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Contact our London head office or <a href="#" data-v-59df77e1>media team here</a></p> <a href="/page/careers-at-intechopen" class="drop-item" data-v-59df77e1>Careers</a> <p data-v-59df77e1>Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing.</p></div></div></div></div></header> <div class="home" data-v-1c1d1c9a data-v-1ba392e6><section class="header" data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="header__inner" data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="header__content" data-v-1c1d1c9a><video autoplay="autoplay" loop="loop" muted="muted" playsinline class="videoInsert" data-v-1c1d1c9a><source src="https://cdnintech.com/public/videos/journals/prep/slider-v2.mp4" type="video/mp4" data-v-1c1d1c9a></video> <div class="boxes boxes--desktop" data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="box" data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="box__cover box__cover-1" data-v-1c1d1c9a></div> <a href="/publish" class="box__text" data-v-1c1d1c9a> SUBMIT YOUR WORK <img 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src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/series/icons/arrow_right.svg" alt="" data-v-1c1d1c9a></a></div></div></section> <section class="featured" data-v-1c5094ba data-v-1c1d1c9a><h2 class="featured__title" data-v-1c5094ba>World's first Open Access book publisher</h2> <div class="stats-circle stats-circle--openAccessBooks" data-v-1c5094ba><p class="stats-circle__text" data-v-1c5094ba> 7,400 <span data-v-1c5094ba>Open Access Books</span></p></div> <div class="stats-circle stats-circle--wosCitations" data-v-1c5094ba><p class="stats-circle__text" data-v-1c5094ba> +184,650 <span data-v-1c5094ba>Citations in Web of Science</span></p></div> <div class="stats-circle stats-circle--visitorsPerMonth" data-v-1c5094ba><p class="stats-circle__text" data-v-1c5094ba> +3.3 MILLION <span data-v-1c5094ba>Unique Visitors per Month</span></p></div> <div class="ParallaxContainer parallax" data-v-1c5094ba><div class="ParallaxElement absolute book book-1" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-1c5094ba><div class="book" data-v-44bc9216 data-v-1c5094ba><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-44bc9216><a href="/books/5787" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Cutting Edge Robotics" class="image cover-image-0aa9" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" font-family="Arial" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fffad2" font-size="12" data-v-eb7322e6>IntechOpen</text> <g transform="translate(140, 220)" fill="#FFFAD2" data-v-eb7322e6><g transform="scale(0.7)" data-v-eb7322e6><path d="M18.4091275,7.09361268 L3.66754648,15.3478697 C2.61853239,15.939493 1.9668669,17.0549331 1.9668669,18.2588838 L1.9668669,33.0542958 L0.869542958,32.6455599 C0.346761268,32.4507676 -3.45070423e-05,31.9516232 -3.45070423e-05,31.3936444 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style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Cutting Edge Robotics</span>   <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Vedran Kordic</span></div></a></figure> <div class="book__label" data-v-44bc9216><span data-v-44bc9216>1st oa book published in 2005</span></div> </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement absolute book book-2" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-1c5094ba><div class="book" data-v-44bc9216 data-v-1c5094ba><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-44bc9216><a href="/books/1003597" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Towards the Eradication of <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> Infection" class="image cover-image-a7a9" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" data-v-eb7322e6></rect> <text x="150" y="35" 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<div class="text text-style-f004" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and...</span>   <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Sahra Kırmusaoğlu</span></div></a></figure> <div class="book__label" data-v-44bc9216><span data-v-44bc9216>Women in science book program</span></div> </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement absolute book book-5" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-1c5094ba><div class="book" data-v-44bc9216 data-v-1c5094ba><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-eb7322e6 data-v-44bc9216><a href="/books/1591" data-v-eb7322e6><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-eb7322e6><img alt="Infrared Spectroscopy" class="image cover-image-fc35" data-v-c6fa12ae data-v-c6fa12ae></span>    <svg viewBox="0 0 300 270" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" class="svg" data-v-eb7322e6><rect width="300" height="270" style="fill:#e10000;" 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<div class="text text-style-86fc" style="font-size:150em;" data-v-eb7322e6> <span class="title" data-v-eb7322e6>Topics on Quantum Information Science</span>   <span class="editors" data-v-eb7322e6>Edited by Sergio Curilef</span></div></a></figure> <div class="book__label" data-v-44bc9216><span data-v-44bc9216>Chapter by nobel prize winning author</span></div> </div></div>  <div class="ParallaxElement absolute series series-1" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-1c5094ba><div class="series" data-v-7e9acbb1 data-v-1c5094ba><div class="series__cover" style="background-image:url('https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg');" data-v-7e9acbb1></div> <a href="/series/6" class="series__content" data-v-7e9acbb1><p class="series__title" data-v-7e9acbb1>Infectious Diseases</p> <p class="series__stat" data-v-7e9acbb1><span data-v-7e9acbb1> 4 </span> <span data-v-7e9acbb1>Topics</span></p>  <p class="series__stat" data-v-7e9acbb1><span data-v-7e9acbb1> 310 </span> Chapters 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src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/journals/logo/geet-vertical.svg" class="journal-info--img-vertical geet-img-vertical" data-v-2f43366a> <div class="journal-info__data" data-v-2f43366a><div class="journal-info__data-text" data-v-2f43366a><p data-v-2f43366a><strong data-v-2f43366a>ISSN</strong> 2754-6314</p> <p data-v-2f43366a><strong data-v-2f43366a>DOI</strong> 10.5772/geet</p></div> <a href="https://www.intechopen.com/journals/7" target="_blank" class="icon-arrow" data-v-2f43366a><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/series/icons/arrow_right-ivory.svg" alt data-v-2f43366a></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </section> <section class="benifits" data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="benifits__copy" data-v-1c1d1c9a><h2 class="section-title" data-v-1c1d1c9a>Benefits of Publishing with Us</h2> <p data-v-1c1d1c9a>Join IntechOpen in its mission to publish the best scientific research while increasing your work's visibility. We connect you with peers all over the world and help you advance your career through wide readership, dissemination, and higher citation counts.