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data-history-node-id="6249" role="article" about="/node/6249" class="node node--id-6249 node--type-country-report node--view-mode-full"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h1 class="node__title"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Ethiopia</span> </h1></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Report Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_020---technology-the-environment-and-a-sustainable-world"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/year/2020-technology-environment-and-sustainable-world-responses-global-south" hreflang="en">2020 - Technology, the environment and a sustainable world</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--upload field-formatter-file-table field-name-upload field-type-file field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><table data-striping="1" class="table cols-2"> <thead class="table__header"> <tr class="table__row"> <th class="table__cell table__header__cell">Attachment</th> <th class="table__cell table__header__cell">Size</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody class="table__body"> <tr class="table__row odd"> <td class="table__cell table__body__cell"><span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="/sites/default/files/gisw2020-ethiopia.pdf" type="application/pdf" title="gisw2020-ethiopia.pdf">English</a></span> </td> <td class="table__cell table__body__cell">467.46 KB</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authored by</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--abebe-chekol-hunegnaw"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/achekol" hreflang="en">Abebe Chekol Hunegnaw</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-organization field-formatter-string field-name-field-organization field-type-string field-label-inline clearfix has-single"><h3 class="field__label">Organization</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item">Internet Society (ISOC) – Ethiopia Chapter </div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-default field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong>Climate technologies in Ethiopia: Towards a climate-resilient green economy</strong></span></h1> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong></strong></span></h6> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong>Introduction</strong></span></h6> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Ethiopia is the fastest growing economy in the region, and, with over 112 million people (as of 2019),<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" id="_ftnref1">[1]</a> the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria. The government’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy, adopted in 2011, aims for Ethiopia to be a middle-income country by 2025, resilient to the impacts of climate change and with no net increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 2010 levels. The strategy is based on four pillars: reducing agricultural emissions, protecting and expanding forests, expanding renewable electricity generation, and adopting energy-efficient technologies in transport, industry and the built environment.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" id="_ftnref2">[2]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Political leaders worldwide realise the need for immediate and effective action to respond to climate change. These responses include actions to reduce GHG emissions as well as adaptation initiatives to reduce the vulnerability of the population and the economy to the effects of climate change.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">In this regard, in March 2017 Ethiopia ratified the Paris Agreement, which is a 2016 agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with GHG emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance. The same day it ratified the Paris Agreement, Ethiopia also submitted its intended nationally determined contribution (INDC), turning its INDC into its NDC. Derived from its CRGE Strategy, Ethiopia’s NDC intends to limit the country’s net GHG emissions in 2030 to 145 Mt CO2e<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" id="_ftnref3">[3]</a> or lower, which would reduce 2030 business-as-usual emissions by about 64% and represent an absolute emission reduction of 5 Mt CO2e relative to 2010 emissions, according to the NDC. This means Ethiopia aims to lower the GHG level of 1.8 in 2010 to 1.1 by 2030.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" id="_ftnref4">[4]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Ethiopia’s NDC in 2017 divided emissions sectors into six categories: agriculture (livestock and soil), forestry, transport, industry (including mining), power, and buildings (including waste and green cities). It projects a significant increase of emissions until 2030 in almost all sectors, the three highest contributors being agriculture, forestry and transport.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" id="_ftnref5">[5]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">This report therefore looks at climate technologies in Ethiopia and their role towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It showcases selected examples in the three above areas, and highlights policy actions that can enhance the contribution of climate technologies in enabling the country to meet its intended mitigation objectives.