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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Investigations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Departure_of_John_Matze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departure_of_John_Matze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Departure of John Matze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Departure_of_John_Matze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_online_and_subsequent_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_online_and_subsequent_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Return online and subsequent events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_online_and_subsequent_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kanye_West_purchase_bid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanye_West_purchase_bid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Kanye West purchase bid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanye_West_purchase_bid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_acquisition_and_shutdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_acquisition_and_shutdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 2023 acquisition and shutdown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_acquisition_and_shutdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_relaunch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_relaunch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 2024 relaunch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_relaunch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 User base </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Content </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Content subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moderation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Moderation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Appearance and features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appearance_and_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Appearance and features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Registration_and_verification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registration_and_verification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Registration and verification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registration_and_verification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Company </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بارلير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارلير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B1" title="پارلر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler_(r%C3%A9seau_social)" title="Parler (réseau social) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parler (réseau social)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="पार्लर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पार्लर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler_(social_network)" title="Parler (social network) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parler (social network)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler" title="Parler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American alt-tech social networking service</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the social network. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Parler_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Parler (disambiguation)">Parler (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Parler</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Parler_logo_(2022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Parler_logo_%282022%29.svg/230px-Parler_logo_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Parler_logo_%282022%29.svg/345px-Parler_logo_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Parler_logo_%282022%29.svg/460px-Parler_logo_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:gainsboro;text-align:center">Screenshot</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <a href="/wiki/File:Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png/250px-Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png/375px-Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3d/Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="252" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A Parler feed showing <a href="/wiki/Andy_Biggs" title="Andy Biggs">Andy Biggs</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type of business</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Private_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Private company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">2018; 7 years ago (2018)<a href="#cite_note-meet-rebekah-mercer-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organizational_founder" title="Organizational founder">Founder(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">John Matze Jr. Jared Thomson <a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Rebekah Mercer</a><a href="#cite_note-meet-rebekah-mercer-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">CEO</th><td class="infobox-data">Ryan Rhodes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key people</th><td class="infobox-data">Elise Pierotti, Jaco Booyens</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">30 (as of 2020)<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-WSJ-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parler.com/">parler.com</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">Required</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Registered_user" title="Registered user">Users</a></th><td class="infobox-data">700,000 to 1 million (active) as of January 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parler&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-3">[3]</a> 20 million (total) as of January 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parler&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">September 2018; 6 years ago (2018-09)<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Online</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin">Boston Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="United States in the 1950s">United States in the 1950s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower presidency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">W. Bush presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Gabbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy (Joseph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy (Kevin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" class="mw-redirect" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts (Kevin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Wiles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1819_News" title="1819 News">1819 News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Congressional caucuses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li></ul> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Prayer" title="Patriot Prayer">Patriot Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Social media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Action" title="Turning Point Action">Turning Point Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election disputes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United 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pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #B0161E; border-bottom:1px solid #B0161E"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Parler (pronounced "parlor") is an American <a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">alt-tech</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a> service associated with <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sports.yahoo.com-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Launched in August 2018, Parler marketed itself as a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a>-focused and unbiased alternative to mainstream social networks such as <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADL-2020-11-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-forward-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-15">[15]</a> Journalists described Parler as an alt-tech alternative to Twitter, with its users including those banned from mainstream social networks or who oppose their moderation policies.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-forward-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-18">[18]</a> Parler received criticism for its content policies, which some journalists and users claimed were more restrictive than the company portrayed and sometimes more restrictive than those of its competitors.<a href="#cite_note-Rules_still_apply-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dicks_Boobs_or_Poop-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-What's_the_deal?-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Conservatives praised Parler as offering an alternative to censorship they claim to endure on more mainstream platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-Grumbling_told_us-23">[23]</a> Parler's userbase grew exponentially during 2020 with minimal <a href="/wiki/Content_moderation" title="Content moderation">content moderation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> After reports that Parler was used to coordinate the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 United States Capitol attack">2021 United States Capitol attack</a>, several companies denied it their services.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google</a> removed Parler's <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a> from their <a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">app stores</a>, and Parler went offline on January 10, 2021, when <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a> canceled its <a href="/wiki/Internet_hosting_service" title="Internet hosting service">hosting</a> services.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-offline-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amazon_Booting-29">[29]</a> Before it went offline in January 2021, according to Parler, the service had about 15 million users.<a href="#cite_note-Struggles_Survival-30">[30]</a> Parler called the removals "a coordinated attack by the tech giants to kill competition in the marketplace".<a href="#cite_note-:14-24">[24]</a> Parler resumed service on February 15, 2021, after moving domain registration to <a href="/wiki/Epik" title="Epik">Epik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abril-31">[31]</a> A version of the app with added content filters was released on the <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS/iPadOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS/iPadOS)">Apple App Store</a> on May 17, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Verge_online-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill_online-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-34">[34]</a> Parler returned to <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a> on September 2, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-PlayStoreReturn-35">[35]</a> Parler was acquired by the digital media conglomerate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Starboard_(media_company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starboard (media company) (page does not exist)">Starboard</a> on April 14, 2023, and was shut down on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-shutdown-36">[36]</a> According to a statement by Starboard on the website's holding page, now removed, this was a temporary measure to allow the site to "undergo a strategic assessment".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-38">[38]</a> On December 15, 2023, the company was sold to a new co-owner group consisting of Ryan Rhodes, Elise Pierotti and Jaco Booyens. Ryan Rhodes was appointed CEO.<a href="#cite_note-:23-39">[39]</a> A 2024 relaunch was hinted at by the new ownership soon after the company purchase. In January 2024, the company's external social media outlets officially restarted operations to announce the relaunch. The platform itself remains inaccessible, but the website has been restored. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> Parler was founded by John Matze Jr. and Jared Thomson in <a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson, Nevada</a>, in August 2018. The company's name was taken from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> word "parler", meaning "to speak".<a href="#cite_note-meet-rebekah-mercer-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Funding_from_Mercer-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> The name was originally intended to be pronounced as in French (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[paʁ.le]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/Fr-parler.ogg\/Fr-parler.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-parler.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Fr-parler.ogg/Fr-parler.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-parler.ogg" title="File:Fr-parler.ogg">ⓘ</a>, English approximation: <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PAR-lay</a>), but is now pronounced as the English word "<a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">parlor</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pɑːrlər/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PAR-ler</a>).<a href="#cite_note-POLITICO_28_May_2019-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> first reported in November 2020 that conservative investor <a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Rebekah Mercer</a> had funded Parler, and Mercer has since been revealed to have been a co-founder of the company.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-WSJ-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-meet-rebekah-mercer-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Funding_from_Mercer-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-mac-gray-43">[43]</a> According to Mercer, she co-founded Parler to counter the "ever-increasing tyranny and hubris of our tech overlords".<a href="#cite_note-:10-44">[44]</a> Thomson serves as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">chief technology officer</a>, and Matze was Parler's <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> from its founding until January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-5">[5]</a> Both are alumni of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Denver" title="University of Denver">University of Denver</a> computer science program, and were roommates while in college.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-mac-gray-43">[43]</a> Some other Parler senior staff also attended the school.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018–2019">2018–2019</h3></div> Parler launched in August 2018, billing itself as an unbiased and free speech alternative to larger social media platforms, such as Twitter and Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-POLITICO_28_May_2019-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wants_to_be-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The service was relatively unknown until a December 2018 tweet by conservative commentator and activist <a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Candace Owens</a> brought 40,000 new users to Parler, causing Parler's servers to malfunction.<a href="#cite_note-Wants_to_be-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Like_a_rally-48">[48]</a> The service initially attracted some Republican personalities, including then-Trump campaign manager <a href="/wiki/Brad_Parscale" title="Brad Parscale">Brad Parscale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Senate" title="Utah State Senate">Utah Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a>, and Trump attorney <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>, as well as some who had been banned from other social media networks, such as right-leaning activists and commentators <a href="/wiki/Gavin_McInnes" title="Gavin McInnes">Gavin McInnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Loomer" title="Laura Loomer">Laura Loomer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milo_Yiannopoulos" title="Milo Yiannopoulos">Milo Yiannopoulos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-POLITICO_28_May_2019-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> wrote that Parler had "mostly been a home for supporters of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>" until June 2019. Matze told the news organization that although he had originally intended Parler to be <a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship" title="Bipartisanship">bipartisan</a>, he had focused its marketing efforts toward conservatives as they began to join the service.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-16">[16]</a> In May 2019, Parler had 100,000 users.<a href="#cite_note-POLITICO_28_May_2019-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wants_to_be-46">[46]</a> In June 2019, Parler said its user base more than doubled after around 200,000 accounts from <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> signed up to the network. Largely supporters of Saudi Arabian Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a>, the users migrated from Twitter after alleging they were experiencing censorship on the platform. Although Twitter did not acknowledge removing posts by Saudi users that might have triggered the exodus, the company had previously deactivated hundreds of accounts that had been supportive of the Saudi government, which Twitter had described as "inauthentic" accounts in an "<a href="/wiki/Electronic_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic army">electronic army</a>" pushing the Saudi government's agenda.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-slate-49">[49]</a> The influx of new accounts to Parler caused some service interruptions, making the site at times unusable.<a href="#cite_note-slate-49">[49]</a> Parler described the Saudi accounts as part of "the nationalist movement of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia", and encouraged other users to welcome them to the service.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-16">[16]</a> Some of the Saudi users tweeted the '<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">#MAGA</a>' hashtag and photos of President Trump with the Saudi royal family in order to curry favor with the Trump-supporting and far-right users on the service.<a href="#cite_note-slate-49">[49]</a> The Saudi accounts found a mixed reception among the existing user base; though some welcomed the Saudi users, others made <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a> remarks, and some expressed beliefs that the new accounts were <a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">bots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020">2020</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dan_Bongino_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dan_Bongino_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/330px-Dan_Bongino_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dan_Bongino_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/500px-Dan_Bongino_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dan_Bongino_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/960px-Dan_Bongino_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>In June 2020, Dan Bongino (pictured) announced he had purchased an "ownership stake" in Parler.<a href="#cite_note-colton-50">[50]</a> The company has declined to provide a full list of owners.<a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a></figcaption></figure> Parler experienced a surge in signups in mid-2020.<a href="#cite_note-GOP_Darling_Isn't-51">[51]</a> In May, Twitter sparked outrage among President Trump and his supporters when it flagged some of the president's tweets about <a href="/wiki/Postal_voting" title="Postal voting">mail-in ballots</a> as "potentially misleading", and a <a href="/wiki/When_the_looting_starts,_the_shooting_starts#Donald_Trump" title="When the looting starts, the shooting starts">tweet regarding the George Floyd protests</a> as "glorifying violence".<a href="#cite_note-Dicks_Boobs_or_Poop-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Already_Banning_Users-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Free_speech_is_messy-54">[54]</a> In response, Parler published a "Declaration of Internet Independence" modeled after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, and began using the "#Twexit" hashtag (a portmanteau of "Twitter" and "<a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>"). Describing Twitter as a "Tech Tyrant" that censored conservatives, the campaign encouraged Twitter users to migrate to Parler.