.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> The university's main campus sits between <a href="/wiki/Old_Ottawa_South" title="Old Ottawa South">Old Ottawa South</a> and Dow's Lake. Carleton's catholic <a href="/wiki/Affiliated_school" title="Affiliated school">affiliated</a> university college, is the Dominican University College.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a> (originally named the "College of Bytown") was the first post-secondary institution established in the city in 1848. The university later grew to become the largest English-French bilingual university in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Quick-245">[242]</a> It is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/U15_Group_of_Canadian_Research_Universities" title="U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities">U15</a>, a group of highly respected research-intensive universities in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> The university's main campus is in the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hill,_Ottawa" title="Sandy Hill, Ottawa">Sandy Hill</a> neighbourhood, just adjacent to the city's downtown core. The University of Ottawa's catholic <a href="/wiki/Affiliated_school" title="Affiliated school">affiliated</a> university college is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_University" title="Saint Paul University">St. Paul University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_College" title="Algonquin College">Algonquin College</a> is a college of applied arts and technology founded in 1967. Its main campus is located in the <a href="/wiki/City_View,_Ottawa" title="City View, Ottawa">City View</a> neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/College_Ward" title="College Ward">College Ward</a>. The college serves the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a> and the outlying areas of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ontario" title="Eastern Ontario">Eastern Ontario</a>, Western <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> The college has satellite campuses in <a href="/wiki/Pembroke,_Ontario" title="Pembroke, Ontario">Pembroke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Ontario" title="Perth, Ontario">Perth</a>, as well as four international campuses through their international offshore partnerships.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_La_Cit%C3%A9" title="Collège La Cité">Collège La Cité</a> is the largest French-language college in Ontario. Founded in 1989, its campus is located off the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Parkway_(Ottawa)" title="Aviation Parkway (Ottawa)">Aviation Parkway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Carson_Meadows" title="Carson Meadows">Carson Meadows</a> neighbourhood. La Cité has a satellite campus in <a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury,_Ontario" title="Hawkesbury, Ontario">Hawkesbury</a> and a business office in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.</li></ul> Other colleges and universities in the metropolitan area are located in the neighbouring suburb of Gatineau, including the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_en_Outaouais" title="Université du Québec en Outaouais">University of Quebec in Outaouais</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9gep_de_l%27Outaouais" title="Cégep de l'Outaouais">Cégep de l'Outaouais</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heritage_College_(Gatineau)" title="Heritage College (Gatineau)">Heritage College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> Public health<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civic_Hospital,_Ottawa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Civic_Hospital%2C_Ottawa.JPG/220px-Civic_Hospital%2C_Ottawa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="486"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Civic_Hospital%2C_Ottawa.JPG/220px-Civic_Hospital%2C_Ottawa.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Civic_Hospital%2C_Ottawa.JPG/330px-Civic_Hospital%2C_Ottawa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Civic_Hospital%2C_Ottawa.JPG/440px-Civic_Hospital%2C_Ottawa.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Civic_Hospital" title="Ottawa Civic Hospital">Civic Hospital</a> is one of three main campuses of <a href="/wiki/The_Ottawa_Hospital" title="The Ottawa Hospital">The Ottawa Hospital</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Ottawa" title="List of hospitals in Ottawa">List of hospitals in Ottawa</a></div> There are six active general medical hospitals in the city of Ottawa: The <a href="/wiki/Queensway_Carleton_Hospital" title="Queensway Carleton Hospital">Queensway Carleton Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ottawa_Hospital" title="The Ottawa Hospital">The Ottawa Hospital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Civic_Hospital" title="Ottawa Civic Hospital">Civic Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_General_Hospital" title="Ottawa General Hospital">General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Hospital_of_Ottawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverside Hospital of Ottawa">Riverside Hospital</a>), <a href="/wiki/Montfort_Hospital" title="Montfort Hospital">Montfort Hospital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_of_Eastern_Ontario" title="Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario">Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario</a>. Several specialized hospital facilities are also present, such as the world-renowned <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa_Heart_Institute" title="University of Ottawa Heart Institute">University of Ottawa Heart Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ottawa_Mental_Health_Centre" title="Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre">Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre</a>, and Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> There are also several hospitals and major medical centres in neighbouring suburban communities and commuter towns. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine">University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine</a> operates <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospitals</a> in conjunction with partners throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-uOttawa_Med-250">[247]</a> Ottawa is the headquarters of numerous major medical organizations and institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Red_Cross" title="Canadian Red Cross">Canadian Red Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Blood_Services" title="Canadian Blood Services">Canadian Blood Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Medical Association">Canadian Medical Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Canada" title="Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada">Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Nurses_Association" title="Canadian Nurses Association">Canadian Nurses Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Council_of_Canada" title="Medical Council of Canada">Medical Council of Canada</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture_and_contemporary_life">Culture and contemporary life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture and contemporary life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byward_Market_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Byward_Market_Sunset.jpg/220px-Byward_Market_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5926" data-file-height="3960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Byward_Market_Sunset.jpg/220px-Byward_Market_Sunset.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Byward_Market_Sunset.jpg/330px-Byward_Market_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Byward_Market_Sunset.jpg/440px-Byward_Market_Sunset.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ByWard_Market" title="ByWard Market">ByWard Market</a> is a retail and entertainment district in Downtown Ottawa.</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/ByWard_Market" title="ByWard Market">ByWard Market</a> (in Lower Town), Parliament Hill and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Ottawa,_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Triangle (Ottawa, Canada)">Golden Triangle</a> (both in Centretown – Downtown) have been the focal points of the cultural scenes in Ottawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale201159%E2%80%9360-251">[248]</a> Modern thoroughfares such as <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Street_(Ottawa)" title="Wellington Street (Ottawa)">Wellington Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Street" title="Rideau Street">Rideau Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Drive" title="Sussex Drive">Sussex Drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Street_(Ottawa)" title="Elgin Street (Ottawa)">Elgin Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_Street_(Ottawa)" title="Bank Street (Ottawa)">Bank Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Street_(Ottawa)" title="Somerset Street (Ottawa)">Somerset Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preston_Street_(Ottawa)" title="Preston Street (Ottawa)">Preston Street</a>, Richmond Road in <a href="/wiki/Westboro,_Ottawa" title="Westboro, Ottawa">Westboro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sparks_Street" title="Sparks Street">Sparks Street</a> are home to many boutiques, museums, theatres, galleries, landmarks and memorials in addition to eating establishments, cafes, bars and nightclubs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale201161%E2%80%9368-252">[249]</a> As Canada's capital, Ottawa has played host to many significant cultural events in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian history">Canadian history</a>, including the first visit of the reigning <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian sovereign</a>—<a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a>, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_consorts_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of royal consorts of Canada">his consort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a>—<a href="/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="1939 royal tour of Canada">to his parliament, on 19 May 1939</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BousfieldToffoli1989-253">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">VE Day</a> was marked with a large celebration on 8 May 1945,<a href="#cite_note-Granatstein2005n-254">[251]</a> the first raising of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">the country's new national flag</a> took place on 15 February 1965,<a href="#cite_note-Solski2006-255">[252]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial" title="Canadian Centennial">centennial of Confederation</a> was celebrated on 1 July 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Ord2003-256">[253]</a> Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> was in Ottawa on 17 April 1982, to issue a <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">royal proclamation</a> of the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes2008-257">[254]</a> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diana_Princess_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Princess of Wales">Diana Princess of Wales</a> came to Ottawa for a state dinner hosted by then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> In 2011, Ottawa was selected as the first city to receive <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William, Duke of Cambridge">Prince William, Duke of Cambridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge">Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge</a> during their <a href="/wiki/2011_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="2011 royal tour of Canada">tour of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2011-06-30-HCH-259">[256]</a> Ottawa was featured in the short story collection <a href="/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(short_story_collection)" title="For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)">For Your Eyes Only</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Memorial_Guards_Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="The National War Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/War_Memorial_Guards_Ottawa.jpg/170px-War_Memorial_Guards_Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="2332"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/War_Memorial_Guards_Ottawa.jpg/170px-War_Memorial_Guards_Ottawa.jpg" data-alt="The National War Memorial" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/War_Memorial_Guards_Ottawa.jpg/255px-War_Memorial_Guards_Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/War_Memorial_Guards_Ottawa.jpg/340px-War_Memorial_Guards_Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)" title="National War Memorial (Canada)">National War Memorial</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Landmarks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Ottawa" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa">List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_heritage_properties_in_Ottawa" title="List of designated heritage properties in Ottawa">List of designated heritage properties in Ottawa</a></div> There is one <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in Ottawa, the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a>, along with 25 <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site of Canada">National Historic Sites of Canada</a> in Ottawa, including the Château Laurier, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>, Confederation Square, the former Ottawa Teachers' College and <a href="/wiki/Laurier_House" title="Laurier House">Laurier House</a>. Many other properties of cultural value have been designated as having "heritage elements" by the City of Ottawa under Part IV of the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Heritage_Act" title="Ontario Heritage Act">Ontario Heritage Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_attractions_in_Ottawa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of attractions in Ottawa">List of attractions in Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Ottawa" title="List of museums in Ottawa">List of museums in Ottawa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanadianMuseumofNature2010-05-19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/CanadianMuseumofNature2010-05-19.JPG/220px-CanadianMuseumofNature2010-05-19.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3277" data-file-height="1943"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/CanadianMuseumofNature2010-05-19.JPG/220px-CanadianMuseumofNature2010-05-19.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/CanadianMuseumofNature2010-05-19.JPG/330px-CanadianMuseumofNature2010-05-19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/CanadianMuseumofNature2010-05-19.JPG/440px-CanadianMuseumofNature2010-05-19.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Nature" title="Canadian Museum of Nature">Canadian Museum of Nature</a> is Canada's national museum of <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Performing_and_visual_arts">Performing and visual arts</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Performing and visual arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Little_Theatre" title="Ottawa Little Theatre">Ottawa Little Theatre</a>, founded in 1913 as the Ottawa Drama League, is Ottawa's longest-running community theatre company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale201160-262">[259]</a> Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre, a major performing arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Centre_Orchestra" title="National Arts Centre Orchestra">National Arts Centre Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Ottawa Symphony Orchestra">Ottawa Symphony Orchestra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opera_Lyra_Ottawa" title="Opera Lyra Ottawa">Opera Lyra Ottawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Established in 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_Theatre_Company" title="Great Canadian Theatre Company">Great Canadian Theatre Company</a> specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> The cities museum landscape is notable for containing six of Canada's nine national museums, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Agriculture_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Agriculture Museum">Canada Agriculture and Food Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Aviation_and_Space_Museum" title="Canada Aviation and Space Museum">Canada Aviation and Space Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Canada Science and Technology Museum">Canada Science and Technology Museum</a>, Canadian Museum of Nature, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a> and National Gallery of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a>; designed by famous architect <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a>, it is a permanent home to the <a href="/wiki/Maman_(sculpture)" title="Maman (sculpture)">Maman</a> sculpture.