</p> <a href="/how-open-access-publishing-with-intechopen-works" data-v-1c1d1c9a><button data-v-1c1d1c9a>Learn more</button></a></div> <div class="benifit-card top-left benifit-card--outlined" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="benifit-card__header" data-v-9adedfe4><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/series/icons/authors_first.svg" alt="" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a> <h3 data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a>Author in the Center</h3></div> <div class="benifit-card__body" data-v-9adedfe4><p data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a>Built by scientists, for scientists. Our unique personal approach, day-to-day support and all of the tools you need to make your work accessible worldwide</p></div></div> <div class="benifit-card top-right benifit-card--outlined" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="benifit-card__header" data-v-9adedfe4><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/series/icons/peer_review.svg" alt="" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a> <h3 data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a>Peer-review</h3></div> <div class="benifit-card__body" data-v-9adedfe4><p data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a>Robust peer-review ensures your work is suitable for publication and of interest to the scientific community</p></div></div> <div class="benifit-card bottom-left benifit-card--outlined" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="benifit-card__header" data-v-9adedfe4><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/series/icons/online_first_2.svg" alt="" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a> <h3 data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a>Online First</h3></div> <div class="benifit-card__body" data-v-9adedfe4><p data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a>Early online publication after acceptance assures research is made available to the scientific community without delay</p></div></div> <div class="benifit-card bottom-right benifit-card--outlined" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="benifit-card__header" data-v-9adedfe4><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/series/icons/open_access.svg" alt="" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a> <h3 data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a>Open Access</h3></div> <div class="benifit-card__body" data-v-9adedfe4><p data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-1c1d1c9a>Your work will be permanently available online, free to download, share and read</p></div></div> </section> <section class="institutions" data-v-4f9f2e6c data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="institutions__container" data-v-4f9f2e6c><h2 class="section-title section-title--light" data-v-4f9f2e6c>7,140 Research Institutions Support Open Access at IntechOpen</h2> <div class="institutions__parallax" data-v-4f9f2e6c><div class="ParallaxContainer" data-v-4f9f2e6c><div class="ParallaxElement" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-4f9f2e6c><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/1544" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/CityUniversityofHongKong.svg" alt="City University Of Hong Kong" class="img--hongkong" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/1528" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/IowaUniversity.png" alt="Iowa State University" class="img--consortium" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/596" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/FudanUniversity.png" alt="Fudan University" class="img--fudan" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/935" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/kingsCollege.svg" alt="Kings College" class="img--kings" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/815" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/PekingUniversity.png" alt="Peking University" class="img--peking" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div></div></div> <div class="ParallaxContainer" data-v-4f9f2e6c><div class="ParallaxElement" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-4f9f2e6c><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/1480" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/seoul.svg" alt="Seoul" class="img--seoul" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/916" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/TsinghuaUniversity.png" alt="Tsinghua University" class="img--tsinghua" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/3266" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/UMassAmherst.png" alt="UMass Amherst" class="img--umass" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/453" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/UniversidaddeBuenosAires.jpeg" alt="Universidadde Buenos Aires" class="img--buenosaires" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/1425" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/UniversidadReyJuanCarlosdeMadrid.png" alt="Universidad Rey Juan Carlosde" class="img--madrid" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div></div></div> <div class="ParallaxContainer" data-v-4f9f2e6c><div class="ParallaxElement" style="transform:translate3d(0, 0px, 