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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Retina</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">5,799 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Retina</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Retina">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127686327" data-work_id="127686327" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127686327/The_retinal_carotenoids_zeaxanthin_and_lutein_scavenge_superoxide_and_hydroxyl_radicals_a_chemiluminescence_and_ESR_study">The retinal carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals: a chemiluminescence and ESR study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Carotenoids are present in many biological systems, often decreasing the formation of products of oxidative damage to biological molecules. In the macula their concentration is so high that it has been believed that the yellow color... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127686327" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Carotenoids are present in many biological systems, often decreasing the formation of products of oxidative damage to biological molecules. In the macula their concentration is so high that it has been believed that the yellow color filters out damaging blue light. Recent reports that dietary lutein reduces the risk of cataract in the eye lens suggested that the antioxidant action of carotenoids, which has been inferred from decreased oxidative damage, warranted further direct investigation. Superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging by lutein and zeaxanthin (retinal carotenoids), beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein esters (from marigolds), and a commercial mixture of soy carotenoids were compared to scavenging by ascorbate and ascorbyl palmitate. Radical scavenging was measured with a chemiluminescent assay (luminol) and by electron spin resonance, ESR. Inhibitory concentrations, IC(50), were determined with the luminescent assay. All of the carotenoids scavenged both superoxide (in ES...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127686327" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5e716b652491993dcc332d1fdc7f2ac5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121382568,"asset_id":127686327,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121382568/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="322690298" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ColleenSutton3">Colleen Sutton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="322690298" type="text/json">{"id":322690298,"first_name":"Colleen","last_name":"Sutton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ColleenSutton3","display_name":"Colleen Sutton","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ColleenSutton3?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/322690298/164726685/154546502/s65_colleen.sutton.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127686327 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127686327"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127686327, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127686327", }); 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In the macula their concentration is so high that it has been believed that the yellow color filters out damaging blue light. Recent reports that dietary lutein reduces the risk of cataract in the eye lens suggested that the antioxidant action of carotenoids, which has been inferred from decreased oxidative damage, warranted further direct investigation. Superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging by lutein and zeaxanthin (retinal carotenoids), beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein esters (from marigolds), and a commercial mixture of soy carotenoids were compared to scavenging by ascorbate and ascorbyl palmitate. Radical scavenging was measured with a chemiluminescent assay (luminol) and by electron spin resonance, ESR. Inhibitory concentrations, IC(50), were determined with the luminescent assay. All of the carotenoids scavenged both superoxide (in ES...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121382568,"asset_id":127686327,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":322690298,"first_name":"Colleen","last_name":"Sutton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ColleenSutton3","display_name":"Colleen Sutton","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ColleenSutton3?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/322690298/164726685/154546502/s65_colleen.sutton.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":89668,"name":"Chemiluminescence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemiluminescence?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":98939,"name":"Pubmed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pubmed?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":103339,"name":"Antioxidant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":178351,"name":"Spectrophotometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrophotometry?f_ri=117200"},{"id":231924,"name":"Lycopene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lycopene?f_ri=117200"},{"id":274826,"name":"Hydrogen Peroxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrogen_Peroxide?f_ri=117200"},{"id":283612,"name":"Xanthophyll Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xanthophyll_Cycle?f_ri=117200"},{"id":352744,"name":"Carotenoid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carotenoid?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":375259,"name":"Zeaxanthin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zeaxanthin?f_ri=117200"},{"id":375260,"name":"Lutein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lutein?f_ri=117200"},{"id":399416,"name":"Radical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radical?f_ri=117200"},{"id":499214,"name":"Superoxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Superoxide?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1455811,"name":"Superoxides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Superoxides?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3005391,"name":"Ultraviolet Rays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultraviolet_Rays?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3724233,"name":"Hydroxyl Radical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydroxyl_Radical?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127682161" data-work_id="127682161" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127682161/Interspecies_Retinal_Diversity_and_Optic_Nerve_Anatomy_in_Odontocetes">Interspecies Retinal Diversity and Optic Nerve Anatomy in Odontocetes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Throughout evolution, odontocete vision has had to readapt to the aquatic environment, which has had far-reaching effects on ocular anatomy and neurology. The most prominent features include the iris with an operculum, a well-developed... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127682161" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Throughout evolution, odontocete vision has had to readapt to the aquatic environment, which has had far-reaching effects on ocular anatomy and neurology. The most prominent features include the iris with an operculum, a well-developed choroid, the presence of giant ganglion cells in the retina, and the hemispherical shape of the thick eyecup. In the present study, the optic nerve and the retina were comparatively studied in Odontoceti (Cuvier’s beaked whale, common bottlenose dolphin, false killer whale, long-finned pilot whale, Risso’s dolphin, striped dolphin), the semi-aquatic common hippopotamus, and the fully terrestrial bovine. Cross-sections of the tissue were treated with histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Substantial differences were seen between the odontocetes and the reference species as well as within the cetaceans. The morphological structure of the optic nerve mainly appeared species specific, while the density of retinal ganglion cells was significantl...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127682161" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a27de26f68395e61872794f1e70f3c4b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121379286,"asset_id":127682161,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121379286/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="337266700" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DeBoeckMichiel">Michiel De Boeck</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="337266700" type="text/json">{"id":337266700,"first_name":"Michiel","last_name":"De Boeck","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DeBoeckMichiel","display_name":"Michiel De Boeck","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DeBoeckMichiel?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/337266700/176737324/166795670/s65_michiel.de_boeck.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127682161 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127682161"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127682161, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127682161", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127682161]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127682161").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127682161").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127682161"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54589" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy">Anatomy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="54589" type="text/json">{"id":54589,"name":"Anatomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127682161]'), work: {"id":127682161,"title":"Interspecies Retinal Diversity and Optic Nerve Anatomy in Odontocetes","created_at":"2025-02-16T00:26:02.178-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127682161/Interspecies_Retinal_Diversity_and_Optic_Nerve_Anatomy_in_Odontocetes?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127682161","summary":"Throughout evolution, odontocete vision has had to readapt to the aquatic environment, which has had far-reaching effects on ocular anatomy and neurology. The most prominent features include the iris with an operculum, a well-developed choroid, the presence of giant ganglion cells in the retina, and the hemispherical shape of the thick eyecup. In the present study, the optic nerve and the retina were comparatively studied in Odontoceti (Cuvier’s beaked whale, common bottlenose dolphin, false killer whale, long-finned pilot whale, Risso’s dolphin, striped dolphin), the semi-aquatic common hippopotamus, and the fully terrestrial bovine. Cross-sections of the tissue were treated with histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Substantial differences were seen between the odontocetes and the reference species as well as within the cetaceans. The morphological structure of the optic nerve mainly appeared species specific, while the density of retinal ganglion cells was significantl...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121379286,"asset_id":127682161,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":337266700,"first_name":"Michiel","last_name":"De Boeck","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DeBoeckMichiel","display_name":"Michiel De Boeck","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DeBoeckMichiel?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/337266700/176737324/166795670/s65_michiel.de_boeck.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":54589,"name":"Anatomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":69891,"name":"Whale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Whale?f_ri=117200"},{"id":71422,"name":"Optic Nerve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Nerve?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":173285,"name":"Fishery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishery?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":179729,"name":"Bottlenose dolphin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bottlenose_dolphin?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127680388" data-work_id="127680388" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127680388/Drinking_hydrogen_water_improves_photoreceptor_structure_and_function_in_retinal_degeneration_6_mice">Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetically heterogeneous group of inherited retinal disorders involving the progressive dysfunction of photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium, for which there is currently no treatment. The rd6... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127680388" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetically heterogeneous group of inherited retinal disorders involving the progressive dysfunction of photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium, for which there is currently no treatment. The rd6 mouse is a natural model of autosomal recessive retinal degeneration. Given the known contributions of oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selective inhibition of potent ROS peroxynitrite and OH•by H 2 gas we have previously demonstrated, we hypothesized that ingestion of H 2 water may delay the progression of photoreceptor death in rd6 mice. H 2 mice showed significantly higher retinal thickness as compared to controls on optical coherence tomography. Histopathological and morphometric analyses revealed higher thickness of the outer nuclear layer for H 2 mice than controls, as well as higher counts of opsin red/greenpositive cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of differentially expressed genes in the H 2 group versus control group revealed 1996 genes with significantly different expressions. Gene and pathway ontology analysis showed substantial upregulation of genes responsible for phototransduction in H 2 mice. Our results show that drinking water high in H 2 (1.2-1.6 ppm) had neuroprotective effects and inhibited photoreceptor death in mice, and suggest the potential of H 2 for the treatment of RP. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetically heterogeneous group of inherited retinal disorders characterized by diffuse progressive dysfunction of predominantly rod photoreceptors, with subsequent degeneration of cone photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 1 . Visual impairment usually manifests as night blindness and progressive visual field loss. The prevalence of RP is 1:3000-1:5000 2,3 , and approximately 1.4 million people worldwide are affected by RP. Currently, no treatment options are available for patients with RP, and disease progression to blindness is unavoidable. Over 100 different gene mutations have been identified as factors that influence the development and progression of RP 4 . Although genetic mutations trigger RP, disease progression is affected by microenvironmental changes associated with retinal degeneration such as oxidative stress , and inflammation . Oxidative stress causes various neurological disorders of the retina 9 . Oxidative damage leads to cone cell death, and antioxidants reduce oxidative damage and promote cone survival and function 10 . Compared to people without RP, those with RP have increased carbonyl content and a decreased ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione 10 . Oxidative stress is derived from reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals (OH•), superoxide anion radicals (O 2 -• ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and nitric oxide. We reported that molecular</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127680388" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b2b372d00b5721978496aab6b9b09b42" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121377942,"asset_id":127680388,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121377942/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="211022898" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IkurohOHSAWA">Ikuroh OHSAWA</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="211022898" type="text/json">{"id":211022898,"first_name":"Ikuroh","last_name":"OHSAWA","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IkurohOHSAWA","display_name":"Ikuroh OHSAWA","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IkurohOHSAWA?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127680388 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127680388"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127680388, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127680388", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127680388]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127680388").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127680388").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127680388"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14292" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress">Oxidative Stress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14292" type="text/json">{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82978" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reactive_Oxygen_Species">Reactive Oxygen Species</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="82978" type="text/json">{"id":82978,"name":"Reactive Oxygen Species","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reactive_Oxygen_Species?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84960" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinitis_pigmentosa">Retinitis pigmentosa</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="84960" type="text/json">{"id":84960,"name":"Retinitis pigmentosa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinitis_pigmentosa?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127680388]'), work: {"id":127680388,"title":"Drinking hydrogen water improves photoreceptor structure and function in retinal degeneration 6 mice","created_at":"2025-02-15T22:38:33.321-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127680388/Drinking_hydrogen_water_improves_photoreceptor_structure_and_function_in_retinal_degeneration_6_mice?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127680388","summary":"Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetically heterogeneous group of inherited retinal disorders involving the progressive dysfunction of photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium, for which there is currently no treatment. The rd6 mouse is a natural model of autosomal recessive retinal degeneration. Given the known contributions of oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selective inhibition of potent ROS peroxynitrite and OH•by H 2 gas we have previously demonstrated, we hypothesized that ingestion of H 2 water may delay the progression of photoreceptor death in rd6 mice. H 2 mice showed significantly higher retinal thickness as compared to controls on optical coherence tomography. Histopathological and morphometric analyses revealed higher thickness of the outer nuclear layer for H 2 mice than controls, as well as higher counts of opsin red/greenpositive cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of differentially expressed genes in the H 2 group versus control group revealed 1996 genes with significantly different expressions. Gene and pathway ontology analysis showed substantial upregulation of genes responsible for phototransduction in H 2 mice. Our results show that drinking water high in H 2 (1.2-1.6 ppm) had neuroprotective effects and inhibited photoreceptor death in mice, and suggest the potential of H 2 for the treatment of RP. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetically heterogeneous group of inherited retinal disorders characterized by diffuse progressive dysfunction of predominantly rod photoreceptors, with subsequent degeneration of cone photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 1 . Visual impairment usually manifests as night blindness and progressive visual field loss. The prevalence of RP is 1:3000-1:5000 2,3 , and approximately 1.4 million people worldwide are affected by RP. Currently, no treatment options are available for patients with RP, and disease progression to blindness is unavoidable. Over 100 different gene mutations have been identified as factors that influence the development and progression of RP 4 . Although genetic mutations trigger RP, disease progression is affected by microenvironmental changes associated with retinal degeneration such as oxidative stress , and inflammation . Oxidative stress causes various neurological disorders of the retina 9 . Oxidative damage leads to cone cell death, and antioxidants reduce oxidative damage and promote cone survival and function 10 . Compared to people without RP, those with RP have increased carbonyl content and a decreased ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione 10 . Oxidative stress is derived from reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals (OH•), superoxide anion radicals (O 2 -• ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and nitric oxide. We reported that molecular","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121377942,"asset_id":127680388,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":211022898,"first_name":"Ikuroh","last_name":"OHSAWA","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IkurohOHSAWA","display_name":"Ikuroh OHSAWA","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IkurohOHSAWA?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":82978,"name":"Reactive Oxygen Species","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reactive_Oxygen_Species?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":84960,"name":"Retinitis pigmentosa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinitis_pigmentosa?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":139145,"name":"Retinal Degeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Degeneration?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127678600" data-work_id="127678600" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127678600/TRANSSCLERAL_DIODE_LASER_RETINOPEXY_IN_RETINAL_DETACHMENT_SURGERY_Results_of_a_Multicenter_Trial">TRANSSCLERAL DIODE LASER RETINOPEXY IN RETINAL DETACHMENT SURGERY: Results of a Multicenter Trial</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127678600" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d8da40457bc20289682332a0369ceed4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121376453,"asset_id":127678600,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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Trial","created_at":"2025-02-15T19:24:54.031-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127678600/TRANSSCLERAL_DIODE_LASER_RETINOPEXY_IN_RETINAL_DETACHMENT_SURGERY_Results_of_a_Multicenter_Trial?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127678600","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121376453,"asset_id":127678600,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38071058,"first_name":"Norman","last_name":"Blair","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NormanBlair","display_name":"Norman Blair","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NormanBlair?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":40271,"name":"Visual acuity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_acuity?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=117200"},{"id":103219,"name":"Retinal detachment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_detachment?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":137516,"name":"Follow-up studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Follow-up_studies?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":591063,"name":"Diode Laser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diode_Laser?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1760562,"name":"Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinopathy?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2463621,"name":"Postoperative Complications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postoperative_Complications?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2562006,"name":"Vitreous Hemorrhage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitreous_Hemorrhage?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3059504,"name":"scleral buckling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/scleral_buckling?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3557622,"name":"sclera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/sclera?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127677071" data-work_id="127677071" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127677071/Evaluation_of_choroidal_and_retinal_thickness_measurements_in_adult_hemodialysis_patients_using_spectral_domain_optical_coherence_tomography">Evaluation of choroidal and retinal thickness measurements in adult hemodialysis patients using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Hemodialysis is the diffusion of molecules in solution across a semipermeable membrane through an electrochemical concentration gradient. The main objective of hemodialysis is to repair the intracellular and extracellular fluid... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127677071" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Hemodialysis is the diffusion of molecules in solution across a semipermeable membrane through an electrochemical concentration gradient. The main objective of hemodialysis is to repair the intracellular and extracellular fluid environment. This is accomplished by the transport of solutes such as urea from the blood into the dialysate and by the transport of solutes such as bicarbonate from the dialysate into the blood . Hemodialysis is required for the survival of patients with renal failure and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) by filtering the blood, it corrects the excessive accumulation and abnormal distribution of solutes in body fluids . Thus, changes in the systemic hemodynamic and metabolic parameters associated with hemodialysis may affect ocular fluid dynamics and composition, blood vessels, tissues of the retina, the choroid, and the optic nerve . The choroid provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina as well as the visible pigmentation of the fundus. The choroidal vessels can expand and contract easily, so that changes in intraocular or extraocular vascular pressure can affect the choroidal thickness . Because the choroid plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many retinal diseases, it is important to understand the anatomic structure and functional status of the choroid . Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, interferometric optical imaging technique that provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina using the reflectivity of light waves . Evaluation of the choroid using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was recently reported to be valuable because choroidal change has been associated with the pathogenesis of ocular diseases, such as central serous chorioretinopathy, age-related</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127677071" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1eb46b815c2d00ae95fcc0d7123a5884" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121375222,"asset_id":127677071,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121375222/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8520447" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FatmaEro%C4%9Flu">Fatma Eroğlu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8520447" type="text/json">{"id":8520447,"first_name":"Fatma","last_name":"Eroğlu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FatmaEroğlu","display_name":"Fatma Eroğlu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FatmaEro%C4%9Flu?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127677071 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127677071"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127677071, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127677071", }); 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The main objective of hemodialysis is to repair the intracellular and extracellular fluid environment. This is accomplished by the transport of solutes such as urea from the blood into the dialysate and by the transport of solutes such as bicarbonate from the dialysate into the blood . Hemodialysis is required for the survival of patients with renal failure and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) by filtering the blood, it corrects the excessive accumulation and abnormal distribution of solutes in body fluids . Thus, changes in the systemic hemodynamic and metabolic parameters associated with hemodialysis may affect ocular fluid dynamics and composition, blood vessels, tissues of the retina, the choroid, and the optic nerve . The choroid provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina as well as the visible pigmentation of the fundus. The choroidal vessels can expand and contract easily, so that changes in intraocular or extraocular vascular pressure can affect the choroidal thickness . Because the choroid plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many retinal diseases, it is important to understand the anatomic structure and functional status of the choroid . Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, interferometric optical imaging technique that provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina using the reflectivity of light waves . Evaluation of the choroid using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was recently reported to be valuable because choroidal change has been associated with the pathogenesis of ocular diseases, such as central serous chorioretinopathy, age-related","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121375222,"asset_id":127677071,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8520447,"first_name":"Fatma","last_name":"Eroğlu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FatmaEroğlu","display_name":"Fatma Eroğlu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FatmaEro%C4%9Flu?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":17302,"name":"Optical coherence 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127644192" data-work_id="127644192" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127644192/A_clockwork_Bulla_cellular_study_of_a_model_circadian_system">A clockwork Bulla: cellular study of a model circadian system</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The retina of the cloudy bubble snail, Bulla goddiana, expresses a circadian rhythm in spontaneous optic nerve impulses. The ,rhythm is generated by a group of approximately 100 electrically coupled neurons at the base of the retina, each... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127644192" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The retina of the cloudy bubble snail, Bulla goddiana, expresses a circadian rhythm in spontaneous optic nerve impulses. The ,rhythm is generated by a group of approximately 100 electrically coupled neurons at the base of the retina, each of which is competent to generate a circadian periodicity in complete cellular isolation. while the precise processes responsible fm rhythm generation remain un&aq molecular transcription and translation appear to be critical elements in the 'timing loop'. Plasma membrane ionicjuxes, while not critical for rhythmogenesis, play a critical role in pacemaker synchronization and expression by way of Ca" and K' cunznts respectively, Key words: circadian / retina / coupling / rhythmicity TAKEN FROM ONE perspective it can be argued that during the past 10 years we have learned a remarkable amount about the physiological basis of circadian systems. From another perspective we can accurately assert that we know precious little about the processes that generate the circadian periodicity. These two views represent no paradox in that circadian systems involve more than the generation of a long periodicity; they also involve synchronization pathways that allow the biological chronometer to be set to local time, output pathways that couple the oscillation to the temporally-modulated effector processes, and coupling pathways that join circadian oscillators into pacemaker ensembles. Thus, while we still know relatively little about rhythm generation per se, we are not embarrassed by our collective knowledge about the many processes involved in the circadian system. As with most physiological inquiries, chronobiological study seeks to identify and exploit model systems that behave formally and, hopefully, mechanistically like complex, less experimentally accessible systems. Many years ago ,this search for a suitable model led Felix Strumwasser, then at California Institute of Technology, to Aplysia calijornica where the From the</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127644192" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0f29fc02a557881b0a1c683b0f6877cc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121348334,"asset_id":127644192,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121348334/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33084763" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/StephanMichel">Stephan Michel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33084763" type="text/json">{"id":33084763,"first_name":"Stephan","last_name":"Michel","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"StephanMichel","display_name":"Stephan Michel","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/StephanMichel?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127644192 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127644192"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127644192, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127644192", }); 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The ,rhythm is generated by a group of approximately 100 electrically coupled neurons at the base of the retina, each of which is competent to generate a circadian periodicity in complete cellular isolation. while the precise processes responsible fm rhythm generation remain un\u0026aq molecular transcription and translation appear to be critical elements in the 'timing loop'. Plasma membrane ionicjuxes, while not critical for rhythmogenesis, play a critical role in pacemaker synchronization and expression by way of Ca\" and K' cunznts respectively, Key words: circadian / retina / coupling / rhythmicity TAKEN FROM ONE perspective it can be argued that during the past 10 years we have learned a remarkable amount about the physiological basis of circadian systems. From another perspective we can accurately assert that we know precious little about the processes that generate the circadian periodicity. These two views represent no paradox in that circadian systems involve more than the generation of a long periodicity; they also involve synchronization pathways that allow the biological chronometer to be set to local time, output pathways that couple the oscillation to the temporally-modulated effector processes, and coupling pathways that join circadian oscillators into pacemaker ensembles. Thus, while we still know relatively little about rhythm generation per se, we are not embarrassed by our collective knowledge about the many processes involved in the circadian system. As with most physiological inquiries, chronobiological study seeks to identify and exploit model systems that behave formally and, hopefully, mechanistically like complex, less experimentally accessible systems. Many years ago ,this search for a suitable model led Felix Strumwasser, then at California Institute of Technology, to Aplysia calijornica where the From the","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121348334,"asset_id":127644192,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33084763,"first_name":"Stephan","last_name":"Michel","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"StephanMichel","display_name":"Stephan Michel","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/StephanMichel?