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id="toc-Freedom_and_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All_knowing_is_personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_knowing_is_personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>All knowing is personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_knowing_is_personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_reductionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_reductionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Critique of reductionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_reductionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tacit_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tacit_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Tacit knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tacit_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Polanyi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مايكل بولاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكل بولاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Майкл Полані – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Майкл Полані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Pol%C3%A1nyi" title="Mihály Polányi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mihály Polányi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مایکل پولانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکل پولانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%ED%8F%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%88" title="마이클 폴라니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이클 폴라니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="माइकेल पोलान्यी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माइकेल पोलान्यी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מייקל פולאני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מייקל פולאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A1nyi_Mih%C3%A1ly" title="Polányi Mihály – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polányi Mihály" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="مايكل بولانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكل بولانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="マイケル・ポランニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイケル・ポランニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Полани, Майкл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полани, Майкл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Michael Polanyi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%97" title="Майкл Поланьї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Майкл Поланьї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="迈克尔·波兰尼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迈克尔·波兰尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163087#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hungarian-British polymath (1891–1976)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The native form of this <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a> is <i>Polányi Mihály</i>. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Michael+Polanyi%22">"Michael Polanyi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Michael+Polanyi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Michael+Polanyi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Michael+Polanyi%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Michael+Polanyi%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Michael+Polanyi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Michael Polanyi</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Polanyi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Michael_Polanyi.png/220px-Michael_Polanyi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Michael_Polanyi.png 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="413" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Polanyi in England, 1933</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Pollacsek Mihály</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1891-03-11</span>)</span>11 March 1891<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1976<span style="display:none">(1976-02-22)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Graduated in medicine, 1913; PhD in physical chemistry, 1919</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">Eötvös Loránd University</a>, Budapest<br /><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology" title="Karlsruhe Institute of Technology">Technische Hochschule</a>, Karlsruhe<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Budapest" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Budapest">University of Budapest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Professor of <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">social studies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polanyi%27s_paradox" title="Polanyi's paradox">Polanyi's paradox</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fiber_diffraction" title="Fiber diffraction">Polanyi's sphere</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Potential_theory_of_Polanyi" title="Potential theory of Polanyi">Potential theory of Polanyi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bell%E2%80%93Evans%E2%80%93Polanyi_principle" title="Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle">Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eyring_equation" title="Eyring equation">Eyring–Polanyi equation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Flow_plasticity_theory" title="Flow plasticity theory">Flow plasticity theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Transition_state_theory" title="Transition state theory">Transition state theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harpoon_reaction" title="Harpoon reaction">Harpoon reaction</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tacit_knowledge" title="Tacit knowledge">Tacit knowledge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Post-critical" title="Post-critical">Post-critical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Magda Kemeny</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kari_Polanyi_Levitt" title="Kari Polanyi Levitt">Kari Polanyi Levitt</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Zeisel" title="Eva Zeisel">Eva Zeisel</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilona_Duczynska" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilona Duczynska">Ilona Duczynska</a> (sister-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951–1952)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1944" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1944">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Michael Polanyi</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">poh-<span style="font-size:90%">LAN</span>-yee</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Polányi Mihály</i>; 11 March 1891 – 22 February 1976) was a Hungarian-British<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, who made important theoretical contributions to <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. He argued that <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> is a false account of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowing</a>. </p><p>His wide-ranging research in <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science" title="Outline of physical science">physical science</a> included <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">chemical kinetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">x-ray diffraction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> of gases. He pioneered the theory of <a href="/wiki/Fiber_diffraction" title="Fiber diffraction">fibre diffraction</a> analysis in 1921, and the <a href="/wiki/Dislocation" title="Dislocation">dislocation</a> theory of plastic deformation of <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile metals</a> and other materials in 1934. He emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, in 1926 becoming a chemistry professor at the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and then in 1933 to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, becoming first a chemistry professor, and then a social sciences professor at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>. Two of his pupils won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>, as well as one of his children. In 1944 Polanyi was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. </p><p>The contributions which Polanyi made to the social sciences include the concept of a polycentric spontaneous order and his rejection of a value neutral conception of liberty. They were developed in the context of his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">central planning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polanyi, born Mihály Pollacsek in Budapest, was the fifth child of Mihály and Cecília Pollacsek (born as <a href="/wiki/Cec%C3%ADlia_Wohl" title="Cecília Wohl">Cecília Wohl</a>), secular Jews from <a href="/wiki/Ungv%C3%A1r" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungvár">Ungvár</a> (then in Hungary but now in Ukraine) and <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, respectively. His father's family were entrepreneurs, while his mother's father, Osher Leyzerovich Vol, was the senior teacher of Jewish history at the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilna</a> rabbinic seminary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The family moved to Budapest and <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarized</a> their surname to Polányi. His father built much of the Hungarian railway system, but lost most of his fortune in 1899 when bad weather caused a railway building project to go over budget. He died in 1905. Cecília Polányi established a salon that was well known among Budapest's intellectuals, and which continued until her death in 1939. His older brother was <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a>, the political economist and anthropologist, and his niece was <a href="/wiki/Eva_Zeisel" title="Eva Zeisel">Eva Zeisel</a>, a world-renowned ceramist.