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reduction</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: porosity reduction"> <meta name="keywords" content="porosity reduction"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="porosity reduction"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 5398</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: porosity reduction</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5398</span> Porosity Characterization and Its Destruction by Authigenic Minerals: Reservoir Sandstones, Mamuniyat Formation, Murzuq Basin, SW Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamrd%20Ali%20Alrabib">Mohamrd Ali Alrabib</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sandstones samples were selected from cores of seven wells ranging in depth from 5040 to 7181.4 ft. The dominant authigenic cement phase is quartz overgrowth cement (up to 13% by volume) and this is the major mechanism for porosity reduction. Late stage carbonate cements (siderite and dolomite/ferroan dolomite) are present and these minerals infill intergranular porosity and, therefore, further reduce porosity and probably permeability. Authigenic clay minerals are represented by kaolinite, illite, and grain coating clay minerals. Kaolinite occurs as booklet and vermicular forms. Minor amounts of illite were noted in the studied samples, which commonly block pore throats, thereby reducing permeability. Primary porosity of up to 26.5% is present. Secondary porosity (up to 17%) is also present as a result of feldspar dissolution. The high intergranular volume (IGV) of the sandstones indicates that mechanical and chemical compaction played a more important role than cementation of porosity loss. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authigenic%20minerals" title="authigenic minerals">authigenic minerals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity%20types" title=" porosity types"> porosity types</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity%20reduction" title=" porosity reduction"> porosity reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mamuniyat%20sandstone%20reservoir" title=" mamuniyat sandstone reservoir "> mamuniyat sandstone reservoir </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2382/porosity-characterization-and-its-destruction-by-authigenic-minerals-reservoir-sandstones-mamuniyat-formation-murzuq-basin-sw-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2382.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5397</span> The Effect of Different Surface Cleaning Methods on Porosity Formation and Mechanical Property of AA6xxx Aluminum Gas Metal Arc Welds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Mirakhorli">Fatemeh Mirakhorli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Porosity is the main issue during welding of aluminum alloys, and surface cleaning has a critical influence to reduce the porosity level by removing the oxidized surface layer before fusion welding. Developing an optimum and economical surface cleaning method has an enormous benefit for aluminum welding industries to reduce costs related to repairing and repeating welds as well as increasing the mechanical properties of the joints. In this study, several mechanical and chemical surface cleaning methods were examined for butt joint welding of 2 mm thick AA6xxx alloys using ER5556 filler metal. The effects of each method on porosity formation and tensile properties are evaluated. It has been found that, compared to the conventional mechanical cleaning method, the use of chemical cleaning leads to an important reduction in porosity level even after a significant delay between cleaning and welding. The effect of the higher porosity level in the fusion zone to reduce the tensile strength of the welds is shown. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20metal%20arc%20welding%20%28GMAW%29" title="gas metal arc welding (GMAW)">gas metal arc welding (GMAW)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminum%20alloy" title=" aluminum alloy"> aluminum alloy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20cleaning" title=" surface cleaning"> surface cleaning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity%20formation" title=" porosity formation"> porosity formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20property" title=" mechanical property "> mechanical property </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122819/the-effect-of-different-surface-cleaning-methods-on-porosity-formation-and-mechanical-property-of-aa6xxx-aluminum-gas-metal-arc-welds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122819.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5396</span> Effect of Powder Shape on Physical Properties of Porous Coatings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Moayeri">M. Moayeri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Kaflou"> A. Kaflou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Decreasing the size of heat exchangers in industries is favorable due to a reduction in the initial costs and maintenance. This can be achieved generally by increasing the heat transfer coefficient, which can be done by increasing tube surface by passive methods named “porous coat”. Since these coatings are often in contact with the fluid, mechanical strength of coatings should be considered as main concept beside permeability and porosity in design, especially in high velocity services. Powder shape affected mechanical property more than other factors. So in this study, the Copper powder with three different shapes (spherical, dendritic and irregular) was coated on Cu-Ni base metal with thickness of ~300µm in a reduction atmosphere (5% H2-N2) and programmable furnace. The morphology and physical properties of coatings, such as porosity, permeability and mechanical strength were investigated. Results show although irregular particle have maximum porosity and permeability but strength level close to spherical powder, in addition, mentioned particle has low production cost, so for creating porous coats in high velocity services these powder recommended. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20coat" title="porous coat">porous coat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeability" title=" permeability"> permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20strength" title=" mechanical strength"> mechanical strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35933/effect-of-powder-shape-on-physical-properties-of-porous-coatings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35933.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5395</span> Effects of Porosity Logs on Pore Connectivity and Volumetric Estimation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Segun%20S.%20Bodunde">Segun S. Bodunde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Bona Field, Niger Delta, two reservoirs across three wells were analyzed. The research aimed at determining the statistical dependence of permeability and oil volume in place on porosity logs. Of the three popular porosity logs, two were used; the sonic and density logs. The objectives of the research were to identify the porosity logs that vary more with location and direction, to visualize the depth trend of both logs and to determine the influence of these logs on pore connectivity determination and volumetric analysis. The focus was on density and sonic logs. It was observed that the sonic derived porosities were higher than the density derived porosities (in well two, across the two reservoir sands, sonic porosity averaged 30.8% while density derived porosity averaged 23.65%, and the same trend was observed in other wells.). The sonic logs were further observed to have lower co-efficient of variation when compared to the density logs (in sand A, well 2, sonic derived porosity had a co-efficient of variation of 12.15% compared to 22.52% from the density logs) indicating a lower tendency to vary with location and direction. The bulk density was observed to increase with depth while the transit time reduced with depth. It was also observed that for an 8.87% decrease in porosity, the pore connectivity was observed to decrease by about 38%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pore%20connectivity" title="pore connectivity">pore connectivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-efficient%20of%20variation" title=" co-efficient of variation"> co-efficient of variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density%20derived%20porosity" title=" density derived porosity"> density derived porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sonic%20derived%20porosity" title=" sonic derived porosity"> sonic derived porosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112635/effects-of-porosity-logs-on-pore-connectivity-and-volumetric-estimation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112635.