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a> houses over 3.75 million artifacts and was moved to an expanded facility in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> The Canadian Museum of Nature was built in 1905, and underwent a major renovation between 2004 and 2010, leading to a centrepiece Blue Whale skeleton, and the creation of a monthly nightclub experience, Nature Nocturne.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ottawa is home to several regional dishes. As a city with traditional French-Canadian roots, staples such as <a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">poutine</a> are served throughout the city. However, many consider <a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">shawarma</a> Ottawa's official dish;<a href="#cite_note-Official_dish-271">[268]</a> the city contains more shawarma restaurants than anywhere else in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Shawarma_Capital-272">[269]</a> The city is also home to "Ottawa-style" <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>, consisting usually of a thicker doughy crust and slightly spicy pizza sauce, with the toppings baked under a heavy layer of cheese, keeping the toppings soft.<a href="#cite_note-Ottawa_style_pizza.-273">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fried_dough" title="Fried dough">Beaver tails</a>, a fried dough pastry, were first created in Ottawa in the 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Le_Cordon_Bleu" title="Le Cordon Bleu">Le Cordon Bleu</a> has a long-established culinary arts institute in the central Ottawa neighbourhood of Sandy Hill, the only Le Cordon Bleu campus in North America.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Cordon_Bleu-274">[271]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_slide_Winterlude_Ottawa_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ice_slide_Winterlude_Ottawa_2007.jpg/220px-Ice_slide_Winterlude_Ottawa_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ice_slide_Winterlude_Ottawa_2007.jpg/220px-Ice_slide_Winterlude_Ottawa_2007.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ice_slide_Winterlude_Ottawa_2007.jpg/330px-Ice_slide_Winterlude_Ottawa_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ice_slide_Winterlude_Ottawa_2007.jpg/440px-Ice_slide_Winterlude_Ottawa_2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winterlude" title="Winterlude">Winterlude</a> is an annual <a href="/wiki/Winter_festival" title="Winter festival">winter festival</a> held in Ottawa.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Festivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Ottawa" title="List of festivals in Ottawa">List of festivals in Ottawa</a></div> Ottawa hosts a variety of annual seasonal activities—such as <a href="/wiki/Winterlude" title="Winterlude">Winterlude</a>, the largest festival in Canada,<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Canada Day</a> celebrations on Parliament Hill and surrounding downtown area, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Bluesfest" title="Ottawa Bluesfest">Bluesfest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tulip_Festival" title="Canadian Tulip Festival">Canadian Tulip Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival">Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_International_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa International Jazz Festival">Ottawa International Jazz Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Fringe_Festival" title="Ottawa Fringe Festival">Fringe Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Pride_(Ottawa)" title="Capital Pride (Ottawa)">Capital Pride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CityFolk_Festival" title="CityFolk Festival">CityFolk Festival</a>, that have grown to become some of the largest festivals of their kind in the world.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> In 2010, Ottawa's Festival industry received the <a href="/wiki/International_Festivals_and_Events_Association" title="International Festivals and Events Association">IFEA</a> "World Festival and Event City Award" for the category of North American cities with a population between 500,000 and 1,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ottawa" title="Sport in Ottawa">Sport in Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottawa_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottawa parks">List of Ottawa parks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TD_Place_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TD_Place_Canal.jpg/220px-TD_Place_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2492"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TD_Place_Canal.jpg/220px-TD_Place_Canal.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TD_Place_Canal.jpg/330px-TD_Place_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TD_Place_Canal.jpg/440px-TD_Place_Canal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TD_Place_Stadium" title="TD Place Stadium">TD Place Stadium</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">CFL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Redblacks" title="Ottawa Redblacks">Ottawa Redblacks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League" title="Canadian Premier League">CPL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Ottawa" title="Atlético Ottawa">Atlético Ottawa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_sports">Professional sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Professional sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ottawa" title="Sport in Ottawa">Sport in Ottawa</a> has a history dating back to the 19th century. The city is currently home to six professional sports teams. The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Senators" title="Ottawa Senators">Ottawa Senators</a> are a professional ice hockey team playing in the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>. The Senators history in Ottawa dates back to 1883; the franchise would go on to win the <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> eleven times by 1927. The team is currently a member of the Atlantic Division and play their home games at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tire_Centre" title="Canadian Tire Centre">Canadian Tire Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WeekesBanks2002-279">[276]</a> In 2023, it was announced that Ottawa would be home to one of the six charter franchises of the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Women%27s_Hockey_League" title="Professional Women's Hockey League">Professional Women's Hockey League</a> (PWHL).<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Charge" title="Ottawa Charge">Ottawa Charge</a> play home games at <a href="/wiki/TD_Place_Arena" title="TD Place Arena">TD Place Arena</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Redblacks" title="Ottawa Redblacks">Ottawa Redblacks</a> are a professional Canadian Football team playing in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ottawa_CFL-281">[278]</a> Formerly the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Rough_Riders" title="Ottawa Rough Riders">Ottawa Rough Riders</a> represented the city until 1996. With a history dating back to 1876, the team was one of the oldest and longest-lived professional sports teams in North America. The professional soccer club, <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Ottawa" title="Atlético Ottawa">Atlético Ottawa</a>, plays in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League" title="Canadian Premier League">Canadian Premier League</a>. The team was founded in by Spanish club <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid" title="Atlético Madrid">Atlético Madrid</a>, and along with the Redblacks, play their home games at <a href="/wiki/TD_Place_Stadium" title="TD Place Stadium">TD Place Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Blackjacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa Blackjacks">Ottawa Blackjacks</a> are a professional basketball team, playing in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Elite_Basketball_League" title="Canadian Elite Basketball League">Canadian Elite Basketball League</a>, out of the TD Place Arena.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Titans_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa Titans (baseball)">Ottawa Titans</a> play professional baseball in the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_League" title="Frontier League">Frontier League</a> at <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chabot_Grant_Thornton_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park">Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> Ottawa was previously home to the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Lynx" title="Ottawa Lynx">Ottawa Lynx</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)" title="Triple-A (baseball)">Triple-A</a> club, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Champions" title="Ottawa Champions">Ottawa Champions</a>, an independent baseball team in the <a href="/wiki/Can-Am_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Can-Am League">Can-Am League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collegiate_sports">Collegiate sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Collegiate sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The University of Ottawa and Carleton University <a href="/wiki/Varsity_team" title="Varsity team">varsity teams</a> compete in <a href="/wiki/U_Sports" title="U Sports">U Sports</a> in various sports. Algonquin College and Collège La Cité teams compete in the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Colleges_Athletic_Association" title="Ontario Colleges Athletic Association">OCAA</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carleton_Ravens" title="Carleton Ravens">Carleton Ravens</a> are nationally ranked in <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> and soccer.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carleton_Ravens_men%27s_basketball" title="Carleton Ravens men's basketball">Carleton's men's basketball</a> program is regarded as the greatest of all time, having won 17 of the last 20 <a href="/wiki/W._P._McGee_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="W. P. McGee Trophy">national championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carleton_Ravens_dynasty-288">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Gee-Gees" title="Ottawa Gee-Gees">Ottawa Gee-Gees</a> are nationally ranked in basketball and soccer.<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-professional_and_amateur_sports">Non-professional and amateur sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Non-professional and amateur sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa, including the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_67%27s" title="Ottawa 67's">Ottawa 67's</a> <a href="/wiki/Junior_ice_hockey" title="Junior ice hockey">junior ice hockey</a> team.<a href="#cite_note-KearneyRay2009-290">[287]</a> The city is home to an assortment of amateur organized team sports such as <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">ultimate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sports-291">[288]</a> Casual recreational activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golfing" class="mw-redirect" title="Golfing">golfing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ice_fishing" title="Ice fishing">ice fishing</a> are also popular.<a href="#cite_note-Sports-291">[288]</a> Starting in 2025 a new <a href="/wiki/Ironman_Triathlon" title="Ironman Triathlon">Ironman Triathlon</a> will be starting in Ottawa.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Government and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ottawa" title="City of Ottawa">City of Ottawa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottawa_municipal_elections" title="List of Ottawa municipal elections">List of Ottawa municipal elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federal_election_results_in_Ottawa" title="Canadian federal election results in Ottawa">Canadian federal election results in Ottawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_embassies_and_high_commissions_in_Ottawa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of embassies and high commissions in Ottawa">List of embassies and high commissions in Ottawa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawa_City_Hall_Hotel_de_ville_d%27Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ottawa_City_Hall_Hotel_de_ville_d%27Ottawa.jpg/220px-Ottawa_City_Hall_Hotel_de_ville_d%27Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ottawa_City_Hall_Hotel_de_ville_d%27Ottawa.jpg/220px-Ottawa_City_Hall_Hotel_de_ville_d%27Ottawa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ottawa_City_Hall_Hotel_de_ville_d%27Ottawa.jpg/330px-Ottawa_City_Hall_Hotel_de_ville_d%27Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ottawa_City_Hall_Hotel_de_ville_d%27Ottawa.jpg/440px-Ottawa_City_Hall_Hotel_de_ville_d%27Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_City_Hall" title="Ottawa City Hall">Ottawa City Hall</a> houses the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_City_Council" title="Ottawa City Council">seat of the local government</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ottawa" title="City of Ottawa">City of Ottawa</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Census divisions of Ontario">single-tier municipality</a>, meaning it is in itself a <a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">census division</a> and has no county or regional municipality government above it, and has no subsidiary municipalities to provide municipal services.<a href="#cite_note-SlackChattopadhyay2009-293">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> Ottawa is governed by the 25-member <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_City_Council" title="Ottawa City Council">Ottawa City Council</a> consisting of 24 councillors each representing one <a href="/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)">ward</a> and the mayor, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sutcliffe" title="Mark Sutcliffe">Mark Sutcliffe</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Ottawa_municipal_election" title="2022 Ottawa municipal election">2022 Ottawa municipal election</a>, is elected in a citywide vote.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> Along with being the capital of Canada, Ottawa is politically diverse in local politics. Most of the city has traditionally supported the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> in federal elections.<a href="#cite_note-Hill2002-296">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> The safest areas for the Liberals are the ones dominated by <a href="/wiki/Francophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophones">Francophones</a>, especially in Vanier and central Gloucester.<a href="#cite_note-Hill2002-296">[293]</a> Central Ottawa is usually more <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a>-leaning, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party</a> have won ridings there.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> Some of Ottawa's suburbs are swing areas, such as central Nepean. Another example of a swing area is Orleans, despite its often Liberal Party-aligned francophone population.<a href="#cite_note-Hill2002-296">[293]</a> Ridings further outside the city centre, such as those including Kanata, Barrhaven and rural areas, tend to be more conservative, fiscally and socially.