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1908 Polanyi graduated the teacher-training secondary school, the <a href="/wiki/Minta_Gymnasium" title="Minta Gymnasium">Minta Gymnasium</a>. He then studied medicine at the University of Budapest, obtaining his medical diploma in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Circle" title="Galileo Circle">Galileo Circle</a>. With the support of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ign%C3%A1c_Pfeifer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignác Pfeifer (page does not exist)">Ignác Pfeifer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ign%C3%A1cz_Pfeifer" class="extiw" title="de:Ignácz Pfeifer">de</a>; <a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeifer_Ign%C3%A1c" class="extiw" title="hu:Pfeifer Ignác">hu</a>]</span>, professor of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics" title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">Royal Joseph University</a> of Budapest, he obtained a scholarship to study chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule" title="Technische Hochschule">Technische Hochschule</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, Germany. In the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, he served in the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> army as a medical officer, and was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary#Serbian_front_1914–1916" title="Austria-Hungary">Serbian front</a>. While on sick-leave in 1916, he wrote a PhD thesis on <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a>. His research, which was encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, and supervised by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guszt%C3%A1v_Buchb%C3%B6ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gusztáv Buchböck (page does not exist)">Gusztáv Buchböck</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guszt%C3%A1v_Buchb%C3%B6ck" class="extiw" title="de:Gusztáv Buchböck">de</a>]</span>, and in 1919 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_University_of_Pest" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal University of Pest">Royal University of Pest</a> awarded him a doctorate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1918, <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Mihály Károlyi</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Democratic Republic">Hungarian Democratic Republic</a>, and Polanyi became Secretary to the Minister of Health. When the Communists seized power in March 1919, he returned to medicine. When the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a> was overthrown, Polanyi emigrated to Karlsruhe in Germany, and was invited by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> to join the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Society">Kaiser Wilhelm Institut</a> für Faserstoffchemie (fiber chemistry) in Berlin. A Christian since 1913, in a Roman Catholic ceremony he married Magda Elizabeth Kemeny.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926 he became the professorial head of department of the Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (now the <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber_Institute_of_the_Max_Planck_Society" title="Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society">Fritz Haber Institute</a>). In 1929, Magda gave birth to their son <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Polanyi" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Polanyi">John</a>, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1986. Their other son, George Polanyi, who predeceased him, became a well-known economist. </p><p>His experience of <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">runaway inflation</a> and high unemployment in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> led Polanyi to become interested in economics. With the coming to power in 1933 of the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> party, he accepted a chair in physical chemistry at the University of Manchester. Two of his pupils, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a>, went on to win the Nobel Prize. Because of his increasing interest in the social sciences, Manchester University created a new chair in <a href="/wiki/Social_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Science">Social Science</a> (1948–58) for him. </p><p>Polanyi was among the 2,300 names of prominent persons listed on the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_(list)" title="The Black Book (list)">Special Search List</a>, of those who were to be arrested on the invasion of Great Britain and turned over to the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>. </p><p>From June 1944 to 1947, Polanyi participated in the activities of <a href="/wiki/The_Moot" title="The Moot">The Moot</a>, a Christian discussion circle concerned with shaping the post-war society, at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Karl Mannheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._H._Oldham" title="J. H. Oldham">J. H. Oldham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullinsJacobs200528–29,_37_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullinsJacobs200528–29,_37-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944 Polanyi was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on his retirement from the University of Manchester in 1958 he was elected a senior research fellow at <a href="/wiki/Merton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton College">Merton College</a>, Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-MCreg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCreg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962 he was elected a foreign honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_chemistry">Physical chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physical chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polanyi's scientific interests were extremely diverse, including work in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">chemical kinetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">x-ray diffraction</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> of gases at solid surfaces. He is also well known for <a href="/wiki/Potential_theory_of_Polanyi" title="Potential theory of Polanyi">his potential adsorption theory</a>, which was disputed for quite some time. In 1921, he laid the mathematical foundation of <a href="/wiki/Fibre_diffraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre diffraction">fibre diffraction</a> analysis. In 1934, Polanyi, at about the same time as <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Ingram Taylor">G. I. Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egon_Orowan" title="Egon Orowan">Egon Orowan</a>, realised that the <a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">plastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deformation (mechanics)">deformation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> materials could be explained in terms of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Dislocation" title="Dislocation">dislocations</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Vito_Volterra" title="Vito Volterra">Vito Volterra</a> in 1905. The insight was critical in developing the field of <a href="/wiki/Solid_mechanics" title="Solid mechanics">solid mechanics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_and_community">Freedom and community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Freedom and community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936, as a consequence of an invitation to give lectures for the Ministry of Heavy Industry in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, Polanyi met <a href="/wiki/Bukharin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukharin">Bukharin</a>, who told him that in socialist societies all scientific research is directed to accord with the needs of the latest <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five Year Plan</a>. Polanyi noted what had happened to the study of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> in the Soviet Union once the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko">Trofim Lysenko</a> had gained the backing of the State. Demands in Britain, for example by the Marxist <a href="/wiki/John_Desmond_Bernal" class="mw-redirect" title="John Desmond Bernal">John Desmond Bernal</a>, for centrally planned scientific research led Polanyi to defend the claim that science requires free debate. Together with <a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(biologist)" title="John Baker (biologist)">John Baker</a>, he founded the influential <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Freedom_in_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Freedom in Science">Society for Freedom in Science</a>. </p><p>In a series of articles, re-published in <i>The Contempt of Freedom</i> (1940) and <i>The Logic of Liberty</i> (1951), Polanyi claimed that co-operation amongst scientists is analogous to the way <a href="/wiki/Agent_(economics)" title="Agent (economics)">agents</a> co-ordinate themselves within a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>. Just as consumers in a free market determine the value of products, science is a <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">spontaneous order</a> that arises as a consequence of open debate amongst specialists. Science (contrary to the claims of Bukharin) flourishes when scientists have the liberty to pursue truth as an end in itself:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[S]cientists, freely making their own choice of problems and pursuing them in the light of their own personal judgment, are in fact co-operating as members of a closely knit organization.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Such self-co-ordination of independent initiatives leads to a joint result which is unpremeditated by any of those who bring it about.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Any attempt to organize the group ... under a single authority would eliminate their independent initiatives, and thus reduce their joint effectiveness to that of the single person directing them from the centre. It would, in effect, paralyse their co-operation. </p></blockquote> <p>He derived the phrase <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">spontaneous order</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt psychology</a>, and it was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Friederich_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friederich Hayek">Friederich Hayek</a>, although the concept can be traced back to at least <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>. Polanyi unlike Hayek argued that there are higher and lower forms of spontaneous order, and he asserted that defending scientific inquiry on <a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sceptical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sceptical">sceptical</a> grounds undermined the practice of science. He extends this into a general claim about free societies. Polanyi defends a free society not on the negative grounds that we ought to respect "private liberties", but on the positive grounds that "public liberties" facilitate our pursuit of spiritual ends. </p><p>According to Polanyi, a free society that strives to be value-neutral undermines its own justification. But it is not enough for the members of a free society to believe that ideals such as truth, justice, and beauty, are not simply subjective, they also have to accept that they transcend our ability to wholly capture them. The non-subjectivity of values must be combined with acceptance that all knowing is fallible. </p><p>In <i>Full Employment and Free Trade</i> (1948) Polanyi analyses the way money circulates around an economy, and in a <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a> analysis that, according to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Craig_Roberts" title="Paul Craig Roberts">Paul Craig Roberts</a>, was thirty years ahead of its time, he argues that a free market economy should not be left to be wholly self-adjusting. A <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> should attempt to moderate economic booms/busts via a strict/loose monetary policy. </p><p>In 1940, he produced a film, "Unemployment and money. The principles involved", perhaps the first film about economics.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film defended a version of Keynesianism, neutral Keynesianism, that advised the State to use budget deficit and tax reductions to increase the amount of money in the circulation in times of economic hardship but did not seek direct investment or engage in public works.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All_knowing_is_personal">All knowing is personal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: All knowing is personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-critical" title="Post-critical">Post-critical</a></div> <p>In his book <i>Science, Faith and Society</i> (1946), Polanyi set out his opposition to a <a href="/wiki/Positivism_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivism (philosophy)">positivist</a> account of science, noting that among other things it ignores the role personal commitments play in the practice of science. Polanyi gave the <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a> in 1951–52 at Aberdeen, and a revised version of his lectures were later published as <i>Personal Knowledge</i> (1958). In this book Polanyi claims that all knowledge claims (including those that derive from rules) rely on personal judgments.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He denies that a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> can yield truth mechanically. All knowing, no matter how formalised, relies upon commitments. Polanyi argued that the assumptions that underlie <a href="/wiki/Critical_philosophy" title="Critical philosophy">critical philosophy</a> are not only false, they undermine the commitments that motivate our highest achievements. He advocates a <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary" title="Fiduciary">fiduciary</a> <a href="/wiki/Post-critical" title="Post-critical">post-critical</a> approach, in which we recognise that we believe more than we can know, and know more than we can say. </p><p>A knower does not stand apart from the universe, but participates personally within it. Our intellectual skills are driven by passionate commitments that motivate discovery and validation. According to Polanyi, a great scientist not only identifies patterns, but also significant questions likely to lead to a successful resolution. Innovators risk their <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">reputation</a> by committing to a <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a>. Polanyi cites the example of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a>, who declared that the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Earth revolves around the Sun</a>. He claims that Copernicus arrived at the Earth's true relation to the Sun not as a consequence of following a method, but via "the greater intellectual satisfaction he derived from the celestial panorama as seen from the Sun instead of the Earth."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His writings on the practice of science influenced <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a>. </p><p>Polanyi rejected the claim by <a href="/wiki/British_Empiricists" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empiricists">British Empiricists</a> that experience can be reduced into <a href="/wiki/Sense_data" title="Sense data">sense data</a>, but he also rejects the notion that "indwelling" within (sometimes incompatible) interpretative frameworks traps us within them. Our tacit awareness connects us, albeit fallibly, with <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>. It supplies us with the context within which our articulations have meaning. Contrary to the views of his colleague and friend <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, whose work at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a> prepared the way for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">first modern computer</a>, he denied that <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">minds</a> are <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reducible</a> to collections of rules. His work influenced the critique by <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Hubert Dreyfus</a> of "First Generation" <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. </p><p>It was while writing <i>Personal Knowledge</i> that he identified the "structure of <a href="/wiki/Tacit_knowledge" title="Tacit knowledge">tacit knowing</a>". He viewed it as his most important discovery. He claimed that we experience the world