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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hellenization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kings_of_Cappadocia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings_of_Cappadocia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kings of Cappadocia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings_of_Cappadocia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Capad%C3%B2cia" title="Regne de Capadòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Capadòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Capadocia" title="Reino de Capadocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Capadocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="پادشاهی کاپادوکیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی کاپادوکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_royaume_de_Cappadoce" title="Ancien royaume de Cappadoce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ancien royaume de Cappadoce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%8C%8C%EB%8F%84%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="카파도키아 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카파도키아 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Kapadokia" title="Kerajaan Kapadokia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Kapadokia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Cappadocia" title="Regno di Cappadocia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Cappadocia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_Kapadokyay%C3%AA" title="Keyaniya Kapadokyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Kapadokyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%89%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="カッパドキア王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カッパドキア王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapadokya_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kapadokya Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kapadokya Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="卡帕多西亚王国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡帕多西亚王国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Cappadocia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">331 BC–17 AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Cappadocia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia at its peak during the reign of Ariarathes V (163-130 BC)"><img alt="Kingdom of Cappadocia at its peak during the reign of Ariarathes V (163-130 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Cappadocia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Cappadocia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Cappadocia.png 2x" data-file-width="4557" data-file-height="2589" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Kingdom of Cappadocia at its peak during the reign of Ariarathes V (163-130 BC)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Subject of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a><br />Client kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (95 BCE–17 AD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mazaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazaca">Mazaca</a><br />(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> (native and regional)<br /><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> (initially used on coinage)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Syncretic, incorporating <a href="/wiki/Greek_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek polytheism">Greek polytheism</a> with Anatolian and Persian gods, as well as <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Cappadocia">Basileus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 331 – 322 BC <span style="font-size: 85%;">(First <a href="/wiki/Ariarathid_dynasty" title="Ariarathid dynasty">Ariarathid</a> king)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 96 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 63 BC <span style="font-size: 85%;">(First Ariobarzanid king)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 36 BC – 17 AD (last king) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Founded by <a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">331 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Ariarathes IX deposed, Ariobarzanes I installed with military support from <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">95 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_X_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes X of Cappadocia">Ariarathes X</a> deposed, Archelaus installed by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Antony" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Antony">Marc Antony</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">36 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 AD</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/20px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/40px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="573" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia (Roman province)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/20px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/30px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/40px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cappadocia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Καππαδοκία</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> centered in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (present-day Turkey). It developed from the former <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(satrapy)" title="Cappadocia (satrapy)">satrapy of Cappadocia</a>, and it was founded by its last <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes</a> (later Ariarathes I). Throughout its history, it was ruled by three families in succession: the <a href="/wiki/Ariarathid_dynasty" title="Ariarathid dynasty">House of Ariarathes</a> (331–96 BC), the House of Ariobarzanes (96–36 BC), and lastly that of <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus</a> (36 BC–17 AD). In 17 AD, following the death of Archelaus, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (14–37 AD), the kingdom was incorporated as <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">a Roman province</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cappadocia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Iran" title="Category:History of Iran">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of <span class="fn org label">Iran</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/250px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/330px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/500px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1857" /></a></span><br /> The <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a> in Fars</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE / BC</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 36,000–18,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20,000–10,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6000–5000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zayandeh_River_Culture" title="Zayandeh River Culture">Zayandeh River Culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th millennium</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dalma_culture" title="Dalma culture">Dalma culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th millennium</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Prehistory" title="History of Iran">Ancient period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3400–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Helmand_culture" title="Helmand culture">Helmand culture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300–2200</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3200–2700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi Kingdom</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zamua" title="Zamua">Zamua</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100-675</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2700–539</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhaši</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2550-2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus Civilization</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400–1700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2400–2150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1155</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–500</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 911–609</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 860–590</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mannaea" title="Mannaea">Mannaea</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 850–616</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zikirti" title="Zikirti">Zikirti</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750-521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saparda" title="Saparda">Saparda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 720-670</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Classical_antiquity" title="History