<a href="#cite_note-why_won't_conservatives-55">[55]</a> Conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Dan Bongino</a> announced on June 16 that he had purchased an "ownership stake" in Parler, in an effort to "fight back against" what he described as "Tech Tyrants" Facebook and Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-colton-50">[50]</a> Parscale, who at the time was managing the Trump campaign, endorsed Parler in a tweet on June 18, also writing, "Hey @twitter your days are numbered", and including a screenshot of a tweet from President Trump which Twitter had flagged as "manipulated media".<a href="#cite_note-GOP_Darling_Isn't-51">[51]</a> On June 19, right-wing English media personality <a href="/wiki/Katie_Hopkins" title="Katie Hopkins">Katie Hopkins</a> was permanently suspended from Twitter for violating their policies on "hateful conduct".<a href="#cite_note-newstatesman-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> An account falsely claiming to be hers appeared on Parler shortly after the ban, and was quickly verified by Parler. After the impersonator account had collected $500 in donations solicited on Parler, purportedly to sue Twitter over the ban, Parler removed it. A Twitter account affiliating itself with the <a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">hacktivist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a> claimed responsibility for the imposture on June 20, and said they would donate the money they had collected to <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> groups, a movement Hopkins had mocked in the past. Parler's then-CEO Matze made a public apology, with Parler acknowledging that the impersonator had been "verified by an employee improperly".<a href="#cite_note-newstatesman-56">[56]</a> Hopkins herself joined Parler on June 20, with Matze posting that he had personally verified her account.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The incident drew some attention to Parler within the United Kingdom. Thirteen <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> had joined as of June 23, and some British right-wing and conservative activists endorsed the service over Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-newstatesman-56">[56]</a> On June 24, 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that the Trump campaign was looking for alternatives to social media networks that had restricted their posts and advertising, and that Parler was being considered.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-61">[61]</a> Beginning in mid-2020, Parler negotiated with <a href="/wiki/The_Trump_Organization" title="The Trump Organization">The Trump Organization</a>, offering a 40% stake in the social network in exchange for Trump making Parler his primary social media platform. As a part of the deal, Trump would have had to post all his content to Parler at least four hours before publishing it to other networks.<a href="#cite_note-mac-gray-43">[43]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wolff_(journalist)" title="Michael Wolff (journalist)">Michael Wolff</a>, Trump representatives also included the condition that Parler ban anyone speaking negatively about Trump, which Parler did not accept.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a>'s office reportedly halted the negotiations on the grounds that such a partnership would violate ethics rules as long as Trump was president. The general counsel for the <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a> watchdog non-profit <a href="/wiki/Project_On_Government_Oversight" class="mw-redirect" title="Project On Government Oversight">Project On Government Oversight</a>, Scott Amey, said there ought to be an "immediate criminal investigation" into the Trump administration over the negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-mac-gray-43">[43]</a> Texas Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> published a <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video on June 25, in which he denounced other social media platforms for "flagrantly silencing those with whom they disagree" and announced that he was "proud to join Parler".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Other prominent Republican and conservative figures also joined in June, including Ohio Representative <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jim Jordan</a>, New York Representative <a href="/wiki/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Elise Stefanik</a>, and former U.N. ambassador <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki Haley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a>, the right-wing <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a>, joined Parler on July 13;<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-adotada_por_Bolsonaro-65">[65]</a> Four months earlier in March 2020, Twitter had removed some of President Bolsonaro's posts for violating their rules on spreading <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">disinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adotada_por_Bolsonaro-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Earlier in July, his son <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A1vio_Bolsonaro" title="Flávio Bolsonaro">Flávio Bolsonaro</a> had endorsed Parler on Twitter. As a result, Parler experienced a wave of signups from Brazil in July.<a href="#cite_note-adotada_por_Bolsonaro-65">[65]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a> on July 15, 2020, Brazilian users made up over half of all Parler signups that month.<a href="#cite_note-GOP_Darling_Isn't-51">[51]</a> On October 1, 2020, Reuters reported that people associated with the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Internet Research Agency</a>, a group known for their <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">interference in the 2016 presidential election</a>, had been operating social media accounts on both mainstream and <a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">alt-tech</a> platforms. One of the accounts, named Leo, identified in an <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> probe as a "key asset in an alleged <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Russian disinformation campaign</a>", had been spreading "familiar and completely false" information, including claims that mail-in voting was prone to fraud, that President Trump was infected with <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">coronavirus</a> by leftist activists, and that Democratic presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> was a "sexual predator".<a href="#cite_note-:102-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a> reported that the account had not found much of an audience on mainstream platforms, but had caught on among the alt-tech platforms; the Twitter account had fewer than 200 followers, but had 14,000 on Parler.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Facebook, Twitter, and <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> all took actions to suspend the accounts from their platforms.<a href="#cite_note-:112-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported on October 7 that Parler had declined to terminate the account after being informed of its connections to the <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> organization, stating they did not need to act because they had not been contacted directly by U.S. law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-:102-67">[67]</a> Also in October, as Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube acted to ban content supporting the far-right <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon conspiracy theory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-QAnon-70">[70]</a> thousands of QAnon proponents migrated to Parler.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2020-11-09-72">[72]</a> Similar actions by Facebook against organizations promoting violence prompted some members of the <a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a> and adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">boogaloo movement</a> to move to Parler.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2020-11-09-72">[72]</a> Parler experienced a wave of signups following the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a> from American conservatives, concerned that their posts – or those of other conservatives on mainstream social networks – would be affected by the platforms' efforts to quash misinformation about the election.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2020-11-09-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Infecting_Facebook-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ingram-NBC-74">[74]</a> The app was downloaded nearly a million times in the week following <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> on November 3, and rose to the top of both the Apple App Store's and the Google Play Store's lists of most popular free apps. Following the election, <a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a> reported that Parler had become a "central hub for many of the conservative protests against recent election results", including the <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Steal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop the Steal">Stop the Steal conspiracy theory</a>, which alleged widespread electoral fraud in the 2020 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-Brandom-TheVerge-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stop_the_Steal-76">[76]</a> The surge had largely abated by December 2020, with downloads of the app returning to numbers similar to before the election.<a href="#cite_note-Playgrounds_not_sustaining-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Explosive_growth_is_over-78">[78]</a> According to findings from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a> researchers published on January 28, 2021, Parler registered 7,029 new users per minute during the election.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> A verified account on Parler claiming to be <a href="/wiki/Ron_Watkins" title="Ron Watkins">Ron Watkins</a>, the former site administrator of <a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a> and son of 8chan owner <a href="/wiki/Jim_Watkins_(businessman)" title="Jim Watkins (businessman)">Jim Watkins</a>, made several posts on November 15, 2020, appearing to confirm <a href="/wiki/Jim_Watkins_(businessman)#QAnon" title="Jim Watkins (businessman)">theories that his father was Q</a>, the anonymous figure behind the QAnon conspiracy theory.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> It was later determined that security researcher <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Cottle" title="Aubrey Cottle">Aubrey Cottle</a> had taken advantage of Parler security flaws to change the name of an already-verified Parler account, giving it the appearance of belonging to and having been verified as Watkins.<a href="#cite_note-Grumbling_told_us-23">[23]</a> This incident led to a feud between Watkins and Parler investor Dan Bongino, with Watkins publicly criticizing Parler's security on Twitter and describing the service as "compromised". Bongino responded by tweeting insults at Watkins.<a href="#cite_note-Even_Qanon_Abandons-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-War_with_Bongino-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021">2021</h3></div> Parler was among the social media services used to plan the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 United States Capitol attack">storming of the U.S. Capitol</a> on January 6, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Violent_threats-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Organized_on_social-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-suspend-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>]On January 2, Parler notified the FBI about material that Parler's lawyers found sufficiently alarming to warrant law enforcement attention, including posts by a user who declared that January 6 would be "the final stand where we are drawing the red line at Capitol Hill".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> On January 5, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> warned the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a> about an individual who intended to attend the rally and incite violence, and whose Parler posts included threats of violence against police.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Mentions of "civil war" on Parler increased fourfold in the hours just prior to the storming.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed_News" title="BuzzFeed News">BuzzFeed News</a>, after the riot at the Capitol, Parler had been "overrun" with <a href="/wiki/Death_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Death threats">death threats</a>, encouragement of violence, and calls for Trump supporters to join another armed march on Washington, D.C. on the day before the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">inauguration of Joe Biden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amazon_Booting-29">[29]</a> Activists, including <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Giants" title="Sleeping Giants">Sleeping Giants</a>, and employees of technology companies that had been providing services to Parler began to pressure those companies, which included Google, Apple, and Amazon, to deny service to Parler.<a href="#cite_note-Struggles_Survival-30">[30]</a> Parler experienced a wave of downloads after <a href="/wiki/Twitter_use_by_Donald_Trump#Permanent_suspension" title="Twitter use by Donald Trump">Twitter permanently suspended President Donald Trump</a> from their platform due to his remarks about the storming of the Capitol. This led Parler to become the top downloaded app on the Apple App Store on January 8.<a href="#cite_note-Shieber_Techcrunch_Jumps-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shutdown_by_service_providers">Shutdown by service providers</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1104486561">.mw-parser-output ._2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output ._2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol .sidebar-heading{background-color:#002244}.mw-parser-output ._2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol .sidebar-title a,.mw-parser-output ._2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol .sidebar-heading,.mw-parser-output ._2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol .sidebar-heading a{color:white}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks _2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Planning_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Planning</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a> and other causes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Previous claims of election fraud by President Trump <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Trump's_2012_accusations_of_electoral_fraud" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">in 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign#Uncertainty_over_accepting_the_election_results" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">in 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">Republican reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30_storming_of_the_Michigan_State_Capitol" title="April 30 storming of the Michigan State Capitol">Michigan State Capitol storming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">2020–21 presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2021 United States Electoral College vote count">2021 Electoral College vote count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Trump fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesebro_memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesebro memos">Chesebro memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter" title="Jeffrey Clark letter">Jeffrey Clark letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media use by Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related groups and persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Alexander" title="Ali Alexander">Ali Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Epps_(military_veteran)" title="Ray Epps (military veteran)">Ray Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho_March" title="Jericho March">Jericho March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Caucus" title="Sedition Caucus">Sedition Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Enrique Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Participants</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ashli_Babbitt" title="Killing of Ashli Babbitt">Ashli Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Joe Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barnett_(Capitol_rioter)" title="Richard Barnett (Capitol rioter)">Richard Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Chansley" title="Jacob Chansley">Jacob "QAnon Shaman" Chansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Evans_(politician)" title="Derrick Evans (politician)">Derrick Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(livestreamer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked Alaska (livestreamer)">Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Gold" title="Simone Gold">Simone Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klete_Keller" title="Klete Keller">Klete Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Ethan Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Saccone" title="Rick Saccone">Rick Saccone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Schaffer" title="Jon Schaffer">Jon Schaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_Sullivan" title="John Earle Sullivan">John Earle Sullivan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_response_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Law enforcement response</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dunn_(police_officer)" title="Harry Dunn (police officer)">Harry Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Gonell" title="Aquilino Gonell">Aquilino Gonell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Goodman" title="Eugene Goodman">Eugene Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Brian Sicknick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Howard_Liebengood" title="Death of Howard Liebengood">Howard Liebengood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sund" title="Steven Sund">Steven Sund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Stenger" title="Michael C. Stenger">Michael C. Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Irving" title="Paul D. Irving">Paul D. Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Miller" title="Christopher C. Miller">Christopher C. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">Ryan D. McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Piatt" title="Walter E. Piatt">Walter E. Piatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Flynn" title="Charles A. Flynn">Charles A. Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hokanson" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Hokanson">Daniel Hokanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Walker" title="William J. Walker">William J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_National_Guard" title="District of Columbia National Guard">D.C. National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li>DC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Bowser" title="Muriel Bowser">Muriel Bowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Contee" title="Robert Contee">Robert Contee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fanone" title="Michael Fanone">Michael Fanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hodges_(police_officer)" title="Daniel Hodges (police officer)">Daniel Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_L._Smith" title="Death of Jeffrey L. Smith">Jeffrey L. Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li>Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Ralph Northam</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Aftermath</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Biden inauguration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">2021 inauguration week protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_preparations_for_the_inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden">Security preparations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Investigations and charges</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Justice_Department_investigation_into_attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_presidential_election" title="United States Justice Department investigation into attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election">Justice Department investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_proceedings_in_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Criminal proceedings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cases_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="List of cases of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_v._United_States" title="Fischer v. United States">Fischer v. United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_commission" title="January 6 commission">January 6 commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">House Select Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_hearings_of_the_United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">public hearings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">Smith special counsel investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">federal prosecution of Donald Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_defendants" title="Pardon of January 6 United States Capitol attack defendants">Trump's pardon of defendants</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Corporate actions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_that_halted_U.S._political_contributions_in_January_2021" title="List of companies that halted U.S. political contributions in January 2021">List of companies that halted political contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump#2021" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media suspensions of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump#Permanent_suspension" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">permanent suspension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack#Corporate_suspensions_of_other_accounts_and_programs" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Suspensions of other social media accounts</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Shutdown_by_service_providers">shutdown of Parler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">Facebook</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Reactions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Domestic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)#Capitol_attack_(2021)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa culpability conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">International</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Impeachment and <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 presidential election</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson" title="Trump v. Anderson">Trump v. Anderson</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_sidebar" title="Template:January 6 United States Capitol attack sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_sidebar" title="Template talk:January 6 United States Capitol attack sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:January 6 United States Capitol attack sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> On January 8, two days after the storming of the Capitol, Google announced that it was pulling Parler from the Google Play Store, contending that its lack of "moderation policies and enforcement" posed a "public safety threat".<a href="#cite_note-Google_suspends-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pulls_Parler-92">[92]</a> Also on January 8, Apple informed Parler that they had received complaints about its role in the coordination of the riot in Washington D.C., the existence of "objectionable content" on the service, and that they had observed that "the app also appears to continue to be used to plan and facilitate yet further illegal and dangerous activities," in violation of Parler's own guidelines forbidding such content. Apple requested Parler submit a "moderation improvement plan" within 24 hours or face removal from the App Store. On Parler, Matze posted that Parler would not "cave to pressure", and accused Apple of being <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">anti-competitive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Apple_Threatened-93">[93]</a> Apple followed through with their warning the next day, removing Parler from the App Store on January 9.<a href="#cite_note-Bowman_NPR_Drop-94">[94]</a> Ahead of the shutdown, some Parler users issued calls for violence and armed protests at state capitols and circulated conspiracy theories about Apple.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Apple CEO <a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> later explained that in the company's view, "free speech and incitement of violence" do not have "an intersection".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloud_communications" title="Cloud communications">Cloud communications</a> company <a href="/wiki/Twilio" title="Twilio">Twilio</a> ended service to Parler, which made the service's <a href="/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication" title="Multi-factor authentication">two-factor authentication</a> system stop working; <a href="/wiki/Okta_(identity_management)" class="mw-redirect" title="Okta (identity management)">Okta</a> also denied them access to their identity management service, resulting in Parler losing access to some of their software tools.<a href="#cite_note-Struggles_Survival-30">[30]</a> In addition, the database company <a href="/wiki/Scylla_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scylla (database)">ScyllaDB</a> terminated its relationship with Parler, who had been using Scylla's Enterprise database.<a href="#cite_note-Culliford_Reuters-97">[97]</a> On January 9, Amazon announced that it would suspend Parler from Amazon Web Services, effective at 11:59 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">PST</a> the next day. Echoing Google's rationale for dropping its version of the Parler app, Amazon said Parler's failure to police violent content made the site "a very real risk to public safety".<a href="#cite_note-Amazon_Booting-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palmer_CNBC_citing-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spangler_Variety_Risk-99">[99]</a> Parler went offline when Amazon withdrew its <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> services as scheduled.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-offline-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> On January 11, Parler sued Amazon under <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">antitrust law</a>, saying the suspension of services was "apparently motivated by political animus", and had been carried out with the intention of benefiting Twitter by reducing competition.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jacobs_Rothstein" title="Barbara Jacobs Rothstein">Barbara Rothstein</a> ruled in Amazon's favor ten days later.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Parler also denied Amazon's claims that it failed to properly moderate content.<a href="#cite_note-:5-104">[104]</a> On March 2, Parler withdrew a federal antitrust lawsuit they had filed against Amazon two months prior, but filed a new lawsuit against the company in state court. The new lawsuit alleged Amazon had breached terms in their contract and defamed Parler.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Amid the lawsuit, in mid-April 2021, Amazon accused Parler of trying to conceal its ownership.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> On September 17, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> federal district Judge <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jacobs_Rothstein" title="Barbara Jacobs Rothstein">Barbara Rothstein</a> approved Parler's request that its complaint against Amazon be heard in <a href="/wiki/King_County_Superior_Court" title="King County Superior Court">King County Superior Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Some applauded the technology companies' decisions to deny service to Parler. Others raised concerns about private enterprises determining what remains online. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Wizner" title="Ben Wizner">Ben Wizner</a>, a lawyer for the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> (ACLU), told The New York Times that he was concerned about neutrality when it came to Internet infrastructure providers such as Amazon AWS and app stores.<a href="#cite_note-Nicas_Alba_NYT_2021-01-10-109">[109]</a> Evelyn Douek, a lecturer and content moderation researcher at Harvard Law School, told The Wall Street Journal she thought an argument could be made to defend the infrastructure providers' decision to deny service to platforms who do not adequately moderate content, but wondered if similar amounts of violent content might exist elsewhere in platforms they were serving.<a href="#cite_note-Struggles_Survival-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Levinson" title="Paul Levinson">Paul Levinson</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>, wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a> that although he believed the de-platforming violated the "spirit of the First Amendment", it was warranted due to the incitement to violence on the Parler site.<a href="#cite_note-convo-110">[110]</a> After the shutdown, Parler users were reported to have migrated to other alt-tech websites including <a href="/wiki/BitChute" title="BitChute">BitChute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clapper_(service)" title="Clapper (service)">Clapper</a>, CloutHub, <a href="/wiki/DLive" title="DLive">DLive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a>, <a href="/wiki/MeWe" title="MeWe">MeWe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumble_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumble (website)">Rumble</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wimkin" title="Wimkin">Wimkin</a>, as well as encrypted messaging services including <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-:211-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Content_scraping">Content scraping</h4></div> Following the storming of the Capitol and just before Parler went offline, a researcher <a href="/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">scraped</a> roughly eight <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> of public Parler posts. The posts scraped made up 99% of publicly-accessible Parler posts, including more than a million videos, which maintained <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> identifying the exact locations where the videos were recorded. The researcher said her intention was to make a public record of "very incriminating" evidence against those who took part in the storming. The data dump was posted online, and the researcher has said the data will eventually be made available by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Every_deleted_post-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Back_to_haunt-115">[115]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>, the reason the researcher was able to scrape the data so easily was because the Parler website had poor coding and poor security.<a href="#cite_note-Back_to_haunt-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Absurdly_Basic_Bug-116">[116]</a> According to Wired, although all posts downloaded by the researcher were public, because Parler did not scrub metadata, <a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">GPS coordinates</a> of many users' homes had likely been exposed.<a href="#cite_note-Absurdly_Basic_Bug-116">[116]</a> As of January 15, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a> had mapped out the locations of around 70,000 of the GPS coordinates linked to videos scraped from Parler.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Videos scraped from Parler were used as evidence during the <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">second impeachment trial of Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Investigations">Investigations</h4></div> On January 21, 2021, the chairwoman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform">House Oversight and Reform Committee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">Carolyn Maloney</a>, called for an FBI probe into Parler, including its role in the storming of the Capitol. Maloney said her committee intends to open an investigation into Parler.<a href="#cite_note-House_Oversight-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> On February 8, 2021, the committee asked Parler for information relating to who owns or has funded the company, any business ties to Russia, and its alleged offer of an ownership interest in the company to former president Donald Trump during his term.<a href="#cite_note-House_Oversight-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On August 27, 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">select committee</a> investigating the storming of the Capitol demanded records from Parler (alongside 14 other social media companies) going back to the spring of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Departure_of_John_Matze">Departure of John Matze</h4></div> Parler's board, led by Rebekah Mercer, dismissed John Matze from his role as Parler's CEO on January 29.<a href="#cite_note-MSN4feb2021-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Matze sent a memo to Parler staff in which he said that "I did not participate in this decision" to terminate him and that he had "met constant resistance to [his] product vision, [his] strong belief in free speech and [his] view of how the Parler site should be managed".<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[45]</a> In interviews following his firing, Matze noted that his termination may have been related to a dispute within the company regarding his belief that the company needed to "crack down" on domestic terrorism and violence and be "a little more pragmatic while still respecting free speech", but he was "not exactly sure" why he had been fired.<a href="#cite_note-:2-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-126">[126]</a> Matze also said his suggestion to implement a moderation policy to remove extremist content was overruled by Mercer.<a href="#cite_note-MSN4feb2021-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Peikoff" title="Amy Peikoff">Amy Peikoff</a>, Parler's Chief Policy Officer, provided a statement to <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> in which she disputed Matze's memo to staff as "inaccurate and misleading", though she did not specify to which statements she was objecting.<a href="#cite_note-mac-gray-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-126">[126]</a> Parler investor <a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Dan Bongino</a> published a video on Facebook after Matze's departure, accusing Matze of "really bad decisions" leading to Parler being taken offline and causing app stability issues, and saying that Matze "decided to make this public, not us. We were handling it like gentlemen."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> On February 19, Parler briefly banned Matze's account before restoring it later that day after BuzzFeed News contacted a Parler <a href="/wiki/Spokesperson" title="Spokesperson">spokesperson</a> about the banning.<a href="#cite_note-:4-128">[128]</a> This banning came after Matze made a post on Parler asking his followers what they thought the "fair market value" of the company was.<a href="#cite_note-:4-128">[128]</a> On March 22, in <a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada" title="Clark County, Nevada">Clark County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, Matze filed a lawsuit against Parler's board, alleging that Rebekah Mercer and Parler's board members engaged in a scheme to steal Matze's share in Parler.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_online_and_subsequent_events">Return online and subsequent events</h4></div> Matze wrote in a Parler post on January 9 that Parler could be unavailable for a week as they worked to "rebuild from scratch" and move to a new service provider.<a href="#cite_note-Bowman_NPR_Drop-94">[94]</a> In an interview with Fox News on January 10, Matze said Parler had faced trouble in finding a new service provider, contradicting a previous Parler post in which he had said many vendors were vying for their business.<a href="#cite_note-Lawyers_abandon_CEO-130">[130]</a> He also said others had refused to work with Parler: "Every vendor, from text message services to email providers to our lawyers, all ditched us, too, on the same day."<a href="#cite_note-Lawyers_abandon_CEO-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicas_Alba_NYT_2021-01-10-109">[109]</a> Interviewed by Reuters on January 13, Matze said he did not know if or when Parler would return to operation.<a href="#cite_note-Culliford_Reuters-97">[97]</a> On January 17, Matze posted a message on the site's homepage, promising to "welcome all of you back soon".<a href="#cite_note-Resurfaces_Verge-131">[131]</a> Matze also claimed that Parler could be back online by the end of January.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> According to a January 12 Wall Street Journal report, other cloud hosting platforms that could potentially host Parler would be <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a> platform. As of publication, Parler had not contacted Microsoft, and would not be using Oracle for cloud hosting; Google declined to comment, but the Journal noted that Google had denied Parler a position in the Play Store. The Journal also noted that Parler could consider using smaller cloud hosting companies, but that some technologists doubted such companies' ability to provide stable hosting to such a heavily used service. One such smaller provider, <a href="/wiki/DigitalOcean" title="DigitalOcean">DigitalOcean</a>, let it be known that they would not accept Parler as a customer.<a href="#cite_note-Complex,_Costly-133">[133]</a> On January 10, Parler transferred their <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> registration to <a href="/wiki/Epik" title="Epik">Epik</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Domain_registrar" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain registrar">domain registrar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Web host">web hosting</a> company known for hosting far-right websites such as Gab and <a href="/wiki/Infowars" title="Infowars">Infowars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Complex,_Costly-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Vice noted that through this move, Amazon Web Services was again indirectly providing services to Parler, as Epik uses AWS to host many of their <a href="/wiki/Name_server" title="Name server">DNS servers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On January 17, Parler brought their website back online, hosting only a static page without any of the functionality of the Parler service.<a href="#cite_note-Resurfaces_Verge-131">[131]</a> Parler's web hosting provider was unknown,<a href="#cite_note-Reprieve_in_Russia-137">[137]</a> but it was noted that they were receiving protection from <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks</a> from the Russian-owned cloud services company <a href="/wiki/DDoS-Guard" title="DDoS-Guard">DDoS-Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reprieve_in_Russia-137">[137]</a> This move was criticized in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and Wired as routing traffic through Russia, and may enable the Russian government to surveil Parler's users and provide data to Russia's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a> (FSB).<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reprieve_in_Russia-137">[137]</a> Both Epik and DDoS-Guard said they were not providing Parler with webhosting.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reprieve_in_Russia-137">[137]</a> The Parler service returned online for existing users on February 15, with a redesigned website and logo, and said they would open the service to new signups the following week. Parler posts from before the service went offline are no longer available.<a href="#cite_note-Verge_online-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-104">[104]</a> Parler announced that their redesigned site will monitor violent content with human and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and that they will hide posts that attack a person based on <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> with a "trolling filter", however, users are allowed to click through the filter and view the content.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Parler's new host is <a href="/wiki/SkySilk_Cloud_Services" title="SkySilk Cloud Services">SkySilk Cloud Services</a>, a web infrastructure company based in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> who said of their hosting of Parler that "Skysilk does not advocate nor condone hate, rather, it advocates the right to private judgment and rejects the role of being the judge, jury, and executioner."