</span></p> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong>The climate change and digital context </strong></span></h6> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Ethiopia’s current contribution to the global increase in GHG emissions since the Industrial Revolution has been practically insignificant. Even after years of rapid economic expansion, today’s per capita emissions of less than 2 t CO2e are modest compared with the more than 10 t per capita on average in the European Union and more than 20 t per capita in the United States and Australia. Overall, Ethiopia’s total emissions of around 150 Mts CO2e represent less than 0.3% of global emissions.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" id="_ftnref6">[6]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Of the 150 Mt CO2e in 2010, more than 85% of GHG emissions came from the agricultural (50%) and forestry (37%) sectors. They are followed by transport, power, industry and buildings, which contributed 3% each.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" id="_ftnref7">[7]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">On the digital technology sector front, Ethiopia’s National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy and Strategy (2016), aims, among others, to implement the use of ICTs to mitigate climate change, and for emergency communication and disaster relief.<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" id="_ftnref8">[8]</a> The country has demonstrated some growth and development in the ICT sector over the last couple of decades, although it is still far behind several African countries.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">As of 2018, the total telecom service subscribers reached 43.6 million, which is an increase of 15% from the previous year. The country has 41.92 million mobile voice subscribers and 22.3 million data and internet users. After years of low uptake due to high pricing, Ethio telecom reduced tariffs ranging from 40% to 50% in 2018, resulting in an increase in the use of data and voice traffic. The increase has been at a remarkable rate: 130% in data usage and 19% in voice.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" id="_ftnref9">[9]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Ethiopia’s climate mitigation, adaptation and resilience efforts are rooted in its CRGE Strategy, issued in 2011. Its implementation is currently overseen and coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change.<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" id="_ftnref10">[10]</a> This strategy, along with its NDC from the Paris Agreement, is currently under revision. In June 2020, Ethiopia disclosed its first-ever 10-year economic development plan called “Ethiopia: An African Beacon of Prosperity”. According to the prime minister, the 10-year plan aims to bring quality-based economic growth; increase production and competitiveness; build a green and climate-resilient economy; realise institutional transformation; ensure fair and equitable opportunities for women and youth; and guarantee private sector-led growth.<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" id="_ftnref11">[11]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Going forward, Ethiopia has also recently launched its “Digital Ethiopia 2025: A Digital Strategy for Ethiopia Inclusive Prosperity” strategy for the next five years. This is based on its homegrown economic reform agenda of realising digital transformation in the country. This would be done by creating a digitally enabled society focusing on four strategic sectors, namely agriculture, manufacturing, building IT-enabled services, and tourism.<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" id="_ftnref12">[12]</a> Therefore, digital transformation will be at the centre of realising the economic reform agenda of the next five years.</span></p> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong>Climate technologies in Ethiopia</strong></span></h6> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">ICTs provide solutions to monitor, mitigate and adapt to the challenges of climate change. Several climate technology initiatives in the country demonstrate the range of measures that are being deployed by the different stakeholders to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, build resilience to the climate crisis, and contribute to the country’s 2030 targets.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">For the agricultural and agro-pastoral sectors, a change in the climate means that traditional techniques and knowledge may no longer work. The change in weather events that may lead to changes in the environment requires new solutions, and better information for farmers. In this regard, ICTs play an important role through the use of mobile applications and mobile services including SMS and interactive voice response (IVR). To this end, Ethiopia has launched a digital agro-climate advisory platform, called EDACaP, which is composed of four complementary elements: an agro-climate database hub, climate modelling, crop modelling and a dissemination platform. The data is then interpreted, and advisories are produced on yield forecasts, agro-climate and climate scenarios that have targeted elements including the selection of crop fields and varieties, timing for planting and harvesting, ideal irrigation approaches, as well as measures to prevent pests and diseases. The advisories are delivered through SMS, IVR and radio to development agents and farmers in local languages. This helps smallholder farmers to manage climate risks, enhances their adaptive capacity, and builds their resilience.