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":3886,"name":"Rhythm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhythm?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":71422,"name":"Optic Nerve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Nerve?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":89121,"name":"Circadian Rhythm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circadian_Rhythm?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":404425,"name":"Circadian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circadian?f_ri=117200"},{"id":447209,"name":"Coupling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coupling?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1242344,"name":"Plasma Membrane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasma_Membrane?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2010471,"name":"Electrical Coupling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Coupling?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3367272,"name":"Clockwork","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clockwork?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127644181" data-work_id="127644181" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127644181/Circadian_Rhythm_in_Membrane_Conductance_Expressed_in_Isolated_Neurons">Circadian Rhythm in Membrane Conductance Expressed in Isolated Neurons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although isolated neurons can generate rhythmic activity, they have not yet been shown to generate rhythms with a period in the circadian range (near 24 hours). The eye of the mollusk Bulla gouldiana expresses a circadian rhythm in optic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127644181" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although isolated neurons can generate rhythmic activity, they have not yet been shown to generate rhythms with a period in the circadian range (near 24 hours). The eye of the mollusk Bulla gouldiana expresses a circadian rhythm in optic nerve impulses that is generated by electrically coupled cells known as basal retinal neurons (BRNs). Daily fluctuations in the membrane potential of the BRNs appear to be driven by a rhythm in membrane conductance. Isolated BRNs exhibited spontaneous conductance changes similar to those observed in the intact retina. Membrane conductance was high in the late subjective night and decreased approximately twofold near projected dawn during at least two circadian cycles in culture. The persistence of daily conductance changes in isolated BRNs indicates that individual neurons can function as circadian pacemakers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127644181" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="350834d28c3e8983759ae6ddaf38210d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121348323,"asset_id":127644181,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121348323/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33084763" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/StephanMichel">Stephan Michel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33084763" type="text/json">{"id":33084763,"first_name":"Stephan","last_name":"Michel","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"StephanMichel","display_name":"Stephan Michel","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/StephanMichel?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127644181 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127644181"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127644181, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127644181", }); 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The eye of the mollusk Bulla gouldiana expresses a circadian rhythm in optic nerve impulses that is generated by electrically coupled cells known as basal retinal neurons (BRNs). Daily fluctuations in the membrane potential of the BRNs appear to be driven by a rhythm in membrane conductance. Isolated BRNs exhibited spontaneous conductance changes similar to those observed in the intact retina. Membrane conductance was high in the late subjective night and decreased approximately twofold near projected dawn during at least two circadian cycles in culture. The persistence of daily conductance changes in isolated BRNs indicates that individual neurons can function as circadian pacemakers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121348323,"asset_id":127644181,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33084763,"first_name":"Stephan","last_name":"Michel","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"StephanMichel","display_name":"Stephan Michel","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/StephanMichel?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":3886,"name":"Rhythm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhythm?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=117200"},{"id":89121,"name":"Circadian Rhythm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circadian_Rhythm?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":128282,"name":"Visual System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_System?f_ri=117200"},{"id":175619,"name":"Mollusca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mollusca?f_ri=117200"},{"id":183411,"name":"Conductance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conductance?f_ri=117200"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=117200"},{"id":245634,"name":"Eye","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye?f_ri=117200"},{"id":557691,"name":"Potassium Channels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potassium_Channels?f_ri=117200"},{"id":887736,"name":"Membrane Potential","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Potential?f_ri=117200"},{"id":955727,"name":"Action Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Potentials?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1202042,"name":"Electric Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Conductivity?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2010471,"name":"Electrical Coupling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Coupling?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2468093,"name":"Cell Membrane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Membrane?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127631916" data-work_id="127631916" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" 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$(".js-view-count-work_127631916").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127631916").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127631916"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8501" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phospholipids">Phospholipids</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8501" type="text/json">{"id":8501,"name":"Phospholipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phospholipids?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127631916]'), work: {"id":127631916,"title":"Synthesis of retinal ganglion cell phospholipids is under control of an endogenous circadian clock: Daily variations in phospholipid-synthesizing enzyme activities","created_at":"2025-02-13T10:51:00.946-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127631916/Synthesis_of_retinal_ganglion_cell_phospholipids_is_under_control_of_an_endogenous_circadian_clock_Daily_variations_in_phospholipid_synthesizing_enzyme_activities?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127631916","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121338035,"asset_id":127631916,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":329807889,"first_name":"AGATA RITA","last_name":"CARPENTIERI","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AGATARITACARPENTIERI","display_name":"AGATA RITA CARPENTIERI","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AGATARITACARPENTIERI?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/329807889/170701968/160688239/s65_agata_rita.carpentieri.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":8501,"name":"Phospholipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phospholipids?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":71491,"name":"Phosphatidate Phosphatase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phosphatidate_Phosphatase?f_ri=117200"},{"id":86644,"name":"Darkness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Darkness?f_ri=117200"},{"id":89121,"name":"Circadian Rhythm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circadian_Rhythm?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":128057,"name":"Light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light?f_ri=117200"},{"id":273728,"name":"Ciencias Biológicas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ciencias_Biol%C3%B3gicas?f_ri=117200"},{"id":402759,"name":"Chickens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chickens?f_ri=117200"},{"id":583568,"name":"Enzyme activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_activity?f_ri=117200"},{"id":842314,"name":"Biological clocks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_clocks?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1035362,"name":"Circadian Clock","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circadian_Clock?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2886270,"name":"Lipoprotein Lipase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipoprotein_Lipase?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3675689,"name":"Chick embryo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chick_embryo?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3881526,"name":"In Vitro Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Techniques?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127628175" data-work_id="127628175" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127628175/Identification_of_a_synergistic_interaction_between_endothelial_cells_and_retinal_pigment_epithelium">Identification of a synergistic interaction between endothelial cells and retinal pigment epithelium</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The retinal pigment epithelium located between the neurosensory retina and the choroidal vasculature is critical for the function and maintenance of both the photoreceptors and underlying capillary endothelium. While the trophic role of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127628175" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The retinal pigment epithelium located between the neurosensory retina and the choroidal vasculature is critical for the function and maintenance of both the photoreceptors and underlying capillary endothelium. While the trophic role of retinal pigment epithelium on choroidal endothelial cells is well recognized, the existence of a reciprocal regulatory function of endothelial cells on retinal pigment epithelium cells remained to be fully characterized. Using a physiological long-term co-culture system, we determined the effect of retinal pigment epithelium-endothelial cell heterotypic interactions on cell survival, behaviour and matrix deposition. Human retinal pigment epithelium and endothelial cells were cultured on opposite sides of polyester transwells for up to 4 weeks in low serum conditions. Cell viability was quantified using a trypan blue assay. Cellular morphology was evaluated by H&E staining, S.E.M. and immunohistochemistry. Retinal pigment epithelium phagocytic functio...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127628175" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="705e2918881d1ac72660b3002d45eeeb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121334533,"asset_id":127628175,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121334533/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="322377198" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AhmadNasser87">Ahmad Nasser</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="322377198" type="text/json">{"id":322377198,"first_name":"Ahmad","last_name":"Nasser","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AhmadNasser87","display_name":"Ahmad Nasser","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AhmadNasser87?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/322377198/164455531/154268475/s65_ahmad.nasser.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127628175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127628175"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127628175, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127628175", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127628175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127628175; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127628175"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127628175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127628175"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127628175; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127628175]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127628175").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127628175").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127628175"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13827" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology">Cell Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13827" type="text/json">{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127628175]'), work: {"id":127628175,"title":"Identification of a synergistic interaction between endothelial cells and retinal pigment epithelium","created_at":"2025-02-13T07:30:09.088-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127628175/Identification_of_a_synergistic_interaction_between_endothelial_cells_and_retinal_pigment_epithelium?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127628175","summary":"The retinal pigment epithelium located between the neurosensory retina and the choroidal vasculature is critical for the function and maintenance of both the photoreceptors and underlying capillary endothelium. While the trophic role of retinal pigment epithelium on choroidal endothelial cells is well recognized, the existence of a reciprocal regulatory function of endothelial cells on retinal pigment epithelium cells remained to be fully characterized. Using a physiological long-term co-culture system, we determined the effect of retinal pigment epithelium-endothelial cell heterotypic interactions on cell survival, behaviour and matrix deposition. Human retinal pigment epithelium and endothelial cells were cultured on opposite sides of polyester transwells for up to 4 weeks in low serum conditions. Cell viability was quantified using a trypan blue assay. Cellular morphology was evaluated by H\u0026E staining, S.E.M. and immunohistochemistry. Retinal pigment epithelium phagocytic functio...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121334533,"asset_id":127628175,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":322377198,"first_name":"Ahmad","last_name":"Nasser","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AhmadNasser87","display_name":"Ahmad Nasser","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AhmadNasser87?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/322377198/164455531/154268475/s65_ahmad.nasser.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":27187,"name":"Retinal Pigment Epithelium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Pigment_Epithelium?f_ri=117200"},{"id":32723,"name":"Angiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Angiogenesis?f_ri=117200"},{"id":71510,"name":"Endothelial Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endothelial_Cells?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":194810,"name":"Differentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differentiation?f_ri=117200"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":376494,"name":"Epithelium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epithelium?f_ri=117200"},{"id":718849,"name":"Cellular and Molecular Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cellular_and_Molecular_Medicine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2827641,"name":"ORIGINAL ARTICLE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ORIGINAL_ARTICLE?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127623508" data-work_id="127623508" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127623508/Progesterone_anti_inflammatory_properties_in_hereditary_retinal_degeneration">Progesterone anti-inflammatory properties in hereditary retinal degeneration</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The interactions between steroid gonadal hormones and the retina (a part of the visual system and the central nervous system (CNS)) have received limited attention and beneficial effects of these hormones in retinal diseases is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127623508" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The interactions between steroid gonadal hormones and the retina (a part of the visual system and the central nervous system (CNS)) have received limited attention and beneficial effects of these hormones in retinal diseases is controversial. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common cause of retinal hereditary blindness and to date no treatment is available. However, results regarding the effects of progesterone on the progression of RP are promising. With the idea of demonstrating if the progesterone retinal protection in RP is related to its possible anti-inflammatory properties, we have administered orally progesterone to rd10 mice, an animal model of RP. We observed that progesterone decreased photoreceptors cell death, reactive gliosis and the increase in microglial cells caused by RP. We also examined the expression of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and iNOS), the enzyme responsible for NO production. The results demonstrated a decrease in nNOS expression only in control mice treated with progesterone. Inflammation has been related with an increase in lipid peroxidation. Noticeably progesterone administration was able to diminish retinal malondialdehyde (MDA, a lipid peroxidation product) concentrations in rd10 mice. Altogether, we can conclude that progesterone could be a good therapeutic option not only in RP but also for other retinal diseases that have been associated with inflammation and lipid peroxidation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127623508" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bd773d75ca7c965543895c2fd3a3bb64" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121330578,"asset_id":127623508,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121330578/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="289409787" href="https://independent.academia.edu/josemiguelsorialopez">jose miguel soria lopez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="289409787" type="text/json">{"id":289409787,"first_name":"jose miguel","last_name":"soria lopez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"josemiguelsorialopez","display_name":"jose miguel soria lopez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/josemiguelsorialopez?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127623508 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127623508"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127623508, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127623508", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127623508 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127623508; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127623508"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127623508 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127623508"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127623508; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127623508]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127623508").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127623508").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127623508"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="154" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="154" type="text/json">{"id":154,"name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65390" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine">Internal Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="65390" type="text/json">{"id":65390,"name":"Internal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84960" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinitis_pigmentosa">Retinitis pigmentosa</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="84960" type="text/json">{"id":84960,"name":"Retinitis pigmentosa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinitis_pigmentosa?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127623508]'), work: {"id":127623508,"title":"Progesterone anti-inflammatory properties in hereditary retinal degeneration","created_at":"2025-02-13T03:37:41.078-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127623508/Progesterone_anti_inflammatory_properties_in_hereditary_retinal_degeneration?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127623508","summary":"The interactions between steroid gonadal hormones and the retina (a part of the visual system and the central nervous system (CNS)) have received limited attention and beneficial effects of these hormones in retinal diseases is controversial. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common cause of retinal hereditary blindness and to date no treatment is available. However, results regarding the effects of progesterone on the progression of RP are promising. With the idea of demonstrating if the progesterone retinal protection in RP is related to its possible anti-inflammatory properties, we have administered orally progesterone to rd10 mice, an animal model of RP. We observed that progesterone decreased photoreceptors cell death, reactive gliosis and the increase in microglial cells caused by RP. We also examined the expression of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and iNOS), the enzyme responsible for NO production. The results demonstrated a decrease in nNOS expression only in control mice treated with progesterone. Inflammation has been related with an increase in lipid peroxidation. Noticeably progesterone administration was able to diminish retinal malondialdehyde (MDA, a lipid peroxidation product) concentrations in rd10 mice. Altogether, we can conclude that progesterone could be a good therapeutic option not only in RP but also for other retinal diseases that have been associated with inflammation and lipid peroxidation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121330578,"asset_id":127623508,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":289409787,"first_name":"jose miguel","last_name":"soria lopez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"josemiguelsorialopez","display_name":"jose miguel soria lopez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/josemiguelsorialopez?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":154,"name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":65390,"name":"Internal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":84960,"name":"Retinitis pigmentosa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinitis_pigmentosa?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":139145,"name":"Retinal Degeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Degeneration?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":233372,"name":"Lipid peroxidation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipid_peroxidation?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2186336,"name":"Gliosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gliosis?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127618245" data-work_id="127618245" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127618245/Stress_Reaction_in_Outer_Segments_of_Photoreceptors_after_Blue_Light_Irradiation">Stress Reaction in Outer Segments of Photoreceptors after Blue Light Irradiation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The retina is prone to oxidative stress from many factors which are also involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases. In this study, we used the application of blue light as a physiological stress factor. The aim of this study... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127618245" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The retina is prone to oxidative stress from many factors which are also involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases. In this study, we used the application of blue light as a physiological stress factor. The aim of this study was to identify the major source of intracellular ROS that mediates blue light-induced detrimental effects on cells which may lead to cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that outer segments are the major source of blue light induced ROS generation. In photoreceptors, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) enzymes and the recently found respiratory chain complexes may represent a major source for reactive oxygen species (ROS), beside mitochondria and chromophores. Therefore, we investigated this hypothesis and analysed the exact localization of the ROS source in photoreceptors in an organotypic culture system for mouse retinas. Whole eyeball cultures were irradiated with visible blue light (405 nm) with an output power of 1 mW/cm 2 . Blue light impingement lead to an increase of ROS production (detected by H 2 DCFDA in live retinal explants), which was particularly strong in the photoreceptor outer segments. Nox-2 and Nox-4 proteins are sources of ROS in blue light irradiated photoreceptors; the Nox inhibitor apocynin decreased ROS stimulated by blue light. Concomitantly, enzyme SOD-1, a member of the antioxidant defense system, indicator molecules of protein oxidation (CML) and lipid oxidation (MDA and 4-HNE) were also increased in the outer segments. Interestingly, outer segments showed a mitochondrial-like membrane potential which was demonstrated using two dyes (JC-1 and TMRE) normally exclusively associated with mitochondria. As in mitochondria, these dyes indicated a decrease of the membrane potential in hypoxic states or cell stress situations. The present study demonstrates that ROS generation and oxidative stress occurs directly in the outer segments of photoreceptors after blue light irradiation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127618245" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="27519a3add69a9fb52ccf03225064058" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121326129,"asset_id":127618245,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121326129/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36187568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard">Richard Funk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36187568" type="text/json">{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127618245 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127618245"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127618245, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127618245", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127618245 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127618245; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127618245"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127618245 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127618245"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127618245; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127618245]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127618245").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127618245").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127618245"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14292" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress">Oxidative Stress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14292" type="text/json">{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27784" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression">Gene expression</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27784" type="text/json">{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127618245]'), work: {"id":127618245,"title":"Stress Reaction in Outer Segments of Photoreceptors after Blue Light Irradiation","created_at":"2025-02-12T22:48:14.788-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127618245/Stress_Reaction_in_Outer_Segments_of_Photoreceptors_after_Blue_Light_Irradiation?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127618245","summary":"The retina is prone to oxidative stress from many factors which are also involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases. In this study, we used the application of blue light as a physiological stress factor. The aim of this study was to identify the major source of intracellular ROS that mediates blue light-induced detrimental effects on cells which may lead to cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that outer segments are the major source of blue light induced ROS generation. In photoreceptors, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) enzymes and the recently found respiratory chain complexes may represent a major source for reactive oxygen species (ROS), beside mitochondria and chromophores. Therefore, we investigated this hypothesis and analysed the exact localization of the ROS source in photoreceptors in an organotypic culture system for mouse retinas. Whole eyeball cultures were irradiated with visible blue light (405 nm) with an output power of 1 mW/cm 2 . Blue light impingement lead to an increase of ROS production (detected by H 2 DCFDA in live retinal explants), which was particularly strong in the photoreceptor outer segments. Nox-2 and Nox-4 proteins are sources of ROS in blue light irradiated photoreceptors; the Nox inhibitor apocynin decreased ROS stimulated by blue light. Concomitantly, enzyme SOD-1, a member of the antioxidant defense system, indicator molecules of protein oxidation (CML) and lipid oxidation (MDA and 4-HNE) were also increased in the outer segments. Interestingly, outer segments showed a mitochondrial-like membrane potential which was demonstrated using two dyes (JC-1 and TMRE) normally exclusively associated with mitochondria. As in mitochondria, these dyes indicated a decrease of the membrane potential in hypoxic states or cell stress situations. The present study demonstrates that ROS generation and oxidative stress occurs directly in the outer segments of photoreceptors after blue light irradiation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121326129,"asset_id":127618245,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=117200"},{"id":82978,"name":"Reactive Oxygen Species","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reactive_Oxygen_Species?f_ri=117200"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":128057,"name":"Light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light?f_ri=117200"},{"id":220780,"name":"PLoS one","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one?f_ri=117200"},{"id":233372,"name":"Lipid peroxidation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipid_peroxidation?f_ri=117200"},{"id":234980,"name":"NADPH oxidase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NADPH_oxidase?f_ri=117200"},{"id":515169,"name":"DDC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DDC?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1446339,"name":"Malondialdehyde","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malondialdehyde?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1546538,"name":"Apocynin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apocynin?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3112340,"name":"Tissue culture techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_culture_techniques-1?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3604524,"name":"nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127618244" data-work_id="127618244" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127618244/Neurodegenerative_Diseases_of_the_Retina_and_Potential_for_Protection_and_Recovery">Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Retina and Potential for Protection and Recovery</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms in the cascade of events resulting in retinal cell death in ocular pathologies like glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration led to the common descriptive... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127618244" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms in the cascade of events resulting in retinal cell death in ocular pathologies like glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration led to the common descriptive term of neurodegenerative diseases of the retina. The final common pathophysiologic pathway of these diseases includes a particular form of metabolic stress, resulting in an insufficient supply of nutrients to the respective target structures (optic nerve head, retina). During metabolic stress, glutamate is released initiating the death of neurones containing ionotropic glutamate (N-methyl-D-aspartat, NMDA) receptors present on ganglion cells and a specific type of amacrine cells. Experimental studies demonstrate that several drugs reduce or prevent the death of retinal neurones deficient of nutrients. These agents generally block NMDA receptors to prevent the action of glutamate or halt the subsequent pathophysiologic cycle resulting in cell death. The major causes for cell death following activation of NMDA receptors are the influx of calcium and sodium into cells, the generation of free radicals linked to the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and/or advanced lipoxidation endproducts (ALEs) as well as defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Substances preventing these cytotoxic events are considered to be potentially neuroprotective.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127618244" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d266b707355124b412acf1bffe1da949" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121326126,"asset_id":127618244,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121326126/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36187568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard">Richard Funk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36187568" type="text/json">{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127618244 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127618244"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127618244, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127618244", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127618244 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127618244; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127618244"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127618244 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127618244"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127618244; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127618244]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127618244").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127618244").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127618244"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37851" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection">Neuroprotection</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37851" type="text/json">{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="117200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina">Retina</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="117200" type="text/json">{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="169415" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Article">Article</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="169415" type="text/json">{"id":169415,"name":"Article","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Article?