by integrating our subsidiary awareness into a focal awareness. In his later work, for example his <a href="/wiki/Terry_Lectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Terry Lectures">Terry Lectures</a>, later published as <i>The Tacit Dimension</i> (1966), he distinguishes between the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">instrumental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontological</a> aspects of tacit knowing, as discussed (but not necessarily identified as such) in his previous writing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_reductionism">Critique of reductionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Critique of reductionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In "Life's irreducible structure" (1968),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polanyi argues that the information contained in the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> is not reducible to the laws of physics and chemistry. Although a DNA molecule cannot exist without physical properties, these properties are constrained by higher-level <a href="/wiki/Implicate_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Implicate order">ordering</a> principles. In "Transcendence and Self-transcendence" (1970),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polanyi criticises the <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">mechanistic</a> <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">world view</a> that modern science inherited from <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>. </p><p>Polanyi advocates <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergence</a> i.e. the claim that there are several levels of reality and of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>. He relies on the assumption that <a href="/wiki/Boundary_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary conditions">boundary conditions</a> supply <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)" title="Degrees of freedom (statistics)">degrees of freedom</a> that, instead of being random, are determined by higher-level realities, whose properties are dependent on but distinct from the lower level from which they emerge. An example of a higher-level reality functioning as a downward causal force is consciousness – <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a> – generating meanings – <a href="/wiki/Intensionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensionality">intensionality</a>. </p><p>Mind is a higher-level expression of the capacity of living organisms for <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_learning" title="Discrimination learning">discrimination</a>. Our pursuit of self-set ideals such as truth and justice transform our understanding of the world. The <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionistic</a> attempt to reduce higher-level realities into lower-level realities generates what Polanyi calls a moral inversion, in which the higher is rejected with moral passion. Polanyi identifies it as a pathology of the modern mind and traces its origins to a false <a href="/wiki/Conception_of_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception of knowledge">conception of knowledge</a>; although it is relatively harmless in the formal sciences, that pathology generates <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a> in the humanities. Polanyi considered <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> an example of moral inversion. The State, on the grounds of an appeal to the logic of history, uses its coercive powers in ways that disregard any appeals to <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tacit_knowledge">Tacit knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tacit knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tacit_knowledge" title="Tacit knowledge">Tacit knowledge</a>, as distinct from explicit knowledge, is an influential term developed by Polanyi in <i>The Tacit Dimension</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe among other things the ability to do something without necessarily being able to articulate it: for example, being able to ride a bicycle or play a musical instrument without being able to fully explain the details of how it happens. He claims that not only do practical skills rely upon tacit awareness, all perception and meaning is rendered possible by agents relying upon their tacit awareness. Every consciousness has a subsidiary and a focal awareness, and this distinction also has an ontological dimension, because a lower and a higher dimension is how emergence takes place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>1932. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207160/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Atomic Reactions</i></a>. London: Williams and Norgate. 1932 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Reactions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.207160%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>1935. <i>U.S.S.R. Economics</i></li> <li>1940. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemptoffreedo0000pola/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>The Contempt of Freedom. The Russian Experiment and After</i></a></span>. London: Watts & Co. 1940. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06643-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06643-6"><bdi>978-0-405-06643-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contempt+of+Freedom.+The+Russian+Experiment+and+After&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Watts+%26+Co.&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-0-405-06643-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemptoffreedo0000pola%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1944. <i>Patent Reform</i></li> <li>1945. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fullemploymentfr0000mich/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Full Employment and Free Trade</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14 May 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Full+Employment+and+Free+Trade&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffullemploymentfr0000mich%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>1946. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefaithands032129mbp"><i>Science, Faith, and Society</i></a>. Oxford Univ. Press. 1964. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-67290-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-67290-5"><bdi>0-226-67290-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Faith%2C+and+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-226-67290-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencefaithands032129mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span>. Reprinted by the University of Chicago Press, 1964.</li> <li>1951. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/logicofliberty0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Logic of Liberty</i></a></span>. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press and Routledge. 1951. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-67296-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-67296-4"><bdi>0-226-67296-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Liberty&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press+and+Routledge&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-226-67296-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flogicofliberty0000unse%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>1958. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personalknowledg0000pola/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. 1962. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-67288-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-67288-3"><bdi>0-226-67288-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+Knowledge%3A+Towards+a+Post-Critical+Philosophy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-226-67288-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersonalknowledg0000pola%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studyofman0000mich_o3p6/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Study of Man</i></a></span>. London and Chicago: Routledge and University of Chicago Press. 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Man&rft.place=London+and+Chicago&rft.pub=Routledge+and+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudyofman0000mich_o3p6%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>1960. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondnihilism0000pola"><i>Beyond Nihilism</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Nihilism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondnihilism0000pola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>1966. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tacitdimension0000mich_w4j8/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Tacit Dimension</i></a></span>. London and New York: Routledge and Doubleday and Company. 