0);" data-v-4f9f2e6c><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/301" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/UniversitatdeBarcelona.png" alt="Universitatde Barcelona" class="img--barcelona" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/874" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/UniversitedeStrasbourg.png" alt="Universitéde Strasbourg" class="img--strasbourg" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/3252" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/UniversityofKansas.png" alt="University of Kansas" class="img--kansas" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institutions" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/LogoCSIC.png" alt="CSIC" class="img--csic" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-4f9f2e6c><a href="/institution/252" data-v-4f9f2e6c><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/universities/universityofsurreylogo.png" alt="University of Surrey" class="img--surrey" data-v-4f9f2e6c></a></div></div></div></div></div></section> <section class="news" data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="news-slider" style="transform:translate3d(20%, 0, 0);" data-v-643f4fdc data-v-1c1d1c9a><div class="swiper-body" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc><div data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-wrapper" data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/410" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>08 July 2024</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Presents Interviews for Young Scientists with Science's Leading Minds</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>We are pleased to present a series of inspirational interviews for young researchers with some of today's leading scientists, ranging from a Nobel laureate to pioneers and innovators in various fields, including pharmacogenomics, pharmaceutical leadership, and academia.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-presents-interviews-for-young-scientists-with-science-s-leading-minds-20240708" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/406" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>22 May 2024</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Reaches New Milestone: 7,000 Books Open for All</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>IntechOpen has achieved a significant milestone in its mission to democratise scientific knowledge by announcing the publication of its 7,000th open access book, 'Towards the Eradication of<em> Helicobacter pylori</em> Infection - Rapid Diagnosis and Precision Treatment.' Guided by the expertise of Dr Liang Wang, Dr Alfred Chin Yen Tay, and 2005 Nobel Prize Laureate Prof. Barry J. Marshall, this book offers insightful research and novel approaches, contributing to the continuous discourse on <em>Helicobacter pylori</em>-related research.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-reaches-new-milestone-7-000-books-open-for-all-20240522" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/405" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>07 June 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Becomes a UKSG Member</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>IntechOpen is now an official member of the UKSG, the UK's largest scholarly communications community. Founded almost half a century ago, it connects the knowledge community and encourages the exchange of ideas in scholarly communication.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-becomes-a-uksg-member-20230607" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/402" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>11 March 2024</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Signs Open Access Institutional Agreement with Iowa State University</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>IntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-signs-open-access-institutional-agreement-with-iowa-state-university-20240311" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/386" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>26 June 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>Connecting with the Robotics Community and Celebrating Open Science: The IntechOpen Journals Highlights from ICRA 2023</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>The IntechOpen Journals team reflects on a collaborative and informative visit to the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)  in London.</p></div> <a href="/news/connecting-with-the-robotics-community-and-celebrating-open-science-the-intechopen-journals-highlights-from-icra-2023-20230626" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/325" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>28 March 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Book Wins the 2022 International Academy of Astronautics Life Science Book Award</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>We are thrilled that the International Academy of Astronautics has chosen IntechOpen's book "Preparation of Space Experiments", edited by Dr. Vladimir Pletser, to receive the IAA Life Science Book Award. The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-book-wins-the-2022-international-academy-of-astronautics-life-science-book-award-20230328" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/357" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>17 February 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Retains Its Dominant Position in Growing OA Market</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>In their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-retains-its-dominant-position-in-growing-oa-market-20230217" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/132" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>15 September 2021</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>We are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format for OA books: IntechOpen Book Series. Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Series feature a Topic structure, <strong>always open for submissions</strong>, covering the most relevant sub-disciplines.