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5394</span> Feasibility of Agro Waste-Derived Adsorbent for Colour Removal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20P.%20L.%20Wijayarathne">U. P. L. Wijayarathne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20W.%20Vidanage"> P. W. Vidanage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20K.%20D.%20Jayampath"> H. K. D. Jayampath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20W.%20P.%20M.%20Kothalawala"> K. W. P. M. Kothalawala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Feasibility of utilizing Empty Bunch (EB) fibre, a solid waste of palm oil extraction process, as an adsorbent is analysed in this study. Empty bunch fibre is generated after the extraction of retained oil in the sterilized and threshed empty fruit bunches. Besides the numerous characteristics of EB fibre, which enable its utilization as a fuel, a bio-composite material, or mulch, EB fibre also shows exceptional characteristics of a good adsorbent. Fixed bed adsorption method is used to study the adsorptivity of EB fibre using a continuous adsorption column with Methyl-blue (1.13ppm) as the feed. Adsorptivity is assumed to be solely dependent on the bed porosity keeping other parameters (feed flow rate, bed height, bed diameter, and operating temperature) constant. Bed porosity is changed by means of compact ratio and the variation of the feed concentration is analysed using a photometric method. Break through curves are plotted at different porosity levels and optimum bed porosity is identified for a given feed stream. Feasibility of using the EB fibre as an inexpensive and an abundant adsorbent in wastewater treatment facilities, where the effluent colour reduction is adamant, is also discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title="adsorption">adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20bed" title=" fixed bed"> fixed bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=break%20through%20time" title=" break through time"> break through time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methylene%20blue" title=" methylene blue"> methylene blue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20palm%20fibre" title=" oil palm fibre"> oil palm fibre</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32519/feasibility-of-agro-waste-derived-adsorbent-for-colour-removal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32519.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5393</span> Tribological Behavior of Warm Rolled Spray Formed Al-6Si-1Mg-1Graphite Composite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surendra%20Kumar%20Chourasiya">Surendra Kumar Chourasiya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandeep%20Kumar"> Sandeep Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devendra%20Singh"> Devendra Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present investigation tribological behavior of Al-6Si-1Mg-1Graphite composite has been explained. The composite was developed through the unique spray forming route in the spray forming chamber by using N₂ gas at 7kg/cm² and the flight distance was 400 mm. Spray formed composite having a certain amount of porosity which was reduced by the deformations. The composite was subjected to the warm rolling (WR) at 250ºC up to 40% reduction. Spray forming composite shows the considerable microstructure refinement, equiaxed grains, distribution of silicon and graphite particles in the primary matrix of the composite. Graphite (Gr) was incorporated externally during the process that works as a solid lubricant. Porosity decreased after reduction and hardness increases. Pin on disc test has been performed to analyze the wear behavior which is the function of sliding distance for all percent reduction of the composite. 30% WR composite shows the better result of wear rate and coefficient of friction. The improved wear properties of the composite containing Gr are discussed in light of the microstructural features of spray formed the composite and the nature of the debris particles. Scanning electron microscope and optical microscope analysis of the present material supported the prediction of aforementioned changes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al-6Si-1Mg-1Graphite" title="Al-6Si-1Mg-1Graphite">Al-6Si-1Mg-1Graphite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spray%20forming" title=" spray forming"> spray forming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=warm%20rolling" title=" warm rolling"> warm rolling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wear" title=" wear"> wear</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77455/tribological-behavior-of-warm-rolled-spray-formed-al-6si-1mg-1graphite-composite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77455.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">565</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5392</span> Porosity and Ultraviolet Protection Ability of Woven Fabrics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Polona%20Dobnik%20Dubrovski">Polona Dobnik Dubrovski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhijit%20Majumdar"> Abhijit Majumdar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The increasing awareness of negative effects of ultraviolet radiation and regular, effective protection are actual themes in many countries. Woven fabrics as clothing items can provide convenient personal protection however not all fabrics offer sufficient UV protection. Porous structure of the material has a great effect on UPF. The paper is focused on an overview of porosity in woven fabrics, including the determination of porosity parameters on the basis of an ideal geometrical model of porous structure. Our experiment was focused on 100% cotton woven fabrics in a grey state with the same yarn fineness (14 tex) and different thread densities (to achieve relative fabric density between 59 % and 87 %) and different type of weaves (plain, 4-end twill, 5-end satin). The results of the research dealing with the modelling of UPF and the influence of volume and open porosity of tested samples on UPF are exposed. The results show that open porosity should be lower than 12 % to achieve good UV protection according to AS/NZ standard of tested samples. The results also indicate that there is no direct correlation between volume porosity and UPF, moreover, volume porosity namely depends on the type of weave and affects UPF as well. Plain fabrics did not offer any UV protection, while twill and satin fabrics offered good UV protection when volume porosity was less than 64 % and 66 %, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fabric%20engineering" title="fabric engineering">fabric engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UV%20radiation" title=" UV radiation"> UV radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20materials" title=" porous materials"> porous materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=woven%20fabric%20construction" title=" woven fabric construction"> woven fabric construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modelling" title=" modelling"> modelling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45594/porosity-and-ultraviolet-protection-ability-of-woven-fabrics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5391</span> Degradation of Irradiated UO2 Fuel Thermal Conductivity Calculated by FRAPCON Model Due to Porosity Evolution at High Burn-Up</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Roostaii">B. Roostaii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Kazeminejad"> H. Kazeminejad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Khakshournia"> S. Khakshournia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The evolution of volume porosity previously obtained by using the existing low temperature high burn-up gaseous swelling model with progressive recrystallization for UO<sub>2</sub> fuel is utilized to study the degradation of irradiated UO<sub>2</sub> thermal conductivity calculated by the FRAPCON model of thermal conductivity. A porosity correction factor is developed based on the assumption that the fuel morphology is a three-phase type, consisting of the as-fabricated pores and pores due to intergranular bubbles whitin UO<sub>2</sub> matrix and solid fission products. The predicted thermal conductivity demonstrates an additional degradation of 27% due to porosity formation at burn-up levels around 120 MWd/kgU which would cause an increase in the fuel temperature accordingly. Results of the calculations are compared with available data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irradiation-induced%20recrystallization" title="irradiation-induced recrystallization">irradiation-induced recrystallization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matrix%20swelling" title=" matrix swelling"> matrix swelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity%20evolution" title=" porosity evolution"> porosity evolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UO%E2%82%82%20thermal%20conductivity" title=" UO₂ thermal conductivity"> UO₂ thermal conductivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65572/degradation-of-irradiated-uo2-fuel-thermal-conductivity-calculated-by-frapcon-model-due-to-porosity-evolution-at-high-burn-up" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65572.