of Iran">Imperial period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Median_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Median state">Median Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 678–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 652–625 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Teispids" title="Teispids">Anshanite Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 635 BC–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 626 BC–539 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century BC</span>–11th century AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550 BC–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 331 BC–428 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 323 BC</span>–226 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Cappadocia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 320s BC–17 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 312 BC–63 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 281 BC–62 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Fratarakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratarakas">Fratarakas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3rd-century BC–132 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 147 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Characene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 141 BC–222 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 132 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 19 AD–224/5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Paratarajas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 125–300</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 224–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarmihrids" title="Zarmihrids">Zarmihrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 6th century–785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qarinvand_dynasty" title="Qarinvand dynasty">Qarinvandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550s–11th century</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Medieval_period" title="History of Iran">Medieval period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE / AD</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 632-661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dabuyid_dynasty" title="Dabuyid dynasty">Dabuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 642–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–1349</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Masmughans_of_Damavand" title="Masmughans of Damavand">Masmughans of Damavand</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baduspanids" title="Baduspanids">Baduspanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 665–1598</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Justanids" title="Justanids">Justanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 791 – 11th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 864 – 14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 819–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 861–1003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> pre-879 – 1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 889–929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 919–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 930–1090</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Ilyasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 932–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 934–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 955–1070</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 959–1095</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 977–1186</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 990/1–1117</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1008–1141</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty_(Sistan)" title="Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)">Nasrid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1029–1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shabankara" title="Shabankara">Shabankara</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1030–1355</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1077–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1135–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atabegs_of_Yazd" title="Atabegs of Yazd">Atabegs of Yazd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1141–1319</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Salghurids" title="Salghurids">Salghurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1148–1282</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1424</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pishkinid_dynasty" title="Pishkinid dynasty">Pishkinid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khorshidi_dynasty" title="Khorshidi dynasty">Khorshidi dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1184-1597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1223-1306</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mihrabanids" title="Mihrabanids">Mihrabanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1236–1537</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt dynasty">Kurt dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1244–1396</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sarbadars" title="Sarbadars">Sarbadars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Injuids" title="Injuids">Injuids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_dynasty" title="Afrasiyab dynasty">Afrasiyab dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1349–1504</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mar%27ashis" title="Mar'ashis">Mar'ashis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1359–1596</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kar-Kiya_dynasty" title="Kar-Kiya dynasty">Kar-Kiya dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370s–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1406–1468</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1468–1508</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Early_modern_period" title="History of Iran">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1501–1736</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> (<a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1722–1729</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1736–1796</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1751–1794</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Modern_period" title="History of Iran">Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1789–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1925–1979</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Contemporary_period" title="History of Iran">Contemporary period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Iran">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iran" title="List of wars involving Iran">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Iranian_history" title="Timeline of Iranian history">Timeline</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Iran" title="Template talk:History of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a>, the "Iranization" of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> had been significant, and a large Iranian presence had been established in western Asia Minor, <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983106–107_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983106–107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(satrapy)" title="Cappadocia (satrapy)">satrap of Cappadocia</a> for 19 years and a loyal supporter of the Achaemenid kings. By blood, he was related to the ruling Achaemenid house ("Cyrus and Darius’ Seven") as well as other satraps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperDecker2012178_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperDecker2012178-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander III of Macedon">Alexander of Macedon</a> invaded Cappadocia as part of his conquest of the Persian Empire, he appointed two temporary governors. For the Iranians in Asia Minor, "as perhaps everywhere", the fall of the Achaemenids "meant crisis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983105_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983105-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the victory of Alexander and the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> successor kings, the Iranians in <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a> and "probably throughout western Asia Minor" eventually started to adapt themselves to the changing situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983106–107_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983106–107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iranian presence to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys River</a> thus slowly started to fade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, to east of the Halys River, things went differently. The Cappadocians had shown opposition to the invading Macedonians "from the beginning".