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127618244]'), work: {"id":127618244,"title":"Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Retina and Potential for Protection and Recovery","created_at":"2025-02-12T22:48:14.488-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127618244/Neurodegenerative_Diseases_of_the_Retina_and_Potential_for_Protection_and_Recovery?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127618244","summary":"Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms in the cascade of events resulting in retinal cell death in ocular pathologies like glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration led to the common descriptive term of neurodegenerative diseases of the retina. The final common pathophysiologic pathway of these diseases includes a particular form of metabolic stress, resulting in an insufficient supply of nutrients to the respective target structures (optic nerve head, retina). During metabolic stress, glutamate is released initiating the death of neurones containing ionotropic glutamate (N-methyl-D-aspartat, NMDA) receptors present on ganglion cells and a specific type of amacrine cells. Experimental studies demonstrate that several drugs reduce or prevent the death of retinal neurones deficient of nutrients. These agents generally block NMDA receptors to prevent the action of glutamate or halt the subsequent pathophysiologic cycle resulting in cell death. The major causes for cell death following activation of NMDA receptors are the influx of calcium and sodium into cells, the generation of free radicals linked to the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and/or advanced lipoxidation endproducts (ALEs) as well as defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Substances preventing these cytotoxic events are considered to be potentially neuroprotective.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121326126,"asset_id":127618244,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":169415,"name":"Article","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Article?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":175490,"name":"Programmed cell death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Programmed_cell_death?f_ri=117200"},{"id":790314,"name":"Current Neuropharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_Neuropharmacology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2012816,"name":"Glutamate Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate_Receptor?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2555845,"name":"NMDA receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NMDA_receptor?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127618241" data-work_id="127618241" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127618241/Detecting_the_effects_of_neuroprotection_in_living_cells">Detecting the effects of neuroprotection in living cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper describes experiments in cell systems that have helped clarify intracellular mechanisms leading to apoptosis. Using the cellular systems described (rat retinal whole mount, rat retinal cell line E1A-NR3, and rat neuronal cell... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127618241" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper describes experiments in cell systems that have helped clarify intracellular mechanisms leading to apoptosis. Using the cellular systems described (rat retinal whole mount, rat retinal cell line E1A-NR3, and rat neuronal cell line NG 108-15), it has been possible to demonstrate that intracellular pH change may be the mechanism through which carbonic anhydrases modulate vasodilation and act on retinal blood flow. Intracellular pH can also be used to monitor intracellular changes that precede and occur during apoptosis. The findings also show the potential significance of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the glaucomatous process, and the potential for brimonidine and memantine to rescue neuroretinal cells from AGE-induced retinal damage.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127618241" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c7a4a40183b9e442499d862fd4c2c8bc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121326119,"asset_id":127618241,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121326119/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36187568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard">Richard Funk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36187568" type="text/json">{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127618241 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127618241"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127618241, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127618241", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127618241 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127618241; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127618241"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127618241 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127618241"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127618241; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127618241]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127618241").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127618241").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127618241"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24731" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24731" type="text/json">{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37851" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection">Neuroprotection</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37851" type="text/json">{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127618241]'), work: {"id":127618241,"title":"Detecting the effects of neuroprotection in living cells","created_at":"2025-02-12T22:48:12.773-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127618241/Detecting_the_effects_of_neuroprotection_in_living_cells?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127618241","summary":"This paper describes experiments in cell systems that have helped clarify intracellular mechanisms leading to apoptosis. Using the cellular systems described (rat retinal whole mount, rat retinal cell line E1A-NR3, and rat neuronal cell line NG 108-15), it has been possible to demonstrate that intracellular pH change may be the mechanism through which carbonic anhydrases modulate vasodilation and act on retinal blood flow. Intracellular pH can also be used to monitor intracellular changes that precede and occur during apoptosis. The findings also show the potential significance of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the glaucomatous process, and the potential for brimonidine and memantine to rescue neuroretinal cells from AGE-induced retinal damage.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121326119,"asset_id":127618241,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":245634,"name":"Eye","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359343,"name":"Carbonic anhydrase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbonic_anhydrase?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1714296,"name":"Cellular system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cellular_system?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2032101,"name":"Intracellular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intracellular?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127618239" data-work_id="127618239" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127618239/VEGF_Trap_is_a_potent_modulator_of_vasoregenerative_responses_and_protects_dopaminergic_amacrine_network_integrity_in_degenerative_ischemic_neovascular_retinopathy">VEGF‐Trap is a potent modulator of vasoregenerative responses and protects dopaminergic amacrine network integrity in degenerative ischemic neovascular retinopathy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Retinal hypoxia triggers abnormal vessel growth and microvascular hyper‐permeability in ischemic retinopathies. Whereas vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A) inhibitors significantly hinder disease progression, their benefits to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127618239" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Retinal hypoxia triggers abnormal vessel growth and microvascular hyper‐permeability in ischemic retinopathies. Whereas vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A) inhibitors significantly hinder disease progression, their benefits to retinal neurons remain poorly understood. Similar to humans, oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR) mice exhibit severe retinal microvascular malformations and profound neuronal dysfunction. OIR mice are thus a phenocopy of human retinopathy of prematurity, and a proxy for investigating advanced stages of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Hence, the OIR model offers an excellent platform for assessing morpho‐functional responses of the ischemic retina to anti‐angiogenic therapies. Using this model, we investigated the retinal responses to VEGF‐Trap (Aflibercept), an anti‐angiogenic agent recognizing ligands of VEGF receptors 1 and 2 that possesses regulatory approval for the treatment of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration, macular edema seconda...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127618239" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c15f82ab7dd07b4c128980cd7b31959b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121326148,"asset_id":127618239,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121326148/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36187568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard">Richard Funk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36187568" type="text/json">{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127618239 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127618239"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127618239, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127618239", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127618239 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127618239; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127618239"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127618239 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127618239"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127618239; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127618239]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127618239").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127618239").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127618239"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8745" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8745" type="text/json">{"id":8745,"name":"Neurochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurochemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40272" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macular_Degeneration">Macular Degeneration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="40272" type="text/json">{"id":40272,"name":"Macular Degeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macular_Degeneration?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96573" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy">Diabetic Retinopathy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="96573" type="text/json">{"id":96573,"name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127618239]'), work: {"id":127618239,"title":"VEGF‐Trap is a potent modulator of vasoregenerative responses and protects dopaminergic amacrine network integrity in degenerative ischemic neovascular retinopathy","created_at":"2025-02-12T22:48:12.223-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127618239/VEGF_Trap_is_a_potent_modulator_of_vasoregenerative_responses_and_protects_dopaminergic_amacrine_network_integrity_in_degenerative_ischemic_neovascular_retinopathy?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127618239","summary":"Retinal hypoxia triggers abnormal vessel growth and microvascular hyper‐permeability in ischemic retinopathies. Whereas vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A) inhibitors significantly hinder disease progression, their benefits to retinal neurons remain poorly understood. Similar to humans, oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR) mice exhibit severe retinal microvascular malformations and profound neuronal dysfunction. OIR mice are thus a phenocopy of human retinopathy of prematurity, and a proxy for investigating advanced stages of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Hence, the OIR model offers an excellent platform for assessing morpho‐functional responses of the ischemic retina to anti‐angiogenic therapies. Using this model, we investigated the retinal responses to VEGF‐Trap (Aflibercept), an anti‐angiogenic agent recognizing ligands of VEGF receptors 1 and 2 that possesses regulatory approval for the treatment of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration, macular edema seconda...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121326148,"asset_id":127618239,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8745,"name":"Neurochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurochemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":40272,"name":"Macular Degeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macular_Degeneration?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":96573,"name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":555414,"name":"Retinopathy of prematurity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinopathy_of_prematurity?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2605836,"name":"Aflibercept","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aflibercept?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127618236" data-work_id="127618236" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127618236/Stress_reaction_in_outer_segments_of_photoreceptors_after_blue_light_irradiation">Stress reaction in outer segments of photoreceptors after blue light irradiation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The retina is prone to oxidative stress from many factors which are also involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases. In this study, we used the application of blue light as a physiological stress factor. The aim of this study... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127618236" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The retina is prone to oxidative stress from many factors which are also involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases. In this study, we used the application of blue light as a physiological stress factor. The aim of this study was to identify the major source of intracellular ROS that mediates blue light-induced detrimental effects on cells which may lead to cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that outer segments are the major source of blue light induced ROS generation. In photoreceptors, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) enzymes and the recently found respiratory chain complexes may represent a major source for reactive oxygen species (ROS), beside mitochondria and chromophores. Therefore, we investigated this hypothesis and analysed the exact localization of the ROS source in photoreceptors in an organotypic culture system for mouse retinas. Whole eyeball cultures were irradiated with visible blue light (405 nm) with an output power of 1 mW/cm²...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127618236" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="af1223abfa961b4481580564b3774978" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121326152,"asset_id":127618236,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121326152/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36187568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard">Richard Funk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36187568" type="text/json">{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127618236 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127618236"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127618236, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127618236", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127618236 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127618236; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127618236"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127618236 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127618236"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127618236; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127618236]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127618236").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127618236").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127618236"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14292" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress">Oxidative Stress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14292" type="text/json">{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27784" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression">Gene expression</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27784" type="text/json">{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127618236]'), work: {"id":127618236,"title":"Stress reaction in outer segments of photoreceptors after blue light irradiation","created_at":"2025-02-12T22:48:11.368-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127618236/Stress_reaction_in_outer_segments_of_photoreceptors_after_blue_light_irradiation?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127618236","summary":"The retina is prone to oxidative stress from many factors which are also involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases. In this study, we used the application of blue light as a physiological stress factor. The aim of this study was to identify the major source of intracellular ROS that mediates blue light-induced detrimental effects on cells which may lead to cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that outer segments are the major source of blue light induced ROS generation. In photoreceptors, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) enzymes and the recently found respiratory chain complexes may represent a major source for reactive oxygen species (ROS), beside mitochondria and chromophores. Therefore, we investigated this hypothesis and analysed the exact localization of the ROS source in photoreceptors in an organotypic culture system for mouse retinas. Whole eyeball cultures were irradiated with visible blue light (405 nm) with an output power of 1 mW/cm²...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121326152,"asset_id":127618236,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=117200"},{"id":82978,"name":"Reactive Oxygen Species","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reactive_Oxygen_Species?f_ri=117200"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":128057,"name":"Light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light?f_ri=117200"},{"id":220780,"name":"PLoS one","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one?f_ri=117200"},{"id":233372,"name":"Lipid peroxidation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipid_peroxidation?f_ri=117200"},{"id":234980,"name":"NADPH oxidase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NADPH_oxidase?f_ri=117200"},{"id":515169,"name":"DDC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DDC?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1446339,"name":"Malondialdehyde","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malondialdehyde?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1546538,"name":"Apocynin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apocynin?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3112340,"name":"Tissue culture techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_culture_techniques-1?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3604524,"name":"nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127618228" data-work_id="127618228" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127618228/Detecting_the_effects_of_neuroprotection_in_living_cells">Detecting the effects of neuroprotection in living cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper describes experiments in cell systems that have helped clarify intracellular mechanisms leading to apoptosis. Using the cellular systems described (rat retinal whole mount, rat retinal cell line E1A-NR3, and rat neuronal cell... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127618228" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper describes experiments in cell systems that have helped clarify intracellular mechanisms leading to apoptosis. Using the cellular systems described (rat retinal whole mount, rat retinal cell line E1A-NR3, and rat neuronal cell line NG 108-15), it has been possible to demonstrate that intracellular pH change may be the mechanism through which carbonic anhydrases modulate vasodilation and act on retinal blood flow. Intracellular pH can also be used to monitor intracellular changes that precede and occur during apoptosis. The findings also show the potential significance of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the glaucomatous process, and the potential for brimonidine and memantine to rescue neuroretinal cells from AGE-induced retinal damage.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127618228" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d065d91c4bcae4f88bb89fe94de7370f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121326118,"asset_id":127618228,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121326118/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36187568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard">Richard Funk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36187568" type="text/json">{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127618228 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127618228"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127618228, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127618228", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127618228]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127618228").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127618228").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127618228"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24731" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24731" type="text/json">{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37851" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection">Neuroprotection</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37851" type="text/json">{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127618228]'), work: {"id":127618228,"title":"Detecting the effects of neuroprotection in living cells","created_at":"2025-02-12T22:48:09.016-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127618228/Detecting_the_effects_of_neuroprotection_in_living_cells?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127618228","summary":"This paper describes experiments in cell systems that have helped clarify intracellular mechanisms leading to apoptosis. Using the cellular systems described (rat retinal whole mount, rat retinal cell line E1A-NR3, and rat neuronal cell line NG 108-15), it has been possible to demonstrate that intracellular pH change may be the mechanism through which carbonic anhydrases modulate vasodilation and act on retinal blood flow. Intracellular pH can also be used to monitor intracellular changes that precede and occur during apoptosis. The findings also show the potential significance of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the glaucomatous process, and the potential for brimonidine and memantine to rescue neuroretinal cells from AGE-induced retinal damage.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121326118,"asset_id":127618228,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36187568,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FunkRichard","display_name":"Richard Funk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FunkRichard?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":245634,"name":"Eye","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359343,"name":"Carbonic anhydrase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbonic_anhydrase?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1714296,"name":"Cellular system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cellular_system?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2032101,"name":"Intracellular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intracellular?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127616361" data-work_id="127616361" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127616361/Peripapillary_Neurovascular_Coupling_in_the_Early_Stages_of_Diabetic_Retinopathy">Peripapillary Neurovascular Coupling in the Early Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose: To study radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) density in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), using optical coherence tomography angiography. Methods: A cross-sectional evaluation of RPCs was performed using optical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127616361" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose: To study radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) density in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), using optical coherence tomography angiography. Methods: A cross-sectional evaluation of RPCs was performed using optical coherence tomography angiography (Avanti RTVue-XR 100, Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA). Annular RPC density was the primary outcome. Global density and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were secondary outcomes. Diabetic eyes were divided into three groups: no DR, mild nonproliferative DR (mild NPDR), and moderate NPDR. Multilevel mixed-effects univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used. Results: We included 155 eyes (n = 42 control; n = 27 no DR; n = 28 mild NPDR; and n = 58 moderate NPDR) from 86 subjects (mean [SD] age 63.39 [10.70] years; 46.45% male). When compared with controls, a significant decrease in annular RPC density was found in all groups of diabetic eyes on multivariate analysis (no DR: β = −2.95, P &lt; 0.001; mild NPDR:...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127616361" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d666f07e786f92cbbfef46935b2c812" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121324532,"asset_id":127616361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121324532/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="322701621" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JVitorteles">Joao Vitor teles</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="322701621" type="text/json">{"id":322701621,"first_name":"Joao","last_name":"Vitor teles","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JVitorteles","display_name":"Joao Vitor teles","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JVitorteles?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127616361 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127616361"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127616361, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127616361", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127616361 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127616361; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127616361"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127616361 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127616361"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127616361; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127616361]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127616361").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127616361").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127616361"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96573" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy">Diabetic Retinopathy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="96573" type="text/json">{"id":96573,"name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="117200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina">Retina</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="117200" type="text/json">{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127616361]'), work: {"id":127616361,"title":"Peripapillary Neurovascular Coupling in the Early Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy","created_at":"2025-02-12T20:39:33.476-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127616361/Peripapillary_Neurovascular_Coupling_in_the_Early_Stages_of_Diabetic_Retinopathy?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127616361","summary":"Purpose: To study radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) density in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), using optical coherence tomography angiography. Methods: A cross-sectional evaluation of RPCs was performed using optical coherence tomography angiography (Avanti RTVue-XR 100, Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA). Annular RPC density was the primary outcome. Global density and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were secondary outcomes. Diabetic eyes were divided into three groups: no DR, mild nonproliferative DR (mild NPDR), and moderate NPDR. Multilevel mixed-effects univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used. Results: We included 155 eyes (n = 42 control; n = 27 no DR; n = 28 mild NPDR; and n = 58 moderate NPDR) from 86 subjects (mean [SD] age 63.39 [10.70] years; 46.45% male). When compared with controls, a significant decrease in annular RPC density was found in all groups of diabetic eyes on multivariate analysis (no DR: β = −2.95, P \u0026lt; 0.001; mild NPDR:...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121324532,"asset_id":127616361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":322701621,"first_name":"Joao","last_name":"Vitor teles","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JVitorteles","display_name":"Joao Vitor teles","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JVitorteles?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":96573,"name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1760562,"name":"Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinopathy?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2725973,"name":"optical coherence tomography angiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/optical_coherence_tomography_angiography?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127616007" data-work_id="127616007" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127616007/Randomized_controlled_European_multicenter_trial_on_the_prevention_of_cystoid_macular_edema_after_cataract_surgery_in_diabetics_ESCRS_PREMED_Study_Report_2">Randomized controlled European multicenter trial on the prevention of cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery in diabetics: ESCRS PREMED Study Report 2</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To compare the efficacy of perioperative treatment strategies, in addition to topical bromfenac 0.09% and dexamethasone 0.1%, to reduce the risk for developing cystoid macular edema (CME) after uneventful cataract surgery in diabetic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127616007" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To compare the efficacy of perioperative treatment strategies, in addition to topical bromfenac 0.09% and dexamethasone 0.1%, to reduce the risk for developing cystoid macular edema (CME) after uneventful cataract surgery in diabetic patients. Twelve European study centers. Randomized clinical trial. Diabetic patients having phacoemulsification cataract surgery were randomly allocated to receive no additional treatment, a subconjunctival injection with 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide, an intravitreal injection with 1.25 mg bevacizumab, or a combination of both. The main outcomes were the difference in central subfield mean macular thickness, corrected distance visual acuity, and the incidence of CME and clinically significant macular edema within 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively. The study comprised 213 patients. At 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively, the central subfield mean macular thickness was 12.3 μm and 9.7 μm lower, respectively, in patients who received subconjunctival triamcinolon...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127616007" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="976ac0c61d0d0d7780b36c74c4aea622" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121324196,"asset_id":127616007,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121324196/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="279161329" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MTassignon">Marie-José Tassignon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="279161329" type="text/json">{"id":279161329,"first_name":"Marie-José","last_name":"Tassignon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MTassignon","display_name":"Marie-José Tassignon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MTassignon?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/279161329/127754423/117141260/s65_marie-jos_.tassignon.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127616007 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127616007"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127616007, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127616007", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127616007]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127616007").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127616007").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127616007"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8207" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk">Risk</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8207" type="text/json">{"id":8207,"name":"Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40271" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_acuity">Visual acuity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="40271" type="text/json">{"id":40271,"name":"Visual acuity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_acuity?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127616007]'), work: {"id":127616007,"title":"Randomized controlled European multicenter trial on the prevention of cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery in diabetics: ESCRS PREMED Study Report 2","created_at":"2025-02-12T19:53:00.844-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127616007/Randomized_controlled_European_multicenter_trial_on_the_prevention_of_cystoid_macular_edema_after_cataract_surgery_in_diabetics_ESCRS_PREMED_Study_Report_2?