14 May 1967 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tacit+Dimension&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+and+Doubleday+and+Company&rft.date=1967-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftacitdimension0000mich_w4j8%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span> (University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67298-4">978-0-226-67298-4</a>. 2009 reprint)</li> <li>1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene,_Marjorie1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Grene" title="Marjorie Grene">Greene, Marjorie</a>, ed. (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knowingbeingessa00pola"><i>Knowing and Being</i></a></span>. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press and (UK) Routledge and Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowing+and+Being&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press+and+%28UK%29+Routledge+and+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fknowingbeingessa00pola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>1975 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolanyi,_MichaelProsch,_Harry1975" class="citation book cs1">Polanyi, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Harry_Prosch" title="Harry Prosch">Prosch, Harry</a> (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meaning00pola/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Meaning</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-67294-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-67294-8"><bdi>0-226-67294-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meaning&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-226-67294-8&rft.au=Polanyi%2C+Michael&rft.au=Prosch%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeaning00pola%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen,_R.T.1997" class="citation book cs1">Allen, R.T., ed. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/societyeconomics0000pola"><i>Society, Economics and Philosophy: Selected Papers of Michael Polanyi</i></a></span>. New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-278-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-278-9"><bdi>978-1-56000-278-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society%2C+Economics+and+Philosophy%3A+Selected+Papers+of+Michael+Polanyi&rft.place=New+Brunswick+NJ&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-278-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocietyeconomics0000pola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span> Includes an annotated bibliography of Polanyi's publications.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credo_ut_intelligam" title="Credo ut intelligam">Credo ut intelligam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christians_in_science_and_technology" title="List of Christians in science and technology">List of Christians in science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi_Center" title="Michael Polanyi Center">Michael Polanyi Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Holmes_Howison#Philosophy" title="George Holmes Howison">George Holmes Howison's "Personal Idealism"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWignerHodgkin1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner, E. P.</a>; Hodgkin, R. A. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1977.0016">"Michael Polanyi. 12 March 1891 – 22 February 1976"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>23</b>: 413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1977.0016">10.1098/rsbm.1977.0016</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Michael+Polanyi.+12+March+1891+%E2%80%93+22+February+1976&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=413&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1977.0016&rft.aulast=Wigner&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft.au=Hodgkin%2C+R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1977.0016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévay2016" class="citation web cs1">Lévay, Júlia (20 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mimicsoda.hu/cikk.php?id=1372">"A holográfia és a hologramok"</a>. <i>mimicsoda.hu</i>. Mi Micsoda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mimicsoda.hu&rft.atitle=A+hologr%C3%A1fia+%C3%A9s+a+hologramok&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vay&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BAlia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mimicsoda.hu%2Fcikk.php%3Fid%3D1372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiro2022" class="citation journal cs1">Biro, Gabor (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01916599.2021.2009359?journalCode=rhei20">"From Red Spirit to Underperforming Pyramids and Coercive Institutions: Michael Polanyi Against Economic Planning," History of European Ideas, 2022"</a>. <i>History of European Ideas</i>. <b>48</b> (6): 811–847. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01916599.2021.2009359">10.1080/01916599.2021.2009359</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225260656">225260656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+European+Ideas&rft.atitle=From+Red+Spirit+to+Underperforming+Pyramids+and+Coercive+Institutions%3A+Michael+Polanyi+Against+Economic+Planning%2C%22+History+of+European+Ideas%2C+2022.&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=811-847&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01916599.2021.2009359&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225260656%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Biro&rft.aufirst=Gabor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01916599.2021.2009359%3FjournalCode%3Drhei20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government-online.net/eva-zeisel-obituary/">"Eva Zeisel obituary"</a>. <i>government-online.net</i>. Government Online. 15 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=government-online.net&rft.atitle=Eva+Zeisel+obituary&rft.date=2012-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.government-online.net%2Feva-zeisel-obituary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottMoleski2005" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William T.; Moleski, Martin X. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/36398/chapter-abstract/320036558"><i>Michael Polanyi: scientist and philosopher</i></a>. Oxford New York Auckland: Oxford University Press. pp. 16–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195174335" title="Special:BookSources/9780195174335"><bdi>9780195174335</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Polanyi%3A+scientist+and+philosopher&rft.place=Oxford+New+York+Auckland&rft.pages=16-21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195174335&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft.au=Moleski%2C+Martin+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F36398%2Fchapter-abstract%2F320036558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torrance, Thomas F. (2002). "Mihály Polányi and the Christian faith: personal report" (pdf). Polanyiana (1–2), pp. 167–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullinsJacobs200528–29,_37-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullinsJacobs200528–29,_37_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMullinsJacobs2005">Mullins & Jacobs 2005</a>, p. 28–29, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCreg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCreg_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevens1964" class="citation book cs1">Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964). <i>Merton College Register 1900–1964</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 499.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merton+College+Register+1900%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterP.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter P"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+P&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolanyi1962" class="citation journal cs1">Polanyi, Michael (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/students/envs_5100/polanyi_1967.pdf">"The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Minerva</i>. <b>1</b>: 54-74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01101453">10.1007/BF01101453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva&rft.atitle=The+Republic+of+Science%3A+Its+Political+and+Economic+Theory&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=54-74&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01101453&rft.aulast=Polanyi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencepolicy.colorado.edu%2Fstudents%2Fenvs_5100%2Fpolanyi_1967.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeira2019" class="citation web cs1">Beira, Eduardo (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ebeira/pol1b">"pol1b – ebeira"</a>. <i>sites.