</p></div> <a href="/news/introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/323" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>07 April 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Journals Presents: 'Engaging with Open Science 2023' Webinar Series</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>This year, to continue to support our community, we are launching our 'Engaging with Open Science 2023' webinar series, where we will discuss key developments in open science with industry-leading experts and academics. The webinars are organised in three sessions which tell you what you need to know about preprints, open data and open peer review.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-journals-presents-engaging-with-open-science-2023-webinar-series-20230407" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/252" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>27 September 2022</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Celebrates the 6,000th Open Access Book Published</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>A significant milestone was celebrated recently with the publication of IntechOpen’s 6,000th Open Access book, "Congenital Heart Defects Recent Advances." The book is edited by P. Syamasundar Rao, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine and Emeritus Chief of Pediatric Cardiology at the McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas at Houston, a pioneer in interventional pediatric cardiology.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-celebrates-the-6-000th-open-access-book-published-20220927" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div> </div></div> <div class="news-slider__pagination" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc><div id="pagination-news" class="pages" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc></div> <div class="controlls" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc><button class="nav-btn" style="background-image:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/series/icons/ic-arrow-left-ivory.svg');" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc></button> <button class="nav-btn" style="background-image:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.034/series/icons/arrow_right-ivory.svg');" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc></button></div></div></div></div></section> <section 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The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"March 28, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"325","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F325"}},{"id":"416","slug":"intechopen-retains-its-dominant-position-in-growing-oa-market-20230217","title":"IntechOpen Retains Its Dominant Position in Growing OA Market","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIn their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EIn their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"February 17, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"357","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F357"}},{"id":"346","slug":"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915","title":"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EWith the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format for OA books: IntechOpen Book Series. Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Series feature a Topic structure, \u003Cstrong\u003Ealways open for submissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, covering the most relevant sub-disciplines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"September 15, 2021","mainMedia":{"id":"132","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F132"}},{"id":"444","slug":"intechopen-journals-presents-engaging-with-open-science-2023-webinar-series-20230407","title":"IntechOpen Journals Presents: 'Engaging with Open Science 2023' Webinar Series","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EThis year, to continue to support our community, we are launching our 'Engaging with Open Science 2023' webinar series, where we will discuss key developments in open science with industry-leading experts and academics. The webinars are organised in three sessions which tell you what you need to know about preprints, open data and open peer review.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":null,"publishedDatetime":"April 7, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"323","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F323"}},{"id":"385","slug":"intechopen-celebrates-the-6-000th-open-access-book-published-20220927","title":"IntechOpen Celebrates the 6,000th Open Access Book Published","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EA significant milestone was celebrated recently with the publication of IntechOpen’s 6,000th Open Access book, "Congenital Heart Defects Recent Advances." The book is edited by P. Syamasundar Rao, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine and Emeritus Chief of Pediatric Cardiology at the McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas at Houston, a pioneer in interventional pediatric cardiology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EA significant milestone was celebrated recently with the publication of IntechOpen’s 6,000th Open Access book, "Congenital Heart Defects Recent Advances." The book is edited by P. Syamasundar Rao, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine and Emeritus Chief of Pediatric Cardiology at the McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas at Houston, a pioneer in interventional pediatric cardiology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"September 27, 2022","mainMedia":{"id":"252","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F252"}}],"intechStatistics":{"openAccessBooks":"7,400","internationalAuthorsAndEditors":"194,000","downloads":"210M","deliversInCountries":"154","authorsAmongMostCitedScientists":"TOP 1%","authorsAndEditorsFromTopUniversities":"14%","dimensionsCitations":453676,"crossrefCitations":211042},"globalStatistics":{"yearsInPublishingExperience":"15","institutionsPublishedWithUs":"500","visitorsPerMonth":"3.3 