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5390</span> Heat Transfer Enhancement Due to the Optimal Porosity in Plate Heat Exchangers with Sinusoidal Plates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Shokouhmand">Hossein Shokouhmand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyyed%20Mostafa%20Saadat"> Seyyed Mostafa Saadat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the effect of thermal dispersion on the performance of plate heat exchangers (PHEs) with sinusoidal plates is investigated. In this regard, the PHE is considered as a porous medium. The important property of a porous medium is porosity that is defined as the total fluid volume divided by the total volume occupied by the solid and fluid. A 2D array of parallel sinusoidal plates with laminar periodically developed forced convection and single-phase constant property flows and conduction in a homogenous solid phase in two directions is considered. The array of flows is counter and the flows heat capacities are equal. Numerical study of conjugate heat transfer and axial conduction in the solid phase with different plate thicknesses showed that there is an optimal porosity in which the efficiency of heat transfer is up to 4% more than the time when the porosity is near one. It is shown that the optimal porosity at zero angle of inclination depends both on Reynolds number and the aspect ratio. The optimal porosity increased while either the Reynolds number or waviness of plates increased. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plate%20heat%20exchanger" title="plate heat exchanger">plate heat exchanger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20porosity" title=" optimal porosity"> optimal porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aspect%20ratio" title=" aspect ratio"> aspect ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11031/heat-transfer-enhancement-due-to-the-optimal-porosity-in-plate-heat-exchangers-with-sinusoidal-plates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5389</span> Controlling the Fluid Flow in Hydrogen Fuel Cells through Material Porosity Designs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamal%20Hussain%20Al-Smail">Jamal Hussain Al-Smail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) are environmentally friendly, energy converter devices that convert the chemical energy of the reactants (oxygen and hydrogen) to electricity through electrochemical reactions. The level of the electricity production of HFCs mainly increases depending on the oxygen distribution in the HFC’s cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL). With a constant porosity of the GDL, the electrochemical reaction can have a great variation that reduces the cell’s productivity and stability. Our findings bring a methodology in finding porosity designs of the diffusion layer to improve the oxygen distribution such that it results in a stable oxygen-hydrogen reaction. We first introduce a mathematical model involving the mass and momentum transport equations, in which a porosity function of the GDL is incorporated as a control for the fluid flow. We then derive numerical methods for solving the mathematical model. In conclusion, we present our numerical results to show how to design the GDL porosity to result in a uniform oxygen distribution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20cells" title="fuel cells">fuel cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%20porosity%20design" title=" material porosity design"> material porosity design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20modeling" title=" mathematical modeling"> mathematical modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20media" title=" porous media"> porous media</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106004/controlling-the-fluid-flow-in-hydrogen-fuel-cells-through-material-porosity-designs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106004.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5388</span> Analyzing the Factors Effecting Ceramic Porosity Using Integrated Taguchi-Fuzzy Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enes%20Furkan%20Erkan">Enes Furkan Erkan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%96zer%20Uygun"> Özer Uygun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Halil%20Ibrahim%20Demir"> Halil Ibrahim Demir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeynep%20Demir"> Zeynep Demir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Companies require increase in quality perception level of their products due to competitive conditions. As a result, the tendency to quality and researches to develop the quality are increasing day by day. Cost and time constraints are the biggest problems that companies face in their quality improvement efforts. In this study, factors that affect the porosity of ceramic products are determined and analyzed in a factory producing ceramic tiles. Then, Taguchi method is used in the design phase in order to decrease the number of tests to be performed by means of orthogonal sequences. The most important factors affecting the porosity of ceramic tiles are determined using Taguchi and ANOVA analysis. Based on the analyses, the most affecting factors are determined to be used in the fuzzy implementation stage. Then, the fuzzy rules were established with the factors affecting porosity by the experts’ opinion. Thus, porosity result could be obtained not only for the specified factor levels but also for intermediate values. In this way, it has been provided convenience to the factory in terms of cost and quality improvement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy" title="fuzzy">fuzzy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taguchi%20Method" title=" Taguchi Method"> Taguchi Method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taguchi-Fuzzy" title=" Taguchi-Fuzzy"> Taguchi-Fuzzy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68667/analyzing-the-factors-effecting-ceramic-porosity-using-integrated-taguchi-fuzzy-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5387</span> Rock Property Calculation for Determine Hydrocarbon Zone Based on Petrophysical Principal and Sequence Stratigraphic Correlation in Blok M</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Tarmidzi">Muhammad Tarmidzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20M.%20G.%20Gani"> Reza M. G. Gani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andri%20Luthfi"> Andri Luthfi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to identify rock zone containing hydrocarbons with calculating rock property includes volume shale, total porosity, effective porosity and water saturation. Identification method rock property based on GR log, resistivity log, neutron log and density rock. Zoning is based on sequence stratigraphic markers that are sequence boundary (SB), transgressive surface (TS) and flooding surface (FS) which correlating ten well log in blok “M”. The results of sequence stratigraphic correlation consist of eight zone that are two LST zone, three TST zone and three HST zone. The result of rock property calculation in each zone is showing two LST zone containing hydrocarbons. LST-1 zone has average volume shale (Vsh) 25%, average total porosity (PHIT) 14%, average effective porosity (PHIE) 11% and average water saturation 0,83. LST-2 zone has average volume shale (Vsh) 19%, average total porosity (PHIT) 21%, average effective porosity (PHIE) 17% and average water saturation 0,82. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbons%20zone" title="hydrocarbons zone">hydrocarbons zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petrophysic" title=" petrophysic"> petrophysic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20property" title=" rock property"> rock property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequence%20stratigraphic" title=" sequence stratigraphic"> sequence stratigraphic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60898/rock-property-calculation-for-determine-hydrocarbon-zone-based-on-petrophysical-principal-and-sequence-stratigraphic-correlation-in-blok-m" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60898.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5386</span> Role of Fracturing, Brecciation and Calcite Veining in Fluids Flow and Permeability Enhancement in Low-Porosity Rock Masses: Case Study of Boulaaba Aptian Dolostones, Kasserine, Central Tunisia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Khali%20Zidi">Mohamed Khali Zidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Henchiri"> Mohsen Henchiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Walid%20Ben%20Ahmed"> Walid Ben Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the context of a hypogene hydrothermal travertine system, including low-porosity brittle bedrock and rock-mass permeability in Aptian dolostone of Boulaaba, Kasserine is enhanced through faulting and fracturing. This permeability enhancement related to the deformation modes along faults and fractures is likely to be in competition with permeability reduction when microcracks, fractures, and faults all become infilled with breccias and low-permeability hydrothermal precipitates. So that, fault continual or intermittent reactivation is probably necessary for them to keep their potential as structural high-permeability conduits. Dilational normal faults in strong mechanical stratigraphy associated with fault segments with dip changes are sites for porosity and permeability in groundwater infiltration and flow, hydrocarbon reservoirs, and also may be important sources of mineralization. The brecciation mechanism through dilational faulting and gravitational collapse originates according to hosting lithologies chaotic clast-supported breccia in strong lithologies such as sandstones, limestones, and dolostones, and matrix-supported cataclastic in weaker lithologies such as marls and shales. Breccias contribute to controlling fluid flow when the porosity is sealed either by low-permeability hydrothermal precipitates or by fine matrix materials. All these mechanisms of fault-related rock-mass permeability enhancement and reduction can be observed and analyzed in the region of Sidi Boulaaba, Kasserine, central Tunisia, where dilational normal faulting occurs in mechanical strong dolostone layering alternating with more weak marl and shale lithologies, has originated a variety of fault voids (fluid conduits) breccias (chaotic, crackle and mosaic breccias) and carbonate cement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travertine" title="travertine">travertine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aptian%20dolostone" title=" Aptian dolostone"> Aptian dolostone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boulaaba" title=" Boulaaba"> Boulaaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracturing" title=" fracturing"> fracturing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182430/role-of-fracturing-brecciation-and-calcite-veining-in-fluids-flow-and-permeability-enhancement-in-low-porosity-rock-masses-case-study-of-boulaaba-aptian-dolostones-kasserine-central-tunisia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182430.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5385</span> Biocompatible Porous Titanium Scaffolds Produced Using a Novel Space Holder Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yunhui%20Chen">Yunhui Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damon%20Kent"> Damon Kent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20Dargusch"> Matthew Dargusch</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Synthetic scaffolds are a highly promising new approach to replace both autografts and allografts to repair and remodel damaged bone tissue. Biocompatible porous titanium scaffold was manufactured through a powder metallurgy approach. Magnesium powder was used as space holder material which was compacted with titanium powder and removed during sintering. Evaluation of the porosity and mechanical properties showed a high level of compatibility with human bone. Interconnectivity between pores is higher than 95% for porosity as low as 30%. The elastic moduli are 39 GPa, 16 GPa and 9 GPa for 30%, 40% and 50% porosity samples which match well to that of natural bone (4-30 GPa). The yield strengths for 30% and 40% porosity samples of 315 MPa and 175 MPa are superior to that of human bone (130-180 MPa). In-vitro cell culture tests on the scaffold samples using Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) demonstrated their biocompatibility and indicated osseointegration potential. The scaffolds allowed cells to adhere and spread both on the surface and inside the pore structures. With increasing levels of porosity/interconnectivity, improved cell proliferation is obtained within the pores. It is concluded that samples with 30% porosity exhibit the best biocompatibility. The results suggest that porous titanium scaffolds generated using this manufacturing route have excellent potential for hard tissue engineering applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scaffolds" title="scaffolds">scaffolds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MG-63%20cell%20culture" title=" MG-63 cell culture"> MG-63 cell culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titanium" title=" titanium"> titanium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20holder" title=" space holder"> space holder</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75472/biocompatible-porous-titanium-scaffolds-produced-using-a-novel-space-holder-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75472.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5384</span> High Temperature Volume Combustion Synthesis of Ti3Al with Low Porosities </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nese%20%20Ozturk%20Korpe">Nese Ozturk Korpe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammed%20H.%20Karas"> Muhammed H. Karas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reaction synthesis, or combustion synthesis, is a processing technique in which the thermal activation energy of formation of a compound is sustained by its exothermic heat of reaction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high initial pressing pressures (420 MPa, 630 MPa, and 850 MPa) on porosity of Ti3Al which produced by volume combustion synthesis. Microstructure examinations were performed by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Phase analyses were performed with X-ray diffraction device (XRD). A significant decrease in porosity was obtained due to an increase in the initial pressing pressure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Titanium%20Aluminide" title="Titanium Aluminide">Titanium Aluminide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Volume%20Combustion%20Synthesis" title=" Volume Combustion Synthesis"> Volume Combustion Synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Intermetallic" title=" Intermetallic"> Intermetallic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Porosity" title=" Porosity"> Porosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120337/high-temperature-volume-combustion-synthesis-of-ti3al-with-low-porosities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5383</span> Beneficiation of Low Grade Chromite Ore and Its Characterization for the Formation of Magnesia-Chromite Refractory by Economically Viable Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Kumar%20Bhandary">Amit Kumar Bhandary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prithviraj%20Gupta"> Prithviraj Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siddhartha%20Mukherjee"> Siddhartha Mukherjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahua%20Ghosh%20Chaudhuri"> Mahua Ghosh Chaudhuri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajib%20Dey"> Rajib Dey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chromite ores are primarily used for extraction of