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127616007","summary":"To compare the efficacy of perioperative treatment strategies, in addition to topical bromfenac 0.09% and dexamethasone 0.1%, to reduce the risk for developing cystoid macular edema (CME) after uneventful cataract surgery in diabetic patients. Twelve European study centers. Randomized clinical trial. Diabetic patients having phacoemulsification cataract surgery were randomly allocated to receive no additional treatment, a subconjunctival injection with 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide, an intravitreal injection with 1.25 mg bevacizumab, or a combination of both. The main outcomes were the difference in central subfield mean macular thickness, corrected distance visual acuity, and the incidence of CME and clinically significant macular edema within 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively. The study comprised 213 patients. At 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively, the central subfield mean macular thickness was 12.3 μm and 9.7 μm lower, respectively, in patients who received subconjunctival triamcinolon...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121324196,"asset_id":127616007,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":279161329,"first_name":"Marie-José","last_name":"Tassignon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MTassignon","display_name":"Marie-José Tassignon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MTassignon?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/279161329/127754423/117141260/s65_marie-jos_.tassignon.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":8207,"name":"Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":40271,"name":"Visual acuity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_acuity?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":53510,"name":"Cataract surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cataract_surgery?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":371480,"name":"Triamcinolone Acetonide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Triamcinolone_Acetonide?f_ri=117200"},{"id":375084,"name":"Triamcinolone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Triamcinolone?f_ri=117200"},{"id":413196,"name":"Randomized Controlled Trial","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Randomized_Controlled_Trial?f_ri=117200"},{"id":499419,"name":"Injection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Injection?f_ri=117200"},{"id":555655,"name":"Bevacizumab","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bevacizumab?f_ri=117200"},{"id":866913,"name":"Phacoemulsification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phacoemulsification?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1354718,"name":"Thickness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thickness?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1528391,"name":"HUMAN MEDICINE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HUMAN_MEDICINE?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1714173,"name":"Macular edema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macular_edema?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1760562,"name":"Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinopathy?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2036559,"name":"Ranibizumab","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ranibizumab?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2922851,"name":"Intravitreal bevacizumab","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intravitreal_bevacizumab?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127604093" data-work_id="127604093" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127604093/Combining_Artificial_Intelligence_and_Image_Processing_for_Diagnosing_Diabetic_Retinopathy_in_Retinal_Fundus_Images">Combining Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing for Diagnosing Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Fundus Images</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Retinopathy is an eye disease caused by diabetes, and early detection and treatment can potentially reduce the risk of blindness in diabetic retinopathy sufferers. Using retinal Fundus images, diabetic retinopathy can be diagnosed,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127604093" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Retinopathy is an eye disease caused by diabetes, and early detection and treatment can potentially reduce the risk of blindness in diabetic retinopathy sufferers. Using retinal Fundus images, diabetic retinopathy can be diagnosed, recognized, and treated. In the current state of the art, sensitivity and specificity are lacking. However, there are still a number of problems to be solved in state-of-the-art techniques like performance, accuracy, and being able to identify DR disease effectively with greater accuracy. In this paper, we have developed a new approach based on a combination of image processing and artificial intelligence that will meet the performance criteria for the detection of disease-causing diabetes retinopathy in Fundus images. Automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy has been proposed and has been carried out in several stages. The analysis was carried out in MATLAB using software-based simulation, and the results were then compared with those of expert ophtha...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127604093" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="207cdef8f91fc19556615fdfe6f23361" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121313997,"asset_id":127604093,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121313997/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6894871" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MamoonSmadi">Mamoon Smadi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6894871" type="text/json">{"id":6894871,"first_name":"Mamoon","last_name":"Smadi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MamoonSmadi","display_name":"Mamoon Smadi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MamoonSmadi?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6894871/3022138/3550039/s65_mamoon.smadi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127604093 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127604093"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127604093, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127604093", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127604093]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127604093").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127604093").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127604093"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5097" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blindness">Blindness</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5097" type="text/json">{"id":5097,"name":"Blindness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blindness?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96573" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy">Diabetic Retinopathy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="96573" type="text/json">{"id":96573,"name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127604093]'), work: {"id":127604093,"title":"Combining Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing for Diagnosing Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Fundus Images","created_at":"2025-02-12T04:36:39.080-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127604093/Combining_Artificial_Intelligence_and_Image_Processing_for_Diagnosing_Diabetic_Retinopathy_in_Retinal_Fundus_Images?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127604093","summary":"Retinopathy is an eye disease caused by diabetes, and early detection and treatment can potentially reduce the risk of blindness in diabetic retinopathy sufferers. Using retinal Fundus images, diabetic retinopathy can be diagnosed, recognized, and treated. In the current state of the art, sensitivity and specificity are lacking. However, there are still a number of problems to be solved in state-of-the-art techniques like performance, accuracy, and being able to identify DR disease effectively with greater accuracy. In this paper, we have developed a new approach based on a combination of image processing and artificial intelligence that will meet the performance criteria for the detection of disease-causing diabetes retinopathy in Fundus images. Automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy has been proposed and has been carried out in several stages. The analysis was carried out in MATLAB using software-based simulation, and the results were then compared with those of expert ophtha...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121313997,"asset_id":127604093,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6894871,"first_name":"Mamoon","last_name":"Smadi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MamoonSmadi","display_name":"Mamoon Smadi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MamoonSmadi?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6894871/3022138/3550039/s65_mamoon.smadi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":5097,"name":"Blindness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blindness?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":96573,"name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1760562,"name":"Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinopathy?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127601316" data-work_id="127601316" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127601316/Ganglion_Cells_Selectivity_for_Multiple_Stimulus_Features_in_Retinal">Ganglion Cells Selectivity for Multiple Stimulus Features in Retinal</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">publishes original articles on the function of the nervous system. It is published 12 times a year Journal of Neurophysiology</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127601316" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f65c4b3cef40fabbe58d94968a690f51" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121311552,"asset_id":127601316,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121311552/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="317876998" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RameshNarasimhan5">Ramesh Narasimhan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="317876998" type="text/json">{"id":317876998,"first_name":"Ramesh","last_name":"Narasimhan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RameshNarasimhan5","display_name":"Ramesh Narasimhan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RameshNarasimhan5?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/317876998/160546709/150247548/s65_ramesh.narasimhan.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127601316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127601316"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127601316, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127601316", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127601316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127601316; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127601316"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127601316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127601316"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127601316; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127601316]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127601316").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127601316").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127601315" data-work_id="127601315" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127601315/Selectivity_for_Multiple_Stimulus_Features_in_Retinal_Ganglion_Cells">Selectivity for Multiple Stimulus Features in Retinal Ganglion Cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Under normal viewing conditions, retinal ganglion cells transmit to the brain an encoded version of the visual world. The retina parcels the visual scene into an array of spatiotemporal features, and each ganglion cell conveys information... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127601315" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Under normal viewing conditions, retinal ganglion cells transmit to the brain an encoded version of the visual world. The retina parcels the visual scene into an array of spatiotemporal features, and each ganglion cell conveys information about a small set of these features. We study the temporal features represented by salamander retinal ganglion cells by stimulating with dynamic spatially uniform flicker and recording responses using a multi-electrode array. While standard reverse correlation methods determine a single stimulus feature—the spike-triggered average—multiple features can be relevant to spike generation. We apply covariance analysis to determine the set of features to which each ganglion cell is sensitive. Using this approach, we found that salamander ganglion cells represent a rich vocabulary of different features of a temporally modulated visual stimulus. Individual ganglion cells were sensitive to at least two and sometimes as many as six features in the stimulus. ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127601315" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f24d6bdb6a1257970113e979a61e848" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121311551,"asset_id":127601315,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121311551/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="317876998" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RameshNarasimhan5">Ramesh Narasimhan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="317876998" type="text/json">{"id":317876998,"first_name":"Ramesh","last_name":"Narasimhan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RameshNarasimhan5","display_name":"Ramesh Narasimhan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RameshNarasimhan5?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/317876998/160546709/150247548/s65_ramesh.narasimhan.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127601315 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127601315"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127601315, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127601315", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127601315]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127601315").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127601315").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127601315"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="428" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms">Algorithms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="428" type="text/json">{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22272" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22272" type="text/json">{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127601315]'), work: {"id":127601315,"title":"Selectivity for Multiple Stimulus Features in Retinal Ganglion Cells","created_at":"2025-02-12T02:05:17.121-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127601315/Selectivity_for_Multiple_Stimulus_Features_in_Retinal_Ganglion_Cells?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127601315","summary":"Under normal viewing conditions, retinal ganglion cells transmit to the brain an encoded version of the visual world. The retina parcels the visual scene into an array of spatiotemporal features, and each ganglion cell conveys information about a small set of these features. We study the temporal features represented by salamander retinal ganglion cells by stimulating with dynamic spatially uniform flicker and recording responses using a multi-electrode array. While standard reverse correlation methods determine a single stimulus feature—the spike-triggered average—multiple features can be relevant to spike generation. We apply covariance analysis to determine the set of features to which each ganglion cell is sensitive. Using this approach, we found that salamander ganglion cells represent a rich vocabulary of different features of a temporally modulated visual stimulus. Individual ganglion cells were sensitive to at least two and sometimes as many as six features in the stimulus. ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121311551,"asset_id":127601315,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":317876998,"first_name":"Ramesh","last_name":"Narasimhan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RameshNarasimhan5","display_name":"Ramesh Narasimhan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RameshNarasimhan5?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/317876998/160546709/150247548/s65_ramesh.narasimhan.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":413194,"name":"Analysis of Variance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analysis_of_Variance?f_ri=117200"},{"id":513105,"name":"Retinal Ganglion Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Ganglion_Cells?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1031909,"name":"Ambystoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ambystoma?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2849038,"name":"photic stimulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/photic_stimulation?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3881526,"name":"In Vitro Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Techniques?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127599979" data-work_id="127599979" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127599979/Dopaminergic_mechanisms_underlying_the_reduction_of_electrical_coupling_between_horizontal_cells_of_the_turtle_retina_induced_by_d_amphetamine_bicuculline_and_veratridine">Dopaminergic mechanisms underlying the reduction of electrical coupling between horizontal cells of the turtle retina induced by d-amphetamine, bicuculline, and veratridine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Previous studies have shown that dopamine, bicuculline, or d-amphetamine reduce the electrical and dye-coupling between the axon terminals of the horizontal cells of the turtle retina (see Piccolino et al., 1984). In the present study we... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127599979" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Previous studies have shown that dopamine, bicuculline, or d-amphetamine reduce the electrical and dye-coupling between the axon terminals of the horizontal cells of the turtle retina (see Piccolino et al., 1984). In the present study we observed similar effects following the application of veratridine. The actions of all these drugs were prevented by dopamine antagonists acting on D1 receptors such as flupenthixol and SCH 23390. However, in contrast to dopamine, the actions of d-amphetamine, bicuculline, and veratridine were attenuated or abolished by pharmacological agents (such as 6-OH-dopamine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, or reserpine) known to reduce the release of dopamine from dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, the actions of veratridine and bicuculline were prevented by tetrodotoxin, indicating that one or more neurons in the dopamine pathway are spike-generating. We conclude that d-amphetamine, bicuculline, and veratridine reduce electrical coupling between the axon terminals of the turtle horizontal cells by promoting the release of endogenous dopamine from the dopaminergic amacrine cells previously identified (Witkovsky et al., 1984). Electron-microscopic observations revealed that 6-OH-dopamine selectively attacked this population of amacrine cells. No degenerating terminals were found adjacent to the horizontal cell axon terminals. On this basis, we postulate that dopamine reaches the horizontal cell by diffusion through the extracellular space.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127599979" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9089c57dd40c9f00f23b9473ca73ac4b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121310435,"asset_id":127599979,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121310435/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="329613950" href="https://cnr-it.academia.edu/CarmelaTrimarchi">Carmela Trimarchi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="329613950" type="text/json">{"id":329613950,"first_name":"Carmela","last_name":"Trimarchi","domain_name":"cnr-it","page_name":"CarmelaTrimarchi","display_name":"Carmela Trimarchi","profile_url":"https://cnr-it.academia.edu/CarmelaTrimarchi?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/329613950/170547114/160531849/s65_carmela.trimarchi.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127599979 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127599979"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127599979, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127599979", }); 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In the present study we observed similar effects following the application of veratridine. The actions of all these drugs were prevented by dopamine antagonists acting on D1 receptors such as flupenthixol and SCH 23390. However, in contrast to dopamine, the actions of d-amphetamine, bicuculline, and veratridine were attenuated or abolished by pharmacological agents (such as 6-OH-dopamine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, or reserpine) known to reduce the release of dopamine from dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, the actions of veratridine and bicuculline were prevented by tetrodotoxin, indicating that one or more neurons in the dopamine pathway are spike-generating. We conclude that d-amphetamine, bicuculline, and veratridine reduce electrical coupling between the axon terminals of the turtle horizontal cells by promoting the release of endogenous dopamine from the dopaminergic amacrine cells previously identified (Witkovsky et al., 1984). Electron-microscopic observations revealed that 6-OH-dopamine selectively attacked this population of amacrine cells. No degenerating terminals were found adjacent to the horizontal cell axon terminals. On this basis, we postulate that dopamine reaches the horizontal cell by diffusion through the extracellular space.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121310435,"asset_id":127599979,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":329613950,"first_name":"Carmela","last_name":"Trimarchi","domain_name":"cnr-it","page_name":"CarmelaTrimarchi","display_name":"Carmela Trimarchi","profile_url":"https://cnr-it.academia.edu/CarmelaTrimarchi?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/329613950/170547114/160531849/s65_carmela.trimarchi.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":14076,"name":"Transmission Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transmission_Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":54225,"name":"Axon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Axon?f_ri=117200"},{"id":98939,"name":"Pubmed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pubmed?f_ri=117200"},{"id":112169,"name":"Turtles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turtles?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":121706,"name":"Amphetamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amphetamine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":128057,"name":"Light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light?f_ri=117200"},{"id":772237,"name":"Reserpine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reserpine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1422473,"name":"Bicuculline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bicuculline?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1619639,"name":"Dextroamphetamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dextroamphetamine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2410542,"name":"Dopamine antagonists","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine_antagonists?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2483726,"name":"dopaminergic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/dopaminergic?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127599977" data-work_id="127599977" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127599977/Dopaminergic_mechanisms_underlying_the_reduction_of_electrical_coupling_between_horizontal_cells_of_the_turtle_retina_induced_by_d_amphetamine_bicuculline_and_veratridine">Dopaminergic mechanisms underlying the reduction of electrical coupling between horizontal cells of the turtle retina induced by d-amphetamine, bicuculline, and veratridine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Previous studies have shown that dopamine, bicuculline, or d- amphetamine reduce the electrical and dye-coupling between the axon terminals of the horizontal cells of the turtle retina (see Piccolino et al., 1984). In the present study we... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127599977" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Previous studies have shown that dopamine, bicuculline, or d- amphetamine reduce the electrical and dye-coupling between the axon terminals of the horizontal cells of the turtle retina (see Piccolino et al., 1984). In the present study we observed similar effects following the application of veratridine. The actions of all these drugs were prevented by dopamine antagonists acting on D1 receptors such as flupenthixol and SCH 23390. However, in contrast to dopamine, the actions of d-amphetamine, bicuculline, and veratridine were attenuated or abolished by pharmacological agents (such as 6-OH- dopamine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, or reserpine) known to reduce the release of dopamine from dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, the actions of veratridine and bicuculline were prevented by tetrodotoxin, indicating that one or more neurons in the dopamine pathway are spike-generating. We conclude that d-amphetamine, bicuculline, and veratridine reduce electrical coupling between the axon terminals o...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127599977" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a09c0dd81f6de88c8fe39c4bc641ed81" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121310428,"asset_id":127599977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121310428/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="329613950" href="https://cnr-it.academia.edu/CarmelaTrimarchi">Carmela Trimarchi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="329613950" type="text/json">{"id":329613950,"first_name":"Carmela","last_name":"Trimarchi","domain_name":"cnr-it","page_name":"CarmelaTrimarchi","display_name":"Carmela Trimarchi","profile_url":"https://cnr-it.academia.edu/CarmelaTrimarchi?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/329613950/170547114/160531849/s65_carmela.trimarchi.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127599977 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127599977"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127599977, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127599977", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127599977]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127599977").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127599977").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127599977"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14076" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transmission_Electron_Microscopy">Transmission Electron Microscopy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14076" type="text/json">{"id":14076,"name":"Transmission Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transmission_Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127599977]'), work: {"id":127599977,"title":"Dopaminergic mechanisms underlying the reduction of electrical coupling between horizontal cells of the turtle retina induced by d-amphetamine, bicuculline, and veratridine","created_at":"2025-02-12T00:55:40.247-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127599977/Dopaminergic_mechanisms_underlying_the_reduction_of_electrical_coupling_between_horizontal_cells_of_the_turtle_retina_induced_by_d_amphetamine_bicuculline_and_veratridine?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127599977","summary":"Previous studies have shown that dopamine, bicuculline, or d- amphetamine reduce the electrical and dye-coupling between the axon terminals of the horizontal cells of the turtle retina (see Piccolino et al., 1984). In the present study we observed similar effects following the application of veratridine. The actions of all these drugs were prevented by dopamine antagonists acting on D1 receptors such as flupenthixol and SCH 23390. However, in contrast to dopamine, the actions of d-amphetamine, bicuculline, and veratridine were attenuated or abolished by pharmacological agents (such as 6-OH- dopamine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, or reserpine) known to reduce the release of dopamine from dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, the actions of veratridine and bicuculline were prevented by tetrodotoxin, indicating that one or more neurons in the dopamine pathway are spike-generating. We conclude that d-amphetamine, bicuculline, and veratridine reduce electrical coupling between the axon terminals o...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121310428,"asset_id":127599977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":329613950,"first_name":"Carmela","last_name":"Trimarchi","domain_name":"cnr-it","page_name":"CarmelaTrimarchi","display_name":"Carmela Trimarchi","profile_url":"https://cnr-it.academia.edu/CarmelaTrimarchi?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/329613950/170547114/160531849/s65_carmela.trimarchi.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":14076,"name":"Transmission Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transmission_Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":54225,"name":"Axon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Axon?f_ri=117200"},{"id":98939,"name":"Pubmed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pubmed?f_ri=117200"},{"id":112169,"name":"Turtles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turtles?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":121706,"name":"Amphetamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amphetamine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":128057,"name":"Light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light?f_ri=117200"},{"id":772237,"name":"Reserpine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reserpine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1422473,"name":"Bicuculline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bicuculline?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1619639,"name":"Dextroamphetamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dextroamphetamine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2410542,"name":"Dopamine antagonists","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine_antagonists?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2483726,"name":"dopaminergic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/dopaminergic?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127586386" data-work_id="127586386" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127586386/Cognitive_Functions_in_Patients_of_Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus_with_Peripheral_Neuropathy_An_Observational_Cross_Sectional_Study_Done_in_India">Cognitive Functions in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Peripheral Neuropathy, An Observational Cross Sectional Study Done in India</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background: Peripheral neuropathy and cognitive decline both are very common in diabetics but relationship between them is yet unclear. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the cognitive functions in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127586386" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background: Peripheral neuropathy and cognitive decline both are very common in diabetics but relationship between them is yet unclear. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the cognitive functions in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and compare them with that of patients of T2DM without DPN and apparently healthy controls. Materials and Methods: In this observational cross sectional study eligible T2DM patients were divided into two groups with DPN (25) and without DPN (25) by Nerve conduction velocity (NCV). 25 apparently healthy controls were taken. Cognitive functions were tested by using P300 event related potential. Result: P300 latency on Pz was significantly delayed in the T2DM with DPN as compared to T2DM without DPN (p &lt; 0.05) and controls (p &lt; 0.01). The average latency was also significantly delayed in T2DM with DPN as compared to controls(p &lt; 0.05).A positive correlation between duration of diagnosis of T2DM (...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127586386" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="318bd5167a62eea91555a0b23f37ea2e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121298731,"asset_id":127586386,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121298731/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="281648590" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DEBNATHEKTA">EKTA DEBNATH</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="281648590" type="text/json">{"id":281648590,"first_name":"EKTA","last_name":"DEBNATH","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DEBNATHEKTA","display_name":"EKTA DEBNATH","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DEBNATHEKTA?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/281648590/129806256/119210096/s65_ekta.debnath.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127586386 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127586386"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127586386, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127586386", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127586386 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127586386; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127586386"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127586386 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127586386"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127586386; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127586386]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127586386").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127586386").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127585300" data-work_id="127585300" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127585300/Frequency_of_Toxoplasma_gondii_in_the_retina_in_eye_banks_in_Brazil">Frequency of Toxoplasma gondii in the retina in eye banks in Brazil</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ocular toxoplasmosis is the main cause of posterior uveitis worldwide frequently leading to vision loss. In Brazil, the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection ranges from 50 to 80% depending of the region studied. The frequency of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127585300" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ocular toxoplasmosis is the main cause of posterior uveitis worldwide frequently leading to vision loss. In Brazil, the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection ranges from 50 to 80% depending of the region studied. The frequency of toxoplasmic retinal scar may reach 18% of the adults in the South of Brazil. Our goal was to determine the frequency of T. gondii DNA in retinas from eye banks from different regions in Brazil. A total of 162 eyes were obtained from eye banks in Manaus (n = 60), Sao Paulo (n = 60), Chapeco (n = 26), and Joinville (n = 16). The retinas were macroscopically analyzed and collected for DNA extraction. Real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed using the T. gondii B1 marker. By qPCR, a higher frequency of T. gondii DNA in the retinas from the eye bank of Joinville (25%) was found when compared to Manaus (5%). The retinas from Sao Paulo and Chapeco were qPCR negative. Clinical examination determined the retina lesions to be compatible with toxoplasmosis in the following frequencies: Joinville (62.5%), Manaus (10%), Sao Paulo (6.7%), and Chapeco (15.4%).