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=pol1b+%E2%80%93+ebeira&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Beira&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Febeira%2Fpol1b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiro2020" class="citation journal cs1">Biro, Gabor (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-history-of-economic-thought/article/michael-polanyis-neutral-keynesianism-and-the-first-economics-film-1933-to-1945/3013E469C730D7A95B9E1715D9860E3A">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Michael Polanyi's Neutral Keynesianism and the First Economics Film, 1933 to 1945," Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 2020"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Economic Thought</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 335–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1053837219000476">10.1017/S1053837219000476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225260656">225260656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.atitle=%22Michael+Polanyi%27s+Neutral+Keynesianism+and+the+First+Economics+Film%2C+1933+to+1945%2C%22+Journal+of+the+History+of+Economic+Thought%2C+2020.&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=335-356&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1053837219000476&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225260656%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Biro&rft.aufirst=Gabor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-history-of-economic-thought%2Farticle%2Fmichael-polanyis-neutral-keynesianism-and-the-first-economics-film-1933-to-1945%2F3013E469C730D7A95B9E1715D9860E3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Personal Knowledge</i>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Personal Knowledge p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Polanyi1968" class="citation journal cs1">Michael Polanyi (June 1968). "Life's Irreducible Structure". <i>Science</i>. <b>160</b> (3834): 1308–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Sci...160.1308P">1968Sci...160.1308P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.160.3834.1308">10.1126/science.160.3834.1308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5651890">5651890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Life%27s+Irreducible+Structure&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=3834&rft.pages=1308-12&rft.date=1968-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5651890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.160.3834.1308&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968Sci...160.1308P&rft.au=Michael+Polanyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Polanyi1970" class="citation journal cs1">Michael Polanyi (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41177772">"Transcendence and Self-transcendence"</a>. <i>Soundings</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 88–94. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41177772">41177772</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soundings&rft.atitle=Transcendence+and+Self-transcendence&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88-94&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41177772%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Michael+Polanyi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41177772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Personal Knowledge, Ch. 7, section 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolanyi2009" class="citation book cs1">Polanyi, Michael (2009) [1966]. <i>The tacit dimension</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67298-4"><bdi>978-0-226-67298-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/262429494">262429494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tacit+dimension&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F262429494&rft.isbn=978-0-226-67298-4&rft.aulast=Polanyi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek,_F._A.1941" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._A._Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="F. A. Hayek">Hayek, F. A.</a> (May 1941). "Book Review: Michael Polanyi, <i>The Contempt of Freedom: The Russian Experiment and After</i> and Colin Clark, <i>A Critique of Russian Statistics</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Economica" title="Economica">Economica</a></i>. <b>8</b> (30): 211–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2550123">10.2307/2550123</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2550123">2550123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economica&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Michael+Polanyi%2C+The+Contempt+of+Freedom%3A+The+Russian+Experiment+and+After+and+Colin+Clark%2C+A+Critique+of+Russian+Statistics&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=211-214&rft.date=1941-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2550123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2550123%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hayek%2C+F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Allen, R. T., 1991. <i>Polanyi</i>. London, Claridge Press.</li> <li>Allen, R. T., 1998. <i>Beyond Liberalism: A Study in the Political Thought of F. A. Hayek and Michael Polanyi</i>, Rutgers, NJ, Transaction Publishers.</li> <li>Gelwick, Richard, 1987. <i>The Way of Discovery: An Introduction to the Thought of Michael Polanyi</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Grant_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Grant (academic) (page does not exist)">Grant, Patrick</a>. "Belief in thinking: Owen Barfield and Michael Polanyi", in <i>Six Modern Authors and Problems of Belief</i>. London: MacMillan 1979.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333263402" title="Special:BookSources/9780333263402">9780333263402</a></li> <li>Jacobs, Struan, and Allen, R. T. (eds.), 2005. <i>Emotion, Reason and Tradition: Essays on the Social, Political and Economic Thought of Michael Polanyi</i>, Guildford, Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4067-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4067-1">0-7546-4067-1</a>.</li> <li>Mitchell, Mark, 2006. <i>Michael Polanyi: The Art of Knowing (Library Modern Thinkers Series)</i>. Wilmington, Delaware: <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">Intercollegiate Studies Institute</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932236-90-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-932236-90-2">1-932236-90-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932236-90-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932236-90-3">978-1-932236-90-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullinsJacobs2005" class="citation cs2">Mullins, Phil; Jacobs, Struan (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polanyisociety.org/TAD%20WEB%20ARCHIVE/TAD32-1/TAD32-1-fnl-pg20-43-pdf.pdf">"Michael Polanyi and Karl Mannheim"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Tradition & Discovery: The Polanyi Society Periodical</i>, <b>32</b> (1): 20–43, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Ftraddisc2005%2F20063218">10.5840/traddisc2005/20063218</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tradition+%26+Discovery%3A+The+Polanyi+Society+Periodical&rft.atitle=Michael+Polanyi+and+Karl+Mannheim&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-43&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Ftraddisc2005%2F20063218&rft.aulast=Mullins&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Struan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polanyisociety.org%2FTAD%2520WEB%2520ARCHIVE%2FTAD32-1%2FTAD32-1-fnl-pg20-43-pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Neidhardt, W. Jim: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1979/JASA3-79Neidhardt.html">"Possible Relationships Between Polanyi's Insights and Modern Findings in Psychology, Brain Research, and Theories of Science."</a> <i>JASA</i> 31 (March 1979): 61–62.</li> <li>Nye, Mary Jo, 2011. <i>Michael Polanyi and His Generation: Origins of the Social Construction of Science</i>. University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61063-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61063-4">978-0-226-61063-4</a>.</li> <li>Poirier, Maben W. 2002. <i>A Classified and Partially Annotated Bibliography of Michael Polanyi, the Anglo-Hungarian Philosopher of Science</i>. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55130-212-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55130-212-8">1-55130-212-8</a>.</li> <li>Scott, Drusilla, 1995. <i>Everyman Revived: The Common Sense of Michael Polanyi</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4079-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4079-5">0-8028-4079-5</a>.</li> <li>Scott, William Taussig, and Moleski, Martin X., 2005. <i>Michael Polanyi, Scientist and Philosopher</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517433-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517433-X">0-19-517433-X</a>.</li> <li>Stines, J. W.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1992/PSCF12-92Stines.html">"Time, Chaos Theory and the Thought of Michael Polanyi."