<a href="#cite_note-Hill2002-296">[293]</a> This is especially true in the former Townships of <a href="/wiki/West_Carleton_Township,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="West Carleton Township, Ontario">West Carleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goulbourn_Township,_Ontario" title="Goulbourn Township, Ontario">Goulbourn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Township,_Ontario" title="Rideau Township, Ontario">Rideau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osgoode_Township,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Osgoode Township, Ontario">Osgoode</a>, which are more in line with the conservative areas in the surrounding <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">counties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hill2002-296">[293]</a> Rural parts of the former township of <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Township,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland Township, Ontario">Cumberland</a>, with a large number of Francophones, traditionally support the Liberal Party, though their support has recently weakened.<a href="#cite_note-Hill2002-296">[293]</a> At present, Ottawa is host to <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions in Canada">130 embassies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-international1-299">[296]</a> A further 49 countries accredit their <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Canada#Accredited_Embassies_and_High_Commissions" title="List of diplomatic missions in Canada">embassies and missions in the United States</a> to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-international1-299">[296]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/OC_Transpo" title="OC Transpo">OC Transpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Ottawa_area" title="List of airports in the Ottawa area">List of airports in the Ottawa area</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottawa_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottawa roads">List of Ottawa roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_roads_in_Ottawa" title="List of numbered roads in Ottawa">List of numbered roads in Ottawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Ottawa" title="List of bridges in Ottawa">List of bridges in Ottawa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transportation">Public transportation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Public transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O_Train_15773300606.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/O_Train_15773300606.jpg/220px-O_Train_15773300606.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="2127"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/O_Train_15773300606.jpg/220px-O_Train_15773300606.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/O_Train_15773300606.jpg/330px-O_Train_15773300606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/O_Train_15773300606.jpg/440px-O_Train_15773300606.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a> crossing the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_River" title="Rideau River">Rideau River</a>. The O-Train is a <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> service provided by <a href="/wiki/OC_Transpo" title="OC Transpo">OC Transpo</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ottawa's public transit system is managed by <a href="/wiki/OC_Transpo" title="OC Transpo">OC Transpo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oct-300">[297]</a> OC Transpo operates an integrated, multi-modal Rapid Transit system which includes: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a> light rail system. The four-line public rail system includes two existing lines and two currently under construction. <ul><li>Line 1, (<a href="/wiki/Confederation_Line" title="Confederation Line">Confederation Line</a>) is an east–west line which operates medium-capacity light rail vehicles and travels under the city's downtown core.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a></li> <li>Line 2, (<a href="/wiki/Trillium_Line" title="Trillium Line">Trillium Line</a>), is a north–south rail transit corridor which utilizes a mix of Stadler FLIRTs and Alstom Coradia LINTs connecting the south end of Ottawa to Line 1 at <a href="/wiki/Bayview_station_(Ottawa)" title="Bayview station (Ottawa)">Bayview station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a></li> <li>Line 3, is an under construction mass-transit line that will run mostly in parallel to Line 1, splitting at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Fields_station" title="Lincoln Fields station">Lincoln Fields station</a> and continuing west.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a></li> <li>Line 4, is an under-construction 4 km (2.5 mi) airport link connecting the Trillium Line to the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Macdonald%E2%80%93Cartier_International_Airport" title="Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport">Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport</a></li></ul></li> <li>A vast <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> (BRT) system that uses a series of dedicated bus-only roadways named the <a href="/wiki/Transitway_(Ottawa)" title="Transitway (Ottawa)">Transitway</a> and reserved lanes on city streets and highways. The Transitway has long distances between stops and full station amenities (including platforms, walkways, fare gates, ticket booths, elevators and convenience stores). It connects Ottawa's suburbs to the inner city. The Rapid bus service network operates all day, seven days a week, reaching the suburban communities of Kanata to the West, Barrhaven to the South-West, Orléans to the East, and South Keys to the South.<a href="#cite_note-:1-305">[302]</a></li> <li>Over 190 local bus routes are served by a fleet of ordinary, articulated and double-decker buses.<a href="#cite_note-:1-305">[302]</a> Both OC Transpo and the Quebec-based <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_transport_de_l%27Outaouais" title="Société de transport de l'Outaouais">Société de transport de l'Outaouais</a> (STO) operate bus transit services between Ottawa and Gatineau. OC Transpo also operates a door-to-door bus service for disabled individuals known as ParaTranspo.<a href="#cite_note-oct-300">[297]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Gatineau_LRT" title="Gatineau LRT">proposed LRT system</a> that could link Ottawa with Gatineau.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Airports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Macdonald%E2%80%93Cartier_International_Airport" title="Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport">Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport</a> is the city's principal airport. There are also three main regional airports <a href="/wiki/Gatineau-Ottawa_Executive_Airport" title="Gatineau-Ottawa Executive Airport">Gatineau-Ottawa Executive Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carp_Airport" title="Carp Airport">Ottawa/Carp Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa/Rockcliffe_Airport" title="Ottawa/Rockcliffe Airport">Ottawa/Rockcliffe Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PurdomCarroll2003f-307">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-city_transportation">Inter-city transportation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Inter-city transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_station" title="Ottawa station">Ottawa station</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Central_station" title="Central station">main</a> <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city</a> train station operated by <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a>. It is located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the east of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Ottawa" title="Downtown Ottawa">downtown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastway_Gardens" title="Eastway Gardens">Eastway Gardens</a> (adjacent to <a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a> <a href="/wiki/Tremblay_station" title="Tremblay station">Tremblay station</a>) and serves Via Rail's <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor_(Via_Rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec City–Windsor Corridor (Via Rail)">Corridor</a> Route.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> The city is also served by inter-city passenger rail service at <a href="/wiki/Fallowfield_station_(Ontario)" title="Fallowfield station (Ontario)">Fallowfield station</a> in the southwestern suburban community of <a href="/wiki/Barrhaven" title="Barrhaven">Barrhaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus services</a> are currently provided by several carriers at various stops throughout the city, following the closure of the former <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Central_Station" title="Ottawa Central Station">Ottawa Central Station</a> <a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">bus terminal</a> on 1 June 2021. Major carriers include: <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)" title="Megabus (North America)">Megabus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Northland_Motor_Coach_Services" title="Ontario Northland Motor Coach Services">Ontario Northland</a>, Autobus Gatineau,<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans_Express" title="Orléans Express">Orléans Express</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Streets_and_highways">Streets and highways</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Streets and highways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The City of Ottawa has over 12,200 km (7,600 mi) lane-kilometres of road and a series of freeways. The primary freeways are the east–west provincial <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_417" title="Ontario Highway 417">Highway 417</a> (designated as the Queensway and part of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a>), Ottawa-Carleton <a href="/wiki/Regional_Road_174" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Road 174">Highway 174</a> (formerly Provincial Highway 17), <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_7" title="Ontario Highway 7">Highway 7</a>, and the north–south provincial <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_416" title="Ontario Highway 416">Highway 416</a> (designated as Veterans' Memorial Highway), which connects to other <a href="/wiki/400-series_highways_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="400-series highways (Ontario)">400-Series highways</a> via the 401.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> From downtown there are also freeway connections to <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_5" title="Quebec Autoroute 5">Autoroute 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_50" title="Quebec Autoroute 50">Autoroute 50</a>, in neighbouring Gatineau.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> The city also has several scenic parkways and promenades, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kichi_Zibi_Mikan" title="Kichi Zibi Mikan">Kichi Zibi Mikan</a> (formerly the Macdonald Parkway), <a href="/wiki/Colonel_By_Drive" title="Colonel By Drive">Colonel By Drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Driveway" title="Queen Elizabeth Driveway">Queen Elizabeth Driveway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sir_George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier_Parkway" title="Sir George-Étienne Cartier Parkway">Sir George-Étienne Cartier Parkway</a> (formerly the Rockcliffe Parkway), and the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Parkway_(Ottawa)" title="Aviation Parkway (Ottawa)">Aviation Parkway</a>. The National Capital Commission manages ceremonial routes linking key attractions on both sides of the Ottawa River, including <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Boulevard" title="Confederation Boulevard">Confederation Boulevard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling_and_pedestrian_network">Cycling and pedestrian network</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cycling and pedestrian network" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CapitalPathway2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CapitalPathway2019.jpg/170px-CapitalPathway2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="4902"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CapitalPathway2019.jpg/170px-CapitalPathway2019.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CapitalPathway2019.jpg/255px-CapitalPathway2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CapitalPathway2019.jpg/340px-CapitalPathway2019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Capital_Pathway" title="Capital Pathway">Capital Pathway</a> is a multi-use <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">trail</a> interlinking sites throughout the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a>.</figcaption></figure> Numerous paved <a href="/wiki/Multi-use_trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-use trail">multi-use trails</a>, mostly operated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Commission" title="National Capital Commission">National Capital Commission</a> and the city, wind their way through much of the capital, including along the Ottawa River, Rideau River, and Rideau Canal. <a href="/wiki/Capital_Pathway" title="Capital Pathway">These pathways</a> are used for transportation, tourism, and recreation. Because many streets either have wide curb lanes or bicycle lanes, cycling is a mode of transportation used by up to 2.5% of citizens, including in winter. This is the largest percentage of any major Canadian city.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> As of 31 December 2015, over 900 km (560 mi) of cycling facilities are found in Ottawa, including 435 km (270 mi) of multi-use pathways, 8 km (5.0 mi) of cycle tracks, 200 km (120 mi) of on-road bicycle lanes, and 257 km (160 mi) of paved shoulders.<a href="#cite_note-:0-322">[319]</a> 204 km (127 mi) of new cycling facilities were added between 2011 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-:0-322">[319]</a> Numerous downtown streets are restricted to pedestrians only. The entire length of <a href="/wiki/Sparks_Street" title="Sparks Street">Sparks Street</a> was turned into a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian mall</a> in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> Since 1960, additional avenues, streets, and parkways, are reserved for pedestrian and bicycle use only on Saturdays, Sundays and on selected holidays and events.<a href="#cite_note-NCC_Bike_Paths-324">[321]</a> In 2021 city council unanimously approved the <a href="/wiki/Byward_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Byward Market">Byward Market</a> Public Realm Plan to make the market area more <a href="/wiki/Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">car-free</a> and pedestrian friendly.<a href="#cite_note-Public_Realm_Plan-325">[322]</a> From 2009 to 2015 the NCC introduced the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Bixi" title="Capital Bixi">Capital Bixi</a> <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">bicycle-sharing system</a>. This continued until the company VeloGo took over the program from 2015 to 2018 when the partnership ceased.<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing systems</a> have since been introduced in the downtown and inner-city areas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Ottawa" title="List of people from Ottawa">List of people from Ottawa</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottawa buildings">List of Ottawa buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ottawa" title="Geography of Ottawa">Geography of Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sutcliffe" title="Mark Sutcliffe"> Ottawa's Mayor: Mark Sutcliffe</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɒtəwə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/60\/Ottawa.ogg\/Ottawa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ottawa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Ottawa.ogg/Ottawa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawa.ogg" title="File:Ottawa.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɒtəwɑː/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Canadian French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɔtawɑ]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Extreme high and low temperatures in the table below were recorded at Ottawa from March 1872 to October 1889 and at <a href="/wiki/Central_Experimental_Farm" title="Central Experimental Farm">Ottawa CDA</a> from November 1889 to present. </li> <li id="cite_note-amalgamation-187"><a href="#cite_ref-amalgamation_187-0">^</a> In early 2001, the Province of Ontario dissolved the former City of Ottawa by amalgamating it with eleven other municipalities to form a new City of Ottawa. The 1996 adjusted population of the amalgamated city published in the 2001 census was 721,136,<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2001-185">[183]</a> while the population of the dissolved former City of Ottawa in 2001 was 337,031.