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127585300" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="78847d51dec405ae0df2e4b9985da9dd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121297863,"asset_id":127585300,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121297863/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27315101" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ProfRubensBelfortJr">Prof. Rubens Belfort Jr.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27315101" type="text/json">{"id":27315101,"first_name":"Prof. Rubens","last_name":"Belfort Jr.","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ProfRubensBelfortJr","display_name":"Prof. Rubens Belfort Jr.","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ProfRubensBelfortJr?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27315101/7761771/8700861/s65_prof._rubens.belfort_jr..jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127585300 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127585300"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127585300, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127585300", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127585300]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127585300").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127585300").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127585300"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="164" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parasitology">Parasitology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="164" type="text/json">{"id":164,"name":"Parasitology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parasitology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6947" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology">Medical Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6947" type="text/json">{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127585300]'), work: {"id":127585300,"title":"Frequency of Toxoplasma gondii in the retina in eye banks in Brazil","created_at":"2025-02-11T05:27:19.803-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127585300/Frequency_of_Toxoplasma_gondii_in_the_retina_in_eye_banks_in_Brazil?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127585300","summary":"Ocular toxoplasmosis is the main cause of posterior uveitis worldwide frequently leading to vision loss. In Brazil, the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection ranges from 50 to 80% depending of the region studied. The frequency of toxoplasmic retinal scar may reach 18% of the adults in the South of Brazil. Our goal was to determine the frequency of T. gondii DNA in retinas from eye banks from different regions in Brazil. A total of 162 eyes were obtained from eye banks in Manaus (n = 60), Sao Paulo (n = 60), Chapeco (n = 26), and Joinville (n = 16). The retinas were macroscopically analyzed and collected for DNA extraction. Real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed using the T. gondii B1 marker. By qPCR, a higher frequency of T. gondii DNA in the retinas from the eye bank of Joinville (25%) was found when compared to Manaus (5%). The retinas from Sao Paulo and Chapeco were qPCR negative. Clinical examination determined the retina lesions to be compatible with toxoplasmosis in the following frequencies: Joinville (62.5%), Manaus (10%), Sao Paulo (6.7%), and Chapeco (15.4%).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121297863,"asset_id":127585300,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27315101,"first_name":"Prof. Rubens","last_name":"Belfort Jr.","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ProfRubensBelfortJr","display_name":"Prof. Rubens Belfort Jr.","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ProfRubensBelfortJr?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27315101/7761771/8700861/s65_prof._rubens.belfort_jr..jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":164,"name":"Parasitology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parasitology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":9821,"name":"Brazil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazil?f_ri=117200"},{"id":13346,"name":"Toxoplasma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxoplasma?f_ri=117200"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":37798,"name":"Toxoplasmosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxoplasmosis?f_ri=117200"},{"id":37801,"name":"Toxoplasma gondii","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxoplasma_gondii?f_ri=117200"},{"id":51784,"name":"real time PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/real_time_PCR?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":644860,"name":"Veterinary Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":942025,"name":"Seroprevalence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seroprevalence?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2940273,"name":"real time polymerase chain reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/real_time_polymerase_chain_reaction?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127585269" data-work_id="127585269" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127585269/Dengue_Fever_Presenting_as_Purtscher_like_Retinopathy">Dengue Fever Presenting as Purtscher-like Retinopathy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To report the fundus manifestations and spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic (SD-OCT) features of dengue fever presenting as Purtscher-like retinopathy. Retrospective review of two cases of dengue fever. Color fundus photograph... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127585269" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To report the fundus manifestations and spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic (SD-OCT) features of dengue fever presenting as Purtscher-like retinopathy. Retrospective review of two cases of dengue fever. Color fundus photograph revealed the presence of cotton-wool spots in a Purtscher-like configuration in the posterior pole of all study eyes. SD-OCT demonstrated increased reflectivity signal in the inner retinal layers, and after a variable follow-up period, there was complete disappearance of cotton-wool spots and persistence of the hyperreflectivity signal. We report two unique cases of dengue fever associated with retinal lesions in a configuration of Purtscher-like retinopathy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127585269" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="308ad8e95d2186b9baf1d491fda53fc1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121297841,"asset_id":127585269,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121297841/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27315101" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ProfRubensBelfortJr">Prof. Rubens Belfort Jr.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27315101" type="text/json">{"id":27315101,"first_name":"Prof. Rubens","last_name":"Belfort Jr.","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ProfRubensBelfortJr","display_name":"Prof. Rubens Belfort Jr.","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ProfRubensBelfortJr?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27315101/7761771/8700861/s65_prof._rubens.belfort_jr..jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127585269 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127585269"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127585269, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127585269", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127585269]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127585269").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127585269").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127585269"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17302" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_coherence_tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17302" type="text/json">{"id":17302,"name":"Optical coherence tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_coherence_tomography?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127585269]'), work: {"id":127585269,"title":"Dengue Fever Presenting as Purtscher-like Retinopathy","created_at":"2025-02-11T05:26:17.683-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127585269/Dengue_Fever_Presenting_as_Purtscher_like_Retinopathy?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127585269","summary":"To report the fundus manifestations and spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic (SD-OCT) features of dengue fever presenting as Purtscher-like retinopathy. Retrospective review of two cases of dengue fever. Color fundus photograph revealed the presence of cotton-wool spots in a Purtscher-like configuration in the posterior pole of all study eyes. SD-OCT demonstrated increased reflectivity signal in the inner retinal layers, and after a variable follow-up period, there was complete disappearance of cotton-wool spots and persistence of the hyperreflectivity signal. We report two unique cases of dengue fever associated with retinal lesions in a configuration of Purtscher-like retinopathy.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121297841,"asset_id":127585269,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27315101,"first_name":"Prof. Rubens","last_name":"Belfort Jr.","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ProfRubensBelfortJr","display_name":"Prof. Rubens Belfort Jr.","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ProfRubensBelfortJr?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27315101/7761771/8700861/s65_prof._rubens.belfort_jr..jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":17302,"name":"Optical coherence tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_coherence_tomography?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":39979,"name":"Dengue Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dengue_Virus?f_ri=117200"},{"id":96310,"name":"Dengue fever","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dengue_fever?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":157268,"name":"Dengue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dengue?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=117200"},{"id":293135,"name":"Uveitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uveitis?f_ri=117200"},{"id":990525,"name":"Retinal Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Diseases?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1369426,"name":"Cotton-wool Spots","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cotton-wool_Spots?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1760562,"name":"Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinopathy?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127585126" data-work_id="127585126" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127585126/White_Centered_Retinal_Hemorrhages_in_Ocular_Toxoplasmosis">White-Centered Retinal Hemorrhages in Ocular Toxoplasmosis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div 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class="js-view-count-work_127585126 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127585126"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127585126; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127585126]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127585126").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127585126").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127585126"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37798" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37798" 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Toxoplasmosis","created_at":"2025-02-11T05:20:31.947-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127585126/White_Centered_Retinal_Hemorrhages_in_Ocular_Toxoplasmosis?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127585126","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121297754,"asset_id":127585126,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27315101,"first_name":"Prof. Rubens","last_name":"Belfort Jr.","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ProfRubensBelfortJr","display_name":"Prof. Rubens Belfort Jr.","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ProfRubensBelfortJr?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27315101/7761771/8700861/s65_prof._rubens.belfort_jr..jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":37798,"name":"Toxoplasmosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxoplasmosis?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":40271,"name":"Visual acuity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_acuity?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":180405,"name":"Retinitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinitis?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":375087,"name":"Pyrimethamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pyrimethamine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1051825,"name":"Retinal Vein Occlusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Vein_Occlusion?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1293308,"name":"Glucocorticoids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucocorticoids?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2432552,"name":"Retinal Vasculitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Vasculitis?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2742712,"name":"Sulfadiazine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sulfadiazine?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127585067" data-work_id="127585067" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127585067/Pigmentos_maculares">Pigmentos maculares</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Nota Editorial: Depois de concluída a análise do artigo sob sigilo editorial e com a anuência do Dr. Eduardo Cunha de Souza sobre a divulgação de seu nome como revisor, agradecemos sua participação neste processo.</div></div><ul 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});</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127585067 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127585067"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127585067; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127585067]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127585067").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127585067").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127585067"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9532" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitamins">Vitamins</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9532" type="text/json">{"id":9532,"name":"Vitamins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitamins?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22053" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carotenoids">Carotenoids</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22053" type="text/json">{"id":22053,"name":"Carotenoids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carotenoids?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127585067]'), work: {"id":127585067,"title":"Pigmentos maculares","created_at":"2025-02-11T05:16:40.559-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127585067/Pigmentos_maculares?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127585067","summary":"Nota Editorial: Depois de concluída a análise do artigo sob sigilo editorial e com a anuência do Dr. Eduardo Cunha de Souza sobre a divulgação de seu nome como revisor, agradecemos sua participação neste processo.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121297671,"asset_id":127585067,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27315101,"first_name":"Prof. Rubens","last_name":"Belfort Jr.","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ProfRubensBelfortJr","display_name":"Prof. Rubens Belfort 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Supplements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dietary_Supplements?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":375259,"name":"Zeaxanthin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zeaxanthin?f_ri=117200"},{"id":375260,"name":"Lutein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lutein?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1031576,"name":"Idoso","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Idoso?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1669246,"name":"Vitaminas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitaminas?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3900243,"name":"Macula lutea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macula_lutea?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127585032" data-work_id="127585032" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div 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class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127583338/T_Butylated_Hydroxytoluene_Enhances_Intracellular_Levels_of_Glutathione_and_Related_Enzymes_of_Rat_Lens_in_Vitro_Organ_Culture">T-Butylated Hydroxytoluene Enhances Intracellular Levels of Glutathione and Related Enzymes of Rat Lens in Vitro Organ Culture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of t-butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and related enzymes in rat ocular tissues. GSH levels were significantly enhanced when 1 PM BHT was included in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127583338" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of t-butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and related enzymes in rat ocular tissues. GSH levels were significantly enhanced when 1 PM BHT was included in the medium of rat lens cultures. BHT had a dose-dependent effect on GSH levels of lenses in cultures. Inclusion of 10 ,uM BHT in the culture medium resulted in a twofold increase in GSH levels of the lens within 24 hr. Increased y-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity concomitant with the increased amount of [35S]methionine incorporation in GSH strongly suggested that BHT caused enhanced levels of GSH in lenses by increasing de novo biosynthesis. A significant increase was also observed in glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels of lenses in culture containing BHT in the medium. Present studies also demonstrated that rat lens expresses only the p and 77 class GST isoenzymes and both these classes of isoenzymes were elevated by BHT. Oral administration of BHT to rats also resulted in enhanced in vivo levels of GSH in lens, retina and cornea. In addition, a significant in vivo increase in the levels of GST. GSH-peroxidase, GSH-reductase, y-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was observed in the lens, retina, and cornea of BHT-fed rats.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127583338" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="445e7e30680a859a998148e2a43e3bce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121296234,"asset_id":127583338,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121296234/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="333841336" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ahmadmansour139">ahmad mansour</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="333841336" type="text/json">{"id":333841336,"first_name":"ahmad","last_name":"mansour","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ahmadmansour139","display_name":"ahmad mansour","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ahmadmansour139?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/333841336/174069199/164089927/s65_ahmad.mansour.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127583338 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127583338"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127583338, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127583338", }); 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GSH levels were significantly enhanced when 1 PM BHT was included in the medium of rat lens cultures. BHT had a dose-dependent effect on GSH levels of lenses in cultures. Inclusion of 10 ,uM BHT in the culture medium resulted in a twofold increase in GSH levels of the lens within 24 hr. Increased y-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity concomitant with the increased amount of [35S]methionine incorporation in GSH strongly suggested that BHT caused enhanced levels of GSH in lenses by increasing de novo biosynthesis. A significant increase was also observed in glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels of lenses in culture containing BHT in the medium. Present studies also demonstrated that rat lens expresses only the p and 77 class GST isoenzymes and both these classes of isoenzymes were elevated by BHT. Oral administration of BHT to rats also resulted in enhanced in vivo levels of GSH in lens, retina and cornea. In addition, a significant in vivo increase in the levels of GST. GSH-peroxidase, GSH-reductase, y-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was observed in the lens, retina, and cornea of BHT-fed rats.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121296234,"asset_id":127583338,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":333841336,"first_name":"ahmad","last_name":"mansour","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ahmadmansour139","display_name":"ahmad mansour","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ahmadmansour139?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/333841336/174069199/164089927/s65_ahmad.mansour.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":17721,"name":"Cornea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cornea?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":37834,"name":"Western blotting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_blotting?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":118450,"name":"Glutathione","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutathione?f_ri=117200"},{"id":141395,"name":"Glutathione Peroxidase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutathione_Peroxidase?f_ri=117200"},{"id":231661,"name":"Enzyme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme?f_ri=117200"},{"id":302037,"name":"In Vivo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vivo?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=117200"},{"id":538367,"name":"Organ Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organ_Culture?f_ri=117200"},{"id":796388,"name":"Lens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lens?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1011463,"name":"Glutathione Reductase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutathione_Reductase?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2256665,"name":"Butylated hydroxytoluene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Butylated_hydroxytoluene?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3789880,"name":"Medical biochemistry and metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_biochemistry_and_metabolomics?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127578663" data-work_id="127578663" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127578663/Inhibition_of_Oxygen_Induced_Retinopathy_in_RTP801_Deficient_Mice">Inhibition of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy in RTP801-Deficient Mice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ischemic proliferative retinopathy, which occurs as a complication of diabetes mellitus, prematurity, or retinal vein occlusion, is a major cause of blindness worldwide. In addition to retinal neovascularization, it involves retinal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127578663" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ischemic proliferative retinopathy, which occurs as a complication of diabetes mellitus, prematurity, or retinal vein occlusion, is a major cause of blindness worldwide. In addition to retinal neovascularization, it involves retinal degeneration, of which apoptosis is the main cause. A prior report has described the cloning of a novel HIF-1-responsive gene, RTP801, which displays strong hypoxia-dependent upregulation in ischemic cells of neuronal origin, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, inducible overexpression of RTP801 promotes the apoptotic death of differentiated neuron-like PC12 cells and increases their sensitivity to ischemic injury and oxidative stress. The purpose of the study was to examine the potential role of RTP801 in the pathogenesis of retinopathy, using RTP801-deficient mice. METHODS. Wild-type and RTP801-knockout mice were used in a model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Their retinas were collected at postnatal day (P)14 and P17. They were examined by fluorescein angiography and by analysis of VEGF expression, neovascularization, and apoptosis. RESULTS. The expression of RTP801 was induced in the wildtype retina after hypoxia treatment. The retinal expression of VEGF after transfer to normoxic conditions was similarly upregulated in both wild-type and knockout mice. Nevertheless, the retinas of the RTP801-knockout mice in an ROP model showed a significant reduction in retinal neovascularization (P Ͻ 0.0001) and in the number of apoptotic cells in the inner nuclear layer (P Ͻ 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS. In the absence of RTP801 expression, development of retinopathy in the mouse model of ROP was significantly attenuated, thus implying an important role of RTP801 in the pathogenesis of ROP. (Invest</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127578663" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2750475228fc70192970497934bf38c0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121292201,"asset_id":127578663,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121292201/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="329769543" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PazEinat">Paz Einat</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="329769543" type="text/json">{"id":329769543,"first_name":"Paz","last_name":"Einat","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PazEinat","display_name":"Paz Einat","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PazEinat?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/329769543/170669924/160655924/s65_paz.einat.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127578663 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127578663"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127578663, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127578663", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127578663]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127578663").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127578663").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127578663"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23323" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factors">Transcription Factors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23323" type="text/json">{"id":23323,"name":"Transcription Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factors?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24731" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24731" type="text/json">{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127578663]'), work: {"id":127578663,"title":"Inhibition of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy in RTP801-Deficient Mice","created_at":"2025-02-10T23:08:05.094-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127578663/Inhibition_of_Oxygen_Induced_Retinopathy_in_RTP801_Deficient_Mice?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127578663","summary":"Ischemic proliferative retinopathy, which occurs as a complication of diabetes mellitus, prematurity, or retinal vein occlusion, is a major cause of blindness worldwide. In addition to retinal neovascularization, it involves retinal degeneration, of which apoptosis is the main cause. A prior report has described the cloning of a novel HIF-1-responsive gene, RTP801, which displays strong hypoxia-dependent upregulation in ischemic cells of neuronal origin, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, inducible overexpression of RTP801 promotes the apoptotic death of differentiated neuron-like PC12 cells and increases their sensitivity to ischemic injury and oxidative stress. The purpose of the study was to examine the potential role of RTP801 in the pathogenesis of retinopathy, using RTP801-deficient mice. METHODS. Wild-type and RTP801-knockout mice were used in a model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Their retinas were collected at postnatal day (P)14 and P17. They were examined by fluorescein angiography and by analysis of VEGF expression, neovascularization, and apoptosis. RESULTS. The expression of RTP801 was induced in the wildtype retina after hypoxia treatment. The retinal expression of VEGF after transfer to normoxic conditions was similarly upregulated in both wild-type and knockout mice. Nevertheless, the retinas of the RTP801-knockout mice in an ROP model showed a significant reduction in retinal neovascularization (P Ͻ 0.0001) and in the number of apoptotic cells in the inner nuclear layer (P Ͻ 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS. In the absence of RTP801 expression, development of retinopathy in the mouse model of ROP was significantly attenuated, thus implying an important role of RTP801 in the pathogenesis of ROP. (Invest","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121292201,"asset_id":127578663,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":329769543,"first_name":"Paz","last_name":"Einat","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PazEinat","display_name":"Paz Einat","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PazEinat?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/329769543/170669924/160655924/s65_paz.einat.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":23323,"name":"Transcription Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factors?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":37836,"name":"In Situ Hybridization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Situ_Hybridization?f_ri=117200"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":59305,"name":"Neovascularization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neovascularization?f_ri=117200"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=117200"},{"id":96573,"name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":253560,"name":"Newborn Infant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Newborn_Infant?f_ri=117200"},{"id":323415,"name":"Mouse Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mouse_Model?f_ri=117200"},{"id":380825,"name":"Oxygen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxygen?f_ri=117200"},{"id":555414,"name":"Retinopathy of prematurity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinopathy_of_prematurity?f_ri=117200"},{"id":995532,"name":"Hyperoxia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hyperoxia?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1175836,"name":"Knockout Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knockout_Mice?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1186610,"name":"DNA binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_binding_proteins?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127576559" data-work_id="127576559" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127576559/Role_of_Suprachoroidal_versus_Intravitreal_injection_of_triamcinolone_In_diabetic_macular_edema">Role of Suprachoroidal versus Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone: In diabetic macular edema</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Period: 1 st November 2022 and 30 th October 2023. Methods: The study observed 71 eyes of 59 patients diagnosed with Diabetic macular edema. All patients that met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups, Group A Suprachoroidal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127576559" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Period: 1 st November 2022 and 30 th October 2023. Methods: The study observed 71 eyes of 59 patients diagnosed with Diabetic macular edema. All patients that met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups, Group A Suprachoroidal Triamcinolone and Group B Intravitreal Triamcinolone. Results: This research encompasses 71 eyes from 59 patients diagnosed with diabetic macular edema, divided into two groups based on their chosen treatment. Group A consisted of 34 patients, whereas Group B comprised 37 patients. The average age of patients in both groups was 43.6±6.2. Baseline visual acuity and macular thickness were recorded in both groups and compared after treatment. Significant improvement was observed in both groups, particularly notable in the 3rd month. The suprachoroidal triamcinolone injection exhibited a more stable response, accompanied by lower complication rate. Conclusion: In conclusion, the comparative analysis of Suprachoroidal Triamcinolone acetate and Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetate showed a more significant improvement in IOP and CMT in the suprachoroidal group as compared to intravitreal. Hence Suprachoroidal injection was seen as the treatment of choice in treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127576559" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cea1303528a9835f956fe0b7b69c5c1a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121290316,"asset_id":127576559,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121290316/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="96688021" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MuhammadKhalid201">Amber Khalid</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="96688021" type="text/json">{"id":96688021,"first_name":"Amber","last_name":"Khalid","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MuhammadKhalid201","display_name":"Amber Khalid","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MuhammadKhalid201?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/96688021/94291178/83229820/s65_muhammad.khalid.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127576559 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127576559"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127576559, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127576559", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127576559 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127576559; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127576559"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127576559 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127576559"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127576559; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127576559]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127576559").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127576559").