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">The pilot phase of EDACaP has already reached 82,000 smallholder farmers across the country and is expected to reach 16.7 million farmers once it is scaled up by the Ministry of Agriculture. This includes reaching the nation’s more than 60,000 agricultural agents in specific geographies and agricultural value chains. The translation of this complex science into a form that smallholder farmers can understand would help improve their decision making on diverse areas from production to ensuring market access for their produce.<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" id="_ftnref13">[13]</a> The EDACaP platform is expected to reach 86 targeted districts (woredas) under the Agricultural Growth Programme (AGP), covering eight regional states, and 25 agricultural research centres (17 federal and eight regional).<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" id="_ftnref14">[14]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">A similar service called YeZaRe,<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" id="_ftnref15">[15]</a> developed by the social enterprise Echnoserve, is a digital mobile system that provides weather and market data to smallholder farmers, as well as connecting these farmers to markets to boost both their livelihood incomes as well as their climate resilience. The service currently has over 35,000 registered users, including farmers, cooperatives, extension workers and wholesalers.<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" id="_ftnref16"><sup>[16]</sup></a> As the sector strategy indicates, the agriculture and forestry sectors are the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. They also play a major role in Ethiopia’s economy, given that they contribute 43% to the country’s GDP, around 80% to employment and approximately 75% to export commodity value.<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" id="_ftnref17">[17]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">In this context, reinforcing previous initiatives, a mega reforestation initiative led by the prime minister in a bid to plant 20 billion trees during a four-year period began in 2019 with more than four billion seedlings planted. This included close to 350 million planted in one 12-hour period in July 2019,<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" id="_ftnref18"><sup>[18]</sup></a> which would be a world record. In August 2020 the government announced that it had reached the target of planting five billion trees.<a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" id="_ftnref19">[19]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">During the planting and in the future maintenance of the trees, the Ministry of Innovation and Technology and the Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute were tasked to ensure the sustainability of the planted trees using a digital system. The two institutions have used GPS coordinates to map the planting sites. This initiative was expected to significantly increase the national forest coverage from 15.5% in 2019 in to 20% in 2020.<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" id="_ftnref20">[20]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Ethiopia’s recent NDC report for the transport sector shows that its contribution could reach 12.2 Mt CO2e in 2030 relative to business as usual, which is still slightly above the targeted emission reduction contribution envisaged for the transport sector in Ethiopia’s NDC (10 Mt CO2e). This means that additional mitigation measures are required.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">It is estimated that about 90% of transportation in the export and import sectors as well as 95% of public transport services are handled by road transport, which was responsible for emissions of 5.5 Mt CO2e in 2013.<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" id="_ftnref21">[21]</a> The total number of vehicles registered in Ethiopia currently, including motor bicycles and locally assembled vehicles, is 1,071,345, with over half of the total registered located in the capital Addis Ababa (55.63%). This is followed by Oromiya (15.98%), Amhara (8.7%), Southern region (8.7%), Tigray (4.9%), Dire Dawa (2.04%), Somali region (1.4%), Benishangul (0.82%), Harar (0.74%), Afar (0.61%), and Gambella (0.51%).<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" id="_ftnref22"><sup>[22]</sup></a> As the sector is primarily powered by fossil fuels, it is responsible for environmental externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">In this regard, among the mitigation potentials identified by national strategies are improving public transit through a light-rail transit system, a bus rapid transit system using electronic trolley buses, fuel efficiency standards for vehicles, and alternative fuels and propulsion systems such as increasing the share of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">To this end, small pilot projects for battery-charged electric cars have been set up. Among others, an electric cars initiative was introduced by the Japanese electric auto manufacturing company Mitsui, which successfully trialled its three-wheel electric car (E-Trike) and launched an assembly plant in Ethiopia in April 2019. An E‑Trike consumes 7.3 kilowatts of electric power per hour and can travel 80 kilometres after fully charging its battery for six to seven hours.<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" id="_ftnref23">[23]</a> Prior to this initiative, with support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), an electronic vehicle pilot project was implemented by the Environmental Protection Authority and dVentus Technologies in 2013, introducing 12 e‑taxis to serve four cities in Ethiopia. Designed to use batteries, this e‑taxi can cover more than 50 kilometres once fully charged.