<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> SkySilk also said they believe Parler is "taking the necessary steps to better monitor its platform".<a href="#cite_note-:5-104">[104]</a> Mercer helped finance Parler's return online.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> On February 25, Apple denied Parler's request to be re-added to the App Store, concluding that the changes Parler had made to their terms of service were not adequate. Apple added that "simple searches reveal highly objectionable content, including easily identified offensive uses of derogatory terms regarding race, religion and sexual orientation, as well as Nazi symbols" on the service.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In late March, Parler claimed in a letter to the House Oversight Committee that "in the days and weeks leading up to January 6th, Parler referred violent content from its platform to the FBI for investigation over 50 times, and Parler even alerted law enforcement to specific threats of violence being planned at the Capitol."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In April, Parler signed up for <a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a>'s email services.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> A modified version of the Parler app was released on the App Store on May 17. It blocks posts identified by Parler as "hate", though they are still available on the web and on other versions of Parler. The app also includes additional features for reporting "threat[s] and incitement".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-34">[34]</a> In August, Parler CEO <a href="/wiki/George_Farmer_(businessman)" title="George Farmer (businessman)">George Farmer</a> asked for an apology from Facebook <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">COO</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheryl_Sandberg" title="Sheryl Sandberg">Sheryl Sandberg</a> and others after a Reuters report said that the FBI found little evidence that the storming of the Capitol was planned and organized in advance.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> On September 14, Parler announced that they would sponsor <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Xfinity_Series" title="NASCAR Xfinity Series">Xfinity Series</a> driver <a href="/wiki/J._J._Yeley" title="J. J. Yeley">J. J. Yeley</a>'s No. 17 car during a race at the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway" title="Las Vegas Motor Speedway">Las Vegas Motor Speedway</a> later in September.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> On December 20, Parler announced that they would expand their business into <a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">non-fungible tokens</a> (NFTs).<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022">2022</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="2006" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> agreed to buy ownership of Parler and the deal was called off several weeks later.</figcaption></figure> On January 5, 2022, left-leaning liberal think tank <a href="/wiki/New_America_(organization)" title="New America (organization)">New America</a> released a report titled "Parler and the Road to the Capitol Attack". According to <a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a>, the report is "a deep and retrospective dive through an estimated 183 million now-public posts" on Parler that discusses Parler's role in the 2021 Capitol attack and the platform's role in the spread of disinformation.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> On January 11, a <a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">ransomware</a> group joined Parler and started using the platform to aid its extortion efforts. Prior to joining Parler, the group had accounts on <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a> and Twitter, which were both removed.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> On January 22, Farmer claimed that Parler was "unfairly scapegoated" in the aftermath of the Capitol attack and alleged there was a conspiracy against him by <a href="/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech">Big Tech companies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-3">[3]</a> On February 9, Parler announced that former <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> would exclusively use Parler for communications and that the platform would become her "social media home".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In early March, Parler announced that they would launch a marketplace for <a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">NFTs</a> called DeepRedSky.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In late June, <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_area" title="Tampa Bay area">Tampa Bay</a> lawyer Dale Golden filed a lawsuit against Parler after receiving unsolicited promotional text messages from Parler and alleged that the platform had violated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Telephone_Solicitation_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florida Telephone Solicitation Act (page does not exist)">Florida's Telephone Solicitation Act</a> (FTSA).<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> On September 2, Parler's app became available again on Google Play Store, after Parler reportedly agreed to moderate posts that are shown in the Android version of the app.<a href="#cite_note-PlayStoreReturn-35">[35]</a> Also in September, Parler announced a restructuring of their platform and company that would focus on providing services to businesses that have the potential of being forced off the Internet for hosting controversial content. Toward that end, they created a new parent company, Parlement Technologies Inc., which purchased Dynascale Inc., a cloud service provider.<a href="#cite_note-RestructureWSJ-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kanye_West_purchase_bid">Kanye West purchase bid</h4></div> On October 17, Parler's parent company stated that <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> had agreed to buy ownership of the platform. This came after West was blocked from <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> and Twitter for antisemitic remarks.<a href="#cite_note-KanyeCNBC-161">[161]</a> The deal was expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2022,<a href="#cite_note-:18-10">[10]</a> but was terminated in December by mutual agreement.<a href="#cite_note-noye-162">[162]</a> Parler accidentally <a href="/wiki/Doxxed" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxxed">doxxed</a> over 300 of its VIP members by including their email addresses in its announcement of West's purchase.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_acquisition_and_shutdown">2023 acquisition and shutdown</h3></div> On April 14, 2023, digital media conglomerate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Starboard_(media_company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starboard (media company) (page does not exist)">Starboard</a> announced that it had acquired Parler's parent company Parlement Technologies, and that it would temporarily shut down the social site while it prepared a revamped version.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-shutdown-36">[36]</a> The website's home page was initially replaced with a holding page containing a statement by Starboard saying that "No reasonable person believes that a Twitter clone just for conservatives is a viable business any more" and that "the Parler app as it is currently constituted will be pulled down from operation to undergo a strategic assessment".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> For a period of time, the page was a simple purple/pink background emblazoned with the Parler brand and logo, and a message that read, "Coming Soon." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_relaunch">2024 relaunch</h3></div> On February 9, 2024, Parler's social media outlets announced a relaunch of the social media service, simultaneously updating the website with a form to allow visitors to register for announcements regarding the platform's reopening.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In April 2024, Parlement Technologies, Parler's former parent, filed for <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 11 bankruptcy">Chapter 11 bankruptcy</a> protection, listing total assets and liabilities of between $10 million and $50 million.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div> Parler had fewer than a million users until early 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:20-168">[168]</a> In the last week of June 2020, it was estimated that the Parler app had more than 1.5 million daily users.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-61">[61]</a> As of July 15, 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parler&action=edit">[update]</a>, Parler had 2.8 million total users and had been downloaded 2.5 million times, nearly half of which were in June.<a href="#cite_note-Rules_still_apply-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOP_Darling_Isn't-51">[51]</a> Throughout June and July, Parler on several occasions was highly listed both on the Apple App Store and on the Google Play store, in various categories and overall.<a href="#cite_note-What's_the_deal?-22">[22]</a> The Parler app was downloaded nearly a million times in the week following Election Day in the United States on November 3, and became the most popular free app both on the Apple App Store and on the Google Play Store.<a href="#cite_note-Brandom-TheVerge-75">[75]</a> Parler remained the most downloaded app in the United States for five days in early November.<a href="#cite_note-Even_Qanon_Abandons-81">[81]</a> The New York Times reported that Parler had added 3.5 million users in a single week,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> and during that month the service had about four million active users, and more than ten million total.<a href="#cite_note-Ingram-NBC-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-WSJ-2">[2]</a> In December 2020, Parler had around 2.3 million daily active users.<a href="#cite_note-Explosive_growth_is_over-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fast_Company" title="Fast Company">Fast Company</a> reported that, as of December 5, both the number of daily active users and the rate of new downloads had dropped from their November peak, and CNN reported on December 10 that downloads had "plummeted" and were returning to the numbers Parler was experiencing before the election.<a href="#cite_note-Playgrounds_not_sustaining-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Explosive_growth_is_over-78">[78]</a> Parler again topped the App Store downloads chart on January 8, 2021, shortly after then-President Trump was permanently suspended from Twitter and also shortly before Parler was removed from the App Store by Apple.<a href="#cite_note-Shieber_Techcrunch_Jumps-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowman_NPR_Drop-94">[94]</a> As of January 2021, Parler reported having 15 million total users.<a href="#cite_note-Struggles_Survival-30">[30]</a> According to Sensor Tower, Parler has received 11.3 million global downloads from both the App Store and the Play Store.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Also according to Sensor Tower, app downloads for Parler had dropped from 517,000 in December 2020 to 11,000 in June 2021.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> According to a May 2022 Pew Research Center poll, 38 percent of American adults have heard of Parler, while only 1 percent regularly get their news from Parler.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Despite the wave in signups in mid-2020, and the larger surge in November of that year, some journalists and researchers expressed doubt that Parler will remain popular or enter mainstream usage. According to <a href="/wiki/TheWrap" title="TheWrap">TheWrap</a>, after several weeks of more than 700,000 downloads a week, Parler's weekly downloads subsided back into the low 100,000s during mid-July.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Bloomberg News also reported that downloads of the app had substantially slowed following the initial mid-2020 wave, and described Parler's June download numbers as a "small fraction" of apps like <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, which receives tens of millions of downloads a month.<a href="#cite_note-GOP_Darling_Isn't-51">[51]</a> Parler's user base, though it grew substantially in mid- and late 2020, remained much smaller than its competitors'.<a href="#cite_note-Rules_still_apply-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Like_a_rally-48">[48]</a> As of November 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parler&action=edit">[update]</a>, Twitter had 187 million users a day and Facebook had 1.8 billion users a day, whereas Parler had four million active users and eight million total.<a href="#cite_note-Ingram-NBC-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> wrote that alternative social networks like Parler "normally ... just don't get that big."<a href="#cite_note-What's_the_deal?-22">[22]</a> When Parler's download and usage activity diminished following the November surge in popularity, the vice president of insights at the app analytics company Apptopia said to CNN, "The data trends resemble a fad, and a short-lived one at that ... Parler had a very good spike. People were interested, it's in the news, it receives downloads. ... But it appears, in our data, that there is no staying power."<a href="#cite_note-Explosive_growth_is_over-78">[78]</a> Although some high-profile figures have created accounts on Parler, many of them remain more active, and have substantially larger follower bases, on mainstream social networks.<a href="#cite_note-forward-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rules_still_apply-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Like_a_rally-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lures_conservatives-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mic_(media_company)" title="Mic (media company)">Mic</a> questioned how long Parler's spike in popularity would last, citing as an obstacle the reluctance among those with large Twitter followings to migrate to a new service.<a href="#cite_note-why_won't_conservatives-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a> noted in July and October 2020 that many high-profile conservatives who opened accounts on Parler in the previous month had since stopped using the service, while remaining active on mainstream social networks.<a href="#cite_note-Already_falling_apart-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-DailyBeast-2020-10-176">[176]</a> Some have described Parler as a backup in case Twitter bans them.<a href="#cite_note-GOP_Darling_Isn't-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Already_falling_apart-175">[175]</a> CNN interviewed Trump supporters in December 2020 about their social media use and found that "almost none" had completely abandoned Twitter and Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The same month, <a href="/wiki/OneZero" class="mw-redirect" title="OneZero">OneZero</a> reported that Parler users were gathering in Facebook groups to complain that Parler's interface was difficult to operate, to share concerns about having to submit identification to be verified, and to express regrets that their friends and family had not joined.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="User_base">User base</h2></div> Parler has a significant user base of conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-:15-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-11">[11]</a> The app also has a number of high-profile Republican users, including Senators <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> and Ted Cruz, as well as Fox News host <a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-suspend-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> wrote in November 2020 that "Parler has attracted a range of right-wing extremists" including Proud Boys; proponents of the QAnon conspiracy theory; anti-government extremists including members of the <a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a>, and other militia groups; and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacists" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacists">white supremacists</a> including members of the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> and far-right <a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">accelerationists</a> such as the terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADL-2020-11-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-168">[168]</a> Leaked <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> coordinates from Parler also revealed that users of the site include <a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">police officers</a> in the United States and members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-179">[179]</a> Parler was also used by at least 14 UK <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> Members of Parliament; several ministers including cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> and a number of prominent UK conservative commentators joined the app.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Some right-wing news companies including <a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">The Daily Caller</a> also had accounts on Parler.<a href="#cite_note-:82-181">[181]</a> Researchers, journalists, and Parler users have observed the lack of ideological diversity on the service,<a href="#cite_note-Even_Qanon_Abandons-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Like_a_rally-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-KA_pushed_pizza-182">[182]</a> and that Parler has served as an <a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">echo chamber</a> for right-wing extremists and Trump supporters.<a href="#cite_note-echo-chamber-188">[188]</a> In mid-2020, alt-right activist and Trump supporter <a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Jack Posobiec</a> compared the service to a Trump rally, saying Parler lacks the "energy" Twitter draws from having communities of people with differing viewpoints.<a href="#cite_note-Like_a_rally-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-KA_pushed_pizza-182">[182]</a> Around the same time, extremism researcher and professor <a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Amarasingam" title="Amarnath Amarasingam">Amarnath Amarasingam</a> said of Parler, "talking to yourself in the dark corners of the internet is actually not that satisfying," and that he was skeptical Parler would excite the far right without left-leaning users with whom they can interact and fight.<a href="#cite_note-What's_the_deal?-22">[22]</a> In June 2020, Matze said he wanted to see more debate on the platform and offered a "progressive bounty" of $10,000 to liberal pundits with at least 50,000 Twitter or Facebook followers who would join; receiving no takers, he later increased this amount to $20,000.<a href="#cite_note-Like_a_rally-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-61">[61]</a> Jason Blazakis, the director of the Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism at the <a href="/wiki/Middlebury_Institute_of_International_Studies_at_Monterey" title="Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey">Middlebury Institute</a>, told <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a> in November 2020 that he thought extremist users migrating to Parler was a good thing: "these people are leaving those platforms and no longer trying to <a href="/wiki/Red_pill_and_blue_pill" title="Red pill and blue pill">red pill</a> individuals to see their conspiracy theories on large platforms like Facebook and Twitter." He said Parler's size might result in a smaller audience for those pushing conspiracy theories and spreading misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Angelo Carusone, president of the progressive media watchdog group <a href="/wiki/Media_Matters_for_America" title="Media Matters for America">Media Matters for America</a>, has said of Parler, "The self-segmenting of this group to Parler will intensify their extremism. No doubt about that. But it will also weaken the influence of the right wing by siphoning off a segment of users, many of whom will be the most engaged users."