<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2001dissolved-186">[184]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_Ryan2008" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Ryan (8 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metronews.ca/toronto/sports/article/156843">"A few blue and white things to be thankful for"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metro_International" title="Metro International">Metro International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522151801/http://www.metronews.ca/toronto/sports/article/156843">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+few+blue+and+white+things+to+be+thankful+for&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metronews.ca%2Ftoronto%2Fsports%2Farticle%2F156843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc2014-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Inc2014_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Ottawa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA8-PA155">Britannica Student Encyclopedia</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62513-172-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62513-172-0"><bdi>978-1-62513-172-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611032603/https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA8-PA155">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ottawa&rft.btitle=Britannica+Student+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62513-172-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6IOKAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA8-PA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Hum2009" class="citation news cs1">Peter Hum (9 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/music/jazzblog/o-town-originals">"O-Town Originals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Postmedia_Network" title="Postmedia Network">Postmedia Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104114439/http://ottawacitizen.com/entertainment/music/jazzblog/o-town-originals">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=O-Town+Originals&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft.au=Peter+Hum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fjazzblog%2Fo-town-originals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montague-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montague_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montague_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArt_Montague2008" class="citation book cs1">Art Montague (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426063702/http://www.bookofeverything.com/website/docs/OttawaBOE_Essentials.pdf">Ottawa Book of Everything</a> (PDF). MacIntyre Purcell Publishing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofeverything.com/website/docs/OttawaBOE_Essentials.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottawa+Book+of+Everything&rft.pub=MacIntyre+Purcell+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Art+Montague&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofeverything.com%2Fwebsite%2Fdocs%2FOttawaBOE_Essentials.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgndbott-5"><a href="#cite_ref-cgndbott_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=FEVNT">"Ottawa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base" title="GeoBase (geospatial data)">Geographical Names Data Base</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ottawa&rft.btitle=Geographical+Names+Data+Base&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fsearch-place-names%2Funique%3Fid%3DFEVNT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EdwardsIvison2005-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EdwardsIvison2005_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdwardsIvison2005_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_D._EdwardsDouglas_Ivison2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_D._Edwards" title="Justin D. Edwards">Justin D. Edwards</a>; Douglas Ivison (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bD75NCOS18C&pg=PA35">Downtown Canada: Writing Canadian Cities</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8668-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8668-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-8668-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520011646/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bD75NCOS18C&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downtown+Canada%3A+Writing+Canadian+Cities&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8668-6&rft.au=Justin+D.+Edwards&rft.au=Douglas+Ivison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bD75NCOS18C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CityPop-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CityPop_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CityPop_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=301&S=3&O=D">"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2011 censuses – 100% data"</a>. Statistics Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525001350/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=301&S=3&O=D">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%2C+for+Canada+and+census+subdivisions+%28municipalities%29%2C+2006+and+2011+censuses+%E2%80%93+100%25+data&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fpd-pl%2FTable-Tableau.cfm%3FLANG%3DEng%26T%3D301%26S%3D3%26O%3DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UAPop-8"><a href="#cite_ref-UAPop_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=802&PR=35&SR=1&S=3&O=D">"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and urban areas, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data"</a>. Statistics Canada. 5 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034206/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-550/Index.cfm?TPL=P3C&Page=INDX&LANG=Eng">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%2C+for+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+and+urban+areas%2C+2006+and+2001+censuses+%E2%80%93+100%25+data&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2008-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus06%2Fdata%2Fpopdwell%2FTable.cfm%3FT%3D802%26PR%3D35%26SR%3D1%26S%3D3%26O%3DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMAPop-9"><a href="#cite_ref-CMAPop_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=201&S=3&O=D&RPP=150">"Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2006 and 2011 censuses – 100% data"</a>. Statistics Canada. 5 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525001405/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=201&S=3&O=D&RPP=150">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%2C+for+census+metropolitan+areas%2C+2006+and+2011+censuses+%E2%80%93+100%25+data&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2008-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fpd-pl%2FTable-Tableau.cfm%3FLANG%3DEng%26T%3D201%26S%3D3%26O%3DD%26RPP%3D150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118093823/http://ottawa.ca/residents/public_consult/lansdowne_partnership/urban_park/proposed_designs/c_en.html">"City of Ottawa – Design C"</a>. Ottawa.ca. 20 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottawa.ca/residents/public_consult/lansdowne_partnership/urban_park/proposed_designs/c_en.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Ottawa+%E2%80%93+Design+C&rft.pub=Ottawa.ca&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fottawa.ca%2Fresidents%2Fpublic_consult%2Flansdowne_partnership%2Furban_park%2Fproposed_designs%2Fc_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/occ/2011/08-25/fedco/01%20-%20ACS2011-OCM-CMR-0003%20-%202010%20Report%20on%20FLS%20ENG.htm">"Rapport au / Report to"</a>. Ottawa.ca. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170026/http://ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/occ/2011/08-25/fedco/01%20-%20ACS2011-OCM-CMR-0003%20-%202010%20Report%20on%20FLS%20ENG.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapport+au+%2F+Report+to&rft.pub=Ottawa.ca&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fottawa.ca%2Fcalendar%2Fottawa%2Fcitycouncil%2Focc%2F2011%2F08-25%2Ffedco%2F01%2520-%2520ACS2011-OCM-CMR-0003%2520-%25202010%2520Report%2520on%2520FLS%2520ENG.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2019&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2020&referencePeriods=20190101%2C20200101">"Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 6 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184338/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+36-10-0468-01+Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+at+basic+prices%2C+by+census+metropolitan+area+%28CMA%29+%28x+1%2C000%2C000%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D3610046801%26cubeTimeFrame.startYear%3D2019%26cubeTimeFrame.endYear%3D2020%26referencePeriods%3D20190101%252C20200101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/N-4.pdf">"National Capital Act (R. S. C., 1985, c. N-4)"</a> (PDF). 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House of Commons Procedure and Practice (3rd ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502121452/https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure/procedure-and-practice-3/ch_06_1-e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ottawa+as+the+Seat+of+Government&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+Procedure+and+Practice&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcommons.ca%2Fprocedure%2Fprocedure-and-practice-3%2Fch_06_1-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.runottawa.ca/a-brief-history-of-bytown">"A Brief History of Bytown"</a>. 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National Post. <a href="/wiki/Postmedia_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmedia News">Postmedia News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231105223456/https://nationalpost.com/category/news/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Is+Ottawa+Canada%27s+smartest+city%3F+Capital+edges+Toronto%2C+Calgary+in+university-educated+population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fis-ottawa-canadas-smartest-city-capital-edges-toronto-calgary-in-university-educated-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawatourism.ca/en/ottawa-insider/ottawa-s-seven-national-museums">"Ottawa's Seven National Museums"</a>. Ottawa Tourism. Ottawa Tourism and Convention Authority, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502212124/https://ottawatourism.ca/en/ottawa-insider/ottawa-s-seven-national-museums">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2021. 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Rogers Sports & Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031043455/https://ottawa.citynews.ca/local-news/canadas-third-consecutive-record-breaking-year-in-tourism-in-2019-a-win-for-ottawa-2112684">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+News&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+third+consecutive+record-breaking+year+in+tourism+in+2019+a+win+for+Ottawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawa.citynews.ca%2Flocal-news%2Fcanadas-third-consecutive-record-breaking-year-in-tourism-in-2019-a-win-for-ottawa-2112684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-citizennews-22"><a href="#cite_ref-citizennews_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/the-future-of-ottawa-tourism-will-rely-on-the-citys-residents">"Ottawa attracts more than 11 million visitors each year"</a>. Ottawa Citizen. Post Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106073742/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/the-future-of-ottawa-tourism-will-rely-on-the-citys-residents">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Ottawa+attracts+more+than+11+million+visitors+each+year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fthe-future-of-ottawa-tourism-will-rely-on-the-citys-residents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rayburn2001-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Rayburn2001_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Rayburn2001" class="citation book cs1">Alan Rayburn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&pg=PA231">Naming Canada: Stories About Canadian Place Names</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8293-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-8293-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520061253/https://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2016. 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Wat on Earth. 15 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034215/https://uwaterloo.ca/wat-on-earth/news/champlain-sea-here-yesterday-gone-tomorrow">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2022. 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Proposal to the City Constitution Committee 10 August 1877, City of Ottawa Archives /MG 037-8-1 p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell" class="citation web cs1">Powell, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/publications/ottawa-stories/momentous-events-in-the-city-s-life/queen-victoria-chooses-ottawa">"Queen Victoria Chooses Ottawa"</a>. The Historical Society of Ottawa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122175907/https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/publications/ottawa-stories/momentous-events-in-the-city-s-life/queen-victoria-chooses-ottawa">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021. 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Carleton university Press. pp. 74-86 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Knight, David B (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton university Press. pp. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toronto.ca/explore-enjoy/history-art-culture/online-exhibits/web-exhibits/web-exhibits-significant-events/the-earliest-known-photographs-of-toronto/torontos-bid-to-be-the-capital-of-canada/">"Toronto's Bid to Be the Capital of Canada"</a>. City of Toronto. 23 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804190343/https://www.toronto.ca/explore-enjoy/history-art-culture/online-exhibits/web-exhibits/web-exhibits-significant-events/the-earliest-known-photographs-of-toronto/torontos-bid-to-be-the-capital-of-canada/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Toronto&rft.atitle=Toronto%27s+Bid+to+Be+the+Capital+of+Canada&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toronto.ca%2Fexplore-enjoy%2Fhistory-art-culture%2Fonline-exhibits%2Fweb-exhibits%2Fweb-exhibits-significant-events%2Fthe-earliest-known-photographs-of-toronto%2Ftorontos-bid-to-be-the-capital-of-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Knight, David B (1991). 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Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+Canada%27s+Capital%3A+Conflict+Resolution+in+a+Parliamentary+System&rft.series=Issue+168+of+Carleton+Library+Series%2C+ISSN+0576-7784&rft.pages=236&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88629-148-8&rft.au=Northey&rft.au=Knight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPY3hRG0a-EC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen2003-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2003_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul_Bernard_Cohen2003" class="citation book cs1">Saul Bernard Cohen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA122">Geopolitics of the world system</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9907-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-9907-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424133740/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA122">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geopolitics+of+the+world+system&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9907-0&rft.au=Saul+Bernard+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkMD8HKRlgoC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202235657/http://www.ottawagraphy.ca/answers/why-was-ottawa-chosen-federal-capital-city">"Why Was Ottawa Chosen as the Federal Capital City?