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127572973" data-work_id="127572973" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127572973/Correlation_of_Gene_Expression_Profile_Status_and_American_Joint_Commission_on_Cancer_Stage_in_Uveal_Melanoma">Correlation of Gene Expression Profile Status and American Joint Commission on Cancer Stage in Uveal Melanoma</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose: To study the relationship between gene expression profile (GEP) subclass and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage in patients with uveal melanoma (UM). Methods: A retrospective, multicenter study was undertaken with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127572973" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose: To study the relationship between gene expression profile (GEP) subclass and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage in patients with uveal melanoma (UM). Methods: A retrospective, multicenter study was undertaken with patients entered from nine major ocular oncology centers from across the United States. Three hundred sixty eligible patients had UM and underwent I-125 plaque brachytherapy with concurrent tumor biopsy with GEP testing between January 1, 2010, and October 28, 2014. Patient demographics and UM features were analyzed by both GEP and AJCC status. Results: Gene expression profile class divided the cohort into three groups: Class 1a (n = 186), Class 1b (n = 77), and Class 2 (n = 113). When classified using AJCC staging criteria, we found the following: Stage I in 91 cases (25.3%), Stage IIA in 143 cases (39.7%), Stage IIB in 89 cases (24.7%), Stage IIIA in 36 cases (10%), and Stage IIIB in 1 case (0.3%). There were no Stage IV cases, as lymph node and met...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127572973" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4e3175cd435929e37739f5c96e1cd1c3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121287135,"asset_id":127572973,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121287135/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="336251274" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MMaterin">Miguel Materin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="336251274" type="text/json">{"id":336251274,"first_name":"Miguel","last_name":"Materin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MMaterin","display_name":"Miguel Materin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MMaterin?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127572973 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127572973"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127572973, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127572973", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127572973 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127572973; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127572973"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127572973 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127572973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127572973; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127572973]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127572973").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127572973").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127572973"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="626" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oncology">Oncology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="626" type="text/json">{"id":626,"name":"Oncology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oncology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6021" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer">Cancer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6021" type="text/json">{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65390" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine">Internal Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="65390" type="text/json">{"id":65390,"name":"Internal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127572973]'), work: {"id":127572973,"title":"Correlation of Gene Expression Profile Status and American Joint Commission on Cancer Stage in Uveal Melanoma","created_at":"2025-02-10T13:04:39.069-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127572973/Correlation_of_Gene_Expression_Profile_Status_and_American_Joint_Commission_on_Cancer_Stage_in_Uveal_Melanoma?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127572973","summary":"Purpose: To study the relationship between gene expression profile (GEP) subclass and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage in patients with uveal melanoma (UM). Methods: A retrospective, multicenter study was undertaken with patients entered from nine major ocular oncology centers from across the United States. Three hundred sixty eligible patients had UM and underwent I-125 plaque brachytherapy with concurrent tumor biopsy with GEP testing between January 1, 2010, and October 28, 2014. Patient demographics and UM features were analyzed by both GEP and AJCC status. Results: Gene expression profile class divided the cohort into three groups: Class 1a (n = 186), Class 1b (n = 77), and Class 2 (n = 113). When classified using AJCC staging criteria, we found the following: Stage I in 91 cases (25.3%), Stage IIA in 143 cases (39.7%), Stage IIB in 89 cases (24.7%), Stage IIIA in 36 cases (10%), and Stage IIIB in 1 case (0.3%). There were no Stage IV cases, as lymph node and met...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121287135,"asset_id":127572973,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":336251274,"first_name":"Miguel","last_name":"Materin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MMaterin","display_name":"Miguel Materin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MMaterin?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":626,"name":"Oncology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oncology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":65390,"name":"Internal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":437772,"name":"Odds ratio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Odds_ratio?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127570848" data-work_id="127570848" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127570848/Nictitating_membrane_and_corneo_retinal_transducers_for_conditioning_in_rabbits">Nictitating membrane and corneo-retinal transducers for conditioning in rabbits</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Direct cornea] stimulation or shock to the eyelids in the rabbit results in a number of highly correlated, essentially skeletal responses. These include closure of the eyelids, retraction of the eyeball into the orbit, and lateral... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127570848" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Direct cornea] stimulation or shock to the eyelids in the rabbit results in a number of highly correlated, essentially skeletal responses. These include closure of the eyelids, retraction of the eyeball into the orbit, and lateral extension of the nictitating membrane across the conical surface. The various components of this response constellation may be recorded by means of mechanical, dc biopotential, and light-sensitive transducers. In the initial rabbit eyeblink (Schneiderman, Fuentes, & Gormc/cano, 1962) and nictitating membrane (Gormezano, Schneiderman, Deaux, & Fuentes, 1962) classical conditioning experiments, the responses were mechanically transduced using a rotary minitorque potentiometer. More recently in our laboratory, Arthur Yehle (1968) developed a lighter, less expensive, more efficient strain gauge arrangement that leaves the skull unencumbered for brain stimulation and recording procedures. In the present paper a photosensitive and a dc biopotential recording method are described. Although mechanical methods of recording eyeblink and nictitating membrane are satisfactory for most purposes, the mechanical coupling arrangement (e.g., nictitating membrane suture) may be inefficiently located, become dislodged, or cause irritation and infection. In addition, the force required to displace the potentiometer arm or strain gauge may restrict nictitating membrane or lid movement. This in turn may introduce artifacts such as disadvantaged performance at very short interstimulus intervals.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127570848" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d6b77f393c578e779368f79c3f7960fe" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121285211,"asset_id":127570848,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121285211/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36097984" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HarveySwadlow">Harvey Swadlow</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36097984" type="text/json">{"id":36097984,"first_name":"Harvey","last_name":"Swadlow","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HarveySwadlow","display_name":"Harvey Swadlow","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HarveySwadlow?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127570848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127570848"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127570848, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127570848", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127570848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127570848; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127570848"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127570848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127570848"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127570848; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127570848]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127570848").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127570848").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127570848"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58514" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Conditioning">Classical Conditioning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="58514" type="text/json">{"id":58514,"name":"Classical Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Conditioning?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127570848]'), work: {"id":127570848,"title":"Nictitating membrane and corneo-retinal transducers for conditioning in rabbits","created_at":"2025-02-10T10:42:52.485-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127570848/Nictitating_membrane_and_corneo_retinal_transducers_for_conditioning_in_rabbits?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127570848","summary":"Direct cornea] stimulation or shock to the eyelids in the rabbit results in a number of highly correlated, essentially skeletal responses. These include closure of the eyelids, retraction of the eyeball into the orbit, and lateral extension of the nictitating membrane across the conical surface. The various components of this response constellation may be recorded by means of mechanical, dc biopotential, and light-sensitive transducers. In the initial rabbit eyeblink (Schneiderman, Fuentes, \u0026 Gormc/cano, 1962) and nictitating membrane (Gormezano, Schneiderman, Deaux, \u0026 Fuentes, 1962) classical conditioning experiments, the responses were mechanically transduced using a rotary minitorque potentiometer. More recently in our laboratory, Arthur Yehle (1968) developed a lighter, less expensive, more efficient strain gauge arrangement that leaves the skull unencumbered for brain stimulation and recording procedures. In the present paper a photosensitive and a dc biopotential recording method are described. Although mechanical methods of recording eyeblink and nictitating membrane are satisfactory for most purposes, the mechanical coupling arrangement (e.g., nictitating membrane suture) may be inefficiently located, become dislodged, or cause irritation and infection. In addition, the force required to displace the potentiometer arm or strain gauge may restrict nictitating membrane or lid movement. This in turn may introduce artifacts such as disadvantaged performance at very short interstimulus intervals.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121285211,"asset_id":127570848,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36097984,"first_name":"Harvey","last_name":"Swadlow","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HarveySwadlow","display_name":"Harvey Swadlow","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HarveySwadlow?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":58514,"name":"Classical Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Conditioning?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":67357,"name":"Transducers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transducers?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":788677,"name":"Rabbits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabbits?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127559913" data-work_id="127559913" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127559913/Macular_Hypotrophy_After_Internal_Limiting_Membrane_Removal_for_Diabetic_Macular_Edema">Macular Hypotrophy After Internal Limiting Membrane Removal for Diabetic Macular Edema</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose: To compare the anatomic and functional effects of three different approaches to nontractional diabetic macular edema. Methods: Retrospective comparative study. Sixty eyes of 60 patients diagnosed with cystoid diabetic macular... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127559913" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose: To compare the anatomic and functional effects of three different approaches to nontractional diabetic macular edema. Methods: Retrospective comparative study. Sixty eyes of 60 patients diagnosed with cystoid diabetic macular edema and treated with 1.25 mg/mL intravitreal bevacizumab (Group A), laser photocoagulation (Group B), or vitrectomy with inner limiting membrane peeling (Group C) were included in the study. Changes in number of Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, central macular thickness, largest diameter of the intraretinal cysts (IC), and choroidal thickness were investigated. Analyses were performed during follow-up visits at Months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Results: Visual acuity only significantly improved in Group A at the last follow-up (P = 0.004). Central macular thickness significantly decreased in every group throughout the follow-up period. Differences in central macular thickness between Groups A and B (P , 0.01), A and C (P , 0.01), and B and C (P , 0.01) were significant. Intraretinal cysts also significantly decreased in each group throughout the follow-up period. Differences in IC size between Groups A and B (P = 0.8), A and C (P = 0.1), and B and C (P = 0.1) were not significant. Choroidal thickness did not undergo any significant change in any group throughout the follow-up period. A significant correlation was also found in Group A between best-corrected visual acuity at month 12 and baseline central macular thickness (R = 0.3; P = 0.006), and in Group B between postoperative best-corrected visual acuity at month 12 and baseline IC size (R = 0.8; P , 0.01, negatively correlated at 92.4%). Conclusion: According to our retrospective data, diabetic macular edema with intraretinal cysts larger than 390 mm should not be treated with vitrectomy with ILM peeling, because this may induce subfoveal atrophy, defined as the "Floor Effect," and subsequent visual deterioration.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127559913" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4d1add8316e253c34721cafacd764474" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275608,"asset_id":127559913,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275608/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67769807" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaoloVinciguerra">Paolo Vinciguerra</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67769807" type="text/json">{"id":67769807,"first_name":"Paolo","last_name":"Vinciguerra","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaoloVinciguerra","display_name":"Paolo Vinciguerra","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaoloVinciguerra?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127559913 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127559913"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127559913, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127559913", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127559913 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127559913; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127559913"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127559913 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127559913"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127559913; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127559913]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127559913").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127559913").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127559913"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40271" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_acuity">Visual acuity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="40271" type="text/json">{"id":40271,"name":"Visual acuity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_acuity?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71436" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basement_Membrane">Basement Membrane</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="71436" type="text/json">{"id":71436,"name":"Basement Membrane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basement_Membrane?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127559913]'), work: {"id":127559913,"title":"Macular Hypotrophy After Internal Limiting Membrane Removal for Diabetic Macular Edema","created_at":"2025-02-10T00:10:17.459-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127559913/Macular_Hypotrophy_After_Internal_Limiting_Membrane_Removal_for_Diabetic_Macular_Edema?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127559913","summary":"Purpose: To compare the anatomic and functional effects of three different approaches to nontractional diabetic macular edema. Methods: Retrospective comparative study. Sixty eyes of 60 patients diagnosed with cystoid diabetic macular edema and treated with 1.25 mg/mL intravitreal bevacizumab (Group A), laser photocoagulation (Group B), or vitrectomy with inner limiting membrane peeling (Group C) were included in the study. Changes in number of Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, central macular thickness, largest diameter of the intraretinal cysts (IC), and choroidal thickness were investigated. Analyses were performed during follow-up visits at Months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Results: Visual acuity only significantly improved in Group A at the last follow-up (P = 0.004). Central macular thickness significantly decreased in every group throughout the follow-up period. Differences in central macular thickness between Groups A and B (P , 0.01), A and C (P , 0.01), and B and C (P , 0.01) were significant. Intraretinal cysts also significantly decreased in each group throughout the follow-up period. Differences in IC size between Groups A and B (P = 0.8), A and C (P = 0.1), and B and C (P = 0.1) were not significant. Choroidal thickness did not undergo any significant change in any group throughout the follow-up period. A significant correlation was also found in Group A between best-corrected visual acuity at month 12 and baseline central macular thickness (R = 0.3; P = 0.006), and in Group B between postoperative best-corrected visual acuity at month 12 and baseline IC size (R = 0.8; P , 0.01, negatively correlated at 92.4%). Conclusion: According to our retrospective data, diabetic macular edema with intraretinal cysts larger than 390 mm should not be treated with vitrectomy with ILM peeling, because this may induce subfoveal atrophy, defined as the \"Floor Effect,\" and subsequent visual deterioration.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121275608,"asset_id":127559913,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67769807,"first_name":"Paolo","last_name":"Vinciguerra","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaoloVinciguerra","display_name":"Paolo Vinciguerra","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaoloVinciguerra?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":40271,"name":"Visual acuity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_acuity?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":71436,"name":"Basement Membrane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basement_Membrane?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":96573,"name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_Retinopathy?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1145935,"name":"Epiretinal Membrane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epiretinal_Membrane?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1186054,"name":"Vitrectomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitrectomy?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1714173,"name":"Macular edema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macular_edema?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2002055,"name":"Intravitreal Injections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intravitreal_Injections?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3196507,"name":"Diabetic macular edema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetic_macular_edema?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3314116,"name":"Angiogenesis inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Angiogenesis_inhibitors?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127559905" data-work_id="127559905" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127559905/Inflammation_and_Macular_Oedema_after_Pars_Plana_Vitrectomy">Inflammation and Macular Oedema after Pars Plana Vitrectomy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Cystoid macular oedema (CMO) is a major cause of reduced vision following intraocular surgery. Although the aetiology of CMO is not completely clarified, intraocular inflammation is known to play a major role in its development. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127559905" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Cystoid macular oedema (CMO) is a major cause of reduced vision following intraocular surgery. Although the aetiology of CMO is not completely clarified, intraocular inflammation is known to play a major role in its development. The macula may develop cytotoxic oedema when the primary lesion and fluid accumulation occur in the parenchymatous cells (intracellular oedema) or vasogenic oedema when the primary defect occurs in the blood-retinal barrier and leads to extracellular fluid accumulation (extracellular oedema). We report on the mechanisms of CMO formation after pars plana vitrectomy and associated surgical procedures and discuss possible therapeutic approaches.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127559905" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="74f94651ce4307ced4a63e2905c1bcb6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121275578,"asset_id":127559905,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121275578/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67769807" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaoloVinciguerra">Paolo Vinciguerra</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67769807" type="text/json">{"id":67769807,"first_name":"Paolo","last_name":"Vinciguerra","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaoloVinciguerra","display_name":"Paolo Vinciguerra","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaoloVinciguerra?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127559905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127559905"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127559905, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127559905", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127559905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127559905; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127559905"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127559905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127559905"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127559905; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127559905]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127559905").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127559905").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127559905"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9334" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation">Inflammation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9334" type="text/json">{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127559905]'), work: {"id":127559905,"title":"Inflammation and Macular Oedema after Pars Plana Vitrectomy","created_at":"2025-02-10T00:10:14.083-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127559905/Inflammation_and_Macular_Oedema_after_Pars_Plana_Vitrectomy?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127559905","summary":"Cystoid macular oedema (CMO) is a major cause of reduced vision following intraocular surgery. Although the aetiology of CMO is not completely clarified, intraocular inflammation is known to play a major role in its development. The macula may develop cytotoxic oedema when the primary lesion and fluid accumulation occur in the parenchymatous cells (intracellular oedema) or vasogenic oedema when the primary defect occurs in the blood-retinal barrier and leads to extracellular fluid accumulation (extracellular oedema). We report on the mechanisms of CMO formation after pars plana vitrectomy and associated surgical procedures and discuss possible therapeutic approaches.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121275578,"asset_id":127559905,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67769807,"first_name":"Paolo","last_name":"Vinciguerra","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaoloVinciguerra","display_name":"Paolo Vinciguerra","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaoloVinciguerra?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":293135,"name":"Uveitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uveitis?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1051814,"name":"Macular Oedema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macular_Oedema?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1126247,"name":"Silicones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silicones?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1186054,"name":"Vitrectomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitrectomy?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1714173,"name":"Macular edema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macular_edema?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2922849,"name":"Pars plana vitrectomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pars_plana_vitrectomy?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3526566,"name":"Blood Retinal Barrier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_Retinal_Barrier?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127554747" data-work_id="127554747" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127554747/Radial_optic_neurotomy_a_new_surgical_approach_for_glaucoma_treatment">Radial optic neurotomy: a new surgical approach for glaucoma treatment?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, characterised by specific visual field defects due to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and damage to the optic nerve head (ONH). Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127554747" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, characterised by specific visual field defects due to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and damage to the optic nerve head (ONH). Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important risk factor for glaucoma development. One of the clinical hallmarks of glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the excavation of the ONH, which consists of a progressive posterior displacement of the ONH surface and excavation of the pre-laminar tissues beneath the anterior-most aspect of the scleral canal, known as the anterior scleral ring. Radial optic neurotomy (RON) is a surgical technique that has been proposed for treating central retinal vein occlusion. While the original rationale of RON was the relief of increased tissue pressure within the optic nerve that results from occlusion of the central retinal vein, recent results are discussed here which suggest that by relaxing of the scleral ring of the prelaminar and laminar regions of the ONH, RON may alleviate the IOP-related connective tissue stress, and in turn, prevent the onset and reduce the progression of glaucomatous neuropathy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127554747" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fcccc578b4f27c22f0f7fa4a1654d471" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121271372,"asset_id":127554747,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121271372/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34520200" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RuthRosenstein">Ruth Rosenstein</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34520200" type="text/json">{"id":34520200,"first_name":"Ruth","last_name":"Rosenstein","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RuthRosenstein","display_name":"Ruth Rosenstein","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RuthRosenstein?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127554747 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127554747"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127554747, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127554747", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127554747]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127554747").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127554747").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127554747"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Nerve">Optic Nerve</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="71422" type="text/json">{"id":71422,"name":"Optic Nerve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Nerve?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96572" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glaucoma">Glaucoma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="96572" type="text/json">{"id":96572,"name":"Glaucoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glaucoma?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127554747]'), work: {"id":127554747,"title":"Radial optic neurotomy: a new surgical approach for glaucoma treatment?","created_at":"2025-02-09T17:47:00.708-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127554747/Radial_optic_neurotomy_a_new_surgical_approach_for_glaucoma_treatment?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127554747","summary":"Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, characterised by specific visual field defects due to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and damage to the optic nerve head (ONH). Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important risk factor for glaucoma development. One of the clinical hallmarks of glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the excavation of the ONH, which consists of a progressive posterior displacement of the ONH surface and excavation of the pre-laminar tissues beneath the anterior-most aspect of the scleral canal, known as the anterior scleral ring. Radial optic neurotomy (RON) is a surgical technique that has been proposed for treating central retinal vein occlusion. While the original rationale of RON was the relief of increased tissue pressure within the optic nerve that results from occlusion of the central retinal vein, recent results are discussed here which suggest that by relaxing of the scleral ring of the prelaminar and laminar regions of the ONH, RON may alleviate the IOP-related connective tissue stress, and in turn, prevent the onset and reduce the progression of glaucomatous neuropathy.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121271372,"asset_id":127554747,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34520200,"first_name":"Ruth","last_name":"Rosenstein","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RuthRosenstein","display_name":"Ruth Rosenstein","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RuthRosenstein?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":71422,"name":"Optic Nerve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Nerve?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":96572,"name":"Glaucoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glaucoma?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":98939,"name":"Pubmed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pubmed?f_ri=117200"},{"id":513105,"name":"Retinal Ganglion Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Ganglion_Cells?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1169247,"name":"Optic Neuropathy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Neuropathy?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2743091,"name":"Central retinal vein occlusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_retinal_vein_occlusion?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127550167" data-work_id="127550167" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127550167/Long_Term_Voltage_Sensitive_Dye_Imaging_Reveals_Cortical_Dynamics_in_Behaving_Monkeys">Long-Term Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging Reveals Cortical Dynamics in Behaving Monkeys</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A novel method of chronic optical imaging based on new voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) was developed to facilitate the explorations of the spatial and temporal patterns underlying higher cognitive functions in the neocortex of behaving... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127550167" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A novel method of chronic optical imaging based on new voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) was developed to facilitate the explorations of the spatial and temporal patterns underlying higher cognitive functions in the neocortex of behaving monkeys. Using this system, we were able to explore cortical dynamics, with high spatial and temporal resolution, over period of ≤1 yr from the same patch of cortex. The visual cortices of trained macaques were stained one to three times a week, and immediately after each staining session, the monkey started to perform the behavioral task, while the primary and secondary visual areas (V1 and V2) were imaged with a fast optical imaging system. Long-term repeated VSD imaging (VSDI) from the same cortical area did not disrupt the normal cortical architecture as confirmed repeatedly by optical imaging based on intrinsic signals. The spatial patterns of functional maps obtained by VSDI were essentially identical to those obtained from the same patch of corte...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127550167" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="69e61e9e9aa14c4ba157a72b099ccb90" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121267357,"asset_id":127550167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121267357/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="322462415" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArieliAmos">Amos Arieli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="322462415" type="text/json">{"id":322462415,"first_name":"Amos","last_name":"Arieli","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArieliAmos","display_name":"Amos Arieli","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArieliAmos?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/322462415/173782810/163799949/s65_amos.arieli.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127550167 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127550167"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127550167, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127550167", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127550167 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127550167; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127550167"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127550167 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127550167"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127550167; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127550167]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127550167").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127550167").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127550167"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="511" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science">Materials Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="511" type="text/json">{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22272" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22272" type="text/json">{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127550167]'), work: {"id":127550167,"title":"Long-Term Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging Reveals Cortical Dynamics in Behaving Monkeys","created_at":"2025-02-09T10:07:03.350-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127550167/Long_Term_Voltage_Sensitive_Dye_Imaging_Reveals_Cortical_Dynamics_in_Behaving_Monkeys?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127550167","summary":"A novel method of chronic optical imaging based on new voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) was developed to facilitate the explorations of the spatial and temporal patterns underlying higher cognitive functions in the neocortex of behaving monkeys. Using this system, we were able to explore cortical dynamics, with high spatial and temporal resolution, over period of ≤1 yr from the same patch of cortex. The visual cortices of trained macaques were stained one to three times a week, and immediately after each staining session, the monkey started to perform the behavioral task, while the primary and secondary visual areas (V1 and V2) were imaged with a fast optical imaging system. Long-term repeated VSD imaging (VSDI) from the same cortical area did not disrupt the normal cortical architecture as confirmed repeatedly by optical imaging based on intrinsic signals. The spatial patterns of functional maps obtained by VSDI were essentially identical to those obtained from the same patch of corte...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121267357,"asset_id":127550167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":322462415,"first_name":"Amos","last_name":"Arieli","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArieliAmos","display_name":"Amos Arieli","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArieliAmos?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/322462415/173782810/163799949/s65_amos.arieli.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":33302,"name":"Optical Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Imaging?f_ri=117200"},{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex?f_ri=117200"},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=117200"},{"id":107148,"name":"Saccades","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saccades?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=117200"},{"id":493558,"name":"Neocortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neocortex?f_ri=117200"},{"id":584606,"name":"Macaca fascicularis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_fascicularis?f_ri=117200"},{"id":801412,"name":"Pyrazoles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pyrazoles?f_ri=117200"},{"id":806503,"name":"Thiazoles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thiazoles?f_ri=117200"},{"id":968586,"name":"Visual Evoked Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Evoked_Potentials?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2234200,"name":"Functional Laterality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Laterality?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2849038,"name":"photic stimulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/photic_stimulation?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":4219695,"name":"coloring agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/coloring_agents?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127548785" data-work_id="127548785" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127548785/Spatial_Alignment_over_Retinal_Scotomas">Spatial Alignment over Retinal Scotomas</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose-Perceptual completion can mask the presence of physiological and pathologic retinal scotomas. This psychophysical study used a spatial alignment task to examine the processes underlying this perceptual completion. Similarities... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127548785" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose-Perceptual completion can mask the presence of physiological and pathologic retinal scotomas. This psychophysical study used a spatial alignment task to examine the processes underlying this perceptual completion. Similarities between the completion of pathologic and physiological scotomas would be consistent with large-scale reorganization of the visual system in eye disease Methods-In five control subjects with no eye disease, Vernier alignment thresholds were measured over the physiological blind spot at the optic nerve head and over equally eccentric temporal retina. For nine subjects with retinal scotomas, alignment thresholds were measured over the maximum vertical extent of the larger scotoma in one eye and at an equal separation and eccentricity in the eye with a smaller or no scotoma Results-In control subjects, alignment thresholds were better over the physiological blind spot than over equally eccentric temporal retina (P < 0.05). Alignment thresholds were no better over pathologic retinal scotomas than more intact, equally eccentric retina (P = 0.9) Conclusions-These quantitative differences implicate different mechanisms for perceptual completion over pathologic and physiological retinal scotomas. Filling in across pathologic scotomas appears to involve higher level image processing-based mechanisms that operate even when their input is interrupted. Filling-in at the optic nerve head involves additional low-level processes that may be hardwired, in which receptive fields span the blind spot and support fine orientation discriminations. These results argue against low-level reorganization of the visual system in people with retinal disease. Retinal scotomas caused by macular disease are the leading cause of visual impairment in North America and Europe. 1 People with macular disease are frequently unaware of their scotoma; less than 60% are able to discern their scotoma on an Amsler grid chart. 2,3 A principal cause of this is thought to be the phenomenon of "perceptual completion" or "filling-in" whereby the absence of visual input is not perceived. Filling-in of the physiological blind spot at the optic nerve head has been known for many years, 5 but this phenomenon can also be observed over pathologic retinal scotomas, 6,7 in scotomas caused by cortical lesions, 8,9 over simulated scotomas, 10 and over featureless areas in the peripheral visual field. 11</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127548785" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d521b2911094d7eeb3df2552f9ebb757" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121266191,"asset_id":127548785,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121266191/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19402338" href="https://neu.academia.edu/PeterBex">Peter Bex</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19402338" type="text/json">{"id":19402338,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Bex","domain_name":"neu","page_name":"PeterBex","display_name":"Peter Bex","profile_url":"https://neu.academia.edu/PeterBex?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19402338/5400575/6162663/s65_peter.bex.jpg_oh_25fd88c1db094bb64bdf7cc483a00f5e_oe_54f8ca12___gda___1424558750_286fcc4082d23cb129b7c10e8acc8aea"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127548785 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127548785"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127548785, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127548785", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127548785 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127548785; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127548785"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127548785 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127548785"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127548785; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127548785]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127548785").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127548785").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127548785"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1185" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Processing">Image Processing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1185" type="text/json">{"id":1185,"name":"Image Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Processing?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45349" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_perception">Space perception</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="45349" type="text/json">{"id":45349,"name":"Space perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_perception?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127548785]'), work: {"id":127548785,"title":"Spatial Alignment over Retinal Scotomas","created_at":"2025-02-09T08:41:44.722-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127548785/Spatial_Alignment_over_Retinal_Scotomas?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127548785","summary":"Purpose-Perceptual completion can mask the presence of physiological and pathologic retinal scotomas. This psychophysical study used a spatial alignment task to examine the processes underlying this perceptual completion. Similarities between the completion of pathologic and physiological scotomas would be consistent with large-scale reorganization of the visual system in eye disease Methods-In five control subjects with no eye disease, Vernier alignment thresholds were measured over the physiological blind spot at the optic nerve head and over equally eccentric temporal retina. For nine subjects with retinal scotomas, alignment thresholds were measured over the maximum vertical extent of the larger scotoma in one eye and at an equal separation and eccentricity in the eye with a smaller or no scotoma Results-In control subjects, alignment thresholds were better over the physiological blind spot than over equally eccentric temporal retina (P \u003c 0.05). Alignment thresholds were no better over pathologic retinal scotomas than more intact, equally eccentric retina (P = 0.9) Conclusions-These quantitative differences implicate different mechanisms for perceptual completion over pathologic and physiological retinal scotomas. Filling in across pathologic scotomas appears to involve higher level image processing-based mechanisms that operate even when their input is interrupted. Filling-in at the optic nerve head involves additional low-level processes that may be hardwired, in which receptive fields span the blind spot and support fine orientation discriminations. These results argue against low-level reorganization of the visual system in people with retinal disease. Retinal scotomas caused by macular disease are the leading cause of visual impairment in North America and Europe. 1 People with macular disease are frequently unaware of their scotoma; less than 60% are able to discern their scotoma on an Amsler grid chart. 2,3 A principal cause of this is thought to be the phenomenon of \"perceptual completion\" or \"filling-in\" whereby the absence of visual input is not perceived. Filling-in of the physiological blind spot at the optic nerve head has been known for many years, 5 but this phenomenon can also be observed over pathologic retinal scotomas, 6,7 in scotomas caused by cortical lesions, 8,9 over simulated scotomas, 10 and over featureless areas in the peripheral visual field. 11","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121266191,"asset_id":127548785,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19402338,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Bex","domain_name":"neu","page_name":"PeterBex","display_name":"Peter Bex","profile_url":"https://neu.academia.edu/PeterBex?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19402338/5400575/6162663/s65_peter.bex.jpg_oh_25fd88c1db094bb64bdf7cc483a00f5e_oe_54f8ca12___gda___1424558750_286fcc4082d23cb129b7c10e8acc8aea"}],"research_interests":[{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":1185,"name":"Image Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Processing?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":45349,"name":"Space perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_perception?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":128282,"name":"Visual System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_System?f_ri=117200"},{"id":158333,"name":"Receptive Field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Receptive_Field?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=117200"},{"id":450117,"name":"Scotoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scotoma?f_ri=117200"},{"id":758278,"name":"Large Scale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Large_Scale?f_ri=117200"},{"id":990525,"name":"Retinal Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Diseases?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2724400,"name":"Blind Spot","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blind_Spot?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127544292" data-work_id="127544292" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127544292/Effect_of_Lycium_Barbarum_Wolfberry_Polysaccharides_on_Preserving_Retinal_Function_after_Partial_Optic_Nerve_Transection">Effect of Lycium Barbarum (Wolfberry) Polysaccharides on Preserving Retinal Function after Partial Optic Nerve Transection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides (LBP) are the active components of Wolfberry (a traditional Chinese medicine) which has long been used for improving visual function. This study aims to investigate localized changes of retinal function in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127544292" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides (LBP) are the active components of Wolfberry (a traditional Chinese medicine) which has long been used for improving visual function. This study aims to investigate localized changes of retinal function in a partial optic nerve transection (PONT) model, and effects of LBP on visual function. The multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG) were obtained from 30 eyes of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into 6 groups (five treatment groups and one control group). Starting from the first day of the experiment, the rats in the (PONT+LBP) group and the (LBP) group were dosed with LBP; rats in the (PONT+PBS (phosphate buffered saline)) group and the (PBS) group were dosed with PBS via nasogastric tube every day until euthanized. The dorsal part of the optic nerve was transected in the (PONT), (PONT+LBP) and (PONT+PBS) groups at the end of week 1 (day 7 after LBP or PBS feeding began). The mfERG was measured at three time points: week 2, week 3 and week 5. Significant reduction of P1 and PhNR amplitudes of the mfERG were observed in all retinal regions a week after PONT. Feeding with LBP prior to PONT preserved retinal function. All mfERG responses returned to the normal range in the superior retina, which corresponds to the transected dorsal region of the optic nerve, while most of the inferior retinal responses were significantly increased at week 4 after PONT. The ventral part of the retina had secondary degeneration which was not only limited to the ganglion cell layer, but is a widespread effect affecting the outer retina. LBP altered the functional reduction caused by PONT by regulating the signal from the outer retina.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127544292" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dd530324198d5991d27f884af929ad41" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121262270,"asset_id":127544292,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121262270/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28207436" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RaymondChuenChungChang">Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28207436" type="text/json">{"id":28207436,"first_name":"Raymond Chuen-Chung","last_name":"Chang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RaymondChuenChungChang","display_name":"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RaymondChuenChungChang?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127544292 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127544292"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127544292, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127544292", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127544292 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127544292; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127544292"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127544292 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127544292"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127544292; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127544292]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127544292").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127544292").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127544292"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Nerve">Optic Nerve</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="71422" type="text/json">{"id":71422,"name":"Optic Nerve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Nerve?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127544292]'), work: {"id":127544292,"title":"Effect of Lycium Barbarum (Wolfberry) Polysaccharides on Preserving Retinal Function after Partial Optic Nerve Transection","created_at":"2025-02-09T03:31:48.618-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127544292/Effect_of_Lycium_Barbarum_Wolfberry_Polysaccharides_on_Preserving_Retinal_Function_after_Partial_Optic_Nerve_Transection?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127544292","summary":"Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides (LBP) are the active components of Wolfberry (a traditional Chinese medicine) which has long been used for improving visual function. This study aims to investigate localized changes of retinal function in a partial optic nerve transection (PONT) model, and effects of LBP on visual function. The multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG) were obtained from 30 eyes of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into 6 groups (five treatment groups and one control group). Starting from the first day of the experiment, the rats in the (PONT+LBP) group and the (LBP) group were dosed with LBP; rats in the (PONT+PBS (phosphate buffered saline)) group and the (PBS) group were dosed with PBS via nasogastric tube every day until euthanized. The dorsal part of the optic nerve was transected in the (PONT), (PONT+LBP) and (PONT+PBS) groups at the end of week 1 (day 7 after LBP or PBS feeding began). The mfERG was measured at three time points: week 2, week 3 and week 5. Significant reduction of P1 and PhNR amplitudes of the mfERG were observed in all retinal regions a week after PONT. Feeding with LBP prior to PONT preserved retinal function. All mfERG responses returned to the normal range in the superior retina, which corresponds to the transected dorsal region of the optic nerve, while most of the inferior retinal responses were significantly increased at week 4 after PONT. The ventral part of the retina had secondary degeneration which was not only limited to the ganglion cell layer, but is a widespread effect affecting the outer retina. LBP altered the functional reduction caused by PONT by regulating the signal from the outer retina.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121262270,"asset_id":127544292,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28207436,"first_name":"Raymond Chuen-Chung","last_name":"Chang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RaymondChuenChungChang","display_name":"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RaymondChuenChungChang?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":71422,"name":"Optic Nerve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Nerve?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":178851,"name":"Cytoprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytoprotection?f_ri=117200"},{"id":220780,"name":"PLoS one","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one?f_ri=117200"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=117200"},{"id":376308,"name":"Buffers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buffers?f_ri=117200"},{"id":439784,"name":"Saline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saline?f_ri=117200"},{"id":541785,"name":"Phosphates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phosphates?f_ri=117200"},{"id":572924,"name":"Tetrodotoxin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tetrodotoxin?f_ri=117200"},{"id":4252339,"name":"lycium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/lycium?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127544239" data-work_id="127544239" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127544239/Preservation_of_Retinal_Function_Through_Synaptic_Stabilization_in_Alzheimers_Disease_Model_Mouse_Retina_by_Lycium_Barbarum_Extracts">Preservation of Retinal Function Through Synaptic Stabilization in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mouse Retina by Lycium Barbarum Extracts</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid β deposition-induced hippocampal synaptic dysfunction generally begins prior to neuronal degeneration and memory impairment. Lycium barbarum extracts (LBE) have been demonstrated to be neuroprotective... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127544239" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid β deposition-induced hippocampal synaptic dysfunction generally begins prior to neuronal degeneration and memory impairment. Lycium barbarum extracts (LBE) have been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in various animal models of neurodegeneration. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of LBE on the synapse loss in AD through the avenue of the retina in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). We fed 3xTg-AD mice with low (200 mg/kg) or high (2 g/kg) dose hydrophilic LBE daily for 2 months from the starting age of 4-or 6-month-old. For those started at 6 month age, at 1 month (though not 2 months) after starting treatment, mice given high dose LBE showed a significant increase of a wave and b wave in scotopic ERG. After 2 months of treatment with high dose LBE, calpain-2, calpain-5, and the oxidative RNA marker 8-OHG were downregulated, and presynaptic densities in the inner plexiform layer but not the outer plexiform layer of the retina were significantly increased, suggesting the presynaptic structure of retina was preserved. Our results indicate that LBE feeding may preserve synapse stability in the retina of 3xTg-AD mice, probably by decreasing both oxidative stress and intracellular calcium influx. Thus, LBE might have potential as a neuroprotectant for AD through synapse preservation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127544239" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="03c9f1894f8f479bb9076a5627c90782" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121262183,"asset_id":127544239,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121262183/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28207436" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RaymondChuenChungChang">Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28207436" type="text/json">{"id":28207436,"first_name":"Raymond Chuen-Chung","last_name":"Chang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RaymondChuenChungChang","display_name":"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RaymondChuenChungChang?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127544239 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127544239"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127544239, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127544239", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127544239 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127544239; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127544239"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127544239 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127544239"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127544239; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127544239]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127544239").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127544239").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127544239"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22764" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegeneration">Neurodegeneration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22764" type="text/json">{"id":22764,"name":"Neurodegeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegeneration?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37851" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection">Neuroprotection</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37851" type="text/json">{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127544239]'), work: {"id":127544239,"title":"Preservation of Retinal Function Through Synaptic Stabilization in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mouse Retina by Lycium Barbarum Extracts","created_at":"2025-02-09T03:29:44.449-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127544239/Preservation_of_Retinal_Function_Through_Synaptic_Stabilization_in_Alzheimers_Disease_Model_Mouse_Retina_by_Lycium_Barbarum_Extracts?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127544239","summary":"In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid β deposition-induced hippocampal synaptic dysfunction generally begins prior to neuronal degeneration and memory impairment. Lycium barbarum extracts (LBE) have been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in various animal models of neurodegeneration. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of LBE on the synapse loss in AD through the avenue of the retina in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). We fed 3xTg-AD mice with low (200 mg/kg) or high (2 g/kg) dose hydrophilic LBE daily for 2 months from the starting age of 4-or 6-month-old. For those started at 6 month age, at 1 month (though not 2 months) after starting treatment, mice given high dose LBE showed a significant increase of a wave and b wave in scotopic ERG. After 2 months of treatment with high dose LBE, calpain-2, calpain-5, and the oxidative RNA marker 8-OHG were downregulated, and presynaptic densities in the inner plexiform layer but not the outer plexiform layer of the retina were significantly increased, suggesting the presynaptic structure of retina was preserved. Our results indicate that LBE feeding may preserve synapse stability in the retina of 3xTg-AD mice, probably by decreasing both oxidative stress and intracellular calcium influx. Thus, LBE might have potential as a neuroprotectant for AD through synapse preservation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121262183,"asset_id":127544239,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28207436,"first_name":"Raymond Chuen-Chung","last_name":"Chang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RaymondChuenChungChang","display_name":"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RaymondChuenChungChang?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":22764,"name":"Neurodegeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegeneration?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":62693,"name":"Synapse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synapse?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":323406,"name":"Calpain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calpain?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127535516" data-work_id="127535516" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127535516/Optical_superresolution_and_visual_hyperacuity">Optical superresolution and visual hyperacuity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Classically, diffraction theory sets a boundary for the resolving capacity of optical instruments. Yet some visual thresholds have values much better than the traditional resolution limit. Recent developments in superresolution, an area... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127535516" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Classically, diffraction theory sets a boundary for the resolving capacity of optical instruments. Yet some visual thresholds have values much better than the traditional resolution limit. Recent developments in superresolution, an area of optical physics and engineering with claims of transcending the stated resolution limits of optical instruments, are reviewed and their possible relevance to visual spatial processing and to the exploration of the eye&#39;s structure are assessed. In optical or diffractive superresolution the transmitted spatial-frequency band is not so much extended as either multiplexed with or displaced into regions that are usually beyond reach, with no overall gain in information transfer because prior knowledge is used to make inferences of possible object structure from the image. The Uncertainty Principle for photon position and momentum is never disobeyed. The study of the neural substrate of visual hyperacuity does, however, overlap that of &quot;geometr...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127535516" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="807302d373ee0e760f34ebd67c7b6b81" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121254943,"asset_id":127535516,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121254943/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="321035568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer">Gerald Westheimer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="321035568" type="text/json">{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127535516 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127535516"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127535516, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127535516", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127535516 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127535516; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127535516"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127535516 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127535516"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127535516; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127535516]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127535516").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127535516").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127535516"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="516" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics">Optics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="516" type="text/json">{"id":516,"name":"Optics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5359" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception">Visual perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5359" type="text/json">{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127535516]'), work: {"id":127535516,"title":"Optical superresolution and visual hyperacuity","created_at":"2025-02-08T13:04:32.177-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127535516/Optical_superresolution_and_visual_hyperacuity?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127535516","summary":"Classically, diffraction theory sets a boundary for the resolving capacity of optical instruments. Yet some visual thresholds have values much better than the traditional resolution limit. Recent developments in superresolution, an area of optical physics and engineering with claims of transcending the stated resolution limits of optical instruments, are reviewed and their possible relevance to visual spatial processing and to the exploration of the eye\u0026#39;s structure are assessed. In optical or diffractive superresolution the transmitted spatial-frequency band is not so much extended as either multiplexed with or displaced into regions that are usually beyond reach, with no overall gain in information transfer because prior knowledge is used to make inferences of possible object structure from the image. The Uncertainty Principle for photon position and momentum is never disobeyed. The study of the neural substrate of visual hyperacuity does, however, overlap that of \u0026quot;geometr...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121254943,"asset_id":127535516,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":516,"name":"Optics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":40271,"name":"Visual acuity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_acuity?f_ri=117200"},{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":548472,"name":"Optics and Photonics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics_and_Photonics?f_ri=117200"},{"id":954184,"name":"Hyperacuity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hyperacuity?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127535514" data-work_id="127535514" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127535514/Spatial_interaction_in_human_cone_vision">Spatial interaction in human cone vision</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">1. The adaptation state of a uniformly illuminated patch of human cone retina was determined by finding the threshold for a small, brief light spot seen flashing in its centre.2. When the illuminated patch of the retina is increased in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127535514" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">1. The adaptation state of a uniformly illuminated patch of human cone retina was determined by finding the threshold for a small, brief light spot seen flashing in its centre.2. When the illuminated patch of the retina is increased in diameter, the adaptation state is first raised, and beyond a critical background diameter, lowered.3. This is interpreted as a manifestation of excitatory and inhibitory interaction of adaptation stimuli: illumination of retinal regions in the immediate neighbourhood of the area tested acts to raise the adaptation level, and of those further removed acts to lower it.4. The critical area beyond which adapting light produces inhibition is about 5 min of arc in diameter in the eye&#39;s object space for foveal observation. For peripheral cone vision it increases much as the minimum angle of resolution.5. The inhibiting action of outlying areas is substantially reduced, or perhaps even eliminated, by lowering the background luminance.6. Surrounding the re...