MILLION","downloadsPerYear":"150000","wosCitations":"+184,650","chapterPublished":"54,000"}},"newsLanding":{"offset":0,"limit":4,"total":null,"newsList":[]},"news":{"item":{"slug":"intech-regional-research-spotlight-series-japan","title":"IntechOpen Regional Research Spotlight Series - Japan","subtitle":null,"metaTitle":"InTech Regional Research Spotlight Series - Japan","metaDescription":"InTech’s Regional Research Spotlight Series focuses on highlighting fruitful and successful collaborations developed by our team with particular countries and its notable scientists, research institutions and companies actively involved in the field of Science, Technology and Medicine (STM).","metaKeywords":null,"publishedDatetime":"May 3, 2016","endDate":null,"newsType":"1","contentRaw":"[{\"type\":\"htmlEditorComponent\",\"content\":\"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen’s Regional Research Spotlight Series focuses on highlighting fruitful and successful collaborations developed by our team with particular countries and its notable scientists, research institutions and companies actively involved in the field of Science, Technology and Medicine (STM).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Japan is most known for contributions to the electronics industry, Japanese researchers have been at the forefront of scientific research, technology, machinery, and medical research having been awarded the most Nobel Prizes in Asia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EWe have been collaborating with Japanese based researchers since 2004, working with some of the top universities in Japan. Our Japanese authors have participated in 1,555 books, accounting for 66% of IntechOpen’s publications.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECollaboration with Japanese Researchers\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom 2004 and 2010 we worked with 136 authors based in Japan, and from 2011 and 2016 that number increased to 4,310 authors, with a total of 2,822 chapters published and more than 70 Book Editors. In addition to this significant increase in collaborations, we have had the opportunity to work with some of the most renowned researchers coming from Japan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHiroshi Ishiguro - Innovatory Roboticist\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2012, IntechOpen’s International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems organized InTeract, an event to showcase the latest developments in the research area of Human Robotics Interaction (HRI).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EThe event featured worldwide renowned roboticist, Japan’s foremost android scientist, and IntechOpen author, Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, from the University of Osaka.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most well known names in Robotics, he is the recipient of numerous academic accolades, and most recently received the Prize for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), in April of 2015.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EProfessor Hiroshi Ishiguro, is the director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, Department of Systems Innovation at Osaka University, and is known for his commitment and achievements in humanoid Robotics. Professor Ishiguro’s efforts focus on the design and engineering of humanoid robots replicating human-like appearances and behaviors. His Geminoid HI-1 Android, built in his likeness, is one of the greatest examples of a humanoid android ever built.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EProfessor Ishiguro is a true pioneer in android science and robotics research, and it was a privilege to host him and \u003Ca href=\\\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=ZAUHGeqmk_Q&list=PLZdmsAVa--ww-c6yohCnvWncRLaaInrpg&index=2\\\"\u003Elisten to him speak\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about his research at the InTeract event. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EJunji Kido - Among World's Top 1% Highly Cited Authors\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen collaborator, Junji Kido, has made Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researchers list for 2015, meaning he is in the top 1% highly cited researchers in the world. The list is released annually to recognize the leading researchers in the field of sciences and social sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EJunji Kido from Yamagata University, co-authored \u003Ca href=\\\"\u002Fbooks\u002Forganic-light-emitting-diode-material-process-and-devices\\\"\u003EOrganic Light Emitting Diode - Material, Process and Devices\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from \u003Ca href=\\\"\u002Fbooks\u002Forganic-light-emitting-diode-material-process-and-devices\u002Forganic-field-effect-transistors-using-hetero-layered-structure-with-oled-materials\\\"\u003E“Organic Field-Effect Transistors Using Hetero-Layered Structure with OLED Materials”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published in 2011. The chapter introduced a new concept of hetero-layered high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) to improve general performance of OFETs without using the conventional surface treatment methods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENotable Collaborations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"\u002Fbooks\u002Feditor\u002Fnew-trends-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine-official-book-of-the-japanese-society-for-regenerative-medicine\\\"\u003ENew Trends in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - Official Book of the Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EEdited By: Hideharu Hibi and Minoru UedaISBN 978-953-51-1724-7Published September 18, 2014\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EThis book is an edited collection of the achievements of the main members of the Dental Division of the Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine, which derives from the Japanese Forum for Regenerative Dentistry established in 2003. The editors are especially proud to bring together leading biologists and dentists