chromium, which is an expensive metal. For low grade chromite ores (containing less than 40% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), the chromium extraction is not usually economically viable. India possesses huge quantities of low grade chromite reserves. This deposit can be utilized after proper physical beneficiation. Magnetic separation techniques may be useful after reduction for the beneficiation of low grade chromite ore. The sample collected from the sukinda mines is characterized by XRD which shows predominant phases like maghemite, chromite, silica, magnesia and alumina. The raw ore is crushed and ground to below 75 micrometer size. The microstructure of the ore shows that the chromite grains surrounded by a silicate matrix and porosity observed the exposed side of the chromite ore. However, this ore may be utilized in refractory applications. Chromite ores contain Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, FeO, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and other oxides like Fe-Cr, Mg-Cr have a high tendency to form spinel compounds, which usually show high refractoriness. Initially, the low grade chromite ore (containing 34.8% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) was reduced at 1200 <sup>0</sup>C for 80 minutes with 30% coke fines by weight, before being subjected to magnetic separation. The reduction by coke leads to conversion of higher state of iron oxides converted to lower state of iron oxides. The pre-reduced samples are then characterized by XRD. The magnetically inert mass was then reacted with 20% MgO by weight at 1450 <sup>0</sup>C for 2 hours. The resultant product was then tested for various refractoriness parameters like apparent porosity, slag resistance etc. The results were satisfactory, indicating that the resultant spinel compounds are suitable for refractory applications for elevated temperature processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apparent%20porosity" title="apparent porosity">apparent porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beneficiation" title=" beneficiation"> beneficiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-grade%20chromite" title=" low-grade chromite"> low-grade chromite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractory" title=" refractory"> refractory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spinel%20compounds" title=" spinel compounds"> spinel compounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slag%20resistance" title=" slag resistance"> slag resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48887/beneficiation-of-low-grade-chromite-ore-and-its-characterization-for-the-formation-of-magnesia-chromite-refractory-by-economically-viable-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48887.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5382</span> Influence of Drying Method in Parts of Alumina Obtained for Rapid Prototyping and Uniaxial Dry Pressing </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20O.%20Muniz">N. O. Muniz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20A.%20Vechietti"> F. A. Vechietti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Treccani"> L. Treccani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Rezwan"> K. Rezwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Alberto%20dos%20Santos"> Luis Alberto dos Santos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Developing new technologies in the manufacture of biomaterials is a major challenge for researchers in the tissue engineering area. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the significance of the porous structure of the biomaterials on the promotion of bone ingrowth. The use of Rapid Prototyping in the manufacture of ceramics in the biomedical area has increased in recent years and few studies are conducted on obtaining alumina pieces. The aim of this work was the study of alumina pieces obtained by 3D printing and uniaxial dry pressing (DP) in order to evaluate porosity achieved by this two different techniques. Also, the influence of the powder drying process was determined. The row alumina powders were drying by freeze drying and oven. Apparent porosity, apparent density, retraction after thermal treatment were evaluated. The porosity values obtained by DP, regardless of method of drying powders, were much lower than those obtained by RP as expected. And for the prototyped samples, the method of powder drying significantly influenced porosities, reached 48% for drying oven versus 65% for freeze-drying. Therefore, the method of 3D printing, using different powder drying, allows a better control over the porosity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rapid%20prototyping" title="rapid prototyping">rapid prototyping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freeze-drying" title=" freeze-drying"> freeze-drying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alumina" title=" alumina"> alumina</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17560/influence-of-drying-method-in-parts-of-alumina-obtained-for-rapid-prototyping-and-uniaxial-dry-pressing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">471</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5381</span> Nanomechanical Properties of Coconut Shell Ash Blended Cement Mortar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumator%20Taku">Kumator Taku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bilkisu%20Amartey"> Bilkisu Amartey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research used Grid indentation technique to investigate the effect of the addition of Coconut Shell Ash (CSA) on the nanomechanical properties of the main phases of the hydrated cement paste. Portland cement was partially replaced with 15% CSA at a water-binder ratio of 0.5 and cubes casted and cured for 28 days after which they were polished to reduce surface roughness to the barest minimum. The result of nanoindentation shows that addition of 15% CSA to cement paste transforms portlandite to C-S-H by the pozzolanic reaction. More so, there is reduced porosity and a reduction in the volume of CH by the addition of the CSA. Even though the addition of 15% CSA does not drastically change the average values of the hardness and elastic modulus of the two phases of the C-S-H, it greatly modifies their relative proportions, leading to the production of more HD C-S-H. Overall, incorporating 15%CSA to cement mortar improves the Nanomechanical properties of the four main phases of the hydrated cement paste. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coconut%20Shell%20Ash" title="Coconut Shell Ash">Coconut Shell Ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elastic%20Modulus" title=" Elastic Modulus"> Elastic Modulus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hardness" title=" Hardness"> Hardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nanoindentation" title=" Nanoindentation"> Nanoindentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Porosity" title=" Porosity"> Porosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122927/nanomechanical-properties-of-coconut-shell-ash-blended-cement-mortar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122927.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5380</span> Influence of the Non-Uniform Distribution of Filler Porosity on the Thermal Performance of Sensible Heat Thermocline Storage Tanks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuchao%20Hua">Yuchao Hua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lingai%20Luo"> Lingai Luo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thermal energy storage is of critical importance for the highly-efficient utilization of renewable energy sources. Over the past decades, single-tank thermocline technology has attracted much attention owing to its high cost-effectiveness. In the present work, we investigate the influence of the filler porosity’s non-uniform distribution on the thermal performance of the packed-bed sensible heat thermocline storage tanks on the basis of the analytical model obtained by the Laplace transform. It is found that when the total amount of filler materials (i.e., the integration of porosity) is fixed, the different porosity distributions can result in the significantly-different behaviors of outlet temperature and thus the varied charging and discharging efficiencies. Our results indicate that a non-uniform distribution of the fillers with the proper design can improve the heat storage performance without changing the total amount of the filling materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20storage" title="energy storage">energy storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20thermocline%20storage%20tank" title=" heat thermocline storage tank"> heat thermocline storage tank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=packed%20bed" title=" packed bed"> packed bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20thermal%20analysis" title=" transient thermal analysis"> transient thermal analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149548/influence-of-the-non-uniform-distribution-of-filler-porosity-on-the-thermal-performance-of-sensible-heat-thermocline-storage-tanks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149548.