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127535514" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="54c3886548380e7129e304e3f0fa5f60" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121254944,"asset_id":127535514,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121254944/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="321035568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer">Gerald Westheimer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="321035568" type="text/json">{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127535514 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127535514"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127535514, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127535514", }); 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The adaptation state of a uniformly illuminated patch of human cone retina was determined by finding the threshold for a small, brief light spot seen flashing in its centre.2. When the illuminated patch of the retina is increased in diameter, the adaptation state is first raised, and beyond a critical background diameter, lowered.3. This is interpreted as a manifestation of excitatory and inhibitory interaction of adaptation stimuli: illumination of retinal regions in the immediate neighbourhood of the area tested acts to raise the adaptation level, and of those further removed acts to lower it.4. The critical area beyond which adapting light produces inhibition is about 5 min of arc in diameter in the eye\u0026#39;s object space for foveal observation. For peripheral cone vision it increases much as the minimum angle of resolution.5. The inhibiting action of outlying areas is substantially reduced, or perhaps even eliminated, by lowering the background luminance.6. Surrounding the re...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121254944,"asset_id":127535514,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":516,"name":"Optics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":276808,"name":"Spatial Interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_Interaction?f_ri=117200"},{"id":563992,"name":"Visual Fields","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Fields?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2005880,"name":"Luminance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Luminance?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3292278,"name":"Photoreceptor cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photoreceptor_cells?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127535509" data-work_id="127535509" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127535509/Center_surround_antagonism_in_spatial_vision_Retinal_or_cortical_locus">Center-surround antagonism in spatial vision: Retinal or cortical locus?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mach and Hering had early advanced a model of spatial visual processing featuring an antagonistic interaction between adjoining areas in the visual field. Spatial opponency was one of the first findings when single-unit studies of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127535509" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mach and Hering had early advanced a model of spatial visual processing featuring an antagonistic interaction between adjoining areas in the visual field. Spatial opponency was one of the first findings when single-unit studies of the retina were begun. Not long afterwards psychophysical experiments revealed a center-surround organization closely matching that found in the mammalian retina. It hinged on the demonstration of reduction of sensitivity in a small patch of the visual field when its surround was changed from dark to bright. Because such patterns inevitably produce borders, well-known phenomena of border interaction could be seen as providing alternative explanations, whose substrate would most likely be in the visual cortex. These competing viewpoints are discussed especially as they pertain to the recent demonstration of spatial differences in the center/surround organization between the normal and affected eyes of amblyopes. To the extent that most findings favor a retinal site for the psychophysically measured antagonism, and that evidence is accumulating for a direct effect on the mammalian retina of stimulus manipulation during visual development, the difference in spatial parameters of center/surround antagonism in amblyopia suggests that the dysfunction in amblyopia begins already in the retina.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127535509" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3ac0219aa33f5d30c2357cc6ba51f3b6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121254960,"asset_id":127535509,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121254960/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="321035568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer">Gerald Westheimer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="321035568" type="text/json">{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127535509 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127535509"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127535509, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127535509", }); 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Spatial opponency was one of the first findings when single-unit studies of the retina were begun. Not long afterwards psychophysical experiments revealed a center-surround organization closely matching that found in the mammalian retina. It hinged on the demonstration of reduction of sensitivity in a small patch of the visual field when its surround was changed from dark to bright. Because such patterns inevitably produce borders, well-known phenomena of border interaction could be seen as providing alternative explanations, whose substrate would most likely be in the visual cortex. These competing viewpoints are discussed especially as they pertain to the recent demonstration of spatial differences in the center/surround organization between the normal and affected eyes of amblyopes. To the extent that most findings favor a retinal site for the psychophysically measured antagonism, and that evidence is accumulating for a direct effect on the mammalian retina of stimulus manipulation during visual development, the difference in spatial parameters of center/surround antagonism in amblyopia suggests that the dysfunction in amblyopia begins already in the retina.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121254960,"asset_id":127535509,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":246,"name":"Psychophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychophysics?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":28865,"name":"Amblyopia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amblyopia?f_ri=117200"},{"id":45349,"name":"Space perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_perception?f_ri=117200"},{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex?f_ri=117200"},{"id":59692,"name":"Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":158333,"name":"Receptive Field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Receptive_Field?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127535506" data-work_id="127535506" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127535506/The_ON_OFF_dichotomy_in_visual_processing_From_receptors_to_perception">The ON–OFF dichotomy in visual processing: From receptors to perception</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Vision scientists long ago pointed to black and white as separate sensations and saw confirmation in the fact that in the absence of light one perceives the visual field as gray against which the negative after-image of a bright light... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127535506" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Vision scientists long ago pointed to black and white as separate sensations and saw confirmation in the fact that in the absence of light one perceives the visual field as gray against which the negative after-image of a bright light appeared blacker. The first recordings from optic nerve fibers in vertebrates revealed ON and OFF signals, later associated with separate streams, arising already at the synapse between receptors and bipolar cells. These can be identified anatomically and physiologically and remain distinct all the way to the lateral geniculate nucleus, whose fibers form the input to the primary visual cortex. The dichotomy has been probed by electro-retinography and analyzed by means of pharmacological agents and dysfunction due to genetic causes. The bi-rather than a unidirectional nature of the retinal output has advantages in allowing small signals to remain prominent over a greater dynamic range. The two streams innervate cortical neurons in a push-pull manner, generating receptive fields with spatial sensitivity profiles featuring On and Off subregions. Manifestations of the dichotomy appear in a variety of simple visual discriminations where there are often profound threshold differences in patterns with same-polarity as compared with mixed contrast-polarity components. But even at levels in which the spatial, contrast and color attributes have already been securely established and black and white elements participate equally, a categorical difference between blackness and whiteness of a percept persists. It is an opponency, akin to the ones in the color domain, derived from the original ON and OFF signals and subsequently bound with the other attributes to yield a feature's unitary percept.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127535506" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dd993abe9d3df5776f0fe4bb7e7beabb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121254941,"asset_id":127535506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121254941/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="321035568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer">Gerald Westheimer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="321035568" type="text/json">{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127535506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127535506"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127535506, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127535506", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127535506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127535506; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127535506"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127535506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127535506"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127535506; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127535506]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127535506").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127535506").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127535506"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5359" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception">Visual perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5359" type="text/json">{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127535506]'), work: {"id":127535506,"title":"The ON–OFF dichotomy in visual processing: From receptors to perception","created_at":"2025-02-08T13:04:28.388-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127535506/The_ON_OFF_dichotomy_in_visual_processing_From_receptors_to_perception?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127535506","summary":"Vision scientists long ago pointed to black and white as separate sensations and saw confirmation in the fact that in the absence of light one perceives the visual field as gray against which the negative after-image of a bright light appeared blacker. The first recordings from optic nerve fibers in vertebrates revealed ON and OFF signals, later associated with separate streams, arising already at the synapse between receptors and bipolar cells. These can be identified anatomically and physiologically and remain distinct all the way to the lateral geniculate nucleus, whose fibers form the input to the primary visual cortex. The dichotomy has been probed by electro-retinography and analyzed by means of pharmacological agents and dysfunction due to genetic causes. The bi-rather than a unidirectional nature of the retinal output has advantages in allowing small signals to remain prominent over a greater dynamic range. The two streams innervate cortical neurons in a push-pull manner, generating receptive fields with spatial sensitivity profiles featuring On and Off subregions. Manifestations of the dichotomy appear in a variety of simple visual discriminations where there are often profound threshold differences in patterns with same-polarity as compared with mixed contrast-polarity components. But even at levels in which the spatial, contrast and color attributes have already been securely established and black and white elements participate equally, a categorical difference between blackness and whiteness of a percept persists. It is an opponency, akin to the ones in the color domain, derived from the original ON and OFF signals and subsequently bound with the other attributes to yield a feature's unitary percept.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121254941,"asset_id":127535506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex?f_ri=117200"},{"id":83187,"name":"Contrast Polarity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contrast_Polarity?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":128282,"name":"Visual System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_System?f_ri=117200"},{"id":158333,"name":"Receptive Field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Receptive_Field?f_ri=117200"},{"id":193019,"name":"Efference Copy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Efference_Copy?f_ri=117200"},{"id":207165,"name":"Lateral Geniculate Nucleus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lateral_Geniculate_Nucleus?f_ri=117200"},{"id":335981,"name":"Perceptual grouping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perceptual_grouping?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2955059,"name":"Percept","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Percept?f_ri=117200"},{"id":4134371,"name":"Visual Pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Pathways?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127535505" data-work_id="127535505" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127535505/Specifying_and_controlling_the_optical_image_on_the_human_retina">Specifying and controlling the optical image on the human retina</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A review covering the trends that led to the current state of knowledge in the areas of: (a) schematic models of the eye, and the definition of the retinal image in terms of first-order optics; (b) the description of the actual image on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127535505" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A review covering the trends that led to the current state of knowledge in the areas of: (a) schematic models of the eye, and the definition of the retinal image in terms of first-order optics; (b) the description of the actual image on the retina and methods for accessing and characterizing it; (c) available procedures for controlling the quality of the retinal image in defined situations; and (d) intra-receptoral optical effects that cause differences between the light distribution on the retinal surface and at the level of interaction with photopigment molecules.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127535505" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="79ce42492e6e3406ffc08bb180d3e921" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121254937,"asset_id":127535505,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121254937/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="321035568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer">Gerald Westheimer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="321035568" type="text/json">{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127535505 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127535505"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127535505, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127535505", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127535505 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127535505; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127535505"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127535505 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127535505"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127535505; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127535505]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127535505").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127535505").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127535505"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1328" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiation">Radiation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1328" type="text/json">{"id":1328,"name":"Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiation?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127535505]'), work: {"id":127535505,"title":"Specifying and controlling the optical image on the human retina","created_at":"2025-02-08T13:04:28.105-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127535505/Specifying_and_controlling_the_optical_image_on_the_human_retina?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127535505","summary":"A review covering the trends that led to the current state of knowledge in the areas of: (a) schematic models of the eye, and the definition of the retinal image in terms of first-order optics; (b) the description of the actual image on the retina and methods for accessing and characterizing it; (c) available procedures for controlling the quality of the retinal image in defined situations; and (d) intra-receptoral optical effects that cause differences between the light distribution on the retinal surface and at the level of interaction with photopigment molecules.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121254937,"asset_id":127535505,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":1328,"name":"Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiation?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":30415,"name":"Image Quality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Quality?f_ri=117200"},{"id":59692,"name":"Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vision?f_ri=117200"},{"id":65140,"name":"Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Models?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117643,"name":"Biological","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological?f_ri=117200"},{"id":128057,"name":"Light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":359001,"name":"Optometry and Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry_and_Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200"},{"id":428971,"name":"Refraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refraction?f_ri=117200"},{"id":441926,"name":"Scattering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scattering?f_ri=117200"},{"id":469023,"name":"Ocular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ocular?f_ri=117200"},{"id":982077,"name":"Refractive Errors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refractive_Errors?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2280476,"name":"Schematic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schematic?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2738148,"name":"phototransduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/phototransduction?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3193280,"name":"Human Eye","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Eye?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127535504" data-work_id="127535504" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127535504/Directional_sensitivity_of_the_retina_75_years_of_Stiles_Crawford_effect">Directional sensitivity of the retina: 75 years of Stiles–Crawford effect</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The reduction of the brightness when a light beam&#39;s entry into the eye is shifted from the centre to the edge of the pupil has from the outset been shown to be due to a change in luminous efficiency of radiation when it is incident... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127535504" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The reduction of the brightness when a light beam&#39;s entry into the eye is shifted from the centre to the edge of the pupil has from the outset been shown to be due to a change in luminous efficiency of radiation when it is incident obliquely on the retina. The phenomenon is most prominent in photopic vision and this has concentrated attention on the properties of retinal cones, where responsibility has yet to be assigned to factors such as differences in shape, fine structure and configuration, and membrane anchoring of photopigment molecules. Geometrical optics and waveguide formulations have been applied to the question of how light is guided in receptors, but details of their geometry and optical parameters even if they become available will make calculations complex and of only moderate generality. In practice, the diminution of oblique light helps visual performance by reducing deleterious influence of ocular aberrations and of glare caused by light scattering when the pupi...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127535504" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6557e008b7aec40552f323ee89de81be" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121254922,"asset_id":127535504,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121254922/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="321035568" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer">Gerald Westheimer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="321035568" type="text/json">{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127535504 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127535504"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127535504, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127535504", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127535504 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127535504; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127535504"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127535504 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127535504"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127535504; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127535504]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127535504").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127535504").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127535504"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="498" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="498" type="text/json">{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="516" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics">Optics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="516" type="text/json">{"id":516,"name":"Optics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127535504]'), work: {"id":127535504,"title":"Directional sensitivity of the retina: 75 years of Stiles–Crawford effect","created_at":"2025-02-08T13:04:27.710-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127535504/Directional_sensitivity_of_the_retina_75_years_of_Stiles_Crawford_effect?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127535504","summary":"The reduction of the brightness when a light beam\u0026#39;s entry into the eye is shifted from the centre to the edge of the pupil has from the outset been shown to be due to a change in luminous efficiency of radiation when it is incident obliquely on the retina. The phenomenon is most prominent in photopic vision and this has concentrated attention on the properties of retinal cones, where responsibility has yet to be assigned to factors such as differences in shape, fine structure and configuration, and membrane anchoring of photopigment molecules. Geometrical optics and waveguide formulations have been applied to the question of how light is guided in receptors, but details of their geometry and optical parameters even if they become available will make calculations complex and of only moderate generality. In practice, the diminution of oblique light helps visual performance by reducing deleterious influence of ocular aberrations and of glare caused by light scattering when the pupi...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121254922,"asset_id":127535504,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":321035568,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Westheimer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Westheimer","display_name":"Gerald Westheimer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Westheimer?f_ri=117200","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/321035568/163308160/153096184/s65_gerald.westheimer.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":516,"name":"Optics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":54508,"name":"Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Review?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":128057,"name":"Light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light?f_ri=117200"},{"id":548472,"name":"Optics and Photonics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics_and_Photonics?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2592254,"name":"Brightness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brightness?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3749950,"name":"phototropism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/phototropism?f_ri=117200"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127532765" data-work_id="127532765" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127532765/Central_Retinal_Vein_Occlusion_with_Three_Retinal_Quadrant_Involvement_Another_Focus_on_Optic_Disc_Head_Vascular_Anatomy_Variations">Central Retinal Vein Occlusion with Three-Retinal Quadrant Involvement: Another Focus on Optic Disc Head Vascular Anatomy Variations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A 50-year-old male patient with sudden visual acuity loss in his right eye came to our clinic. Visual acuity at presentation was 1/10 in right eye and 10/10 in left. The patient was otherwise healthy Caucasian man without any history of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127532765" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A 50-year-old male patient with sudden visual acuity loss in his right eye came to our clinic. Visual acuity at presentation was 1/10 in right eye and 10/10 in left. The patient was otherwise healthy Caucasian man without any history of previous systemic or ophthalmic disease. There was not any history of amblyopia and refractive error. Anterior segment findings were unremarkable. Three quadrants of retina were fully involved with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) features including retinal hemorrhages, retinal edema obscuring retinal details, and cotton wool spots while sparing inferior temporal quadrant. Inferior temporal quadrant sparing in this patient is due to a specific retinal vascular anatomical variation. In conclusion, in unusual presentations of retinal vascular branch obstructions, considering retinal vascular anatomy variations would help us to explain the clinical presentation more precisely in some cases.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127532765" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cfd3fa8f7c2f82c9e7564dd5a2738530" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121252555,"asset_id":127532765,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121252555/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12608537" href="https://tums.academia.edu/nargeshassanpoor">narges hassanpoor</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12608537" type="text/json">{"id":12608537,"first_name":"narges","last_name":"hassanpoor","domain_name":"tums","page_name":"nargeshassanpoor","display_name":"narges hassanpoor","profile_url":"https://tums.academia.edu/nargeshassanpoor?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127532765 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127532765"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127532765, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127532765", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127532765 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127532765; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127532765"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127532765 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127532765"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127532765; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127532765]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127532765").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127532765").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127532765"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="627" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="627" type="text/json">{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="647" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surgery">Surgery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="647" type="text/json">{"id":647,"name":"Surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surgery?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127532765]'), work: {"id":127532765,"title":"Central Retinal Vein Occlusion with Three-Retinal Quadrant Involvement: Another Focus on Optic Disc Head Vascular Anatomy Variations","created_at":"2025-02-08T08:32:21.653-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/127532765/Central_Retinal_Vein_Occlusion_with_Three_Retinal_Quadrant_Involvement_Another_Focus_on_Optic_Disc_Head_Vascular_Anatomy_Variations?f_ri=117200","dom_id":"work_127532765","summary":"A 50-year-old male patient with sudden visual acuity loss in his right eye came to our clinic. Visual acuity at presentation was 1/10 in right eye and 10/10 in left. The patient was otherwise healthy Caucasian man without any history of previous systemic or ophthalmic disease. There was not any history of amblyopia and refractive error. Anterior segment findings were unremarkable. Three quadrants of retina were fully involved with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) features including retinal hemorrhages, retinal edema obscuring retinal details, and cotton wool spots while sparing inferior temporal quadrant. Inferior temporal quadrant sparing in this patient is due to a specific retinal vascular anatomical variation. In conclusion, in unusual presentations of retinal vascular branch obstructions, considering retinal vascular anatomy variations would help us to explain the clinical presentation more precisely in some cases.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121252555,"asset_id":127532765,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12608537,"first_name":"narges","last_name":"hassanpoor","domain_name":"tums","page_name":"nargeshassanpoor","display_name":"narges hassanpoor","profile_url":"https://tums.academia.edu/nargeshassanpoor?f_ri=117200","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":647,"name":"Surgery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surgery?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=117200","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=117200"},{"id":40271,"name":"Visual acuity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_acuity?f_ri=117200"},{"id":54589,"name":"Anatomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy?f_ri=117200"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina?f_ri=117200"},{"id":177908,"name":"Retinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1011492,"name":"Optic Disc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Disc?f_ri=117200"},{"id":1714173,"name":"Macular edema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macular_edema?f_ri=117200"},{"id":2743091,"name":"Central retinal vein occlusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_retinal_vein_occlusion?f_ri=117200"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127527009" data-work_id="127527009" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127527009/Vestibular_information_contributes_to_update_retinotopic_maps">Vestibular information contributes to update retinotopic maps</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">IN order to investigate the contribution of the vestibular system to spatial orientation, we studied memoryguided saccades in three conditions: visual-memory guided saccades (ViC), saccades to the remembered spatiotopic position of a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127527009" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">IN order to investigate the contribution of the vestibular system to spatial orientation, we studied memoryguided saccades in three conditions: visual-memory guided saccades (ViC), saccades to the remembered spatiotopic position of a visual target, after whole-body rotation (SVeC) and saccades to the remembered retinotopic position of a visual target, after whole-body rotation (RVeC). Visual feedback presented after each trial allowed eye position correction. The error was larger in SVeC, but the performance improved throughout the experiment (learning) in that condition only. As learning occurred over the ®rst four trials, we omitted these trials from the average computation, and the signi®cant difference between the conditions disappeared. It is concluded that vestibular information does contribute to update the internal spatial representation of visual information when a visual feedback is provided. NeuroReport 10:3479±3483 # 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127527009" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1c75e84288d75243eeec3cd48a896ec6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121247515,"asset_id":127527009,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121247515/download_file?st=MTczOTcxOTY2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32695296" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JVentredominey">J. Ventre-dominey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32695296" type="text/json">{"id":32695296,"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Ventre-dominey","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JVentredominey","display_name":"J. 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Visual feedback presented after each trial allowed eye position correction. The error was larger in SVeC, but the performance improved throughout the experiment (learning) in that condition only. As learning occurred over the ®rst four trials, we omitted these trials from the average computation, and the signi®cant difference between the conditions disappeared. It is concluded that vestibular information does contribute to update the internal spatial representation of visual information when a visual feedback is provided. NeuroReport 10:3479±3483 # 1999 Lippincott Williams \u0026 Wilkins.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121247515,"asset_id":127527009,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32695296,"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Ventre-dominey","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JVentredominey","display_name":"J. 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