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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Social behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Venom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conservation status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_and_subspecies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_and_subspecies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Species and subspecies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_and_subspecies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Garter snake</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="غرطر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Панделковидни змии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Панделковидни змии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strumpfbandnattern" title="Strumpfbandnattern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strumpfbandnattern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82%CA%BCiish_nood%C7%AB%CC%81%C7%ABzii" title="Tłʼiish noodǫ́ǫzii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tłʼiish noodǫ́ǫzii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripimadu" title="Tripimadu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tripimadu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Θαμνόφις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θαμνόφις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="مار بندجورابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مار بندجورابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%ED%84%B0%EB%B1%80%EC%86%8D" title="가터뱀속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가터뱀속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_Garter" title="Ular Garter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ular Garter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נחש בירית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחש בירית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai%C5%A1tin%C4%97s_gyvat%C4%97s" title="Raištinės gyvatės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raištinės gyvatės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="غرطر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غرطر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kousenbandslangen" title="Kousenbandslangen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kousenbandslangen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B8mpeb%C3%A5ndsnoker" title="Strømpebåndsnoker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Strømpebåndsnoker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Подвязочные змеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подвязочные змеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garter_snake" title="Garter snake – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Garter snake" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkanauhak%C3%A4%C3%A4rmeet" title="Sukkanauhakäärmeet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukkanauhakäärmeet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strumpebandssnokar" title="Strumpebandssnokar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Strumpebandssnokar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கார்ட்டர் பாம்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்ட்டர் பாம்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Підв'язкова змія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Підв'язкова змія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" title="Thamnophis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thamnophis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9F%E5%B8%A6%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%9E" title="束带蛇属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Common name for North American snakes of the genus Thamnophis</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The article is about North American garter snakes. For the unrelated venomous snakes of Africa also called garter snakes, see <i><a href="/wiki/Elapsoidea" title="Elapsoidea">Elapsoidea</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Garter snake </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_sirtalis_sirtalis_Wooster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thamnophis_sirtalis_sirtalis_Wooster.jpg/220px-Thamnophis_sirtalis_sirtalis_Wooster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thamnophis_sirtalis_sirtalis_Wooster.jpg/330px-Thamnophis_sirtalis_sirtalis_Wooster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thamnophis_sirtalis_sirtalis_Wooster.jpg/440px-Thamnophis_sirtalis_sirtalis_Wooster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3384" data-file-height="2820" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_garter_snake" title="Eastern garter snake">eastern garter snake</a><br />(<i>Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Thamnophis" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">Serpentes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colubridae" title="Colubridae">Colubridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natricinae" title="Natricinae">Natricinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Thamnophis</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Fitzinger" title="Leopold Fitzinger">Fitzinger</a>, 1843</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>35, see <a href="#Species_and_subspecies">text</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Thamnophis_range.png/220px-Thamnophis_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Thamnophis_range.png/330px-Thamnophis_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Thamnophis_range.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="316" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Thamnophis</i> distribution </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Atomarchus</i>, <i>Chilopoma</i>, <i>Eutaenia</i>, <i>Eutainia</i>, <i>Phamnovis</i>, <i>Prymnomiodon</i>, <i>Stypocemus</i>, <i>Tropidonote</i>, <i>Tropidonotus</i> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Garter snake</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> for small to medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Thamnophis</b></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Colubridae" title="Colubridae">Colubridae</a>. They are native to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, ranging from central <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> in the south. </p><p>With about 35 recognized species and subspecies, garter snakes are highly variable in appearance; generally, they have large round eyes with rounded pupils, a slender build, keeled scales (appearing ‘raised’), and a pattern of longitudinal stripes that may or may not include spots (although some have no stripes at all). Certain subspecies have stripes of blue, yellow, or red, mixed with black tops and beige-tan underbelly markings. They also vary significantly in total length, from 18 to 51 in (46 to 130 cm). </p><p>With no real consensus on the classification of the species of <i>Thamnophis</i>, disagreements between <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomists</a> and disputed sources (such as field guides) are common. One area of debate, for example, is whether or not two specific types of snake are separate species, or <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the same. Garter snakes are closely related to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nerodia" title="Nerodia">Nerodia</a></i> (water snakes), with some species having been moved back and forth between genera. </p><p>Garter snakes have been found to be one of the few species of snakes in the world to be both venomous and poisonous. However both are so medically insignificant that it would be extremely unlikely to harm even a human baby. The poisonous aspect comes from their diet so if they are not eating poisonous frogs they are not in fact poisonous as an individual. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garter_snake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first garter snake to be scientifically described was the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_garter_snake" title="Eastern garter snake">eastern garter snake</a> (now <i>Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis</i>), by zoologist and taxonomist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758. The genus <i>Thamnophis</i> was described by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Fitzinger" title="Leopold Fitzinger">Leopold Fitzinger</a> in 1843 as the genus for the garter snakes and ribbon snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many snakes previously identified as their own genera or species have been reclassified as species or subspecies in <i>Thamnophis</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Reptile_Database" title="Reptile Database">Reptile Database</a> currently recognised 37 species in the genus, some with several subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garter_snake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Native to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in the genus <i>Thamnophis</i> can be found in all of the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">lower 48 United States</a>, and all of the Canadian provinces. They are found from the <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> plains of west-central <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> east through <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> and south to <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, across the southern and central U.S. into the arid regions of the southwest and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and south to the neotropics and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>. </p><p>Garter snakes are not originally native to the eastern Canadian island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, but have been breeding there in the wild and gradually spreading since at least 2010. It is unknown how they reached the island, probably accidentally via <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> shipments or as escaped pets.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their wide distribution is due to their varied diets and adaptability to different habitats, with varying proximity to water. However, in the western part of North America these snakes are more aquatic than in the eastern portion. Garter snakes live in a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, fields, grasslands and lawns, but never far from water, often an adjacent wetland, stream or pond. This reflects the fact that amphibians are a large part of their diet. Garter snakes are often found near small ponds with tall weeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garter_snake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garter_snake_tooth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Garter_snake_tooth.jpg/220px-Garter_snake_tooth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Garter_snake_tooth.jpg/330px-Garter_snake_tooth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Garter_snake_tooth.jpg/440px-Garter_snake_tooth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>The posterior tooth of a garter snake</figcaption></figure> <p>Garter snakes have complex <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromonal</a> communication systems. They can find other snakes by following their pheromone-scented trails. Male and female skin pheromones are so different as to be immediately distinguishable. However, male garter snakes sometimes produce both male and female pheromones. During the mating season, this ability fools other males into attempting to mate with them. This causes the transfer of heat to them in <a href="/wiki/Kleptothermy" title="Kleptothermy">kleptothermy</a>, which is an advantage immediately after <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>, allowing them to become more active.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male snakes giving off both male and female pheromones have been shown to garner more copulations than normal males in the <a href="/wiki/Mating_ball" title="Mating ball">mating balls</a> that form at the den when females enter the mating melee. A snake hatch can include as many as 57 young.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garter snakes use the <a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ" title="Vomeronasal organ">vomeronasal organ</a> to communicate via pheromones through tongue flicking, which gathers chemical cues in the environment. Upon entering the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of the organ, the chemical molecules will come into contact with the sensory cells, which are attached to the neurosensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If disturbed, a garter snake may coil and strike, but it typically hides its head and flails its tail. These snakes will also discharge a malodorous, musky-scented secretion from a gland near the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>. This secretion from North American garter snakes contains seven highly odoriferous volatile components: <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Propanoic acid">propanoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/2-methylpropanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="2-methylpropanoic acid">2-methylpropanoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Butanoic acid">butanoic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3-Methylbutanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="3-Methylbutanoic acid">3-methylbutanoic</a> acids; and <a href="/wiki/Trimethylamine" title="Trimethylamine">trimethylamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2-Piperidinone" title="2-Piperidinone">2-piperidone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often use these techniques to escape when ensnared by a predator. They will also slither into the water to escape a predator on land. <a href="/wiki/Hawks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawks">Hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a> and other snake species (such as <a href="/wiki/Coral_snake" title="Coral snake">coral snakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingsnake" title="Kingsnake">kingsnakes</a>) will eat garter snakes, with even <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> eating the juveniles. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garter_Snake_Scales.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Garter_Snake_Scales.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Garter_Snake_Scales.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Garter_Snake_Scales.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Garter_Snake_Scales.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Garter_Snake_Scales.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Garter_Snake_Scales.