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5379</span> Characterization of Titanium -Niobium Alloys by Powder Metallurgy as İmplant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eyy%C3%BCp%20Murat%20Karakurt">Eyyüp Murat Karakurt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Huang">Yan Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20Kaya">Mehmet Kaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H%C3%BCseyin%20Demirta%C5%9F">Hüseyin Demirtaş</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alper%20%C4%B0ncesu">Alper İncesu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, Ti-(x) Nb (at. %) master alloys (x:10, 20, and 30) were fabricated following a standard powder metallurgy route and were sintered at 1200 ˚C for 6h, under 300 MPa by powder metallurgy method. The effect of the Nb concentration in Ti matrix and porosity level was examined experimentally. For metallographic examination, the alloys were analysed by optical microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry analysis. In addition, X-ray diffraction was performed on the alloys to determine which compound formed in the microstructure. The compression test was applied to the alloys to understand the mechanical behaviors of the alloys. According to Nb concentration in Ti matrix, the β phase increased. Also, porosity level played a crucial role on the mechanical performance of the alloys. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nb%20concentration" title="Nb concentration">Nb concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity%20level" title=" porosity level"> porosity level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=powder%20metallurgy" title=" powder metallurgy"> powder metallurgy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=The%20%CE%B2%20phase" title=" The β phase"> The β phase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143340/characterization-of-titanium-niobium-alloys-by-powder-metallurgy-as-implant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143340.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5378</span> An Overview of the Porosity Classification in Carbonate Reservoirs and Their Challenges: An Example of Macro-Microporosity Classification from Offshore Miocene Carbonate in Central Luconia, Malaysia </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hammad%20T.%20Janjuhah">Hammad T. Janjuhah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Josep%20Sanjuan"> Josep Sanjuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20K.%20Salah"> Mohamed K. Salah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biological and chemical activities in carbonates are responsible for the complexity of the pore system. Primary porosity is generally of natural origin while secondary porosity is subject to chemical reactivity through diagenetic processes. To understand the integrated part of hydrocarbon exploration, it is necessary to understand the carbonate pore system. However, the current porosity classification scheme is limited to adequately predict the petrophysical properties of different reservoirs having various origins and depositional environments. Rock classification provides a descriptive method for explaining the lithofacies but makes no significant contribution to the application of porosity and permeability (poro-perm) correlation. The Central Luconia carbonate system (Malaysia) represents a good example of pore complexity (in terms of nature and origin) mainly related to diagenetic processes which have altered the original reservoir. For quantitative analysis, 32 high-resolution images of each thin section were taken using transmitted light microscopy. The quantification of grains, matrix, cement, and macroporosity (pore types) was achieved using a petrographic analysis of thin sections and FESEM images. The point counting technique was used to estimate the amount of macroporosity from thin section, which was then subtracted from the total porosity to derive the microporosity. The quantitative observation of thin sections revealed that the mouldic porosity (macroporosity) is the dominant porosity type present, whereas the microporosity seems to correspond to a sum of 40 to 50% of the total porosity. It has been proven that these Miocene carbonates contain a significant amount of microporosity, which significantly complicates the estimation and production of hydrocarbons. Neglecting its impact can increase uncertainty about estimating hydrocarbon reserves. Due to the diversity of geological parameters, the application of existing porosity classifications does not allow a better understanding of the poro-perm relationship. However, the classification can be improved by including the pore types and pore structures where they can be divided into macro- and microporosity. Such studies of microporosity identification/classification represent now a major concern in limestone reservoirs around the world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overview%20of%20porosity%20classification" title="overview of porosity classification">overview of porosity classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reservoir%20characterization" title=" reservoir characterization"> reservoir characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microporosity" title=" microporosity"> microporosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonate%20reservoir" title=" carbonate reservoir"> carbonate reservoir</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102710/an-overview-of-the-porosity-classification-in-carbonate-reservoirs-and-their-challenges-an-example-of-macro-microporosity-classification-from-offshore-miocene-carbonate-in-central-luconia-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102710.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5377</span> Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Through Porous Media by Means of Pore-Scale Approach: Effect of Obstacles Size and Arrangement on Tortuosity and Heat Transfer for a Porosity Degree</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annunziata%20D%E2%80%99Orazio">Annunziata D’Orazio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arash%20Karimipour"> Arash Karimipour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iman%20Moradi"> Iman Moradi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The size and arrangement of the obstacles in the porous media has an influential effect on the fluid flow and heat transfer, even in the same porosity. Regarding to this, in the present study, several different amounts of obstacles, in both regular and stagger arrangements, in the analogous porosity have been simulated through a channel. In order to compare the effect of stagger and regular arrangements, as well as different quantity of obstacles in the same porosity, on fluid flow and heat transfer. In the present study, the Single Relaxation Time Lattice Boltzmann Method, with Bhatnagar-Gross-Ktook (BGK) approximation and D2Q9 model, is implemented for the numerical simulation. Also, the temperature field is modeled through a Double Distribution Function (DDF) approach. Results are presented in terms of velocity and temperature fields, streamlines, percentage of pressure drop and Nusselt number of the obstacles walls. Also, the correlation between tortuosity and Nusselt number of the obstacles walls, for both regular and staggered arrangements, has been proposed. On the other hand, the results illustrated that by increasing the amount of obstacles, as well as changing their arrangement from regular to staggered, in the same porosity, the rate of tortuosity and Nusselt number of the obstacles walls increased. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lattice%20boltzmann%20method" title="lattice boltzmann method">lattice boltzmann method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20media" title=" porous media"> porous media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pore-scale" title=" pore-scale"> pore-scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tortuosity" title=" tortuosity"> tortuosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165353/lattice-boltzmann-simulation-of-fluid-flow-and-heat-transfer-through-porous-media-by-means-of-pore-scale-approach-effect-of-obstacles-size-and-arrangement-on-tortuosity-and-heat-transfer-for-a-porosity-degree" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165353.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5376</span> A Comprehensive Study on the Porosity Effect of Ti-20Zr Alloy Produced by Powder Metallurgy as a Biomaterial</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eyyup%20Murat%20Karakurt">Eyyup Murat Karakurt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Huang"> Yan Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20Kaya"> Mehmet Kaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huseyin%20Demirtas"> Huseyin Demirtas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the effect of the porosity effect of Ti-20Zr alloy produced by powder metallurgy as a biomaterial was investigated experimentally. The Ti based alloys (Ti-20%Zr (at.) were produced under 300 MPa, for 6 h at 1200 °C. Afterward, the microstructure of the Ti-based alloys was analyzed by optical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry. Moreover, compression tests were applied to determine the mechanical behaviour of samples. As a result, highly porous Ti-20Zr alloys exhibited an elastic modulus close to human bone. The results later were compared theoretically and experimentally. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity%20effect" title="porosity effect">porosity effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ti%20based%20alloys" title=" Ti based alloys"> Ti based alloys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elastic%20modulus" title=" elastic modulus"> elastic modulus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compression%20test" title=" compression test"> compression test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131221/a-comprehensive-study-on-the-porosity-effect-of-ti-20zr-alloy-produced-by-powder-metallurgy-as-a-biomaterial" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131221.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">230</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5375</span> Laser-Ultrasonic Method for Measuring the Local Elastic Moduli of Porosity Isotropic Composite Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20A.%20Karabutov">Alexander A. Karabutov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natalia%20B.%20Podymova"> Natalia B. Podymova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20B.%20Cherepetskaya"> Elena B. Cherepetskaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20A.%20Makarov"> Vladimir A. Makarov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yulia%20G.%20Sokolovskaya"> Yulia G. Sokolovskaya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The laser-ultrasonic method is realized for quantifying the influence of porosity on the local Young’s modulus of isotropic composite materials. The method is based on a laser generation of ultrasound pulses combined with measurement of the phase velocity of longitudinal and shear acoustic waves in samples. The main advantage of this method compared with traditional ultrasonic research methods is the efficient generation of short and powerful probing acoustic pulses required for reliable testing of ultrasound absorbing and scattering heterogeneous materials. Using as an example samples of a metal matrix composite with reinforcing microparticles of silicon carbide in various concentrations, it is shown that to provide an effective increase in Young’s modulus with increasing concentration of microparticles, the porosity of the final sample should not exceed 2%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20ultrasonic" title="laser ultrasonic">laser ultrasonic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=longitudinal%20and%20shear%20ultrasonic%20waves" title=" longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves"> longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title=" composite"> composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20elastic%20moduli" title=" local elastic moduli"> local elastic moduli</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36229/laser-ultrasonic-method-for-measuring-the-local-elastic-moduli-of-porosity-isotropic-composite-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36229.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">346</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5374</span> Optimum Design for Cathode Microstructure of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Riazat">M. Riazat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Abdolvand"> H. Abdolvand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Baniassadi"> M. Baniassadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this present work, 3D reconstruction of cathode of SOFC is developed with various volume fractions and porosity. Three Phase Boundary (TPB) of construction of such derived micro structures is calculated. The neural network is used to optimize the porosity and volume fraction of each phase to reach a structure with maximum TPB. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20cell" title="fuel cell">fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20oxide" title=" solid oxide"> solid oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TPB" title=" TPB"> TPB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20reconstruction" title=" 3D reconstruction"> 3D reconstruction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20479/optimum-design-for-cathode-microstructure-of-solid-oxide-fuel-cell" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20479.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5373</span> Effects of Stirring Time and Reinforcement Preheating on the Porosity of Particulate Periwinkle Shell-Aluminium 6063 Metal Matrix Composite (PPS-ALMMC) Produced by Two-Step Casting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reginald%20Umunakwe">Reginald Umunakwe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obinna%20Chibuzor%20Okoye"> Obinna Chibuzor Okoye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uzoma%20Samuel%20Nwigwe"> Uzoma Samuel Nwigwe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damilare%20John%20Olaleye"> Damilare John Olaleye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akinlabi%20Oyetunji"> Akinlabi Oyetunji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The potential for the development of PPS-AlMMCs as light weight material for industrial applications was investigated. Periwinkle shells were milled and the density of the particles determined. Particulate periwinkle shell of particle size 75µm was used to reinforce aluminium 6063 alloy at 10wt% filler loading using two-step stir casting technique. The composite materials were stirred for five minutes in a semi-solid state and the stirring time varied as 3, 6 and 9 minutes at above the liquidus temperature. A specimen was also produced with pre-heated filler. The effect of variation in stirring time and reinforcement pre-heating on the porosity of the composite materials was investigated. The results of the analysis show that a composition of reinforcement pre-heating and stirring for 3 minutes produced a composite material with the lowest porosity of 1.05%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composites" title="composites">composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periwinkle%20shell" title=" periwinkle shell"> periwinkle shell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-step%20casting" title=" two-step casting"> two-step casting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60031/effects-of-stirring-time-and-reinforcement-preheating-on-the-porosity-of-particulate-periwinkle-shell-aluminium-6063-metal-matrix-composite-pps-almmc-produced-by-two-step-casting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5372</span> Characterization of White Spot Lesion Using Focused Ion Beam - Scanning Electron Microscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malihe%20Moeinin">Malihe Moeinin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20Hill"> Robert Hill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferranti%20Wong"> Ferranti Wong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: A white spot lesion (WSL) is defined as subsurface enamel porosity from carious demineralisation on the smooth surfaces of the tooth. It appears as a milky white opacity. Lesions shown an apparently intact surface layer, followed underneath by the more porous lesion body. The small pores within the body of the lesion act as diffusion pathway for both acids and minerals, so allowing the demineralisation of enamel to occur at the advancing front of the lesion. Objectives: The objective is to mapthe porosity and its size on WSL with Focused Ion Bean- Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) Method: The basic method used for FIB-SEM consisted of depositing a one micron thick layer of platinum over 25μmx 25μm of the interest region of enamel. Then, making a rough cut (25μmx 5μmx 20μm) with 3nA current and 30Kv was applied with the help of drift suppression (DS), using a standard “cross-sectional” cutting pattern, which ended at the front of the deposited platinum layer. Two adjacent areas (25μmx 5μmx 20μm) on the both sides of the platinum layer were milled under the same conditions. Subsequent, cleaning cross-sections were applied to polish the sub-surface edge of interest running perpendicular to the surface. The "slice and view" was carried out overnight for milling almost 700 slices with 2Kv and 4nA and taking backscattered (BS) images. Then, images were imported into imageJ and analysed. Results: The prism structure is clearly apparent on FIB-SEM slices of WSL with the dissolution of prism boundaries as well as internal porosity within the prism itself. Porosity scales roughly 100-400nm, which is comparable to the light wavelength (500nm). Conclusion: FIB-SEM is useful to characterize the porosity of WSL and it clearly shows the difference between WSL and normal enamel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=white%20spot%20lesion" title="white spot lesion">white spot lesion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FIB-SEM" title=" FIB-SEM"> FIB-SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enamel%20porosity" title=" enamel porosity"> enamel porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157409/characterization-of-white-spot-lesion-using-focused-ion-beam-scanning-electron-microscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157409.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5371</span> Wave Propagation In Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Under Impact Loads</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmood%20Heshmati">Mahmood Heshmati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farhang%20Daneshmand"> Farhang Daneshmand</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Material scientists and engineers have introduced novel materials with complex geometries due to the recent technological advances and promotion of manufacturing methods. Among them, lattice structures with graded architectures denoted by functionally graded porous materials (FGPMs) have been developed to optimize the structural response. FGPMs are achieved by tailoring the size and density of the internal pores in one or more directions that lead to the desired mechanical properties and structural responses. Also, FGPMs provide more flexible transition and the possibility of designing and fabricating structural elements with complex and variable properties. In this paper, wave propagation in lattice structures with functionally graded (FG) porosity is investigated in order to examine the ability of shock absorbing effect. The behavior of FG porous beams with different porosity distributions under impact load and the effects of porosity distribution and porosity content on the wave speed are studied. Important conclusions are made, along with a discussion of the future scope of studies on FGPMs structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functionally%20graded" title="functionally graded">functionally graded</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20materials" title=" porous materials"> porous materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave%20propagation" title=" wave propagation"> wave propagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20load" title=" impact load"> impact load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element" title=" finite element"> finite element</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172932/wave-propagation-in-functionally-graded-lattice-structures-under-impact-loads" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172932.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5370</span> The Effect of Particle Porosity in Mixed Matrix Membrane Permeation Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Sadeghi">Z. Sadeghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Omidkhah"> M. R. Omidkhah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20E.%20Masoomi"> M. E. Masoomi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to examine gas transport behavior of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) combined with porous particles. Main existing models are categorized in two main groups; two-phase (ideal contact) and three-phase (non-ideal contact). A new coefficient, J, was obtained to express equations for estimating effect of the particle porosity in two-phase and three-phase models. Modified models evaluates with existing models and experimental data using Matlab software. Comparison of gas permeability of proposed modified models with existing models in different MMMs shows a better prediction of gas permeability in MMMs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20matrix%20membrane" title="mixed matrix membrane">mixed matrix membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeation%20models" title=" permeation models"> permeation models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20particles" title=" porous particles"> porous particles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17525/the-effect-of-particle-porosity-in-mixed-matrix-membrane-permeation-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17525.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5369</span> Correlation between Initial Absorption of the Cover Concrete, the Compressive Strength and Carbonation Depth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bouzidi%20Yassine">Bouzidi Yassine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This experimental work was aimed to characterize the porosity of the concrete cover zone using the capillary absorption test, and establish the links between open porosity characterized by the initial absorption, the compressive strength and carbonation depth. Eight formulations of workability similar made from ordinary Portland cement (CEM I 42.5) and a compound cement (CEM II/B 42.5) four of each type are studied. The results allow us to highlight the effect of the cement type. Indeed, concretes-based cement CEM II/B 42.5 carbonatent approximately faster than concretes-based cement CEM I 42.5. This effect is attributed in part to the lower content of portlandite Ca(OH)2 of concretes-based cement CEM II/B 42.5, but also the impact of the cement type on the open porosity of the cover concrete. The open porosity of concretes-based cement CEM I 42.5 is lower than that of concretes-based cement CEM II/B 42.5. The carbonation depth is a decreasing function of the compressive strength at 28 days and increases with the initial absorption. Through the results obtained, correlations between the quantity of water absorbed in 1 h, the carbonation depth at 180 days and the compressive strength at 28 days were performed in an acceptable manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=initial%20absorption" title="initial absorption">initial absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cover%20concrete" title=" cover concrete"> cover concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonation%20depth" title=" carbonation depth "> carbonation depth </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25875/correlation-between-initial-absorption-of-the-cover-concrete-the-compressive-strength-and-carbonation-depth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25875.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity%20reduction&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity%20reduction&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity%20reduction&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity%20reduction&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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