</a> <i>JASA</i> 44 (December 1992): 220–27.</li> <li>Thorson, Walter R.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1981/JASA9-81Thorson.html">"The Biblical Insights of Michael Polanyi."</a> <i>JASA</i> 33 (September 1981): 129–38.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargittai2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hargittai, Istvan (1 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11224-016-0816-8">"Michael Polanyi—pupils and crossroads—on the 125th anniversary of his birth"</a>. <i>Structural Chemistry</i>. <b>27</b> (5): 1327–1344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11224-016-0816-8">10.1007/s11224-016-0816-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9001">1572-9001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Structural+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Michael+Polanyi%E2%80%94pupils+and+crossroads%E2%80%94on+the+125th+anniversary+of+his+birth&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1327-1344&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11224-016-0816-8&rft.issn=1572-9001&rft.aulast=Hargittai&rft.aufirst=Istvan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11224-016-0816-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Polanyi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Michael_Polanyi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyle.org/journal/issues/8-2/bio_nye.html">Biography</a> by Mary Jo Nye</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouriwestern.edu/orgs/polanyi/">Polanyi Society</a> home page</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319154655/http://spcps.org.uk/">The Society for Personalist and Postcritical Studies</a> The SPCPS and its journal, "Appraisal", takes a special interest in Michael Polanyi. Archived on the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on 19 March 2019</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erraticimpact.com/~20thcentury/html/polanyi_michael.htm">Polanyi resources</a> at erraticimpact.com</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfki.hu/chemonet/polanyi/9912/contents.html">Polanyiana</a>,</i> Vol. 8, Number 1–2</li> <li>Smith, M. K., 2003, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infed.org/thinkers/polanyi.htm">Michael Polanyi and tacit knowledge.</a>" The encyclopaedia of informal education</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergentpublications.com/ECO/ECO_other/Issue_14_4_10_CP.pdf">"Life's Irreducible Structure"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804161459/https://emergentpublications.com/ECO/ECO_other/Issue_14_4_10_CP.pdf/">Archived</a> 4 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Michael Polanyi. <i>Journal of the <a href="/wiki/American_Scientific_Affiliation" title="American Scientific Affiliation">American Scientific Affiliation</a></i>. Volume 22 (December 1970): 123–31. Links to Responses by Stanford Materials Science Professor <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Bube" title="Richard H. Bube">Richard H. Bube</a> and another member of the ASA <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohn_Duricz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohn Duricz (page does not exist)">Cohn Duricz</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Polanyi%2C%20Michael%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Michael%20Polanyi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Polanyi%2C%20Michael%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Michael%20Polanyi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Polanyi%2C%20M%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Michael%20Polanyi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Polanyi%2C%20Michael%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Michael%20Polanyi%22%29%20OR%20%28%221891-1976%22%20AND%20Polanyi%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Michael Polanyi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.POLANYI">Guide to the Michael Polanyi Papers 1900–1975</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/H._J._Fleure" title="H. J. Fleure">Herbert John Fleure</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a> </b><br />1944–46 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/T._B._L._Webster" title="T. B. L. Webster">Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Godfrey W. Armitage</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Statistical_Society" title="Manchester Statistical Society">Manchester Statistical Society</a> </b><br />1950–51 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Dr F. C. Toy</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template talk:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" title="Mill's Methods">Mill's Methods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">Correlation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_function" title="Correlation function">function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_synthesis" title="Creative synthesis">Creative synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">Explanatory power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_contextualism" title="Functional contextualism">Functional contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hypothesis" title="Alternative hypothesis">alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignoramus_et_ignorabimus" title="Ignoramus et ignorabimus">Ignoramus et ignorabimus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Inductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" title="Intertheoretic reduction">Intertheoretic reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">Evidence-based practice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">Scientific law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pluralism" title="Scientific pluralism">Scientific pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">Theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_choice" title="Theory choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory-ladenness" title="Theory-ladenness">ladenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underdetermination" title="Underdetermination">Underdetermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_and_attribute_(research)" title="Variable and attribute (research)">Variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable" title="Control variable">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables" title="Dependent and independent variables">dependent and independent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" title="Index of philosophy of science articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" title="Constructive empiricism">Constructive empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_realism" title="Constructive realism">Constructive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological anarchism">Epistemological anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" title="Hypothetico-deductive model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductionism" title="Inductionism">Inductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-dependent_realism" title="Model-dependent realism">Model-dependent realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" title="Received view of theories">Received view</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" title="Semantic view of theories">Semantic view of theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_essentialism" title="Scientific essentialism">Scientific essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_formalism" title="Scientific formalism">Scientific formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy of...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of economics">Economics‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_research" title="Descriptive research">Descriptive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exact_sciences" title="Exact sciences">Exact sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science" title="Hard and soft science">Hard and soft science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-science" title="Non-science">Non-science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_science" title="Normative science">Normative science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Rhetoric of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_science" title="List of philosophers of science">Philosophers of science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Precursors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband">Wilhelm Windelband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Laudan" title="Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Template:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white"> Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society </span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peter Mainwaring</li> <li>James Massey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Dr Thomas Percival</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Dr