<a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" id="_ftnref24">[24]</a> Both of these have been introduced in support of the Ethiopian green economic policy to demonstrate the huge potential that they have in reducing environmental pollution.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Besides these pilot initiatives, a fully-fledged all-electric car assembling plant has been set up by Marathon Motor Engineering, a joint venture between the great long distance runner Haile Gebreselassie and Hyundai. The Hayundai Ioniq electric car is a compact hatchback with a trio of powertrains which can travel up to 200 kilometres on a single charge.<a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" id="_ftnref25">[25]</a> Studies show that driving the Hyundai Ioniq would be six times cheaper than the cost of the same trip in a Toyota Corolla.<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" id="_ftnref26">[26]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Finally, one of the areas that climate technologies have great impact in is the energy sector, which contributes a share of about 15% of the total emissions in Ethiopia, or 22 MtCO2e.<a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" id="_ftnref27">[27]</a> The country’s strategy towards emission reductions to achieve its mitigation goal for 2030 in this area includes leapfrogging to modern and energy-efficient technologies.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">One example that has great potential to ensure energy efficiency is the use of smart energy meters. In this regard, dVentus Technologies provides a smart grid system which can be customisable to different operating environments.<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" id="_ftnref28"><sup>[28]</sup></a> The system improves energy efficiency, increasing access to power and reducing waste. The system is also available in both single and three phase, enabling two-way communication through Wi-Fi, WLAN or GSM/GPRS, allowing remote connection or disconnection. dVentus Technologies has also secured a grant under the African Development Bank’s Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa programme to establish a local manufacturing facility of smart meters in Ethiopia.<a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" id="_ftnref29">[29]</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Each of these initiatives will support one or several of the four pillars of the green economy mentioned above, and will complement existing programmes and policy measures aimed at increasing resource efficiency. However, for the country to meet its 2030 targets for the green economy, further improvements are necessary, including reduced emission intensity (in the industrial sector given Ethiopia’s ambition of becoming the manufacturing hub in Africa) and fossil fuel share (in the national energy mix), and enhancing climate-smart agriculture.</span></p> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h6> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">The report highlights how ICTs can be harnessed to mitigate, adapt to and monitor the impacts of climate change. This includes the different areas of applications for climate monitoring and weather forecasting which are crucial in early-warning and disaster relief communications and advisories as showcased in the implementation of EDACaP. Furthermore, ICTs and other technologies in the form of smart electricity grids have demonstrated great potential in addressing climate change by helping distribute and use power more efficiently, and to integrate renewable sources of energy in their systems. For example, the dVentus Technologies smart electric meters have a direct impact in efficient billing and load management, resulting in smaller power losses, including fewer power outages. </span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">The current aggressive reforestation programme in Ethiopia holds great promise in realising the possible negative emissions of -40 Mt CO2e in forestry<a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" id="_ftnref30">[30]</a> that could enable overall achievement of the intended nationally determined contribution by 2030. On the other hand, the transport sector is expected to have increased its emissions contribution from 10 Mt CO2e to 30 Mt CO2e. In this context, some of the initiatives with regard to efficiency standards and the increased adoption of electric vehicles could play a significant role in limiting the emissions. This is particularly the case given the various incentives and regulations for increased adoption of environmentally friendly transport means in the next decade to meet the intended targets.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Finally, on one hand the government’s next five-year digital strategy for Ethiopia should enable increased digitalisation and the adoption of digital technologies to help mitigate climate change. On the other hand, Ethiopia’s ambition in becoming a manufacturing hub in Africa needs to be aligned with promoting green technology and realising the digital transformation of industrial processes by progressively adopting industry 4.0 technologies that respond to the challenge of climate change.