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Halicarnassus" title="Siege of Halicarnassus">defense of Halicarnassus</a>, the Cappadocians participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a> (331 BCE) against Alexander, and even after the battle, they "rose up in his rear".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the Iranians in Caria and "probably throughout western Asia Minor", the Iranian aristocracy to the east of the Halys River, in Cappadocia and Pontus, declared independence, "in defiance of the Macedonians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983106–107_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983106–107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ariarathes I managed to assume power in Cappadocia, becoming the first king of the newly established Kingdom of Cappadocia. Ariarathes's line would provide the first ten kings of the kingdom. After a period of <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> overlordship, the Cappadocian Kingdom gained its independence during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariarathes III">Ariarathes III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 255-220 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGing198672_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGing198672-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ariarathid_dynasty" title="Ariarathid dynasty">Ariarathid dynasty</a> was abolished by the early course of the 1st century BC by the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a>, the infamous <a href="/wiki/Mithradates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithradates VI of Pontus">Mithridates VI</a> (<i>Eupator</i>), this in an attempt to fully subdue the Cappadocian Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in "conflict" with the interests of the Roman Republic, the Romans supported the Cappadocians to choose a new king; this came to be another Iranian nobleman, namely <a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the civil war in Rome, the Romans started to interfere more directly in Cappadocian affairs; in 36 BC, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antonius</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus</a>, a local noble, to the Cappadocian throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When, at an old age, Tiberius summoned him to Rome, he died there of natural causes; Cappadocia was subsequently incorporated as a fully functioning Roman province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the kingdom's perilous location amongst powerful neighbors, the kings were often involved in beneficial marriage alliances, such as with the <a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_dynasty" title="Mithridatic dynasty">Mithridatic dynasty</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, who wrote during the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (r. 63 BCE-14 AD), almost three hundred years after the fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, records only traces of Persians in western <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>; however, he considered Cappadocia "almost a living part of Persia".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cappadocia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Macedonian conquests, the Persian colonists in Cappadocia as well as elsewhere were cut off from their co-religionists in Iran proper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo, who observed them in the Cappadocian Kingdom in the first century BCE, records (XV.3.15) that these "fire kindlers" possessed many "holy places of the Persian Gods", as well as <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom's domains possessed numerous sanctuaries and temples of various Iranian gods and deities, as well as Iranized deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On their significant importance, numerous sanctuaries and deities of this category were noted by Strabo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these are <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a> at <a href="/wiki/Castabala_(city)" title="Castabala (city)">Castabala</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magus</a> Sagarios at <a href="/wiki/Ariaramneia" title="Ariaramneia">Ariaramneia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> at Arebsum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In enclosures, known as <i>Pyraitheia</i>, there was worship in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1987757–764_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1987757–764-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding these <i>Pyraitheia</i>, he furthermore relates that "... in their midst there is an altar, on which there is a large quantity of ashes and where the magi keep the fire ever burning."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cappadocia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, the kingdom was organized in ten <a href="/wiki/Satraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Satraps">satrapies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, this became eleven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satrapies were called by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> term <i>strategiai</i>, and each of them were headed by the <i>strategos</i>, basically an important noble.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eleven satrapies were; <a href="/wiki/Melitene" class="mw-redirect" title="Melitene">Melitene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cataonia" title="Cataonia">Cataonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, Tyanitis, Garsauritis, Laouiansene, Sargarausene, Saraouene, <a href="/wiki/Chamanene" title="Chamanene">Chamanene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morimene" title="Morimene">Morimene</a>, and Cilicia Tracheia. Cilicia Tracheia, the eleventh and last satrapy, was added later to the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Control over the lands of the kingdom was maintained through royal estates and fortifications protected and maintained by nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two types of estates: those located and centered on the residence of the noble in question (whose power, as the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a></i> adds, "was foremost temporal") and the so-called temple estates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within these so-called temple estates, the priests had both temporal power as well as a religious function. As a result of the double role the clergy played, they were the highest in power after the king himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hellenization">Hellenization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cappadocia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hellenization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In imitation of their larger, western neighbors, the Seleucids and <a href="/wiki/Attalids" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalids">Attalids</a>, the Cappadocian kings Hellenized various aspects of the kingdom on purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the members of the Ariarathid as well as that of the Ariobarzanid houses would receive a Greek education, and adopted Hellenic titles, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>, instead of the native <i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the first few Cappadocian kings, that is, of the Ariarathid family, minted Iranian-style coins with <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> descriptions, from king Ariarathes III and on, they shifted to using Greek-style coins and inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of Ariamnes, the first coins appeared with Greek inscriptions, with the monarch depicted on it in Persian dress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983111_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983111-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the Seleucids, the Cappadocian kings named newly founded cities after themselves (e.g., Ariaramneia, Ariarathei, Archelais). Furthermore, all three royal houses were "honored" by the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Poleis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poleis">poleis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly speaking, Hellenization in the kingdom started slowly from the course of the 3rd century BCE, and quickened in the 2nd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983111_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983111-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, until the end of the kingdom, all its rulers bore Iranian names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperDecker2012178_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperDecker2012178-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital">Capital</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cappadocia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, the