of all specialties. This unique collection of reports on the achievements and experiences of experts from all over the world represents the current spectrum of possibilities in tissue engineering of substitutes not only in dentistry but also in medicine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"\u002Fbooks\u002Fmicro-nano-mechatronics-new-trends-in-material-measurement-control-manufacturing-and-their-applications-in-biomedical-engineering\\\"\u003EMicro-Nano Mechatronics - New Trends in Material, Measurement, Control, Manufacturing and Their Applications in Biomedical Engineering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EEdited By Toshio Fukuda, Tomohide Niimi and Goro ObinataISBN 978-953-51-1104-7Published June 5, 2013\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EMicro\u002FNano mechatronics is currently used in broader spectra, ranging from basic applications in robotics, actuators, sensors, semiconductors, automobiles, and machine tools. This book presents the project summary for the Center of Excellence for Education and Research of Micro-Nano Mechatronics. The project implements a strategy to realize applications of micro-nano mechatronics, which are based on mechanical engineering or materials science, control systems engineering, and advanced medical engineering. The chapters describe the research advances in micro\u002Fnano measurement and control, micro\u002Fnano design and manufacturing, nanomaterials science, and their applications in biomedical engineering.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMost Cited Books\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"\u002Fbooks\u002Fionic-liquids-new-aspects-for-the-future\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003EIonic Liquids - New Aspects for the Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EEdited by Jun-ichi KadokawaISBN 978-953-51-0937-2Published January 23, 2013\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EAn up-to-date collection of scientific information on theoretical, generic, and applied areas of ionic liquids, reviewing recent progresses in ionic liquid research on fundamental properties, solvents and catalysts in organic reactions, biological applications, providing energies and fuels, biomass conversions, functional materials, and other applications.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003ETimes Cited (Web of Science): 65\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"\u002Fbooks\u002Fthermodynamics\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003EThermodynamics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EEdited by Mizutani TadashiISBN 978-953-307-544-0Published January 14, 2011\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EThis book explores the progress of thermodynamics as stimulated by the findings of a variety of fields in science and technology. The principles of thermodynamics are so vast that the application is widespread to such fields as solid state physics, chemistry, biology, astronomical science, materials science, and chemical engineering.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003ETimes Cited (Web of Science): 64\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMost Cited Chapter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EBook Chapter: “\u003Ca href=\\\"\u002Fbooks\u002Fadvances-in-ceramics-synthesis-and-characterization-processing-and-specific-applications\u002Fmolten-salt-synthesis-of-ceramic-powders\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003EMolten Salt Synthesis of Ceramic Powders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EBy Toshio KimuraKeio University, JapanISBN 978-953-307-505-1Published August 9, 2011\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003ETimes Cited (Web of Science): 24\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking Ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the holder of the largest collection of open access books, we are dedicated to consistently promoting all of our collaborations worldwide with a goal to continue the publication and promotion of research efforts. Our spotlight on Japan is to focus attention on a country that has brought us some of the most important and relevant research. We look forward to not only maintaining but growing in our collaborations with Japanese researchers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003ETo participate in books that are currently being developed browse \u003Ca href=\\\"\u002Fopen-for-submissions\\\"\u003EOpen for Submissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\"}]","published":true,"mainMedia":null},"components":[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen’s Regional Research Spotlight Series focuses on highlighting fruitful and successful collaborations developed by our team with particular countries and its notable scientists, research institutions and companies actively involved in the field of Science, Technology and Medicine (STM).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Japan is most known for contributions to the electronics industry, Japanese researchers have been at the forefront of scientific research, technology, machinery, and medical research having been awarded the most Nobel Prizes in Asia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EWe have been collaborating with Japanese based researchers since 2004, working with some of the top universities in Japan. Our Japanese authors have participated in 1,555 books, accounting for 66% of IntechOpen’s publications.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECollaboration with Japanese Researchers\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom 2004 and 2010 we worked with 136 authors based in Japan, and from 2011 and 2016 that number increased to 4,310 authors, with a total of 2,822 chapters published and more than 70 Book Editors. In addition to this significant increase in collaborations, we have had the opportunity to work with some of the most renowned researchers coming from Japan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHiroshi Ishiguro - Innovatory Roboticist\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2012, IntechOpen’s International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems organized InTeract, an event to showcase the latest developments in the research area of Human Robotics Interaction (HRI).