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Close up of the scales on the back of the common garter snake</figcaption></figure> <p>Being <a href="/wiki/Heterothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterothermic">heterothermic</a>, like all <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, garter snakes bask in the sun to regulate their body temperature. During <a href="/wiki/Brumate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brumate">brumation</a> (the reptile equivalent of hibernation), garter snakes typically occupy large communal sites called <a href="/wiki/Hibernaculum_(zoology)" title="Hibernaculum (zoology)">hibernacula</a>. These snakes will migrate large distances to <a href="/wiki/Brumate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brumate">brumate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behavior">Social behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garter_snake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A long-term study by the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Ministry_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Ministry of Transportation">Ontario Ministry of Transportation</a> has shed light on the social behavior of Butler's garter snakes. The study, conducted in a 250-hectare area near <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, Canada</a>, tracked over 3,000 individual snakes over a 12-year period. The findings challenge previous assumptions about solitary snake behavior and suggest that these snakes form social groups and communities. The study revealed that Butler's garter snakes do not wander randomly but instead tend to associate with specific groups of snakes. These groups typically consist of three to four individuals, with some larger groups reaching up to 46 snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garter_snake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garter_swallowing_frog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Garter_swallowing_frog.jpg/220px-Garter_swallowing_frog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Garter_swallowing_frog.jpg/330px-Garter_swallowing_frog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Garter_swallowing_frog.jpg/440px-Garter_swallowing_frog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Eating a frog</figcaption></figure> <p>Garter snakes, like all snakes, are carnivorous. Their diet consists of almost any creature they are capable of overpowering: <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumbricus_terrestris" title="Lumbricus terrestris">nightcrawlers</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Eisenia_fetida" title="Eisenia fetida">redworms</a> are toxic to garter snakes), <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frog</a> eggs), <a href="/wiki/Minnow" title="Minnow">minnows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>. When living near water, they eat other aquatic animals. The <a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_saurita" title="Thamnophis saurita">ribbon snake</a> (<i>Thamnophis saurita</i>) in particular favors <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a>), readily eating them despite their strong chemical defenses. Food is swallowed whole. Garter snakes often adapt to eating whatever they can find and whenever they can find it because food can be either scarce or abundant. Although they feed mostly on live <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> they will sometimes eat eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venom">Venom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garter_snake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Venom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garter snakes were long thought to be non-<a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venomous</a>, but discoveries in the early 2000s revealed that they produce a neurotoxic venom.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, garter snakes cannot seriously injure or kill humans with the small amounts of comparatively mild venom they produce and they also lack an effective means of delivering it. In a few cases, some swelling and bruising has been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-warm_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do have enlarged teeth in the back of their mouth<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but their gums are significantly larger and the secretions of their <a href="/wiki/Duvernoy%27s_gland" title="Duvernoy's gland">Duvernoy's gland</a> are only mildly toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-warm_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warm-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence suggests that garter snake and <a href="/wiki/Newt" title="Newt">newt</a> populations share an evolutionary link in their <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a> resistance levels, implying <a href="/wiki/Co-evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-evolution">co-evolution</a> between predator and prey.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garter snakes feeding on toxic newts can also retain those toxins in their liver for weeks, making those snakes poisonous as well as venomous.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garter_snake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conservation status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mating_ball_of_garter_snakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mating_ball_of_garter_snakes.jpg/220px-Mating_ball_of_garter_snakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mating_ball_of_garter_snakes.jpg/330px-Mating_ball_of_garter_snakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mating_ball_of_garter_snakes.jpg/440px-Mating_ball_of_garter_snakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>A mating ball</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gartersnake2128.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gartersnake2128.JPG/220px-Gartersnake2128.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gartersnake2128.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>A young garter snake</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the decline in their population from collection as pets (especially in the more northerly regions, in which large groups are collected at hibernation),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pollution of aquatic areas, and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/American_bullfrog" title="American bullfrog">American bullfrogs</a> as potential predators, garter snakes are still some of the most commonly found reptiles in much of their ranges. The San Francisco garter snake (<i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_sirtalis_tetrataenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia">Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia</a></i>), however, has been on the endangered list since 1969. Predation by <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> has also been responsible for the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Narrow-headed_garter_snake" title="Narrow-headed garter snake">narrow-headed garter snake</a> (<i>Thamnophis rufipunctatus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many breeders have bred all species of garter snakes, making it a popular breed. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_and_subspecies">Species and subspecies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garter_snake&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Species and subspecies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arranged alphabetically by scientific name: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Subspecies</th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_atratus_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Thamnophis_atratus_%281%29.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_atratus_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Thamnophis_atratus_%281%29.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_atratus_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Thamnophis_atratus_%281%29.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_atratus_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1222" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_garter_snake" title="Aquatic garter snake">Aquatic garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_atratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis atratus">Thamnophis atratus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennicott" title="Robert Kennicott">Kennicott</a>, 1860) </span></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Cruz_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Cruz garter snake (page does not exist)">Santa Cruz garter snake</a>, <i>T. a. atratus</i> (Kennicott, 1860)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oregon_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oregon garter snake (page does not exist)">Oregon garter snake</a>, <i>T. a. hydrophilus</i> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sheldon_Fitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Sheldon Fitch">Fitch</a>, 1936</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diablo_Range_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diablo Range garter snake (page does not exist)">Diablo Range garter snake</a>, <i>T. a. zaxanthus</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Boundy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Boundy (page does not exist)">Boundy</a>, 1999</li></ul> </td> <td>coast of Oregon and California. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bogert%27s_garter_snake" title="Bogert's garter snake">Bogert's garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_bogerti" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis bogerti">Thamnophis bogerti</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Rossman" title="Douglas A. Rossman">Rossman</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_T._Burbrink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank T. Burbrink (page does not exist)">Burbrink</a>, 2005 </span></td> <td> </td> <td>Oaxaca, Mexico </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shorthead_garter_snake" title="Shorthead garter snake">Shorthead garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_brachystoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis brachystoma">Thamnophis brachystoma</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Cope</a>, 1892)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>northwestern Pennsylvania and southwestern New York. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_butleri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Thamnophis_butleri.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_butleri.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Thamnophis_butleri.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_butleri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Thamnophis_butleri.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_butleri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_garter_snake" title="Butler's garter snake">Butler's garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_butleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis butleri">Thamnophis butleri</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cope, 1889) </span></td> <td> </td> <td>northwestern Ohio, northeastern Indiana, the eastern portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and the adjacent extreme southern tip of Ontario, Canada. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goldenhead_garter_snake" title="Goldenhead garter snake">Goldenhead garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_chrysocephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis chrysocephalus">Thamnophis chrysocephalus</a> </i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (Cope, 1885)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conant%27s_garter_snake" title="Conant's garter snake">Conant's garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_conanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis conanti">Thamnophis conanti</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rossman & Burbrink, 2005 </span></td> <td> </td> <td>Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cope%27s_mountain_meadow_snake" class="mw-redirect" title="Cope's mountain meadow snake">Cope's mountain meadow snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_copei" title="Thamnophis copei">Thamnophis copei</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Dug%C3%A8s" title="Alfredo Dugès">Dugès</a>, 1879</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_garter_snake_handled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sierra_garter_snake_handled.jpg/120px-Sierra_garter_snake_handled.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sierra_garter_snake_handled.jpg/180px-Sierra_garter_snake_handled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sierra_garter_snake_handled.jpg/240px-Sierra_garter_snake_handled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_garter_snake" title="Sierra garter snake">Sierra garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_couchii" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis couchii">Thamnophis couchii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kennicott, 1859) </span></td> <td> </td> <td>California and Oregon in the United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_cyrtopsis_ocellatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Thamnophis_cyrtopsis_ocellatus.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_cyrtopsis_ocellatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Thamnophis_cyrtopsis_ocellatus.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_cyrtopsis_ocellatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Thamnophis_cyrtopsis_ocellatus.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_cyrtopsis_ocellatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></td> <td>Blackneck garter snake, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_cyrtopsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis cyrtopsis">Thamnophis cyrtopsis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (Kennicott, 1860)</span></td> <td> <ul><li>Western blackneck garter snake, <i>T. c. cyrtopsis</i> (Kennicott, 1860)</li> <li>Eastern blackneck garter snake, <i>T. c. ocellatus</i> (Cope, 1880)</li> <li>Tropical blackneck garter snake, <i>T. c. collaris</i> (<a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Jan" title="Giorgio Jan">Jan</a>, 1863)</li></ul> </td> <td>southwestern United States, Mexico and Guatemala </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg/120px-Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg/180px-Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg/240px-Coast_Garter_Snake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_terrestrial_garter_snake" title="Western terrestrial garter snake">Western terrestrial garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_elegans" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis elegans">Thamnophis elegans</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Spencer_Fullerton_Baird" title="Spencer Fullerton Baird">Baird</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Girard" title="Charles Frédéric Girard">Girard</a>, 1853) </span></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> garter snake, <i>T. e. arizonae</i> <a href="/wiki/Wilmer_W._Tanner" title="Wilmer W. Tanner">W. Tanner</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Lowe" title="Charles Herbert Lowe">Lowe</a>, 1989</li> <li>Mountain garter snake, <i>T. e. elegans</i> (Baird & Girard, 1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_San_Pedro_M%C3%A1rtir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra San Pedro Mártir">San Pedro Mártir</a> garter snake, <i>T. e. hueyi</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Denburgh" title="John Van Denburgh">Van Denburgh</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Richard_Slevin" title="Joseph Richard Slevin">Slevin</a>, 1923</li> <li>Coastal garter snake, <i>T. e. terrestris</i> <a href="/wiki/Wade_Fox" title="Wade Fox">Fox</a>, 1951</li> <li>Wandering garter snake, <i>T. e. vagrans</i> (Baird & Girard, 1853)</li> <li>Upper Basin garter snake, <i>T. e. vascotanneri</i> W. Tanner & Lowe, 1989</li></ul> </td> <td>central British Columbia, central Alberta, and southwestern Manitoba in Canada, central United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_eques1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thamnophis_eques1.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_eques1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thamnophis_eques1.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_eques1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thamnophis_eques1.