<a href="#cite_note-politico-nguyen-186">[186]</a> Parler is one of a number of alternative social network platforms, including <a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a> and <a href="/wiki/BitChute" title="BitChute">BitChute</a>, that are popular with people banned from mainstream networks such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spectator_USA_7_May_2019-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-hollywoodreporter-191">[191]</a> Deen Freelon and colleagues writing in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> characterized Parler as among alt-tech websites and services that are "dedicated to right-wing communities", and listed the service along with <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a>, <a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a>, BitChute, and Gab. They noted there are also more ideologically neutral alt-tech services, such as <a href="/wiki/Discord_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discord (software)">Discord</a> and Telegram.<a href="#cite_note-Freelon-science-192">[192]</a> Joe Mulhall of the UK anti-racism group <a href="/wiki/Hope_not_Hate" title="Hope not Hate">Hope Not Hate</a> has categorized Parler among the "bespoke platforms" for the far-right, which he defines as platforms which were created by people who themselves have "far-right leanings". He distinguishes these from "co-opted platforms" such as DLive and Telegram, which were adopted by the far-right due to minimal moderation but not specifically created for their use.<a href="#cite_note-Bellingcat-2021-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2></div> Parler is known for its conservative content.<a href="#cite_note-:15-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Parler has said they will not fact-check posts on the platform, a decision <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> in 2020 says has allowed misinformation to spread more easily on the platform than on mainstream social networks. In particular, BBC News noted the presence of posts spreading the QAnon conspiracy theory, as well as misinformation surrounding the 2020 U.S. presidential election, COVID-19, child trafficking, and <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">vaccines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2020-11-09-72">[72]</a> The Verge noted in November 2020 that Parler had become a "central hub" for the Stop the Steal conspiracy theory relating to the 2020 U.S. presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-Brandom-TheVerge-75">[75]</a> In 2019 and 2020 respectively, <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a> observed the presence of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">antisemitic conspiracy theories</a> as well as others.<a href="#cite_note-forward-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> An analysis of posts from the week leading up to the Capitol storming found that 87% of the links shared on Parler were to misinformation websites, including Islamophobic and QAnon sites.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies</a>, Parler had become an "echo chamber" for "unfounded conspiratorial allegations of deliberate theft and plotting".<a href="#cite_note-:12-3">[3]</a> Matze told The Forward in 2019 that he was unaware of antisemitic content on Parler, but he was unsurprised it was there. He believes removing hateful content only further <a href="/wiki/Radicalizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalizes">radicalizes</a> people, saying, "If you're going to fight these peoples' views, they need to be out in the open. ... Don't force these people into the corners of the internet where they're not going to be able to be proven wrong."<a href="#cite_note-forward-14">[14]</a> Extremism expert <a href="/wiki/Chip_Berlet" title="Chip Berlet">Chip Berlet</a> said of Matze's opinions on hateful content: "I think he's full of it. ... I think he knows exactly what he's creating, he's encouraging people who basically don't like other folks in the country ... it's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:baloney#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:baloney">balogna</a>, this is a place for people to fester in their own bigotry."<a href="#cite_note-forward-14">[14]</a> In December 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a> argued that "Beneath the thin guise of the app’s self-proclaimed emphasis on 'free speech' lies the ability to say not just a hypothetical 'anything,' but specifically to share racist slurs and violent threats toward political opponents."<a href="#cite_note-:21-15">[15]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Alison_Dagnes" title="Alison Dagnes">Alison Dagnes</a> has said of Parler's stance on speech on the platform: "I don't think you can have it both ways. ... There is no such thing as civilized <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>."<a href="#cite_note-forward-14">[14]</a> In late 2020, Parler revised their site guidelines, which had previously prohibited <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a>, to permit the posting of "adult sex or nudity".<a href="#cite_note-why_won't_conservatives-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porn_problem-196">[196]</a> A review by The Washington Post in December that year found that pornography was "surging" on Parler, and "threaten[ed] to intrude on users not seeking sexual material". The Post observed that pornographic videos began playing without label or warning, and that a filter to label and require an additional click to view explicit content was not being uniformly applied to pornographic images. The report also noted that conspiracy theory content overlapped with pornography, observing that searches for QAnon-related <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtags</a> retrieved "numerous pornographic images".<a href="#cite_note-Porn_problem-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Even_Qanon_Abandons-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> A study co-written by Annalise Baines, Muhammad Ittefaq and Mauryne Abwao published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Vaccines_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccines (journal)">Vaccines</a> found that Parler provided an echo chamber for vaccine misinformation and conspiracy theories.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderation">Moderation</h3></div> Parler describes itself as a free speech platform, and its founders have proclaimed that the service engages in minimal moderation and will not fact-check posts. They have also said they will allow posts that have been removed or flagged as misinformation on other social media networks such as Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-Rules_still_apply-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a> Matze said in an interview with <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> on June 27, 2020, "We're a community town square, an open town square, with no censorship ... If you can say it on the street of New York, you can say it on Parler."<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-61">[61]</a> The service has been popular among conservatives who allege Twitter and Facebook has been biased against them when moderating content or flagging misinformation, praising Parler for offering an alternative to these mainstream platforms.<a href="#cite_note-Grumbling_told_us-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2020-11-09-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] However, the site has been criticized by users and journalists who believe its content policies are more restrictive than the company portrays, and sometimes more restrictive than those of the mainstream social media platforms to which it claims to be an unbiased free speech alternative.<a href="#cite_note-newstatesman-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dicks_Boobs_or_Poop-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-What's_the_deal?-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>]Parler's guidelines disallow content including <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a>, support for terrorism, false rumors, promoting <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a>, and "fighting words" directed towards others.<a href="#cite_note-Already_Banning_Users-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-61">[61]</a> The site initially forbade the posting of pornography, obscenity, or indecency, but later modified its guidelines to allow the posting of "adult sex or nudity".<a href="#cite_note-Porn_problem-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grumbling_told_us-23">[23]</a> Parler says their moderation policy is based on the positions of the United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>, although Gizmodo has described this as "nonsensical", noting that the FCC moderates only public airwaves, not internet content, and that some of Parler's rules are more restrictive than restrictions imposed by either the FCC or the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-Dicks_Boobs_or_Poop-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> wrote in November 2020, "Despite positioning itself as a <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> platform promoting freedom of expression, Parler's community guidelines are more than 1,500 words and include rules that go far beyond legal requirements."<a href="#cite_note-Bans_for_speaking_freely-202">[202]</a> Wired wrote in November 2020 that Parler enforced its guidelines inconsistently, and that the service either "prioritizes conservative speech rather than free speech" or "is set up to amplify its <a href="/wiki/Internet_celebrity" title="Internet celebrity">influencers</a>, rather than create a space for anyone to be heard".<a href="#cite_note-Arielle_Pardes-203">[203]</a> In June and July 2020, Parler banned a spate of left-wing accounts, including parody accounts and accounts that were critical of Parler or the prevailing viewpoints on the service.<a href="#cite_note-Rules_still_apply-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Already_Banning_Users-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Covucci_Leftists-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banning_Liberals-205">[205]</a> Mic wrote that Parler had used the personal information provided during signup to ban those they had identified as "teenage leftists";<a href="#cite_note-why_won't_conservatives-55">[55]</a> Will Duffield of the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> wrote that Matze had also apparently instituted a blanket ban on <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">antifa</a> supporters.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> After a surge in popularity among conservatives in November 2020, The Independent noted that Parler had again been accused of removing left-leaning users and removing content that contradicted or was critical of popular opinions expressed there.<a href="#cite_note-Bans_for_speaking_freely-202">[202]</a> In January 2021, <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Zuckerman" title="Ethan Zuckerman">Ethan Zuckerman</a> and Chand Rajendra-Nicolucci wrote in a report for the <a href="/wiki/Knight_First_Amendment_Institute_v._Trump" title="Knight First Amendment Institute v. Trump">Knight First Amendment Institute</a> that Parler's invitation on its front page, "'Speak freely and express yourself openly, without fear of being "deplatformed" for your views,' often isn't borne out in reality as Parler regularly bans trolls who hold opposing viewpoints."<a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-207">[207]</a> On June 30, 2020, after the wave of bans, Matze published a Parler post outlining some of the service's rules.<a href="#cite_note-Rules_still_apply-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dicks_Boobs_or_Poop-21">[21]</a> Some of them, such as one asking users not to publish photos of feces, were described by The Independent as "bizarre".<a href="#cite_note-Strange_things_it_bans-208">[208]</a> Slate and Gizmodo noted that the top reply to Matze's post identified that "Twitter allows four of the five things that Parler censors."<a href="#cite_note-Dicks_Boobs_or_Poop-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-What's_the_deal?-22">[22]</a> Some of the clauses in Parler's user agreement have been criticized as "unusual" and seemingly contradictory to its mission, including one that allows Parler to remove content and ban users "at any time and for any reason or no reason", and one that would require a user to pay for any of Parler's legal expenses incurred as a result of their use of the service.<a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-What's_the_deal?-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Already_Banning_Users-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Already_falling_apart-175">[175]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>]Ars Technica reported in November 2020 that the clause requiring users to cover legal fees had been removed from Parler's user agreement following negative media coverage.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Matze told The Washington Post he does not see Parler's guidelines as contradictory to its stance on free speech.<a href="#cite_note-Rules_still_apply-19">[19]</a> As of July 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parler&action=edit">[update]</a>, Parler had a team of 200 volunteer moderators.<a href="#cite_note-Rules_still_apply-19">[19]</a> Matze told <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> magazine the same month that he wanted to expand the moderation team to 1,000 volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-Free_speech_is_messy-54">[54]</a> In November 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported all moderation was still being handled by volunteers, which Parler calls "community jurors".<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-WSJ-2">[2]</a> In January 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported that Parler had increased its moderation team to 600 people, and began paying them. They also had begun hiring full-time employees to moderate the service.<a href="#cite_note-Struggles_Survival-30">[30]</a> In January 2021, Parler executives acknowledged that rules-violating content had remained on the platform, which they attributed to their volunteer team of moderators being overwhelmed by large backlogs of posts to review. Parler executives also reported there had been an increase in calls for violence on the platform leading up to the riots at the Capitol. Parler's chief of policy, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Peikoff" title="Amy Peikoff">Amy Peikoff</a>, told The Wall Street Journal she had directed moderators to report such threats to law enforcement, and that she "was concerned that there was actually going to be some sort of violence on the 6th".<a href="#cite_note-Struggles_Survival-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_features">Appearance and features</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png/220px-Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png/330px-Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3d/Andy_Biggs%27_Parler_feed.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>The Parler feed of <a href="/wiki/Andy_Biggs" title="Andy Biggs">Andy Biggs</a> as it appeared on June 30, 2020</figcaption></figure> Parler is a microblogging service that is both a website and an app. After being removed from the Apple App Store in January 2021, a version of the app with added content filters was released in May 2021. The app was formerly available on the Google Play Store, but was also removed in January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Strange_things_it_bans-208">[208]</a> Users who register for accounts are able to follow the accounts of other users.<a href="#cite_note-abrown-210">[210]</a> Unlike Twitter, the feed of posts – called "parleys" – from followed accounts appears to a user chronologically, instead of through an algorithm-based selection process.<a href="#cite_note-GOP_Darling_Isn't-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-abrown-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-kusi-211">[211]</a> Parleys are limited to 1,000 characters in length, and users can "vote" or "echo" the posts of other users whom they follow, functions that have been compared to Twitter's "like" and "retweet" functions.<a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a> A direct messaging feature is also built into the platform, allowing users to privately contact each other.<a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a> Public figures are verified on the app with a gold badge, and parody accounts are identified with a purple badge.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-61">[61]</a> Anyone who verifies their identity by providing government-issued photo identification during signup is identified with a red badge.<a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Spammers</a> have exploited this two-tier verification system by providing documentation to verify their identity, obtaining a red badge, and changing their account name. The red badge persisted after the name change.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Parler refers to users of its service as Parleyers.<a href="#cite_note-Rules_still_apply-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> described Parler as "like a barebones Twitter" in June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-abrown-210">[210]</a> The same month, Fast Company wrote that Parler was "well-designed and organized", also noting its similarity to Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-Echo_chamber-184">[184]</a> The Conversation described the service in July 2020 as "very similar to Twitter in appearance and function, albeit clunkier".<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> CNN has said Parler resembles a "mashup of Twitter and Instagram".<a href="#cite_note-Explosive_growth_is_over-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registration_and_verification">Registration and verification</h3></div> Creating an account and using Parler is free. Signup requires both an e-mail address and a phone number.<a href="#cite_note-why_won't_conservatives-55">[55]</a> At the point of registration, users have the option of supplying a photo of themselves and a scan of the front and back of their government-issued photo identification to have their account verified by Parler.<a href="#cite_note-kusi-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a> In order to join Parler's "influencer network", the company may ask for users' <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_number" title="Social Security number">social security</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">tax identification numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Banning_Liberals-205">[205]</a> According to Matze, the identification document scans submitted by users who choose to have their accounts verified are destroyed after verification. However, the requirement for ID scans to become verified has prompted conspiracy theories about Parler's retention and use of user information.<a href="#cite_note-kusi-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-mic-215">[215]</a> Matze has also said the service requires users to provide their phone number because people who can stay anonymous online say "nasty things".<a href="#cite_note-Banning_Liberals-205">[205]</a> Individual users can optionally set their account to view Parleys only from other verified users. According to Matze, the purpose of the verification feature is to allow users to minimize their contact with <a href="/wiki/Troll_(internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troll (internet)">trolls</a> and bots.<a href="#cite_note-kusi-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3></div> Several publications and researchers have criticized Parler's security. In November 2020, security researcher Aubrey Cottle renamed an already-verified Parler account to spoof the identity of Ron Watkins, the former site administrator of 8chan. Speaking to The Washington Post after the hoax, Cottle described Parler's security as a "joke".<a href="#cite_note-Grumbling_told_us-23">[23]</a> The Daily Dot also described "what appeared to be some pretty serious security flaws" in Parler in a report pertaining to the incident.<a href="#cite_note-War_with_Bongino-82">[82]</a> Watkins himself was vocally critical of Parler and its security on Twitter after the spoofing incident, describing the service as "compromised".<a href="#cite_note-Even_Qanon_Abandons-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-War_with_Bongino-82">[82]</a> Also in mid-November, security researcher Kevin Abosch claimed to have discovered weaknesses in Parler's user verification information, alleging 5,000 accounts were compromised in July 2020. Matze calling the alleged hack "fake", adding that the service is protected by "multiple layers of security".<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> As of late November, no evidence that the site used vulnerable <a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a> technology as claimed had surfaced.