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe event featured worldwide renowned roboticist, Japan’s foremost android scientist, and IntechOpen author, Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, from the University of Osaka.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most well known names in Robotics, he is the recipient of numerous academic accolades, and most recently received the Prize for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), in April of 2015.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EProfessor Hiroshi Ishiguro, is the director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, Department of Systems Innovation at Osaka University, and is known for his commitment and achievements in humanoid Robotics. Professor Ishiguro’s efforts focus on the design and engineering of humanoid robots replicating human-like appearances and behaviors. His Geminoid HI-1 Android, built in his likeness, is one of the greatest examples of a humanoid android ever built.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EProfessor Ishiguro is a true pioneer in android science and robotics research, and it was a privilege to host him and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=ZAUHGeqmk_Q&list=PLZdmsAVa--ww-c6yohCnvWncRLaaInrpg&index=2\"\u003Elisten to him speak\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about his research at the InTeract event. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EJunji Kido - Among World's Top 1% Highly Cited Authors\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen collaborator, Junji Kido, has made Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researchers list for 2015, meaning he is in the top 1% highly cited researchers in the world. The list is released annually to recognize the leading researchers in the field of sciences and social sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EJunji Kido from Yamagata University, co-authored \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fbooks\u002Forganic-light-emitting-diode-material-process-and-devices\"\u003EOrganic Light Emitting Diode - Material, Process and Devices\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fbooks\u002Forganic-light-emitting-diode-material-process-and-devices\u002Forganic-field-effect-transistors-using-hetero-layered-structure-with-oled-materials\"\u003E“Organic Field-Effect Transistors Using Hetero-Layered Structure with OLED Materials”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published in 2011. The chapter introduced a new concept of hetero-layered high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) to improve general performance of OFETs without using the conventional surface treatment methods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENotable Collaborations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fbooks\u002Feditor\u002Fnew-trends-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine-official-book-of-the-japanese-society-for-regenerative-medicine\"\u003ENew Trends in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - Official Book of the Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EEdited By: Hideharu Hibi and Minoru UedaISBN 978-953-51-1724-7Published September 18, 2014\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThis book is an edited collection of the achievements of the main members of the Dental Division of the Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine, which derives from the Japanese Forum for Regenerative Dentistry established in 2003. The editors are especially proud to bring together leading biologists and dentists of all specialties. This unique collection of reports on the achievements and experiences of experts from all over the world represents the current spectrum of possibilities in tissue engineering of substitutes not only in dentistry but also in medicine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fbooks\u002Fmicro-nano-mechatronics-new-trends-in-material-measurement-control-manufacturing-and-their-applications-in-biomedical-engineering\"\u003EMicro-Nano Mechatronics - New Trends in Material, Measurement, Control, Manufacturing and Their Applications in Biomedical Engineering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EEdited By Toshio Fukuda, Tomohide Niimi and Goro ObinataISBN 978-953-51-1104-7Published June 5, 2013\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EMicro\u002FNano mechatronics is currently used in broader spectra, ranging from basic applications in robotics, actuators, sensors, semiconductors, automobiles, and machine tools. This book presents the project summary for the Center of Excellence for Education and Research of Micro-Nano Mechatronics. The project implements a strategy to realize applications of micro-nano mechatronics, which are based on mechanical engineering or materials science, control systems engineering, and advanced medical engineering. The chapters describe the research advances in micro\u002Fnano measurement and control, micro\u002Fnano design and manufacturing, nanomaterials science, and their applications in biomedical engineering.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMost Cited Books\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fbooks\u002Fionic-liquids-new-aspects-for-the-future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EIonic Liquids - New Aspects for the Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EEdited by Jun-ichi KadokawaISBN 978-953-51-0937-2Published January 23, 2013\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EAn up-to-date collection of scientific information on theoretical, generic, and applied areas of ionic liquids, reviewing recent progresses in ionic liquid research on fundamental properties, solvents and catalysts in organic reactions, biological applications, providing energies and fuels, biomass conversions, functional materials, and other applications.