</span></p> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong>Action steps</strong></span></h6> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Although countries face an uncertain future path in economies when it comes to long-term development, it is apparent that the COVID-19 pandemic will catalyse digital transformation and the adoption of technology. The pandemic is also an opportune time to align development objectives with climate change targets. In this context, the following action steps are recommended for consideration by policy makers and other stakeholders:</span></p> <ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Improve access to infrastructure, including the internet links to the global network, and national and inter-regional networks.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Create enabling policy frameworks and incentives, including building on the current reform in the telecom market that allows for new entrants.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Invest in skills and training in order to maximise the benefit of digital infrastructure. This includes investing in education through continued learning and promoting digital and other new technology skills.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Create public-private sector partnerships to facilitate exchange between policy makers and digital service providers through designated innovation hubs and incubators to promote innovation in climate technologies.</span></li> </ul><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"> </span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong>Footnotes</strong></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" id="_ftn1">[1]</a> <a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ET">https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ET</a> </span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" id="_ftn2">[2]</a> Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2011). <em>Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy Strategy</em>. <a href="https://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/ethiopia_climate_resilient_green_economy_strategy.pdf">https://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/ethiopia_climate_resilient_green_economy_strategy.pdf</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" id="_ftn3">[3]</a> Carbon dioxide equivalent, a way of expressing all the different greenhouse gases as a single number.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" id="_ftn4">[4]</a> Wang-Helmreich, H., & Mersmann, F. (2018). <em>Implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions: Ethiopia Country Report</em>. Umweltbundesamt. <a href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/implementation-of-nationally-determined-4">https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/implementation-of-nationally-determined-4</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" id="_ftn5">[5]</a> Ibid. </span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" id="_ftn6">[6]</a> Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2011). Op. cit.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" id="_ftn7">[7]</a> Ibid.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" id="_ftn8">[8]</a> Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2016). <em>The National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy and Strategy: Final Draft.</em> <a href="https://mint.gov.et/docs/the-national-information-and-communication-technology-ict-policy-and-strategy-2/?lang=en">https://mint.gov.et/docs/the-national-information-and-communication-technology-ict-policy-and-strategy-2/?lang=en</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" id="_ftn9">[9]</a> Ethio telecom. (2019). <em>Ethio telecom 2018/2019 Ethiopian Fiscal Year Business Performance Report</em>. <a href="https://www.ethiotelecom.et/2018-19-efy-p-reporte/">https://www.ethiotelecom.et/2018-19-efy-p-reporte/</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" id="_ftn10">[10]</a> Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2016). <em>Growth and Transformation Plan II (GTP II) (2015/16-2019/20). Volume I: Main Text</em>. <a href="https://ethiopia.un.org/en/download/2447/15231">https://ethiopia.un.org/en/download/2447/15231</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" id="_ftn11">[11]</a> Ethiopian Monitor. (2020, 11 June). Ethiopia Unveils 10-Year Development Plan. <a href="https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/06/11/ethiopia-unveils-10-year-development-plan/">https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/06/11/ethiopia-unveils-10-year-development-plan</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" id="_ftn12">[12]</a> Ministry of Innovation and Technology. (2020). <em>Digital Ethiopia 2025: A Digital Strategy for Ethiopia Inclusive Prosperity</em>. <a href="https://www.pmo.gov.et/media/other/b2329861-f9d7-4c4b-9f05-d5bc2c8b33b6.pdf">https://www.pmo.gov.et/media/other/b2329861-f9d7-4c4b-9f05-d5bc2c8b33b6.pdf</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" id="_ftn13">[13]</a> Samuel, S. (2019, 16 November). Launching digital agro-climate advisory platform in Ethiopia. <em>The Reporter</em>. <a href="https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/launching-digital-agro-climate-advisory-platform-ethiopia">https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/launching-digital-agro-climate-advisory-platform-ethiopia</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" id="_ftn14">[14]</a> Ibid.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" id="_ftn15">[15]</a> <a href="https://yezare.info/index.php">https://yezare.info/index.php</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" id="_ftn16">[16]</a> <a href="https://yezare.info/PublicMarket.php">https://yezare.info/PublicMarket.php</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" id="_ftn17">[17]</a> Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2015). <em>Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy – Climate Resilience Strategy: Agriculture and Forestry</em>.