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ottawagraphy.ca/answers/why-was-ottawa-chosen-federal-capital-city">the original</a> on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Was+Ottawa+Chosen+as+the+Federal+Capital+City%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottawagraphy.ca%2Fanswers%2Fwhy-was-ottawa-chosen-federal-capital-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Knight, David B. (1991). Choosing Canada's capital: conflict resolution in a parliamentary system. Carleton University Press. pp. 1, 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/publications/ottawa-stories/important-public-and-private-buildings-in-the-city/tag/Rideau%20Canal">"Rideau Canal"</a>. The Historical Society of Ottawa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034214/https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/publications/ottawa-stories/important-public-and-private-buildings-in-the-city/tag/Rideau%20Canal">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rideau+Canal&rft.pub=The+Historical+Society+of+Ottawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicalsocietyottawa.ca%2Fpublications%2Fottawa-stories%2Fimportant-public-and-private-buildings-in-the-city%2Ftag%2FRideau%2520Canal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourrie1996-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Bourrie1996_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Bourrie1996" class="citation book cs1">Mark Bourrie (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUInFSPPc5kC&pg=PA19">Canada's Parliament Buildings</a>. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-190-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-190-4"><bdi>978-0-88882-190-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522101226/https://books.google.com/books?id=xUInFSPPc5kC&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2016. 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Retrieved 3 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parl.gc.ca&rft.atitle=The+Parliament+Buildings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FAbout%2FParliament%2FPublications%2FParliamentBuildings%2FParlBlgs-e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228212113/http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/hist/1859-1916-eng.html">"Construction, 1859–1916"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/hist/1859-1916-eng.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Construction%2C+1859%E2%80%931916&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca%2Fcollineduparlement-parliamenthill%2Fbatir-building%2Fhist%2F1859-1916-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1980107-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1980107_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoods1980">Woods 1980</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102042325/http://www.bytownmuseum.com/EN/fifteen-3.html">"Ottawa History – 1886–1890"</a>. Bytown Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bytownmuseum.com/EN/fifteen-3.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottawa+History+%E2%80%93+1886%E2%80%931890&rft.pub=Bytown+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bytownmuseum.com%2FEN%2Ffifteen-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Ottawa, An Illustrated History, John H. Taylor .Page 102. Jame Lorimer and Company Publishing. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energyottawa.com/generation/chaudiere-falls/">"Chaudière Falls"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228212928/http://energyottawa.com/generation/chaudiere-falls/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chaudi%C3%A8re+Falls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenergyottawa.com%2Fgeneration%2Fchaudiere-falls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Wetering199728-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Wetering199728_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_de_Wetering1997">Van de Wetering 1997</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_News_Ottawa" class="citation web cs1">CBC News Ottawa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-streetcar-archives-photos-lrt-1.5372302">"Ottawa's original LRT: 68 years of streetcars in the capital"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034218/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-streetcar-archives-photos-lrt-1.5372302">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottawa%27s+original+LRT%3A+68+years+of+streetcars+in+the+capital&rft.au=CBC+News+Ottawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fottawa-streetcar-archives-photos-lrt-1.5372302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164645/http://www.archivecdbooks.ca/Samples/CA0188_Samp.pdf">"Report of the Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund, 1900, Ottawa"</a> (PDF). The Rolla L. Crain Co (Archive CD Books Canada). 31 December 1900. pp. 5–12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivecdbooks.ca/Samples/CA0188_Samp.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Ottawa+and+Hull+Fire+Relief+Fund%2C+1900%2C+Ottawa&rft.pages=5-12&rft.pub=The+Rolla+L.+Crain+Co+%28Archive+CD+Books+Canada%29&rft.date=1900-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archivecdbooks.ca%2FSamples%2FCA0188_Samp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Wetering199757-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Wetering199757_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_de_Wetering1997">Van de Wetering 1997</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttawa_and_Hull_Fire_Relief_Fund1900" class="citation book cs1">Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/cihm_11661">Report of the Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund, 1900 [microform]</a>. Canadiana.org. [Ottawa? : s.n.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-11661-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-11661-2"><bdi>978-0-665-11661-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Ottawa+and+Hull+Fire+Relief+Fund%2C+1900+%5Bmicroform%5D&rft.pub=%5BOttawa%3F+%3A+s.n.%5D&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=978-0-665-11661-2&rft.au=Ottawa+and+Hull+Fire+Relief+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_11661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawa.citynews.ca/remember-this/remember-this-hull-and-ottawa-in-flames-2267155">"Remember This? Hull and Ottawa in flames"</a>. CityNews Ottawa. 20 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518022810/https://ottawa.citynews.ca/remember-this/remember-this-hull-and-ottawa-in-flames-2267155">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021. 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Retrieved 14 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ottawa%27s+past+in+pictures%3A+Disasters+that+shook+the+city&rft.date=2017-05-14&rft.aulast=Globerman&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fottawa-s-past-in-pictures-disasters-that-shook-the-city-1.4099327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/Ottawa+train+station+year+timeline/6690930/story.html">"Ottawa's old train station: a 100-year timeline"</a>. Ottawa Citizen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806194422/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/Ottawa+train+station+year+timeline/6690930/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Ottawa%27s+old+train+station%3A+a+100-year+timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2FOttawa%2Btrain%2Bstation%2Byear%2Btimeline%2F6690930%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Wetering199741-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Wetering199741_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_de_Wetering1997">Van de Wetering 1997</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2011108-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale2011108_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHale2011">Hale 2011</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullington2005-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Mullington2005_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Mullington2005" class="citation book cs1">Dave Mullington (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKxwbOUKZYEC&pg=PA120">Chain of office: biographical sketches of the early mayors of Ottawa (1847–1948)</a>. General Store Publishing House. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897113-17-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897113-17-2"><bdi>978-1-897113-17-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428124057/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKxwbOUKZYEC&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2016. 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Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+atlas%3A+our+nation%2C+environment+and+people&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest+Association+%28Canada%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-082-9&rft.au=Reader%27s+Digest+Association+%28Canada%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDR7hrnO1aYC%26pg%3DPP40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=12073">"Confederation Square National Historic Site of Canada"</a>. 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The Montreal Gazette. 24 June 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710161519/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19380624&id=0b00AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZKgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5524,3172428">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022 – via Google News Archive Search.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Old+Ottawa+Post+Office+Building+Razed+After+Service+of+62+Years&rft.date=1938-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1946%26dat%3D19380624%26id%3D0b00AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DZKgFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5524%2C3172428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell" class="citation web cs1">Powell, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca/publications/ottawa-stories/changes-in-the-city-s-landscape/ottawa-the-beautiful-the-greber-report">"Ottawa the Beautiful: The Gréber Report"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Society+of+Ottawa&rft.atitle=Ottawa+the+Beautiful%3A+The+Gr%C3%A9ber+Report&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicalsocietyottawa.ca%2Fpublications%2Fottawa-stories%2Fchanges-in-the-city-s-landscape%2Fottawa-the-beautiful-the-greber-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Gréber_Report-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Gr%C3%A9ber_Report_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Gr%C3%A9ber_Report_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075840/http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/arts-culture-and-community/museums-and-heritage/witness-change-visions-andrews-newton-7">"The Gréber Report"</a>. ottawa.ca. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16300-20443-29365-23553&lang=1&bhcp=1">the original</a> on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planners+Over+Time&rft.pub=National+Capital+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadascapital.gc.ca%2Fbins%2Fncc_web_content_page.asp%3Fcid%3D16300-20443-29365-23553%26lang%3D1%26bhcp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson2006-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Erickson2006_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonna_L._Erickson2006" class="citation book cs1">Donna L. 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NCC-CCN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303190927/https://ncc-ccn.gc.ca/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCC-CCN&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncc-ccn.gc.ca%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/about-ncc">"About the NCC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128030922/http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/about-ncc">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2015. 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Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Ottawa+Act%2C+1999%2C+Chapter+14%2C+Schedule+E&rft.pub=Service+Ontario%2FLegislative+Assembly+of+Ontario&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-laws.gov.on.ca%2Fhtml%2Fstatutes%2Fenglish%2Felaws_statutes_99c14e_e.htm%23BK3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/Canada/mun00.html">"Canadian Municipal Elections"</a>. pdba.georgetown.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620035602/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/Canada/mun00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2010. 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Environment Canada. 25 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806074747/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4333&autofwd=1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottawa+CDA&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_normals%2Fresults_1981_2010_e.html%3FstnID%3D4333%26autofwd%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_141-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_141-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_141-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2013" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Environment and Climate Change (25 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=ottawa&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=4333&dispBack=0">"Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada"</a>. climate.weather.gc.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712095644/https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=Ottawa&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=4333&dispBack=0">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climate.weather.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Canadian+Climate+Normals+1981-2010+Station+Data+-+Climate+-+Environment+and+Climate+Change+Canada&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Environment+and+Climate+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_normals%2Fresults_1981_2010_e.html%3FsearchType%3DstnName%26txtStationName%3Dottawa%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26txtCentralLatMin%3D0%26txtCentralLatSec%3D0%26txtCentralLongMin%3D0%26txtCentralLongSec%3D0%26stnID%3D4333%26dispBack%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlockSimardMullock" class="citation web cs1">Klock, Ross; Simard, Gilles; Mullock, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navcanada.ca/en/lawm-ontario-quebec-en.pdf">"The Weather of Ontario and Quebec: Graphic Area Forecast 33"</a> (PDF). Nav Canada. pp. 92–94, 74–75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717204139/https://www.navcanada.ca/en/lawm-ontario-quebec-en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Weather+of+Ontario+and+Quebec%3A+Graphic+Area+Forecast+33&rft.pages=92-94%2C+74-75&rft.pub=Nav+Canada&rft.aulast=Klock&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft.au=Simard%2C+Gilles&rft.au=Mullock%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navcanada.ca%2Fen%2Flawm-ontario-quebec-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-May_2010-144"><a href="#cite_ref-May_2010_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=5&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2010">"Daily Data Report for May 2010"</a>. Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806120823/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=5&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2010">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Data+Report+for+May+2010&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_data%2Fdaily_data_e.html%3FhlyRange%3D%257C%26dlyRange%3D1889-11-01%257C2016-06-04%26mlyRange%3D1889-01-01%257C2006-12-01%26StationID%3D4333%26Prov%3DON%26urlExtension%3D_e.html%26searchType%3DstnName%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26selRowPerPage%3D25%26Line%3D7%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26Month%3D5%26Day%3D9%26txtStationName%3Dottawa%26timeframe%3D2%26Year%3D2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-January_1874-145"><a href="#cite_ref-January_1874_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1874">"Daily Data Report for January 1874"</a>. Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806085839/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1874">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Data+Report+for+January+1874&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_data%2Fdaily_data_e.html%3FhlyRange%3D%257C%26dlyRange%3D1872-03-01%257C1935-03-31%26mlyRange%3D1872-01-01%257C1935-12-01%26StationID%3D4327%26Prov%3DON%26urlExtension%3D_e.html%26searchType%3DstnName%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26selRowPerPage%3D25%26Line%3D1%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26Month%3D1%26Day%3D10%26txtStationName%3Dottawa%26timeframe%3D2%26Year%3D1874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-November_1875-146"><a href="#cite_ref-November_1875_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=11&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1875">"Daily Data Report for November 1875"</a>. Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806085341/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=11&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1875">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Data+Report+for+November+1875&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_data%2Fdaily_data_e.html%3FhlyRange%3D%257C%26dlyRange%3D1872-03-01%257C1935-03-31%26mlyRange%3D1872-01-01%257C1935-12-01%26StationID%3D4327%26Prov%3DON%26urlExtension%3D_e.html%26searchType%3DstnName%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26selRowPerPage%3D25%26Line%3D1%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26Month%3D11%26Day%3D10%26txtStationName%3Dottawa%26timeframe%3D2%26Year%3D1875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-August_1884-147"><a href="#cite_ref-August_1884_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=8&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1884">"Daily Data Report for August 1884"</a>. Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806092159/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1935-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1935-12-01&StationID=4327&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=8&Day=10&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=1884">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Data+Report+for+August+1884&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_data%2Fdaily_data_e.html%3FhlyRange%3D%257C%26dlyRange%3D1872-03-01%257C1935-03-31%26mlyRange%3D1872-01-01%257C1935-12-01%26StationID%3D4327%26Prov%3DON%26urlExtension%3D_e.html%26searchType%3DstnName%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26selRowPerPage%3D25%26Line%3D1%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26Month%3D8%26Day%3D10%26txtStationName%3Dottawa%26timeframe%3D2%26Year%3D1884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-February_2011-148"><a href="#cite_ref-February_2011_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2011">"Daily Data Report for February 2011"</a>. Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806105127/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2011">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Data+Report+for+February+2011&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_data%2Fdaily_data_e.html%3FhlyRange%3D%257C%26dlyRange%3D1889-11-01%257C2016-06-04%26mlyRange%3D1889-01-01%257C2006-12-01%26StationID%3D4333%26Prov%3DON%26urlExtension%3D_e.html%26searchType%3DstnName%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26selRowPerPage%3D25%26Line%3D7%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26Month%3D2%26Day%3D9%26txtStationName%3Dottawa%26timeframe%3D2%26Year%3D2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-March_2012-149"><a href="#cite_ref-March_2012_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012">"Daily Data Report for March 2012"</a>. Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806125336/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Data+Report+for+March+2012&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_data%2Fdaily_data_e.html%3FhlyRange%3D%257C%26dlyRange%3D1889-11-01%257C2016-06-04%26mlyRange%3D1889-01-01%257C2006-12-01%26StationID%3D4333%26Prov%3DON%26urlExtension%3D_e.html%26searchType%3DstnName%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26selRowPerPage%3D25%26Line%3D7%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26Month%3D3%26Day%3D9%26txtStationName%3Dottawa%26timeframe%3D2%26Year%3D2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-December_2012-150"><a href="#cite_ref-December_2012_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=12&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012">"Daily Data Report for December 2012"</a>. Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806080537/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=12&Day=9&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2012">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Data+Report+for+December+2012&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_data%2Fdaily_data_e.html%3FhlyRange%3D%257C%26dlyRange%3D1889-11-01%257C2016-06-04%26mlyRange%3D1889-01-01%257C2006-12-01%26StationID%3D4333%26Prov%3DON%26urlExtension%3D_e.html%26searchType%3DstnName%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26selRowPerPage%3D25%26Line%3D7%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26Month%3D12%26Day%3D9%26txtStationName%3Dottawa%26timeframe%3D2%26Year%3D2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-February_2017-151"><a href="#cite_ref-February_2017_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=23&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2017">"Daily Data Report for February 2017"</a>. Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050224/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1889-11-01%7C2016-06-04&mlyRange=1889-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4333&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=7&searchMethod=contains&Month=2&Day=23&txtStationName=ottawa&timeframe=2&Year=2017">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017. 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Retrieved 17 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Earthquake+shakes+Ottawa&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fnationalpost%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D24de3df5-eb4b-41de-8a31-9eb3ea0ed480%26k%3D77474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earthquake2010-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Earthquake2010_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626024653/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010xwa7.php">"Magnitude 5.5 – Ontario-Quebec Border Region, Canada"</a>. USGS. 23 June 2010. 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Retrieved 17 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Earthquake+shakes+Ottawa&rft.date=2013-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanada%2Fearthquake-rattles-residents-in-ontario-quebec-1.1285923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncc-ccn.gc.ca/places/rideau-canal-skateway">"Rideau Canal Skateway – National Capital Commission::"</a>. Canadian Heritage. 7 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118140436/https://ncc-ccn.gc.ca/places/rideau-canal-skateway">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2020. 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Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News+Ottawa&rft.atitle=Sparks+Street%27s+great+divide+bad+for+business%2C+merchants+say&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft.aulast=Panico&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fsparks-street-s-great-divide-bad-for-business-merchants-say-1.5339340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2001" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Supreme Court of (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/court-cour/buil-edi-eng.aspx">"Supreme Court of Canada - The Court - SCC Building"</a>. www.scc-csc.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603161227/https://scc-csc.ca/court-cour/buil-edi-eng.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2022. 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Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Consolidated+federal+laws+of+Canada%2C+National+Capital+Act&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2Fn-4%2Fpage-3.html%23h-374470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Erickson, Donna L (2004). "The relationship of historic city form and contemporary greenway implementation: a comparison of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA) and Ottawa, Ontario (Canada)". Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (2–3): 206. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004LUrbP..68..199E">2004LUrbP..68..199E</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.508.4274">10.1.1.508.4274</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-2046%2803%2900160-9">10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00160-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-2046">0169-2046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86215921">86215921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landscape+and+Urban+Planning&rft.atitle=The+relationship+of+historic+city+form+and+contemporary+greenway+implementation%3A+a+comparison+of+Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin+%28USA%29+and+Ottawa%2C+Ontario+%28Canada%29&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=206&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86215921%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004LUrbP..68..199E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.508.4274%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0169-2046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0169-2046%2803%2900160-9&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Donna+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownMitchell2005-180"><a href="#cite_ref-BrownMitchell2005_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_BrownNora_J._MitchellMichael_Beresford2005" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Brown; Nora J. Mitchell; Michael Beresford, eds. (2005). The protected landscape approach: linking nature, culture and community. 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Ottawa Tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725005221/https://ottawatourism.ca/en/destination-development/research/economic-impact-study">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2022. 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Retrieved 13 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ottawacitizen.com&rft.atitle=Tech+jobs+near+all-time+high+as+Region%27s+jobless+rate+hits+6.8%25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fbusiness%2FTech%2Bjobs%2Bnear%2Btime%2Bhigh%2BRegion%2Bjobless%2Brate%2Bhits%2F9819243%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TreviñoDoutriaux2006j-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Trevi%C3%B1oDoutriaux2006j_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonel_Corona_TreviñoJérôme_DoutriauxSarfraz_A._Mian2006" class="citation book cs1">Leonel Corona Treviño; Jérôme Doutriaux; Sarfraz A. Mian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rjok73CxF4C&pg=PA101">Building knowledge regions in North America: emerging technology innovation poles</a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-430-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-430-5"><bdi>978-1-84542-430-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430040144/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rjok73CxF4C&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016. 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Retrieved 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+healthcare&rft.pub=City+of+Ottawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fottawa.ca%2Fen%2Fresidents%2Fpublic-health%2Fhealthcare%2Ffinding-healthcare%23P46_1193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uOttawa_Med-250"><a href="#cite_ref-uOttawa_Med_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med.uottawa.ca/patho/eng/affiliated.html">"Affiliated Teaching Hospitals"</a>. uOttawa.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811040203/http://www.med.uottawa.ca/patho/eng/affiliated.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uOttawa.ca&rft.atitle=Affiliated+Teaching+Hospitals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.uottawa.ca%2Fpatho%2Feng%2Faffiliated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale201159–60-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale201159%E2%80%9360_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHale2011">Hale 2011</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale201161–68-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale201161%E2%80%9368_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHale2011">Hale 2011</a>, pp. 61–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-BousfieldToffoli1989-253"><a href="#cite_ref-BousfieldToffoli1989_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_BousfieldGarry_Toffoli1989" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Bousfield; Garry Toffoli (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Go5p_CN8UQC&pg=PA34">Royal spring: the royal tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada</a>. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-065-6"><bdi>978-1-55002-065-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425102153/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Go5p_CN8UQC&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+spring%3A+the+royal+tour+of+1939+and+the+Queen+Mother+in+Canada&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-065-6&rft.au=Arthur+Bousfield&rft.au=Garry+Toffoli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Go5p_CN8UQC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granatstein2005n-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Granatstein2005n_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._L._Granatstein2005" class="citation book cs1">J. L. Granatstein (21 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastgoodwarillus0000gran">The last good war: an illustrated history of Canada in the Second World War, 1939–1945</a>. Douglas & McIntyre. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastgoodwarillus0000gran/page/223">223</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-913-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-913-3"><bdi>978-1-55054-913-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+good+war%3A+an+illustrated+history+of+Canada+in+the+Second+World+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=223-&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2005-03-21&rft.isbn=978-1-55054-913-3&rft.au=J.+L.+Granatstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastgoodwarillus0000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solski2006-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Solski2006_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Solski2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruth Solski (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8s7-m6yOnwC&pg=PA83">Big Book of Canadian Celebrations: Grades 4–6</a>. S&S Learning Materials. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55035-851-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55035-851-3"><bdi>978-1-55035-851-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425091723/https://books.google.com/books?id=w8s7-m6yOnwC&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Book+of+Canadian+Celebrations%3A+Grades+4%E2%80%936&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=S%26S+Learning+Materials&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55035-851-3&rft.au=Ruth+Solski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8s7-m6yOnwC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ord2003-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Ord2003_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Ord2003" class="citation book cs1">Douglas Ord (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIUPghtfGyIC&pg=PA369">The National Gallery of Canada: ideas, art, architecture</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2509-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2509-2"><bdi>978-0-7735-2509-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502120811/https://books.google.com/books?id=lIUPghtfGyIC&pg=PA369">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Gallery+of+Canada%3A+ideas%2C+art%2C+architecture&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2509-2&rft.au=Douglas+Ord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIUPghtfGyIC%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes2008-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes2008_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Hayes2008" class="citation book cs1">Derek Hayes (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrkq7t_4080C&pg=PA271">Canada: an illustrated history</a>. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-259-5"><bdi>978-1-55365-259-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505020500/https://books.google.com/books?id=hrkq7t_4080C&pg=PA271">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-259-5&rft.au=Derek+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhrkq7t_4080C%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/princess-di-across-canada/article2060598/">"Princess Di across Canada"</a>. Globe and Mail. 22 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110625121249/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/princess-di-across-canada/article2060598/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Princess+Di+across+Canada&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Flife%2Fprincess-di-across-canada%2Farticle2060598%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011-06-30-HCH-259"><a href="#cite_ref-2011-06-30-HCH_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110702195512/http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/9021323.html">"Royal tour begins with unhurried walkabout"</a>. The Chronicle-Herald. Halifax NS. The Canadian Press. 30 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/9021323.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle-Herald&rft.atitle=Royal+tour+begins+with+unhurried+walkabout&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthechronicleherald.ca%2FFront%2F9021323.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/andrew-king-for-our-eyes-only-tracking-bond-in-ottawa">"Andrew King: For Our Eyes Only, tracking Bond in Ottawa"</a>. ottawacitizen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316053149/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/andrew-king-for-our-eyes-only-tracking-bond-in-ottawa">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ottawacitizen&rft.atitle=Andrew+King%3A+For+Our+Eyes+Only%2C+tracking+Bond+in+Ottawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fandrew-king-for-our-eyes-only-tracking-bond-in-ottawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/planning/built_heritage/designation/index_en.html">"Heritage Designation Program"</a>. City of Ottawa. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617044338/http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/planning/built_heritage/designation/index_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+Designation+Program&rft.pub=City+of+Ottawa&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottawa.ca%2Fresidents%2Fplanning%2Fbuilt_heritage%2Fdesignation%2Findex_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale201160-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale201160_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHale2011">Hale 2011</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110621090354/http://nac-cna.ca/en/about/nachistory/index.cfm">"NAC History"</a>. National Arts Centre. 17 March 1970. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nac-cna.ca/en/about/nachistory/index.cfm">the original</a> on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAC+History&rft.pub=National+Arts+Centre&rft.date=1970-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nac-cna.ca%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fnachistory%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Great%20Canadian%20Theatre%20Company">"Great Canadian Theatre Company"</a>. Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia. 13 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204044118/http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Great%20Canadian%20Theatre%20Company">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Canadian+Theatre+Company&rft.pub=Canadian+Theatre+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiantheatre.com%2Fdict.pl%3Fterm%3DGreat%2520Canadian%2520Theatre%2520Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110530162324/http://www.ottawa.ca/visitors/what_to_do/museums_history_en.html">"City of Ottawa – Museums and History"</a>. City of Ottawa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottawa.ca/visitors/what_to_do/museums_history_en.html">the original</a> on 30 May 2011. 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Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Gallery+of+Canada+%E2%80%93+Ottawa+Tourism+Official+Site&rft.pub=Ottawatourism.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottawatourism.ca%2Fold%2Fde%2Fvisitors%2Fattractions%2Ffast-facts-ottawa%2F366-fast-facts-national-gallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warmuseum.ca/about-us/corporation/about-the-corporation/about-the-canadian-museum-of-civilization-corporation/">"WarMuseum.ca – About the Museum – Mission"</a>. Civilization.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027150013/http://www.warmuseum.ca/about-us/corporation/about-the-corporation/about-the-canadian-museum-of-civilization-corporation/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2011. 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Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Museum+of+Nature+to+transform+into+nightclub&rft.date=2012&rft.au=CBC+News+Ottawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fmuseum-of-nature-to-transform-into-nightclub-1.1242324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/life/travel/2010/06/04/rare_blue_whale_skeleton_on_display_at_ottawas_canadian_museum_of_nature.html">"Rare blue whale skeleton on display at Ottawa's Canadian Museum of Nature"</a>. thestar.com. 4 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725022939/https://www.thestar.com/life/travel/2010/06/04/rare_blue_whale_skeleton_on_display_at_ottawas_canadian_museum_of_nature.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=Rare+blue+whale+skeleton+on+display+at+Ottawa%27s+Canadian+Museum+of+Nature&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Flife%2Ftravel%2F2010%2F06%2F04%2Frare_blue_whale_skeleton_on_display_at_ottawas_canadian_museum_of_nature.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Official_dish-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Official_dish_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-official-food-donair-shawarma-1.3356996">"Ottawa's official food: What dish defines us?"</a>. CBC News. 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Ottawa Sun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210919144616/https://ottawasun.com/sports/basketball/dynasty-theres-nothing-quite-like-what-carleton-ravens-mens-basketball-team-has-done">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Sun&rft.atitle=DYNASTY%3F+There%27s+nothing+quite+like+what+Carleton+Ravens+men%27s+basketball+team+has+done&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawasun.com%2Fsports%2Fbasketball%2Fdynasty-theres-nothing-quite-like-what-carleton-ravens-mens-basketball-team-has-done&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teams.geegees.ca/general/2019-20/releases/20200114mx1ij7">"National Top Ten Update: Five teams remain ranked"</a>. 14 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124011041/https://teams.geegees.ca/general/2019-20/releases/20200114mx1ij7">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020. 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Retrieved 16 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OC+Transpo&rft.atitle=Our+services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.octranspo.com%2Fen%2Four-services%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.octranspo.com/en/ready-for-rail/transforming-the-service/expanding-o-train-service">"Expanding O-Train service"</a>. OC Transpo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216190331/http://www.octranspo.com/en/ready-for-rail/transforming-the-service/expanding-o-train-service">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OC+Transpo&rft.atitle=Expanding+O-Train+service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.octranspo.com%2Fen%2Fready-for-rail%2Ftransforming-the-service%2Fexpanding-o-train-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/bus-o-train-network/vehicles/">"Vehicles"</a>. OC Transpo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906201722/https://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/bus-o-train-network/vehicles/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vehicles&rft.pub=OC+Transpo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.octranspo.com%2Fen%2Four-services%2Fbus-o-train-network%2Fvehicles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stage2lrt.ca/">"Stage 2 Ottawa"</a>. Stage2lrt.ca. 22 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322133748/http://www.stage2lrt.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stage2lrt.ca&rft.atitle=Stage+2+Ottawa&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stage2lrt.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_305-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/bus-o-train-network/service-types/">"Service types"</a>. OC Transpo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217184613/http://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/bus-o-train-network/service-types">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OC+Transpo&rft.atitle=Service+types&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.octranspo.com%2Fen%2Four-services%2Fbus-o-train-network%2Fservice-types%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/gatineau-aylmer-ottawa-light-rail-1.4713843">"Gatineau reveals $2.1B LRT plan, eyes 2028 launch"</a>. CBC. 20 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114184041/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/gatineau-aylmer-ottawa-light-rail-1.4713843">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Gatineau+reveals+%242.1B+LRT+plan%2C+eyes+2028+launch&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fgatineau-aylmer-ottawa-light-rail-1.4713843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PurdomCarroll2003f-307"><a href="#cite_ref-PurdomCarroll2003f_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_PurdomDonald_CarrollRobert_Holmes2003" class="citation book cs1">Laura Purdom; Donald Carroll; Robert Holmes (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nD6yjUail9AC&pg=PA70">Traveler's Companion Eastern Canada</a>. Globe Pequot. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2332-4"><bdi>978-0-7627-2332-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429031340/https://books.google.com/books?id=nD6yjUail9AC&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traveler%27s+Companion+Eastern+Canada&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-2332-4&rft.au=Laura+Purdom&rft.au=Donald+Carroll&rft.au=Robert+Holmes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnD6yjUail9AC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/stations1/tremblay1">"Tremblay"</a>. OC Transpo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007014942/https://www.octranspo.com/en/our-services/stations1/tremblay1/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2021. 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Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ontarionorthland.ca&rft.atitle=Ottawa+Agency+-+Change+in+Pick-Up+and+Drop-off+%7C+Ontario+Northland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fontarionorthland.ca%2Fen%2Fottawa-agency-change-pick-and-drop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nebula.wsimg.com/5319e6b801e78b710fbe67c96a31724a?AccessKeyId=A8F7318CB6209AF92A92&disposition=0&alloworigin=1">"Autobus Gatineau Schedule - Grand Remous / Ottawa - Ottawa / Grand Remous"</a>. autobusgatineau.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516154044/https://nebula.wsimg.com/5319e6b801e78b710fbe67c96a31724a?AccessKeyId=A8F7318CB6209AF92A92&disposition=0&alloworigin=1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=autobusgatineau.com&rft.atitle=Autobus+Gatineau+Schedule+-+Grand+Remous+%2F+Ottawa+-+Ottawa+%2F+Grand+Remous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnebula.wsimg.com%2F5319e6b801e78b710fbe67c96a31724a%3FAccessKeyId%3DA8F7318CB6209AF92A92%26disposition%3D0%26alloworigin%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orleansexpress.com/en/travelling-montreal-ottawa/">"Travelling from Montreal to Ottawa"</a>. Orleans Express. 9 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223222927/https://www.orleansexpress.com/en/travelling-montreal-ottawa/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orleans+Express&rft.atitle=Travelling+from+Montreal+to+Ottawa&rft.date=2021-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orleansexpress.com%2Fen%2Ftravelling-montreal-ottawa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighway" class="citation web cs1">Highway, Trans-Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transcanadahighway.com/ontario/">"Ontario Trans-Canada Highway itineraries and towns"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCC-CCN&rft.atitle=Capital+Pathway+Strategic+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncc-ccn.gc.ca%2Four-plans%2Fcapital-pathway-strategic-plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_322-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/transportation-and-parking/cycling/cycling-network-information">"Cycling Network Information"</a>. Ottawa.ca. City of Ottawa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918065653/http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/transportation-and-parking/cycling/cycling-network-information">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ottawa.ca&rft.atitle=Cycling+Network+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fottawa.ca%2Fen%2Fresidents%2Ftransportation-and-parking%2Fcycling%2Fcycling-network-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nccwatch.org/blunders/sparks.htm">"Sparks Street"</a>. NCC Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617100655/http://www.nccwatch.org/blunders/sparks.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sparks+Street&rft.pub=NCC+Watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nccwatch.org%2Fblunders%2Fsparks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCC_Bike_Paths-324"><a href="#cite_ref-NCC_Bike_Paths_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708173631/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-16299-9970-9971&lang=1">"The Capital Pathway"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Commission" title="National Capital Commission">National Capital Commission</a>. 10 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-16299-9970-9971&lang=1">the original</a> on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Capital+Pathway&rft.pub=National+Capital+Commission&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadascapital.gc.ca%2Fbins%2Fncc_web_content_page.asp%3Fcid%3D16297-16299-9970-9971%26lang%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Public_Realm_Plan-325"><a href="#cite_ref-Public_Realm_Plan_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/public-engagement/projects/byward-market-public-realm-plan">"ByWard Market Public Realm Plan"</a>. City of Ottawa. 1 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805191635/https://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall/public-engagement/projects/byward-market-public-realm-plan">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ByWard+Market+Public+Realm+Plan&rft.pub=City+of+Ottawa&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawa.ca%2Fen%2Fcity-hall%2Fpublic-engagement%2Fprojects%2Fbyward-market-public-realm-plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/pages/20_bixi.aspx">"HistoricPlaces.ca - Capital BIXI Takes Ottawa: Pedal into the Past!"</a>. www.historicplaces.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725075708/https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/pages/20_bixi.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historicplaces.ca&rft.atitle=HistoricPlaces.ca+-+Capital+BIXI+Takes+Ottawa%3A+Pedal+into+the+Past%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicplaces.ca%2Fen%2Fpages%2F20_bixi.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/ottawa-parks-the-return-of-a-bike-sharing-program-on-city-streets-1.5362549">"Ottawa parks the return of a bike-sharing program on city streets"</a>. Ottawa. 