capital <a href="/wiki/Mazaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazaca">Mazaca</a> was well-developed and had a large population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was surrounded by numerous villages and plantations; all of these, in turn, were well protected by fortifications controlled by members of the royal family and the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings_of_Cappadocia">Kings of Cappadocia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cappadocia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kings of Cappadocia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Cappadocia">List of rulers of Cappadocia</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a> 331–322 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes II of Cappadocia">Ariarathes II</a> 301–280 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariaramnes of Cappadocia">Ariaramnes</a> 280–230 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes III of Cappadocia">Ariarathes III</a> 255–220 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IV_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IV</a> 220–163 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_V_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes V of Cappadocia">Ariarathes V</a> 163–130 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VI_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VI</a> 130–116 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VII</a> 116–101 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VIII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VIII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VIII</a> 101–96 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IX_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IX</a> 100–85 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes I</a> 96–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>63 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes II</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>63–51 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes III</a> 51–42 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_X_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes X of Cappadocia">Ariarathes X</a> 42–36 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus</a> 36 BCE–17 AD</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cappadocia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian calendar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cappadocia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeiskopf1990">Weiskopf 1990</a>, pp. 780–786 "(...) Hellenistic-era Iranian kingdom (...) But all in all, Cappadocia remained an Iranian kingdom, one which developed from an Achaemenid satrapy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcGing1986" class="citation book cs1">McGing, Brian (1986). "Eupator in Asia before the first war with Rome". <i>The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus</i>. BRILL. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004075917" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004075917"><bdi>978-9004075917</bdi></a>. <q>As in Pontus the ruling family was of Iranian descent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eupator+in+Asia+before+the+first+war+with+Rome&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Mithridates+VI+Eupator%2C+King+of+Pontus&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-9004075917&rft.aulast=McGing&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Cappadocia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983106–107-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983106–107_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983106–107_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983106–107_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaditsa1983">Raditsa 1983</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1990780–786_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeiskopf1990">Weiskopf 1990</a>, pp. 780–786.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperDecker2012178-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperDecker2012178_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperDecker2012178_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooperDecker2012">Cooper & Decker 2012</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983105-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983105_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaditsa1983">Raditsa 1983</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983107_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaditsa1983">Raditsa 1983</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGing198672-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGing198672_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGing1986">McGing 1986</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam200217_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Dam2002">Van Dam 2002</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce200185_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce2001">Boyce 2001</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1987757–764-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1987757–764_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeiskopf1987">Weiskopf 1987</a>, pp. 757–764.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983111-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983111_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaditsa1983111_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaditsa1983">Raditsa 1983</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cappadocia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBall2002" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Warwick (2002). <i>Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">436–</span>437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134823864" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134823864"><bdi>978-1134823864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E437&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1134823864&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Cappadocia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (2001). <i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415239028" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415239028"><bdi>978-0415239028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrians%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0415239028&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Cappadocia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooperDecker2012" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, J. Eric; Decker, Michael (2012). <i>Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230361065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230361065"><bdi>978-0230361065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Society+in+Byzantine+Cappadocia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0230361065&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=J.+Eric&rft.au=Decker%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Cappadocia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaditsa1983" class="citation book cs1">Raditsa, Leo (1983). "Iranians in Asia Minor". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139054942" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139054942"><bdi>978-1139054942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranians+in+Asia+Minor&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Vol.+3+%281%29%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+periods&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1139054942&rft.aulast=Raditsa&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Cappadocia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStausbergVevainaTessmann2015" class="citation book cs1">Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna, eds. (2015). <i>The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 445, 454, 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118785508" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118785508"><bdi>978-1118785508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+Companion+to+Zoroastrianism&rft.pages=445%2C+454%2C+468&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1118785508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Cappadocia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiskopf1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Weiskopf, Michael (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/asia-minor-irano-anatolian-relations">"ASIA MINOR"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. II/7:ʿArūż–Aśoka IV. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. <span class="nowrap">757–</span>764. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-107-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-107-9"><bdi>978-0-71009-107-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ASIA+MINOR&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E757-%3C%2Fspan%3E764&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-107-9&rft.aulast=Weiskopf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fasia-minor-irano-anatolian-relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Cappadocia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiskopf1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Weiskopf, Michael (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cappadocia">"CAPPADOCIA"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. IV: Bāyju–Carpets XIV. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. <span class="nowrap">780–</span>786. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-132-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-132-1"><bdi>978-0-71009-132-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CAPPADOCIA&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E780-%3C%2Fspan%3E786&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-132-1&rft.aulast=Weiskopf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcappadocia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Cappadocia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dam2002" class="citation book cs1">Van Dam, Raymond (2002). <i>Kingdom of Snow: Roman rule and Greek culture in Cappadocia</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812236811" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812236811"><bdi>978-0812236811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Snow%3A+Roman+rule+and+Greek+culture+in+Cappadocia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0812236811&rft.aulast=Van+Dam&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Cappadocia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template talk:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia">Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bronze Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)#Hittite_documents" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Ahhiyawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapalla" title="Hapalla">Hapalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isuwa" title="Isuwa">Isuwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma" title="Kalašma">Kalašma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_(kingdom)" title="Mira (kingdom)">Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Seha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalpuwa" title="Zalpuwa">Zalpuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunna">Atuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="Ḫilakku">Ḫilakku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/17px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/26px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/34px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Achaemenid_Empire&#124;link=Achaemenid_Empire_Achaemenid_Empire264" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#DEB887"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Achaemenid_Empire" title="Template:Achaemenid Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Achaemenid_Empire" title="Template talk:Achaemenid Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Achaemenid_Empire&#124;link=Achaemenid_Empire_Achaemenid_Empire264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire"><img alt="Achaemenid Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/15px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/23px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/30px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Achaemenid Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Falcon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/250px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/330px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Persian_Lion_Rhyton" title="Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton">Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage" title="Achaemenid coinage">Achaemenid coinage</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apadana_hoard" title="Apadana hoard">Apadana hoard</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Danake" title="Danake">Danake</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Daric" title="Daric">Daric</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tachara" title="Tachara">Tachara</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Palace of Darius in Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_column" title="Persian column">Persian column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_at_Xanthos" title="Tombs at Xanthos">Tombs at Xanthos</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_music" title="Achaemenid music">Achaemenid music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Xerxes I's inscription at Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Revolt">Persian Revolt</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba" title="Battle of Hyrba">Battle of Hyrba</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border" title="Battle of the Persian Border">Battle of the Persian Border</a></span></li></ul></li> <li>Lydian-Persian Wars <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Battle of Pteria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Siege of Sardis (547 BC)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" title="Scythian campaign of Darius I">Scythian campaign of Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naxos_(499_BC)" title="Siege of Naxos (499 BC)">Siege of Naxos (499 BC)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lade" title="Battle of Lade">Battle of Lade</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eretria" title="Siege of Eretria">Siege of Eretria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Battle of Artemisium</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_destruction_of_Athens" title="Achaemenid destruction of Athens">Destruction of Athens</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Battle of Mycale</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_revolts_(484_BC)" title="Babylonian revolts (484 BC)">Babylonian revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League" title="Wars of the Delian League">Wars of the Delian League</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eurymedon" title="Battle of the Eurymedon">Battle of the Eurymedon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cyzicus" title="Battle of Cyzicus">Battle of Cyzicus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cnidus" title="Battle of Cnidus">Battle of Cnidus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satraps%27_Revolt" title="Great Satraps' Revolt">Great Satraps' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">Second conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Battle of the Granicus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Miletus" title="Siege of Miletus">Siege of Miletus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Halicarnassus" title="Siege of Halicarnassus">Siege of Halicarnassus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (332 BC)">Siege of Tyre (332 BC)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_(332_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaza (332 BCE)">Siege of Gaza</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Gate" title="Battle of the Persian Gate">Battle of the Persian Gate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_water" title="Earth and water">Earth and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Callias" title="Peace of Callias">Peace of Callias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Antalcidas" title="Peace of Antalcidas">Peace of Antalcidas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Capitals <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Babylon#Persian_conquest" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapies</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of the Achaemenid Empire">Districts of the Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapar_Khaneh" title="Chapar Khaneh">Chapar Khaneh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Angarium" title="Angarium">Angarium</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Angarum" title="Angarum">Angarum</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnacid_dynasty" title="Pharnacid dynasty">Pharnacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_dynasty" title="Mithridatic dynasty">Mithridatic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathid_dynasty" title="Ariarathid dynasty">Ariarathid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cappadocia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamid_dynasty" title="Lygdamid dynasty">Lygdamid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Achaemenid_clans" title="Seven Achaemenid clans">Seven Achaemenid clans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthian_Obelisk" title="Xanthian Obelisk">Xanthian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cappadocia&oldid=1273099504">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cappadocia&oldid=1273099504</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Category:Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of 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