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" id="_ftn18">[18]</a> Myers, J. (2020, 5 June). Ethiopia wants to plant 5 billion seedlings this year. <em>World Economic Forum</em>. <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/ethiopia-is-going-to-plant-5-billion-seedlings-this-year/">https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/ethiopia-is-going-to-plant-5-billion-seedlings-this-year</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" id="_ftn19">[19]</a> FBC. (2020). Ethiopia Successfully Finalises Planting of 5 billion trees: PM Abiy Ahmed. <em>FBC</em>. <a href="https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-successfully-finalizes-planting-of-5-billion-trees-pm-abiy-ahmed">https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-successfully-finalizes-planting-of-5-billion-trees-pm-abiy-ahmed</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" id="_ftn20">[20]</a> Hailemariam, B. (2019, 27 July). Tree Planting Campaign: Audacity or a Pipe Dream? <em>Addis Fortune</em>. <a href="https://addisfortune.news/tree-planting-campaign-audacity-or-a-pipe-dream/">https://addisfortune.news/tree-planting-campaign-audacity-or-a-pipe-dream</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" id="_ftn21">[21]</a> Wang-Helmreich, H., & Mersmann, F. (2018). Op. cit.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" id="_ftn22">[22]</a> The total number of vehicles that the country imported and registered during the 2018-2019 fiscal year (which ended 7 July 2019) surpassed the amount Ethiopia had imported the previous year by 30,834 to become 135,457 vehicles in a year. New Business Ethiopia. (2019, 3 August). Ethiopia imports 135,457 vehicles in a year. <a href="https://newbusinessethiopia.com/trade/ethiopia-imports-135-457-vehicles-in-a-year/">https://newbusinessethiopia.com/trade/ethiopia-imports-135-457-vehicles-in-a-year</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" id="_ftn23">[23]</a> Behailu, M. (2019, 27 April). Japanese company introduces electric car in Ethiopia. <em>The Ethiopian Herald</em>. <a href="https://www.press.et/english/?p=5145">https://www.press.et/english/?p=5145#</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" id="_ftn24">[24]</a> UNDP. (2013, 29 March). Ethiopia Pilots Electric Vehicles. <a href="https://www.et.undp.org/content/ethiopia/en/home/presscenter/articles/2013/03/29/ethiopia-pilots-electric-vehicles-.html">https://www.et.undp.org/content/ethiopia/en/home/presscenter/articles/2013/03/29/ethiopia-pilots-electric-vehicles-.html</a> </span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" id="_ftn25">[25]</a> Tekle, T. (2020, 28 July). Ethiopia unveils locally-assembled electric car. <em>The East African</em>. <a href="https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/ethiopia-unveils-locally-assembled-electric-car-1907430">https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/ethiopia-unveils-locally-assembled-electric-car-1907430</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" id="_ftn26">[26]</a> Kuhudzai, R. J. (2020, 27 July). First Ethiopian-Assembled All-Electric Hyundai Ioniq Rolls Out of Haile Gebreselassie’s Marathon Motor Engineering Plant. <em>CleanTechnica</em>. <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2020/07/27/first-ethiopian-assembled-all-electric-hyundai-ionic-rolls-out-of-haile-gebrselassies-marathon-motor-engineering-plant/">https://cleantechnica.com/2020/07/27/first-ethiopian-assembled-all-electric-hyundai-ionic-rolls-out-of-haile-gebrselassies-marathon-motor-engineering-plant</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" id="_ftn27">[27]</a> Wang-Helmreich, H., & Mersmann, F. (2018). Op. cit.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" id="_ftn28">[28]</a> <a href="http://www.dventus.com/SmartElectricMeter.html">http://www.dventus.com/SmartElectricMeter.html</a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" id="_ftn29">[29]</a> African Development Bank Group. (2014, 16 December). SEFA to support dVentus Technologies in the manufacturing of smart meters in Ethiopia. <a href="https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/sefa-to-support-dventus-technologies-in-the-manufacturing-of-smart-meters-in-ethiopia-13864">https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/sefa-to-support-dventus-technologies-in-the-manufacturing-of-smart-meters-in-ethiopia-13864</a> </span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" id="_ftn30">[30]</a> Wang-Helmreich, H., & Mersmann, F. (2018). Op. cit.</span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Notes:</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">This report was originally published as part of a larger compilation: “Global Information Society Watch 2020: Technology, the environment and a sustainable world: Responses from the global South"</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - Some rights reserved.</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">ISBN 978-92-95113-40-4</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">APC Serial: APC-202104-CIPP-R-EN-DIGITAL-330</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">ISBN 978-92-95113-41-1</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">APC Serial: APC-202104-CIPP-R-EN-P-331</span></p> </div></div> </div> <div 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