Thomas Percival</a> (II)</li> <li>George Walker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_(apothecary)" title="Thomas Henry (apothecary)">Thomas Henry</a> (I)</li> <li>Dr John Hull</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_(apothecary)" title="Thomas Henry (apothecary)">Thomas Henry</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Holme" title="Edward Holme">Dr Edward Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaton_Hodgkinson" title="Eaton Hodgkinson">Eaton Hodgkinson</a></li> <li>John Moore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">Sir William Fairbairn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Angus_Smith" title="Robert Angus Smith">Dr Robert Angus Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (III)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (III)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crawford_Williamson" title="William Crawford Williamson">William Crawford Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dukinfield_Darbishire" title="Robert Dukinfield Darbishire">Robert Dukinfield Darbishire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Stewart" title="Balfour Stewart">Balfour Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds" title="Osborne Reynolds">Osborne Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (III)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Prof. Sir Arthur Schuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilde_(engineer)" title="Henry Wilde (engineer)">Henry Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cosmo_Melvill_(naturalist)" title="James Cosmo Melvill (naturalist)">James Cosmo Melvill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Prof. Sir Horace Lamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Prof. Sir Horace Lamb</a></li> <li>Charles Bailey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Boyd_Dawkins" title="William Boyd Dawkins">Prof. Sir William Boyd Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bailey_(engineer)" title="William Bailey (engineer)">Sir William Henry Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Baily_Dixon" title="Harold Baily Dixon">Prof. Harold Baily Dixon</a> (I)</li> <li>Francis Jones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ernest_Weiss" title="Frederick Ernest Weiss">Prof. Frederick Ernest Weiss</a></li> <li>Francis Nicholson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_J._Hickson" title="Sydney J. Hickson">Prof. Sydney John Hickson</a></li> <li>William Thomson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith" title="Grafton Elliot Smith">Prof. Sir Grafton Elliot Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Miers" title="Henry Alexander Miers">Prof. Sir Henry Alexander Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coward" title="Thomas Coward">Thomas Alfred Coward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Baily_Dixon" title="Harold Baily Dixon">Prof. Harold Baily Dixon</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Cortie" title="Aloysius Cortie">Rev. Aloysius Laurence Cortie</a></li> <li>Herbert Levinstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Prof. Sir William Lawrence Bragg</a></li> <li>Charles Edmond Stromeyer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mouat_Jones" title="Bernard Mouat Jones">Prof. Bernard Mouat Jones</a></li> <li>John Allan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_W._James" title="Reginald W. James">Prof. Reginald William James</a></li> <li>Robert Henry Clayton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hartree" title="Douglas Hartree">Prof. Douglas Rayner Hartree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._J._Fleure" title="H. J. Fleure">Prof. Herbert John Fleure</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prof. Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._B._L._Webster" title="T. B. L. Webster">Prof. Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_James,_Baron_James_of_Rusholme" title="Eric James, Baron James of Rusholme">Dr Eric John Francis James</a></li> <li>Horace Hayhurst (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Jefferson" title="Geoffrey Jefferson">Prof. Sir Geoffrey Jefferson</a></li> <li>Sir Peter Percy F. R. Venables</li> <li>Dr F. C. Toy</li> <li>C. E. Young</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lipson" title="Henry Lipson">Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson</a> (I)</li> <li>Leonard Cohen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pilkington" title="Margaret Pilkington">Margaret Pilkington</a></li> <li>Horace Hayhurst (II)</li> <li>Brian Rodgers</li> <li>Dr George N. Burkhardt</li> <li>Dr George James Kynch</li> <li>Dr Edward Noah Abrahart</li> <li>Anthony Edmund Rivers Goulty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lipson" title="Henry Lipson">Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Fairhurst" title="Harry S. Fairhurst">Harry M. Fairhurst</a></li> <li>David G. Wilson</li> <li>Dr Lionel J. R. Postle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netar_Mallick" title="Netar Mallick">Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick</a> (I)</li> <li>Dr Brian S. H. Rarity</li> <li>Philip G. Livesey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._S._L._Cardwell" title="D. S. L. Cardwell">Prof. Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Fletcher_Cass" title="Edward Fletcher Cass">Dr Edward Fletcher Cass</a></li> <li>Prof. Alexander Donnachie</li> <li>Dianne Wilson</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Iain E. Gillespie</li> <li>Angus G. D. Yeaman</li> <li>Keith D. Buckley</li> <li>Vivienne Blackburn</li> <li>Mary, Lady Mallick</li> <li>David J. Higginson</li> <li>Prof. Kenneth M. Letherman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netar_Mallick" title="Netar Mallick">Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick</a> (II)</li> <li>Dr Diana M. Leitch</li> <li>Dr Susan R. Hilton</li> <li>Ian Cameron</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Honorary Membership</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society#Dalton_Medal" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Dalton Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Lectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilde_(engineer)" title="Henry Wilde (engineer)">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Percival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society#Memoirs" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><i>Memoirs and Proceedings</i></a></li> <li><i>Who's Who of Greater Manchester</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122820235">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76329237">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/6646/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxkyMdg7tyWBMXVcctrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118741349">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50020446">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12021728d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12021728d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00453026">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Polanyi, Michael"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV112223">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35247151">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20070711016&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX956433">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068223552">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Polanyi, Michael, 1891-1976"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000002579&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201507015">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqt3cv5c32qgr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542440805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302205805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14374377">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00211571?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=79750">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=24770299100">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:polanyi.michael">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/519432">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/880932">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118741349.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118741349">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028367391">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bz6dd6">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&oldid=1255146293">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Polanyi&oldid=1255146293</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1891_births" title="Category:1891 births">1891 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1976_deaths" title="Category:1976 deaths">1976 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_male_writers" 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