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> In January 2021, following the storming of the Capitol and just before Parler went offline, a researcher scraped roughly eighty terabytes of public Parler posts. The scraped data included more than a million videos, which maintained GPS metadata identifying the exact locations where the videos were recorded, as well as text and images. Some of the data included posts that users had attempted to delete.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Every_deleted_post-114">[114]</a> The researcher stated her intention was to make a public record of "very incriminating" evidence against those who took part in the storming. The data dump was posted online, and the researcher has said the data will eventually be made available by the Internet Archive.<a href="#cite_note-Every_deleted_post-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Back_to_haunt-115">[115]</a> According to Ars Technica and Wired, the reason the researcher was able to scrape the data so easily was due to the Parler website's poor coding quality and security flaws. There was <a href="/wiki/Web_API_security" title="Web API security">no authentication</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rate_limiting" title="Rate limiting">rate limiting</a> on the API, and deleted posts were "soft deleted": a flag was added to hide them, but they were not actually deleted.<a href="#cite_note-Back_to_haunt-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Absurdly_Basic_Bug-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strange_Violent-223">[223]</a> According to Wired, although all posts downloaded by the researcher were public, because Parler didn't scrub metadata, GPS coordinates of many users' homes had likely been exposed.<a href="#cite_note-Absurdly_Basic_Bug-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company">Company</h2></div> Parler was founded in 2018 by John Matze and Jared Thomson. In November 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that Rebekah Mercer, an investor known for her support of conservative individuals and organizations, had helped fund Parler. After the report was published, Mercer described herself as having "started Parler" with Matze, and she has been described by CNN as a co-founder of the company.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-WSJ-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-meet-rebekah-mercer-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Funding_from_Mercer-40">[40]</a> Parler has not disclosed the identities of its owners; however, Dan Bongino publicly announced in June 2020 that he had purchased an "ownership stake" of unspecified value.<a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-colton-50">[50]</a> In November 2020, Matze wrote in a Parler post that Parler was owned by "myself, a small group of close friends and employees", and had as investors Bongino and Parler <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">chief operating officer</a> Jeffrey Wernick<a href="#cite_note-Ingram-NBC-74">[74]</a> In November 2020, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_fake" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital fake">manipulated image</a> circulated on social media of a Fox News <a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">chyron</a> that appeared to report that <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>, a billionaire <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropist</a> and the frequent target of antisemitic conspiracy theories, was a majority owner of Parler. Soros does not own Parler and Fox News never reported the claim; the image had been digitally altered from a photo of a television showing a Fox broadcast about a different subject.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arielle_Pardes-203">[203]</a> On January 29, 2021, Parler's board, controlled by Mercer, terminated Matze from his position as CEO.<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[45]</a> In a memo Matze sent to <a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a>, he claimed that "I did not participate in this decision" to terminate him and that he had "met constant resistance to [his] product vision, [his] strong belief in free speech and [his] view of how the Parler site should be managed".<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[45]</a> In interviews, Matze said his termination may have been related to a dispute within the company regarding the limits of free speech and his belief that the company needed to "crack down" on domestic terrorism and violence.<a href="#cite_note-:2-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[45]</a> Matze also had all his Parler shares stripped from him when he was fired.<a href="#cite_note-:6-226">[226]</a> With Matze gone, an executive committee of Mercer, British lawyer Matthew Richardson, and former <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Meckler" title="Mark Meckler">Mark Meckler</a> runs the company.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-mac-gray-43">[43]</a> Parler announced on February 15, 2021, that Mark Meckler would serve as the company's interim CEO while they searched for someone to take the position.<a href="#cite_note-Verge_online-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-228">[228]</a> Parler announced on May 17, 2021, that they had named George Farmer as CEO. Farmer is a former candidate for and financial supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Brexit Party</a> (now known as Reform UK) in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Needleman-WSJ-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-230">[230]</a> Prior to joining Parler, Farmer worked at Red Kite, a <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a> founded by his father <a href="/wiki/Michael_Farmer,_Baron_Farmer" title="Michael Farmer, Baron Farmer">Michael Farmer, Baron Farmer</a>, a former treasurer of the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, and was the former head of <a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a>, a British offshoot of the American conservative <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">Turning Point USA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-44">[44]</a> On March 2, 2021, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> reported that Parler's lawyers had written in a legal filing that the company's valuation was "approaching $1 billion".<a href="#cite_note-:6-226">[226]</a> On October 12, 2021, Parler announced in an email that they would be moving their headquarters from Henderson, Nevada to <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Seth Dillon, the CEO of conservative <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/News_satire" title="News satire">news satire</a> website The Babylon Bee, has been listed as a director of Parler.<a href="#cite_note-:11-233">[233]</a> As of November 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parler&action=edit">[update]</a>, Parler had about thirty employees.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-WSJ-2">[2]</a> On December 15th, Parler was bought from Starboard by Ryan Rhodes, Elise Pierotti and Jaco Booyens.<a href="#cite_note-:23-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2></div> In a June 27, 2020, interview with CNBC, Matze said he wanted to raise an institutional round of financing soon, although he expressed concerns that <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capitalists</a> might not be interested in funding the company because of ideological differences.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-61">[61]</a> Fortune wrote in June 2020 that the company planned to add advertising to the service soon.<a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a> They also planned to generate revenue based on an ad matching scheme whereby companies would be matched with Parler influencers to post sponsored content, with Parler taking a percentage of each deal.<a href="#cite_note-fortune-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-abrown-210">[210]</a> Slate has questioned Parler's business model, writing that Parler's plan to rely on advertising revenue "seems far from foolproof" given the <a href="/wiki/2020_Facebook_ad_boycotts" title="2020 Facebook ad boycotts">2020 advertising boycotts</a> of Facebook by some large brands who objected to hateful content on the platform.<a href="#cite_note-What's_the_deal?-22">[22]</a> NBC also questioned whether corporations would be interested in advertising alongside "controversial material" on Parler.<a href="#cite_note-Ingram-NBC-74">[74]</a> Matze said in an interview on June 29, 2020, that the business was not profitable.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> As of January 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parler&action=edit">[update]</a>, Parler had not received any known venture capital, although in February 2021, Buzzfeed News reported that Parler had recently sought to obtain funding from <a href="/wiki/J._D._Vance" class="mw-redirect" title="J. D. Vance">J. D. Vance</a>'s venture-capital firm <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narya_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narya Capital (page does not exist)">Narya Capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ingram-NBC-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strange_Violent-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-mac-gray-43">[43]</a> In January 2022, Parler raised $20 million in funding.<a href="#cite_note-:11-233">[233]</a> In September 2022, Parler announced $16M in Series B funding, for a total of $56M in funding to date.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab (social network)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of social networking websites">List of social networking websites</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-meet-rebekah-mercer-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meet-rebekah-mercer_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meet-rebekah-mercer_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meet-rebekah-mercer_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meet-rebekah-mercer_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meet-rebekah-mercer_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenvenisteYurieff" class="citation news cs1">Benveniste, Alexis; 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But its explosive growth is over"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210120835/https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/10/tech/parler-downloads/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conservatives+flocked+to+Parler+after+the+election.+But+its+explosive+growth+is+over&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Yurieff&rft.aufirst=Kaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F12%2F10%2Ftech%2Fparler-downloads%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShalvey2021" class="citation news cs1">Shalvey, Kevin (January 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/parler-user-growth-spiked-during-the-november-us-election-2021-1?op=1">"Parler registered 7,029 new users per minute during the November election, say Stanford researchers"</a>. 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Retrieved December 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=Wait%2C+Did+Ron+Watkins+Just+Rat+Out+His+Dad%2C+8Kun%27s+Jim+Watkins%2C+as+Q%3F&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Alyse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fwait-did-ron-watkins-just-rat-his-dad-out-as-q-1845683225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Even_Qanon_Abandons-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Even_Qanon_Abandons_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Even_Qanon_Abandons_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Even_Qanon_Abandons_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Even_Qanon_Abandons_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Even_Qanon_Abandons_81-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2020" class="citation news cs1">Gilbert, David (December 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx8gj5/even-qanon-is-abandoning-parler-the-far-rights-answer-to-twitter">"Even QAnon Is Abandoning Parler, the Far-Right's Answer to Twitter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211234437/https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx8gj5/even-qanon-is-abandoning-parler-the-far-rights-answer-to-Twitter">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Even+QAnon+Is+Abandoning+Parler%2C+the+Far-Right%27s+Answer+to+Twitter&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwx8gj5%2Feven-qanon-is-abandoning-parler-the-far-rights-answer-to-twitter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-War_with_Bongino-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-War_with_Bongino_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_with_Bongino_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_with_Bongino_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothschild2020" class="citation web cs1">Rothschild, Mike (December 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailydot.com/debug/ron-watkins-dan-bongino-parler/">"Why 8kun's former admin is at war with right-wing star Dan Bongino"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Dot" title="The Daily Dot">The Daily Dot</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211183138/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/ron-watkins-dan-bongino-parler/">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Dot&rft.atitle=Why+8kun%27s+former+admin+is+at+war+with+right-wing+star+Dan+Bongino&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydot.com%2Fdebug%2Fron-watkins-dan-bongino-parler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Violent_threats-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Violent_threats_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimbergHarwell2021" class="citation news cs1">Timberg, Craig; Harwell, Drew (January 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/05/parler-telegram-violence-dc-protests/">"Pro-Trump forums erupt with violent threats ahead of Wednesday's rally against the 2020 election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106010607/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/05/parler-telegram-violence-dc-protests/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pro-Trump+forums+erupt+with+violent+threats+ahead+of+Wednesday%27s+rally+against+the+2020+election&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft.aulast=Timberg&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Harwell%2C+Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2021%2F01%2F05%2Fparler-telegram-violence-dc-protests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Organized_on_social-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Organized_on_social_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrenkel2021" class="citation news cs1">Frenkel, Sheera (January 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/protesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html">"The storming of Capitol Hill was organized on social media"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106220539/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/protesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021. <q>On social media sites requested by the far-right, such as Gab and Parler, directions on which streets to take to avoid the police and which tools to bring to help pry open doors were exchanged in comments. At least a dozen people posted about carrying guns into the halls of Congress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+storming+of+Capitol+Hill+was+organized+on+social+media&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Frenkel&rft.aufirst=Sheera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F06%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fprotesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-suspend-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-suspend_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-suspend_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55598887">"Google suspends 'free speech' app Parler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. January 9, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109011735/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55598887">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021. <q>In the days preceding the Capitol riots, the tone of discussion on the app became significantly more violent, with some users openly discussing ways to stop the certification of Joe Biden's victory by Congress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google+suspends+%27free+speech%27+app+Parler&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-55598887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2021/01/08/far-right-insurrectionists-organized-capitol-siege-parler">"Far-Right Insurrectionists Organized Capitol Siege on Parler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center#SPLC_Hatewatch_(blog)" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Hatewatch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>. 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Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hatewatch&rft.atitle=Far-Right+Insurrectionists+Organized+Capitol+Siege+on+Parler&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Fhatewatch%2F2021%2F01%2F08%2Ffar-right-insurrectionists-organized-capitol-siege-parler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/warnings-jan-6-insurrection/">"Warnings of violence before Jan. 6 precipitated the Capitol riot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. October 31, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Warnings+of+violence+before+Jan.+6+precipitated+the+Capitol+riot&rft.date=2021-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Finteractive%2F2021%2Fwarnings-jan-6-insurrection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff_SwanWu2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Woodruff_Swan" title="Betsy Woodruff Swan">Woodruff Swan, Betsy</a>; Wu, Nicholas (August 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/08/25/secret-service-warned-capitol-police-violent-threats-january-riot-506806">"Secret Service warned Capitol Police about violent threats 1 day before Jan. 6"</a>. Politico. 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Retrieved January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Parler+jumps+to+No.+1+on+App+Store+after+Facebook+and+Twitter+ban+Trump&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft.aulast=Shieber&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2021%2F01%2F09%2Fparler-jumps-to-no-1-on-app-store-after-facebook-and-twitter-bans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google_suspends-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Google_suspends_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChen2021" class="citation news cs1">Chen, Shawna (January 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/capitol-mob-parler-google-ban-826d808d-3e06-4468-a7c6-6157557818b3.html">"Google suspends Parler from app store after deadly U.S. Capitol violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109005407/https://www.axios.com/capitol-mob-parler-google-ban-826d808d-3e06-4468-a7c6-6157557818b3.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2021. 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Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+News&rft.atitle=Apple+Has+Threatened+To+Ban+Parler+From+The+App+Store&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft.aulast=Mac&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Paczkowski%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fryanmac%2Fapple-threatens-ban-parler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman_NPR_Drop-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman_NPR_Drop_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman_NPR_Drop_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman_NPR_Drop_94-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowman2021" class="citation news cs1">Bowman, Emma (January 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/01/09/955329265/amazon-and-apple-drop-parler">"Amazon And Apple Drop Parler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110043937/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/09/955329265/amazon-and-apple-drop-parler">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2021. 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Retrieved January 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Parler+website+partially+returns+with+support+from+Russian-owned+technology+firm&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2021%2Fjan%2F19%2Fparler-website-partially-returns-with-support-from-russian-owned-technology-firm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicas2021" class="citation news cs1">Nicas, Jack (January 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/technology/parler-russian-company.html">"Parler Tries to Survive With Help From Russian Company"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210120034042/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/technology/parler-russian-company.