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_eques1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_garter_snake" title="Mexican garter snake">Mexican garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_eques" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis eques">Thamnophis eques</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Reuss" class="extiw" title="fr:Adolph Reuss">Reuss</a>, 1834) </span></td> <td> <ul><li>Mexican garter snake, <i>T. e. eques</i> (Reuss, 1834)</li> <li>Laguna Totolcingo garter snake, <i>T. e. carmenensis</i> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Conant_(herpetologist)" title="Roger Conant (herpetologist)">Conant</a>, 2003</li> <li><i>T. e. cuitzeoensis</i> Conant, 2003</li> <li><i>T. e. diluvialis</i> Conant, 2003</li> <li><i>T. e. insperatus</i> Conant, 2003</li> <li>Northern Mexican garter snake, <i>T. e. megalops</i> (Kennicott, 1860)</li> <li><i>T. e. obscurus</i> Conant, 2003</li> <li><i>T. e. patzcuaroensis</i> Conant, 2003</li> <li><i>T. e. scotti</i> Conant, 2003</li> <li><i>T. e. virgatenuis</i> Conant, 1963</li></ul> </td> <td>Mexico and in the United States (Arizona and New Mexico). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_errans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thamnophis_errans.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_errans.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thamnophis_errans.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_errans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thamnophis_errans.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_errans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wandering_garter_snake" title="Mexican wandering garter snake">Mexican wandering garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_errans" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis errans">Thamnophis errans</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hobart_Muir_Smith" title="Hobart Muir Smith">H. M. Smith</a>, 1942</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Nayarit, and Zacatecas States of Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montane_garter_snake" title="Montane garter snake">Montane garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_exsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis exsul">Thamnophis exsul</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rossman, 1969 </span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fox%27s_mountain_meadow_snake" title="Fox's mountain meadow snake">Fox's mountain meadow snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_foxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis foxi">Thamnophis foxi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Rossman" title="Douglas A. Rossman">Rossman</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_M._Blaney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard M. Blaney (page does not exist)">Blaney</a>, 1968</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Highland_garter_snake" title="Highland garter snake">Highland garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_fulvus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis fulvus">Thamnophis fulvus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<a href="/wiki/Marie_Firmin_Bocourt" title="Marie Firmin Bocourt">Bocourt</a>, 1893)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Garter_Snake_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Giant_Garter_Snake_1.jpg/120px-Giant_Garter_Snake_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Giant_Garter_Snake_1.jpg/180px-Giant_Garter_Snake_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Giant_Garter_Snake_1.jpg/240px-Giant_Garter_Snake_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1414" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giant_garter_snake" title="Giant garter snake">Giant garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis gigas">Thamnophis gigas</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sheldon_Fitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Sheldon Fitch">Fitch</a>, 1940</span></td> <td> </td> <td>central California. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Godman%27s_garter_snake" title="Godman's garter snake">Godman's garter snake</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_godmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis godmani">Thamnophis godmani</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther" title="Albert Günther">Günther</a>, 1894) </span></td> <td> </td> <td>southern Mexico </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_hammondii_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thamnophis_hammondii_02.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_hammondii_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thamnophis_hammondii_02.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_hammondii_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thamnophis_hammondii_02.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_hammondii_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4147" data-file-height="2765" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Two-striped_garter_snake" title="Two-striped garter snake">Two-striped garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_hammondii" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis hammondii">Thamnophis hammondii</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kennicott, 1860) </span></td> <td> </td> <td>central California to Baja California, Mexico </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Liner's garter snake, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_lineri" title="Thamnophis lineri">Thamnophis lineri</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">Rossman & Burbrink, 2005 </span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_marcianus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Thamnophis_marcianus.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_marcianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Thamnophis_marcianus.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_marcianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Thamnophis_marcianus.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_marcianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Checkered_garter_snake" title="Checkered garter snake">Checkered garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_marcianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis marcianus">Thamnophis marcianus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (Baird & Girard, 1853)</span></td> <td> <ul><li><i>T. m. marcianus</i> (Baird & Girard, 1853)</li> <li><i>T. m. praeocularis</i> (Bocourt, 1892)</li> <li><i>T. m. bovalli</i> (Dunn, 1940)</li></ul> </td> <td>southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackbelly_Garter_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_162669277_on_15_November_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Blackbelly_Garter_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_162669277_on_15_November_2021.jpg/120px-Blackbelly_Garter_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_162669277_on_15_November_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Blackbelly_Garter_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_162669277_on_15_November_2021.jpg/180px-Blackbelly_Garter_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_162669277_on_15_November_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Blackbelly_Garter_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_162669277_on_15_November_2021.jpg/240px-Blackbelly_Garter_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_162669277_on_15_November_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1473" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackbelly_garter_snake" title="Blackbelly garter snake">Blackbelly garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_melanogaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis melanogaster">Thamnophis melanogaster</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Peters" title="Wilhelm Peters">Peters</a>, 1864)</span></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gray_blackbelly_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gray blackbelly garter snake (page does not exist)">Gray blackbelly garter snake</a>, <i>T. m. canescens</i> H. M. Smith, 1942</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chihuahuan_blackbelly_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chihuahuan blackbelly garter snake (page does not exist)">Chihuahuan blackbelly garter snake</a>, <i>T. m. chihuahuanensis</i> W. Tanner, 1959</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lined_blackbelly_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lined blackbelly garter snake (page does not exist)">Lined blackbelly garter snake</a>, <i>T. m. linearis</i> H. M. Smith, <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Nixon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Nixon (page does not exist)">Nixon</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_W._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip W. Smith (page does not exist)">P. W. Smith</a>, 1950</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_blackbelly_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mexican blackbelly garter snake (page does not exist)">Mexican blackbelly garter snake</a>, <i>T. m. melanogaster</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Peters" title="Wilhelm Peters">W. Peters</a>, 1864)</li></ul> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipan_montane_garter_snake" title="Tamaulipan montane garter snake">Tamaulipan montane garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_mendax" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis mendax">Thamnophis mendax</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Walker" title="Charles F. Walker">Walker</a>, 1955 </span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Durango_spotted_garter_snake" title="Southern Durango spotted garter snake">Southern Durango spotted garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_nigronuchalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis nigronuchalis">Thamnophis nigronuchalis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Thompson, 1957</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Durango, Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_ordinoides_071616_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Thamnophis_ordinoides_071616_A.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_ordinoides_071616_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Thamnophis_ordinoides_071616_A.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_ordinoides_071616_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Thamnophis_ordinoides_071616_A.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_ordinoides_071616_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_garter_snake" title="Northwestern garter snake">Northwestern garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_ordinoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis ordinoides">Thamnophis ordinoides</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (Baird & Girard, 1852)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>California, Oregon, and Washington; in Canada, it is found in British Columbia </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tepalcatepec_Valley_garter_snake" title="Tepalcatepec Valley garter snake">Tepalcatepec Valley garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_postremus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis postremus">Thamnophis postremus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hobart_Muir_Smith" title="Hobart Muir Smith">Smith</a>, 1942</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_proximus_rubrilineatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Thamnophis_proximus_rubrilineatus.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_proximus_rubrilineatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Thamnophis_proximus_rubrilineatus.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_proximus_rubrilineatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Thamnophis_proximus_rubrilineatus.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_proximus_rubrilineatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></td> <td>Western ribbon snake, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_proximus" title="Thamnophis proximus">Thamnophis proximus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Say" title="Thomas Say">Say</a>, 1823)</span></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> Highlands ribbon snake, <i>T. p. alpinus</i> Rossman, 1963</li> <li>Arid land ribbon snake, <i>T. p. diabolicus</i> Rossman, 1963</li> <li>Gulf Coast ribbon snake, <i>T. p. orarius</i> Rossman, 1963</li> <li>Orangestripe ribbon snake or western ribbon snake <i>T. p. proximus</i> (Say, 1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_proximus_rubrilineatus" title="Thamnophis proximus rubrilineatus">Redstripe ribbon snake</a>, <i>T. p. rubrilineatus</i> Rossman, 1963</li> <li>Mexican ribbon snake, <i>T. p. rutiloris</i> (Cope, 1885)</li></ul> </td> <td>western United States, Mexico, and Central America </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_pulchrilatus4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thamnophis_pulchrilatus4.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_pulchrilatus4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thamnophis_pulchrilatus4.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_pulchrilatus4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thamnophis_pulchrilatus4.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_pulchrilatus4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_garter_snake" title="Yellow-throated garter snake">Yellow-throated garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_pulchrilatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis pulchrilatus">Thamnophis pulchrilatus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Cope</a>, 1885) </span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis-radix.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thamnophis-radix.JPG/120px-Thamnophis-radix.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thamnophis-radix.JPG/180px-Thamnophis-radix.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thamnophis-radix.JPG/240px-Thamnophis-radix.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="912" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plains_garter_snake" title="Plains garter snake">Plains garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_radix" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis radix">Thamnophis radix</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Baird & Girard, 1853) </span></td> <td> </td> <td>central United States as far north as Canada and as far south as Texas. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rossman%27s_garter_snake" title="Rossman's garter snake">Rossman's garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_rossmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis rossmani">Thamnophis rossmani</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Conant, 2000 </span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Narrow-headed_garter_snake" title="Narrow-headed garter snake">Narrow-headed garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_rufipunctatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis rufipunctatus">Thamnophis rufipunctatus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cope, 1875) </span></td> <td> </td> <td>Arizona and New Mexico, and in the Mexican states of Sonora, Chihuahua and Durango </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EasternRibbonSnake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/EasternRibbonSnake.jpg/120px-EasternRibbonSnake.