25 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725035305/https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/ottawa-parks-the-return-of-a-bike-sharing-program-on-city-streets-1.5362549">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ottawa&rft.atitle=Ottawa+parks+the+return+of+a+bike-sharing+program+on+city+streets&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawa.ctvnews.ca%2Fottawa-parks-the-return-of-a-bike-sharing-program-on-city-streets-1.5362549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrault1946" class="citation book cs1">Brault, Lucien (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottawaoldnew0000unse">Ottawa Old and New</a>. Ottawa Historical Information Institute. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2947504">2947504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottawa+Old+and+New&rft.pub=Ottawa+Historical+Information+Institute&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2947504&rft.aulast=Brault&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fottawaoldnew0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2015" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, David L.A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.townandcrown.ca">Town and Crown an illustrated history of Canada's capital</a>. University of Ottawa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-68158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-68158-9"><bdi>978-0-470-68158-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Town+and+Crown+an+illustrated+history+of+Canada%27s+capital&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-470-68158-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=David+L.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.townandcrown.ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uottawa.ca/en/9780776638850/town-and-crown/">Alt URL</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2011" class="citation book cs1">Hale, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-xZXkWpWtIC&pg=PT1">Frommer's Ottawa</a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-68158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-68158-9"><bdi>978-0-470-68158-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518051438/https://books.google.com/books?id=D-xZXkWpWtIC&pg=PT1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Ottawa&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-470-68158-9&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD-xZXkWpWtIC%26pg%3DPT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeshenSt-Onge2001" class="citation book cs1">Keshen, Jeff; St-Onge, Nicole (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q9Bb4EiAyoC&pg=PP1">Ottawa—making a capital</a>. University of Ottawa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0521-0"><bdi>978-0-7766-0521-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424090752/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q9Bb4EiAyoC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottawa%E2%80%94making+a+capital&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-0521-0&rft.aulast=Keshen&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=St-Onge%2C+Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Q9Bb4EiAyoC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2006" class="citation book cs1">Lee, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZLSf-I0XgIC&pg=PA1">Lumber kings & shantymen: logging and lumbering in the Ottawa Valley</a>. James Lorimer & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-922-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-922-0"><bdi>978-1-55028-922-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512120704/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZLSf-I0XgIC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumber+kings+%26+shantymen%3A+logging+and+lumbering+in+the+Ottawa+Valley&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55028-922-0&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZLSf-I0XgIC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegget1986" class="citation book cs1">Legget, Robert (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CaA4OpW4Ao0C&pg=PA252">Rideau Waterway</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6591-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6591-0"><bdi>0-8020-6591-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514110242/https://books.google.com/books?id=CaA4OpW4Ao0C&pg=PA252">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rideau+Waterway&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8020-6591-0&rft.aulast=Legget&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCaA4OpW4Ao0C%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1997" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Carol (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjUoa_r4LOIC&pg=PA1">Ottawa: a colourguide</a>. Formac Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-396-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-396-3"><bdi>978-0-88780-396-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506090703/https://books.google.com/books?id=gjUoa_r4LOIC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottawa%3A+a+colourguide&rft.pub=Formac+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88780-396-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgjUoa_r4LOIC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaMika1982" class="citation book cs1">Mika, Nick; Mika, Helma (1982). Bytown: The Early Days of Ottawa. Mika Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919303-60-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-919303-60-9"><bdi>0-919303-60-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bytown%3A+The+Early+Days+of+Ottawa&rft.pub=Mika+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-919303-60-9&rft.aulast=Mika&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Mika%2C+Helma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1986" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, John H. (1986). Ottawa: An Illustrated History. J. Lorimer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-981-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-981-4"><bdi>978-0-88862-981-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottawa%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=J.+Lorimer&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88862-981-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Wetering1997" class="citation book cs1">Van de Wetering, Marion (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkxGw291AcC&pg=PA1">An Ottawa album: glimpses of the way we were</a>. Dundurn Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-195-9"><bdi>978-0-88882-195-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512123505/https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkxGw291AcC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ottawa+album%3A+glimpses+of+the+way+we+were&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88882-195-9&rft.aulast=Van+de+Wetering&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjRkxGw291AcC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1980" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Shirley E. Jr. (1980). Ottawa: The Capital of Canada. Doubleday Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-14722-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-14722-8"><bdi>0-385-14722-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottawa%3A+The+Capital+of+Canada&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-385-14722-8&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Shirley+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttawa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ottawa at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&oldid=1259743718">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&oldid=1259743718</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 November 2024, at 20:32 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%8B" title="ኦታዋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦታዋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="أوتاوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوتاوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1" title="Օթաուա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օթաուա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottava" title="Ottava – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ottava" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="اوتاوا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوتاوا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="অটোয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অটোয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Атава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Атава – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="ओटावा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ओटावा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Отава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོ་ཏ་ཝ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོ་ཏ་ཝ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3tsoh_N%C3%ADl%C4%AF%CC%81" title="Tótsoh Nílį́ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tótsoh Nílį́" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="ओटोवा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ओटोवा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%84%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Οττάβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οττάβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Оттава ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Оттава ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otavo" title="Otavo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otavo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="اتاوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتاوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otava" title="Otava – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Otava" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍉𐍄𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍉𐍄𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%99%80" title="오타와 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오타와" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Օտտավա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օտտավա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="ओटावा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओटावा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(Kanada)" title="Ottawa (Kanada) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ottawa (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%91%90%E1%95%9A/atavaa" title="ᐊᑐᕚ/atavaa – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᑐᕚ/atavaa" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%C3%A6" title="Оттавæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Оттавæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="אוטווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE" title="ಆಟ್ಟಾವಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಟ್ಟಾವಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ოტავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოტავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otawa" title="Otawa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Otawa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otava" title="Otava – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Otava" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavia" title="Ottavia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ottavia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otava" title="Otava – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Otava" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otava" title="Otava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Otava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottava" title="Ottava – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ottava" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(Kanada)" title="Ottawa (Kanada) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ottawa (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Отава – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Отава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5" title="ഓട്ടവ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓട്ടവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="ओटावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओटावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ოტავა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოტავა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="اوتاوا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوتاوا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="اوتاوا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوتاوا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အော့တဝမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော့တဝမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(stad)" title="Ottawa (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ottawa (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF" title="オタワ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オタワ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE" title="ଓଟାୱା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଓଟାୱା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottava_(Kanada)" title="Ottava (Kanada) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ottava (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE" title="ਓਟਾਵਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਟਾਵਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="اوٹاوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوٹاوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="آټاوا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آټاوا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%84%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Οττάβα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Οττάβα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottava" title="Ottava – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ottava" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottava" title="Ottava – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ottava" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otava" title="Otava – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Otava" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%95%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="ඕටවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඕටවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="اوٽاوا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوٽاوا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Отава – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Отава" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ئۆتاوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆتاوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Отава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE" title="ஒட்டாவா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒட்டாவா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE" title="అటావా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అటావా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="ออตตาวา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออตตาวา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%A9_(%E1%8E%A3%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%AB%E1%8E%A3)" title="ᎠᏔᏩ (ᎣᏂᏔᏫᎣ) – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏔᏩ (ᎣᏂᏔᏫᎣ)" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Оттава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оттава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="اوٹاوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوٹاوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottav" title="Ottav – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ottav" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF" title="渥太華 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="渥太華" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E5%8D%8E" title="渥太华 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="渥太华" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90" title="אטאווא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטאווא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF" title="渥太華 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="渥太華" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otava" title="Otava – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Otava" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF" title="渥太華 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="渥太華" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottava" title="Ottava – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ottava" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last 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