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021. <q>Alina Polyakova, head of the Center for European Policy Analysis, a foreign policy think tank in Washington, said Russia required many internet companies in the country to install technology that feeds the government a copy of much of the data that passes through their computer servers. The surveillance system, known as the System for Operative Investigative Activities, 'basically allows the Russian government to intercept any data on Russian territory and provide that data to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service#Role" title="Federal Security Service">F.S.B.</a>,' she said, adding that it is unclear whether DDoS-Guard would be subject to such surveillance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Parler+Tries+to+Survive+With+Help+From+Russian+Company&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.aulast=Nicas&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F19%2Ftechnology%2Fparler-russian-company.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlar2021" class="citation web cs1">Klar, Rebecca (January 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/technology/534782-parler-receiving-russian-firms-services-as-it-gears-up-to-relaunch">"Parler receiving Russian firm's services as it gears up to relaunch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122204042/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/534782-parler-receiving-russian-firms-services-as-it-gears-up-to-relaunch">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021. 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Retrieved January 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Parler+hack+claims+are+fake%2C+CEO+says%3A+%22They+are+just+obsessed+with+us%22&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fparler-hack-cyber-attack-false-twitter-claims-misinformation-john-matze-denial-1550063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThalen2020" class="citation web cs1">Thalen, Mikael (November 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailydot.com/debug/theres-no-evidence-parler-was-hacked-despite-viral-claims/">"There's no evidence Parler was hacked, despite viral claims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Dot" title="The Daily Dot">The Daily Dot</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204222721/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/theres-no-evidence-parler-was-hacked-despite-viral-claims/">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Dot&rft.atitle=There%27s+no+evidence+Parler+was+hacked%2C+despite+viral+claims&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft.aulast=Thalen&rft.aufirst=Mikael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydot.com%2Fdebug%2Ftheres-no-evidence-parler-was-hacked-despite-viral-claims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElderHolmes2020" class="citation news cs1">Elder, Jeff; Holmes, Aaron (November 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/parler-data-breach-twitter-social-network-conservative-hack-2020-11">"While Twitter was buzzing about a fake Parler data leak, a hacker says he actually breached some user data from the conservative social network"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206154740/https://www.businessinsider.com/parler-data-breach-twitter-social-network-conservative-hack-2020-11">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2020. 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BuzzFeed (via twitter). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112023407/https://twitter.com/JaneLytv/status/1331382801984319488">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+%28via+twitter%29&rft.atitle=If+anyone+has+seen+concrete+proof+Parler+was+hacked%2C+DM+me%2C+or+email+me+otherwise+don%27t+amplify%2C+it%27s+unverified.&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft.aulast=Lytvyneko&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FJaneLytv%2Fstatus%2F1331382801984319488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gadgets.ndtv.com/social-networking/news/80tb-parler-posts-photos-videos-leaked-by-security-researchers-law-enforcement-can-use-to-identify-january-6-attackers-2350920">"How 80TB of Parler Posts, Videos, and Other Data Was Leaked"</a>. 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Retrieved October 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHP-TV&rft.atitle=Right-wing+friendly+social+media+site+Parler+moving+headquarters+to+Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft.aulast=Jorge&rft.aufirst=Kaylin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flocal21news.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fright-wing-friendly-parler-social-media-cite-moving-headquarters-to-nashville-tennessee-free-speech-development-conservative-george-farmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_233-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrimackLawler2022" class="citation web cs1">Primack, Dan; Lawler, Ryan (January 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/conservative-social-media-app-parler-raises-20-million-7c8ca6e6-63ba-4149-a08d-5fbf59be87b0.html">"Conservative social media app Parler raises $20 million"</a>. Axios. Retrieved January 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Conservative+social+media+app+Parler+raises+%2420+million&rft.date=2022-01-07&rft.aulast=Primack&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Lawler%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Fconservative-social-media-app-parler-raises-20-million-7c8ca6e6-63ba-4149-a08d-5fbf59be87b0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFordham2020" class="citation news cs1">Fordham, Evie (June 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/parler-user-numbers-john-matze">"Alternative social media Parler added 1M users in a week, still not profitable: CEO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715044059/https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/parler-user-numbers-john-matze">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alternative+social+media+Parler+added+1M+users+in+a+week%2C+still+not+profitable%3A+CEO&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft.aulast=Fordham&rft.aufirst=Evie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxbusiness.com%2Ftechnology%2Fparler-user-numbers-john-matze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinSMEs2022" class="citation web cs1">FinSMEs (September 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finsmes.com/2022/09/parler-closes-16m-in-series-b-funding.html">"Parler Closes $16M in Series B Funding"</a>. FinSMEs. Retrieved October 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FinSMEs&rft.atitle=Parler+Closes+%2416M+in+Series+B+Funding&rft.date=2022-09-19&rft.au=FinSMEs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finsmes.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fparler-closes-16m-in-series-b-funding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParler" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parler.com">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64852796#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501001906/https://parler.com/">Archive copy</a> on the Internet Archive, archived in May 2022)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microblogging110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microblogging" title="Template:Microblogging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microblogging" title="Template talk:Microblogging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microblogging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microblogging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microblogging110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centralized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanfou" title="Fanfou">Fanfou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_Social" title="Hive Social">Hive Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillowfort" title="Pillowfort">Pillowfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurk" title="Plurk">Plurk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qzone" title="Qzone">Qzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaborate" title="Solaborate">Solaborate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadeo" title="Viadeo">Viadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weibo" title="Weibo">Weibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XING" title="XING">XING</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decentralized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="ActivityPub-compatible26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a>-compatible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendica" title="Friendica">Friendica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_social" title="GNU social">GNU social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastodon_(social_network)" title="Mastodon (social network)">Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro.blog" title="Micro.blog">micro.blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misskey" title="Misskey">Misskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma_(software)" title="Pleroma (software)">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threads_(social_network)" title="Threads (social network)">Threads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluesky" title="Bluesky">Bluesky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT_Protocol" title="AT Protocol">AT Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identi.ca" title="Identi.ca">identi.ca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pump.io" title="Pump.io">pump.io</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostr" title="Nostr">Nostr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenMicroBlogging" title="OpenMicroBlogging">OpenMicroBlogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OStatus" title="OStatus">OStatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twister_(software)" title="Twister (software)">Twister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App.net" title="App.net">App.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmodo" title="Edmodo">Edmodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Google Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heello" title="Heello">Heello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me2day" title="Me2day">Me2day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Meme" title="Yahoo Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migme" title="Migme">Migme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natter_(social_network)" title="Natter (social network)">Natter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterous" title="Posterous">Posterous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pownce" title="Pownce">Pownce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaiku" title="Qaiku">Qaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_Weibo" title="Tencent Weibo">Tencent Weibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tout_(company)" title="Tout (company)">Tout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_stream" title="Activity stream">Activity stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backchannel" title="Backchannel">Backchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestreaming" title="Lifestreaming">Lifestreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mention_(blogging)" title="Mention (blogging)">Mention/Replies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_microblogging_and_similar_services" title="Comparison of microblogging and similar services">Comparison of microblogging and similar services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alt-right115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alt-right_footer" title="Template:Alt-right footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alt-right_footer" title="Template talk:Alt-right footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alt-right_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alt-right footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alt-right115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Core</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Antifeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Words" title="Fourteen Words">Fourteen Words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_skin" title="Ghost skin">Ghost skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rate_of_natural_increase" title="List of countries by rate of natural increase">Increase in birth rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Large families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnostate" title="White ethnostate">White ethnostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Conspiracy theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros#Conspiracy_theories_and_threats" title="George Soros">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Great Replacement conspiracy theory">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">Homosexual agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Murder of Seth Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_conspiracy_theory" title="New World Order conspiracy theory">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident" title="USS Liberty incident">USS Liberty incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Zionist Occupation Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media_(U.S._political_right)" title="Alternative media (U.S. political right)">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DezNat" title="DezNat">DezNat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel" title="Incel">Incel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinism" title="Kinism">Kinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manosphere" title="Manosphere">Manosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_Going_Their_Own_Way" title="Men Going Their Own Way">Men Going Their Own Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGA_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="MAGA Communism">MAGA Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territorial_Imperative" title="Northwest Territorial Imperative">Northwest Territorial Imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)#Racial_issues" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Nordic racial paganism/Odalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultraconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lives_Matter" title="White Lives Matter">White Lives Matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Online culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">/pol/</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitChute" title="BitChute">BitChute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epik" title="Epik">Epik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voat" title="Voat">Voat</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance_(magazine)" title="American Renaissance (magazine)">American Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infowars" title="Infowars">Infowars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Identity_Ministries" title="Kingdom Identity Ministries">Kingdom Identity Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruc.info" title="Kuruc.info">Kuruc.info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">Occidental Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Occidental_Quarterly" title="The Occidental Quarterly">The Occidental Quarterly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_News" title="Rebel News">Rebel News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/The_Donald" title="R/The Donald">Reddit (r/The_Donald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard News Network">Vanguard News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDARE" title="VDARE">VDARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Memes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Basket_of_deplorables" title="Basket of deplorables">Basket of deplorables</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Beta male</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryballs" title="Countryballs">Countryballs</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashwave">Fashwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Merchant" title="Happy Merchant">Happy Merchant</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/It%27s_okay_to_be_white" title="It's okay to be white">It's okay to be white</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonight#Moon_Man" title="Mac Tonight">Moon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPC_(meme)" title="NPC (meme)">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OK_gesture" title="OK gesture">OK gesture</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Owning_the_libs" title="Owning the libs">Owning the libs</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepe_the_Frog" title="Pepe the Frog">Pepe the Frog</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Red_pill_and_blue_pill" title="Red pill and blue pill">Red pill and blue pill</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Wing_Death_Squad" title="Right Wing Death Squad">Right Wing Death Squad</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Serbia_Strong" title="Serbia Strong">Remove Kebab</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shadilay" title="Shadilay">Shadilay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(slang)" title="Snowflake (slang)">Snowflake</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trash_Doves" title="Trash Doves">Trash Doves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)" title="Undercut (hairstyle)">Undercut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AltRight_Corporation" title="AltRight Corporation">AltRight Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist_Action" title="Anti-Communist Action">Anti-Communist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplorable_Pride" title="Deplorable Pride">Deplorable Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagolon" title="Diagolon">Diagolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred-Handers_(group)" title="Hundred-Handers (group)">Hundred-Handers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identit%C3%A4re_Bewegung_%C3%96sterreich" title="Identitäre Bewegung Österreich">Identitarian Movement of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Forum_(far-right_group)" title="London Forum (far-right group)">London Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Justice_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Justice Party (United States)">National Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Foundation" title="New Century Foundation">New Century Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Prayer" title="Patriot Prayer">Patriot Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_Publishers" title="Washington Summit Publishers">Washington Summit Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_of_Vinland" title="Wolves of Vinland">Wolves of Vinland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Berkeley_protests" title="2017 Berkeley protests">Berkeley protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comicsgate" title="Comicsgate">Comicsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeploraBall" title="DeploraBall">DeploraBall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Domestic_Terrorism_rally" title="End Domestic Terrorism rally">End Domestic Terrorism rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">Gamergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Macron_e-mail_leaks" title="2017 Macron e-mail leaks">Macron e-mail leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_2" title="Unite the Right 2">Unite the Right 2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assault_of_DeAndre_Harris" title="Assault of DeAndre Harris">Assault of DeAndre Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Buffalo_shooting" title="2022 Buffalo shooting">Buffalo shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting" title="Charleston church shooting">Charleston church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottesville_car_attack" title="Charlottesville car attack">Charlottesville car attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_Walmart_shooting" title="2019 El Paso Walmart shooting">El Paso shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Blaze_Bernstein" title="Murder of Blaze Bernstein">Murder of Blaze Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Timothy_Caughman" title="Murder of Timothy Caughman">Murder of Timothy Caughman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Portland_train_attack" title="2017 Portland train attack">Portland train attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atomwaffen_Division_members_in_the_United_States_who_faced_criminal_charges" title="List of Atomwaffen Division members in the United States who faced criminal charges">List of Atomwaffen Division members in the United States who faced criminal charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_activities_involving_the_Proud_Boys" title="Timeline of activities involving the Proud Boys">Timeline of activities involving the Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_crimes_involving_the_Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Timeline of crimes involving the Order of Nine Angles">Timeline of crimes involving the Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Allsup" title="James Allsup">James Allsup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weev" title="Weev">Andrew "weev" Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_Day" title="Vox Day">Theodore "Vox Day" Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Carl "Sargon of Akkad" Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Benjamin" title="Owen Benjamin">Owen Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Don Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimelow" title="Peter Brimelow">Peter Brimelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cantwell" title="Christopher Cantwell">Christopher Cantwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Cernovich" title="Mike Cernovich">Mike Cernovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">John Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Donovan" title="Jack Donovan">Jack Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Mike Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Forwald" title="Haakon Forwald">Haakon Forwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Friberg" title="Daniel Friberg">Daniel Friberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Gari%C3%A9py" title="Jean-François Gariépy">Jean-François Gariépy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Austin "Augustus Sol Invictus" Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(influencer)" title="Baked Alaska (influencer)">Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Goldy" title="Faith Goldy">Faith Goldy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Paul Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Paul_Hasson" title="Christopher Paul Hasson">Christopher Paul Hasson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Matthew Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Hoffman_II" title="Michael A. Hoffman II">Michael A. Hoffman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hyde" title="Sam Hyde">Sam Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon_Irizarry" title="Dillon Irizarry">Dillon Irizarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Johnson" title="Charles C. Johnson">Charles C. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Johnson_(white_nationalist)" title="Greg Johnson (white nationalist)">Greg Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Johnson" title="William Daniel Johnson">William Daniel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Arthur J. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Jorjani" title="Jason Jorjani">Jason Jorjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruuben_Kaalep" title="Ruuben Kaalep">Ruuben Kaalep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kawcyznski" title="Tom Kawcyznski">Tom Kawcyznski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Jason Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Douglas Murray </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_King" title="Steve King">Steve King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Kline" title="Elliott Kline">Elliott Kline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Linder" title="Alex Linder">Alex Linder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Little_(Neo-Nazi)" title="Patrick Little (Neo-Nazi)">Patrick Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lana_Lokteff" title="Lana Lokteff">Lana Lokteff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Loomer" title="Laura Loomer">Laura Loomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lowell" title="Norman Lowell">Norman Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">Kevin MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_MacKenzie_(activist)" title="Jeremy MacKenzie (activist)">Jeremy MacKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">James Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_McNallen" title="Stephen McNallen">Stephen McNallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Miller" title="Merlin Miller">Merlin Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Stephen Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Molyneux" title="Stefan Molyneux">Stefan Molyneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nehlen" title="Paul Nehlen">Paul Nehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GypsyCrusader" title="GypsyCrusader">Paul "GypsyCrusader" Nicholas Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_Egg_Nationalist" title="Raw Egg Nationalist">Raw Egg Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Ethan Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Jack Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Pervert" title="Bronze Age Pervert">Bronze Age Pervert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ray_Ramsey" title="Paul Ray Ramsey">Paul Ray Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Regnery_II" title="William Regnery II">William Regnery II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Renshaw_(neo-Nazi)" title="Jack Renshaw (neo-Nazi)">Jack Renshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennial_Woes" title="Millennial Woes">Colin "Millennial Woes" Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rousseau" title="Thomas Rousseau">Thomas Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Sailer" title="Steve Sailer">Steve Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sellner" title="Martin Sellner">Martin Sellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewell_(neo-Nazi)" title="Thomas Sewell (neo-Nazi)">Thomas Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Southern" title="Lauren Southern">Lauren Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Stevens" title="Brett Stevens">Brett Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Taylor" title="Jared Taylor">Jared Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tila_Tequila" title="Tila Tequila">Tila Tequila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosh_V" title="Roosh V">Daryush "Roosh V" Valizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Lucian Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Yiannopoulos" title="Milo Yiannopoulos">Milo Yiannopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_alt-right" title="Responses to the alt-right">Opposition and criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Steven "Destiny" Bonnell II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Ian "Vaush" Kochinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hbomberguy" title="Hbomberguy">Harry "Hbomberguy" Brewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuendo_Studios" title="Innuendo Studios">Ian "Innuendo Studios" Danskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Evans_(journalist)" title="Robert Evans (journalist)">Robert Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Gorcenski" title="Emily Gorcenski">Emily Gorcenski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins" title="Daryle Lamont Jenkins">Daryle Lamont Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Angela Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Neiwert" title="David Neiwert">David Neiwert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_(YouTuber)" title="Shaun (YouTuber)">Shaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy Tube">Abigail "Philosophy Tube" Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ContraPoints" title="ContraPoints">Natalie "ContraPoints" Wynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Donna Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-America" title="Alt-America">Alt-America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Goy_II" title="Angry Goy II">Angry Goy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Warlords" title="Culture Warlords">Culture Warlords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Bargain" title="Devil's Bargain">Devil's Bargain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feels_Good_Man" title="Feels Good Man">Feels Good Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Speak_German" title="I Don't Speak German">I Don't Speak German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Came_from_Something_Awful" title="It Came from Something Awful">It Came from Something Awful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_All_Normies" title="Kill All Normies">Kill All Normies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Fight" title="Knowledge Fight">Knowledge Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Right:_Meeting_the_Enemy" title="White Right: Meeting the Enemy">White Right: Meeting the Enemy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_navbox" title="Template:January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_navbox" title="Template talk:January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">United States Capitol Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dunn_(police_officer)" title="Harry Dunn (police officer)">Harry Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Gonell" title="Aquilino Gonell">Aquilino Gonell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Goodman" title="Eugene Goodman">Eugene Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogananda_Pittman" title="Yogananda Pittman">Yogananda Pittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sund" title="Steven Sund">Steven Sund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia">Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Contee" title="Robert Contee">Robert Contee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fanone" title="Michael Fanone">Michael Fanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hodges_(police_officer)" title="Daniel Hodges (police officer)">Daniel Hodges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_violent_incidents_at_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Timeline of violent incidents at the United States Capitol">Timeline of prior security incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">Election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Previous claims of election fraud by President Trump <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Trump's_2012_accusations_of_electoral_fraud" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">in 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign#Uncertainty_over_accepting_the_election_results" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">in 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">Republican reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">2020–21 presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2021 United States Electoral College vote count">2021 Electoral College vote count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_violence_ahead_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Predictions of violence ahead of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Predictions of violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesebro_memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesebro memos">Chesebro memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Lawsuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter" title="Jeffrey Clark letter">Jeffrey Clark letter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30_storming_of_the_Michigan_State_Capitol" title="April 30 storming of the Michigan State Capitol">Michigan State Capitol storming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements by Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media use by Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twitter_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Twitter use by Donald Trump">Twitter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_derangement_syndrome" title="Trump derangement syndrome">Trump derangement syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Bobb" title="Christina Bobb">Christina Bobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Chesebro" title="Kenneth Chesebro">Kenneth Chesebro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark" title="Jeffrey Clark">Jeffrey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_diGenova" title="Joseph diGenova">Joseph diGenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eastman" title="John Eastman">John Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Ellis" title="Jenna Ellis">Jenna Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">John McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows">Mark Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleta_Mitchell" title="Cleta Mitchell">Cleta Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Navarro" title="Peter Navarro">Peter Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Sidney Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Toensing" title="Victoria Toensing">Victoria Toensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Troupis" title="Jim Troupis">Jim Troupis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Timeline of attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_response_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Law enforcement response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ashli_Babbitt" title="Killing of Ashli Babbitt">killing of Ashli Babbitt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Death of Brian Sicknick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Enrique Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Joe Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Ethan Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Pezzola" title="Dominic Pezzola">Dominic Pezzola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Rhodes" title="Stewart Rhodes">Stewart Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Meggs" title="Kelly Meggs">Kelly Meggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bertino" title="Jeremy Bertino">Jeremy Bertino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Epps_(military_veteran)" title="Ray Epps (military veteran)">Ray Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Minuta" title="Roberto Minuta">Roberto Minuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Marie_Watkins" title="Jessica Marie Watkins">Jessica Marie Watkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barnett_(Capitol_rioter)" title="Richard Barnett (Capitol rioter)">Richard Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Chansley" title="Jacob Chansley">Jacob Chansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Clapp" title="Cameron Clapp">Cameron Clapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Evans_(politician)" title="Derrick Evans (politician)">Derrick Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(influencer)" title="Baked Alaska (influencer)">Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Gold" title="Simone Gold">Simone Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couy_Griffin" title="Couy Griffin">Couy Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Hemphill" title="Pamela Hemphill">Pamela Hemphill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hostetter" title="Alan Hostetter">Alan Hostetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Christian_Johnson" title="Adam Christian Johnson">Adam Christian Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Johnston" title="Jay Johnston">Jay Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klete_Keller" title="Klete Keller">Klete Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Kicinski" title="Carol Kicinski">Carol Kicinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_James_Lyons" title="Kevin James Lyons">Kevin James Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Mastriano" title="Doug Mastriano">Doug Mastriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Neumann" title="Evan Neumann">Evan Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ochs" title="Nicholas Ochs">Nicholas Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Perna" title="Matthew Perna">Matthew Perna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Powell" title="Rachel Powell">Rachel Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Chaya "Libs of TikTok" Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Reffitt" title="Guy Reffitt">Guy Reffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Riddle" title="Jason Riddle">Jason Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Rohrabacher" title="Dana Rohrabacher">Dana Rohrabacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Saccone" title="Rick Saccone">Rick Saccone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Samsel" title="Ryan Samsel">Ryan Samsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sandlin" title="Ronald Sandlin">Ronald Sandlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Schaffer" title="Jon Schaffer">Jon Schaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Seefried" title="Kevin Seefried">Kevin Seefried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Shroyer" title="Owen Shroyer">Owen Shroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Stager" title="Peter Francis Stager">Peter Francis Stager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WalkAway_campaign" title="WalkAway campaign">Brandon Straka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_Sullivan" title="John Earle Sullivan">John Earle Sullivan‎‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Worrell" title="Christopher John Worrell">Christopher John Worrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">2021 U.S. inauguration week protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_that_halted_U.S._political_contributions_in_January_2021" title="List of companies that halted U.S. political contributions in January 2021">Companies that halted political contributions</a></li> <li>Reactions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li>Suicides <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Howard_Liebengood" title="Death of Howard Liebengood">Howard Liebengood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_L._Smith" title="Death of Jeffrey L. Smith">Jeffrey L. Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li>Proceedings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Justice_Department_investigation_into_attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_presidential_election" title="United States Justice Department investigation into attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election">Justice Department investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_commission" title="January 6 commission">January 6 commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">House Select Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_proceedings_in_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack">criminal proceedings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cases_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="List of cases of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_v._United_States" title="Fischer v. United States">Fischer v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hearings_of_the_United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">public hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Trump" title="Thompson v. Trump">Thompson v. Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">Smith special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">Federal prosecution of Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_J6_rally" title="Justice for J6 rally">Justice for J6 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson" title="Trump v. Anderson">Trump v. Anderson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_defendants" title="Pardon of January 6 United States Capitol attack defendants">Pardons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8_January_Bras%C3%ADlia_attacks" title="8 January Brasília attacks">8 January Brasília attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Alexander" title="Ali Alexander">Ali Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Barnette" title="Kathy Barnette">Kathy Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho_March" title="Jericho March">Jericho March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> 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