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/EasternRibbonSnake.jpg/180px-EasternRibbonSnake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/EasternRibbonSnake.jpg/240px-EasternRibbonSnake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_saurita" title="Thamnophis saurita">Ribbon snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_saurita" title="Thamnophis saurita">Thamnophis saurita</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1766) </span></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluestripe_ribbon_snake" title="Bluestripe ribbon snake">Bluestripe ribbon snake</a>, <i>T. s. nitae</i> Rossman, 1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_ribbon_snake" title="Southern ribbon snake">Southern ribbon snake</a>, <i>T. s. sackenii</i> (Kennicott, 1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_saurita_saurita" title="Thamnophis saurita saurita">Eastern ribbon snake</a>, <i>T. s. saurita</i> (Linnaeus, 1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_saurita_septentrionalis" title="Thamnophis saurita septentrionalis">Northern ribbon snake</a>, <i>T. s. septentrionalis</i> Rossman, 1963</li></ul> </td> <td>Eastern North America </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_scalaris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Thamnophis_scalaris.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_scalaris.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Thamnophis_scalaris.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_scalaris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Thamnophis_scalaris.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_scalaris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Longtail_alpine_garter_snake" title="Longtail alpine garter snake">Longtail alpine garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_scalaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis scalaris">Thamnophis scalaris</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cope, 1861) </span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Short-tail_Alpine_garter_snake" title="Short-tail Alpine garter snake">Short-tail alpine garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_scaliger" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis scaliger">Thamnophis scaliger</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan, 1863) </span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophis_sirtalis_annectens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thamnophis_sirtalis_annectens.jpg/120px-Thamnophis_sirtalis_annectens.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thamnophis_sirtalis_annectens.jpg/180px-Thamnophis_sirtalis_annectens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thamnophis_sirtalis_annectens.jpg/240px-Thamnophis_sirtalis_annectens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_garter_snake" title="Common garter snake">Common garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_sirtalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis sirtalis">Thamnophis sirtalis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>) </span></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_garter_snake" title="Texas garter snake">Texas garter snake</a>, <i>T. s. annectens</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryce_C._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryce C. Brown (page does not exist)">Brown</a>, 1950</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red-spotted_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red-spotted garter snake (page does not exist)">Red-spotted garter snake</a>, <i>T. s. concinnus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Edward_Hallowell_(herpetologist)" title="Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)">Hallowell</a>, 1852)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Mexico_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Mexico garter snake (page does not exist)">New Mexico garter snake</a>, <i>T. s. dorsalis</i> (Baird & Girard, 1853)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valley_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valley garter snake (page does not exist)">valley garter snake</a>, <i>T. s. fitchi</i> Fox, 1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_red-sided_garter_snake" title="California red-sided garter snake">California red-sided garter snake</a>, <i>T. s. infernalis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Henri_Marie_Ducrotay_de_Blainville" title="Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville">Blainville</a>, 1835)</li> <li><i>T. s. lowei</i> <a href="/wiki/Wilmer_W._Tanner" title="Wilmer W. Tanner">W. Tanner</a>, 1988</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime garter snake (page does not exist)">Maritime garter snake</a>, <i>T. s. pallidulus</i> <a href="/wiki/Glover_Morrill_Allen" title="Glover Morrill Allen">Allen</a>, 1899</li> <li>Red-sided garter snake, <i>T. s. parietalis</i> (Say, 1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> garter snake, <i>T. s. pickeringii</i> (Baird & Girard, 1853)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue-striped_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue-striped garter snake (page does not exist)">Blue-striped garter snake</a>, <i>T. s. similis</i> Rossman, 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_garter_snake" title="Eastern garter snake">Eastern garter snake</a>, <i>T. s. sirtalis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_sirtalis_semifasciatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus">Chicago garter snake</a>, <i>T. s. semifasciatus</i> (Cope, 1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_garter_snake" title="San Francisco garter snake">San Francisco garter snake</a>, <i>T. s. tetrataenia</i> (Cope, 1875)</li></ul> </td> <td>North America </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumichrast%27s_garter_snake" title="Sumichrast's garter snake">Sumichrast's garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_sumichrasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis sumichrasti">Thamnophis sumichrasti</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cope, 1866)</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrean_narrow-headed_garter_snake" title="Madrean narrow-headed garter snake">Madrean narrow-headed garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_unilabialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis unilabialis">Thamnophis unilabialis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;"> W. Tanner, 1985</span></td> <td> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_garter_snake" title="West Coast garter snake">West Coast garter snake</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophis_validus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophis validus">Thamnophis validus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennicott" title="Robert Kennicott">Kennicott</a>, <a href="/wiki/1860" title="1860">1860</a>) </span></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Pacific_Lowlands_garter_snake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mexican Pacific Lowlands garter snake (page does not exist)">Mexican Pacific Lowlands garter snake</a>, <i>T. v. celaeno</i> (Cope, 1860)</li> <li><i>T. v. isabellae</i> (Conant, 1953)</li> <li><i>T. v. thamnophisoides</i> (Conant, 1961)</li> <li><i>T. v. validus</i> (Kennicott, 1860)</li></ul> </td> <td>Mexico. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In the above list, a <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial authority</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Trinomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinomen">trinomial authority</a> in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than <i>Thamnophis</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garter_snake&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hazen_Wright" title="Albert Hazen Wright">Wright AH</a>, Wright AA (1957). <i>Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada</i>. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes). (<i>Thamnophis</i>, p. 755).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174133#null">"ITIS Standard Report Page: Thamnophis"</a>. <i>www.itis.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5">978-1-4214-0135-5</a>. (<i>Thamnophis godmani</i>, p. 102).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Thamnophis&species=lineri&search_param=%28%28genus%3D%27Thamnophis%27%29%29"><i>Thamnophis lineri</i></a>. The Reptile Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.reptile-database.org">http://www.reptile-database.org</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garter_snake&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Conant_(herpetologist)" title="Roger Conant (herpetologist)">Conant R</a> (1975). <i>A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-19979-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-19979-4">978-0-395-19979-4</a> (hardcover), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-19977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-19977-0">978-0-395-19977-0</a> (paperback). (Genus <i>Thamnophis</i>, p. 157).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Fitzinger" title="Leopold Fitzinger">Fitzinger L</a> (1843). <i>Systema Reptilium, Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae.</i> Vienna: Braumüller & Seidel. 106 pp. + indices. (<i>Thamnophis</i>, new genus, p. 26). (in Latin).</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_Jett_Goin" class="extiw" title="fr:Coleman Jett Goin">Goin, Coleman J.</a>, Goin, Olive B.; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robert_Zug" class="extiw" title="de:George Robert Zug">Zug, George R.</a> (1978). <i>Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition</i>. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0020-3">978-0-7167-0020-3</a>. (<i>Thamnophis</i>, pp. 132, 156, 326).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Powell_(herpetologist)" title="Robert Powell (herpetologist)">Powell R</a>, Conant R, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Collins" title="Joseph T. Collins">Collins JT</a> (2016). <i>Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition</i>. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-12997-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-12997-9">978-0-544-12997-9</a>. (Genus <i>Thamnophis</i>, p. 426).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grant_Ruthven" title="Alexander Grant Ruthven">Ruthven AG</a> (1908). "Variation and Genetic Relationships of the Garter-snakes". <i>Bulletin of the United States National Museum</i> <b>61</b>: 1–201, 82 figures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Patterson_Schmidt" title="Karl Patterson Schmidt">Schmidt, Karl P.</a>; Davis, D. Dwight (1941). <i>Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada</i>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp., 34 plates, 103 figures. (Genus <i>Thamnophis</i>, p. 236).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Stebbins" title="Robert C. Stebbins">Stebbins RC</a> (2003). <i>A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition</i>. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. xiii + 533 pp., 56 plates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-98272-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-98272-3">978-0-395-98272-3</a>. (Genus <i>Thamnophis</i>, pp. 373–374).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Denburgh" title="John Van Denburgh">Vandenburgh J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Richard_Slevin" title="Joseph Richard Slevin">Slevin JR</a> (1918). "The Garter-snakes of Western North America". <i>Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series</i> <b>8</b>: 181–270, 11 plates.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garter_snake&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález-FernándezManjarrezGarcía-VázquezD'Addario2018" class="citation journal cs1">González-Fernández, Andrea; Manjarrez, Javier; García-Vázquez, Uri; D'Addario, Maristella; Sunny, Armando (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5903425">"Present and future ecological niche modeling of garter snake species from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt"</a>. <i>PeerJ</i>. <b>6</b>: e4618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.4618">10.7717/peerj.4618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5903425">5903425</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29666767">29666767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Present+and+future+ecological+niche+modeling+of+garter+snake+species+from+the+Trans-Mexican+Volcanic+Belt&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=e4618&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5903425%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29666767&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.4618&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Manjarrez%2C+Javier&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-V%C3%A1zquez%2C+Uri&rft.au=D%27Addario%2C+Maristella&rft.au=Sunny%2C+Armando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5903425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarter+snake" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" class="extiw" title="commons:Thamnophis"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Thamnophis</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thamnophis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thamnophis">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1906 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Garter-snake" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Garter-snake">Garter-snake</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anapsid.org/gartcare.html">Anapsid.org: Garter snakes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnbokma.com/mexit/2006/05/03/snake-road.html">Several pictures of a Mexican ribbon snake (<i>Thamnophis proximus rutiloris</i>)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/reptiles/snakes/plains-garter-snake-thamnophis-radix/">Plains garter snake - <i>Thamnophis radix</i>. Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/reptiles/snakes/eastern-garter-snake-thamnophis-sirtalis/">Eastern garter snake - <i>Thamnophis sirtalis</i>. Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015325/http://garter-snake.com/index.html">Descriptions and biology of garter snakes</a></li> <li>Genus <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?genus=Thamnophis&exact=genus&submit=Search">Thamnophis</a></i> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reptile-database.org/">The Reptile Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Thamnophis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149509" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1149509">Q1149509</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thamnophis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Thamnophis">Thamnophis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Thamnophis/">Thamnophis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id58643">58643</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/646HS">646HS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1THMOG">1THMOG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2457825">2457825</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/28339">28339</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1390902">1390902</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174133">174133</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=34999">34999</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=353718">353718</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53084">53084</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=212710">212710</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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