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ETimes Cited (Web of Science): 65\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fbooks\u002Fthermodynamics\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThermodynamics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EEdited by Mizutani TadashiISBN 978-953-307-544-0Published January 14, 2011\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThis book explores the progress of thermodynamics as stimulated by the findings of a variety of fields in science and technology. The principles of thermodynamics are so vast that the application is widespread to such fields as solid state physics, chemistry, biology, astronomical science, materials science, and chemical engineering.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ETimes Cited (Web of Science): 64\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMost Cited Chapter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EBook Chapter: “\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fbooks\u002Fadvances-in-ceramics-synthesis-and-characterization-processing-and-specific-applications\u002Fmolten-salt-synthesis-of-ceramic-powders\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EMolten Salt Synthesis of Ceramic Powders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EBy Toshio KimuraKeio University, JapanISBN 978-953-307-505-1Published August 9, 2011\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ETimes Cited (Web of Science): 24\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking Ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the holder of the largest collection of open access books, we are dedicated to consistently promoting all of our collaborations worldwide with a goal to continue the publication and promotion of research efforts. Our spotlight on Japan is to focus attention on a country that has brought us some of the most important and relevant research. We look forward to not only maintaining but growing in our collaborations with Japanese researchers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ETo participate in books that are currently being developed browse \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fopen-for-submissions\"\u003EOpen for Submissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"}],"latestNews":[{"slug":"new-intechopen-book-series-annual-volumes-published-in-2024-20250120","title":"New IntechOpen Book Series Annual Volumes Published in 2024"},{"slug":"third-environmental-social-and-governance-esg-report-published-20241230","title":"Third Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Report Published"},{"slug":"intechopen-books-now-indexed-in-ebsco-s-open-access-collection-20241219","title":"IntechOpen Books Now Indexed in EBSCO’s Open Access Collection"},{"slug":"intechopen-journals-inaugural-best-reviewer-award-for-2024-20241217","title":"Inaugural Best Reviewer Award for 2024 - IntechOpen Journals"},{"slug":"green-energy-and-environmental-technology-journal-supporting-the-un-sustainable-development-goals-20241105","title":"Green Energy and Environmental Technology Journal: Supporting the UN Sustainable Development Goals"},{"slug":"intechopen-signs-research4life-publishers-recommitment-20241029","title":"IntechOpen Signs Research4Life Publishers Recommitment"},{"slug":"intechopen-launches-open-science-hub-20241028","title":"IntechOpen Launches Open Science Hub"},{"slug":"2024-best-paper-award-from-the-ai-computer-science-and-robotics-technology-journal-20241004","title":"2024 Best Paper Award From the AI, Computer Science, and Robotics Technology Journal"}]},"book":{"item":{"type":"book","id":"7138","leadTitle":null,"fullTitle":"Recent Developments in Myelodysplastic Syndromes","title":"Recent Developments in Myelodysplastic Syndromes","subtitle":null,"reviewType":"peer-reviewed","abstract":"This book deals with the rapid progress in the area of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). MDS are a group of age-associated heterogeneous malignant bone marrow stem cell disorders. MDS are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, which leads to refractory cytopenias and to clonal instability. Patients with MDS have myeloid dysplasia, intramedullary apoptosis and an increased risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The use of next generation sequencing has allowed for the identification of molecular mutations in several genes in about 90% of MDS patients. Several mutations will likely be incorporated into future prognostic scoring systems for MDS. About 50% of MDS cases are characterized by the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities. The correct morphological and cytogenetic analysis interpretation plays an important role in diagnosis and prognosis of these disorders. Cell death and an inflammatory gene signature are associated with MDS. Better understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of MDS pathogenesis provides an opportunity for new treatment strategies to be developed. Promising novel therapies targeting pathophysiological mechanisms of MDS are being studied but the drugs currently used in MDS therapy remain limited. The only curative therapy for MDS is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Recent advances in strategies to minimize transplant-related toxicity make this treatment possible for more MDS patients who are sufficiently fit.","isbn":"978-1-78985-478-7","printIsbn":"978-1-78985-477-0","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83962-040-9","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.73936","price":119,"priceEur":135,"priceUsd":150,"priceCbs":null,"slug":"recent-developments-in-myelodysplastic-syndromes","numberOfPages":120,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isInWos":null,"isInBkci":false,"hash":"f25aae5d062706d31025b1b21bb1d072","bookSignature":"Ota Fuchs","publishedDate":"February 20th 2019","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F7138.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F7138\u002F1718276187-1779085442\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F7138\u002F1718276187-1779085442\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","numberOfDownloads":11589,"numberOfViews":2796,"numberOfWosCitations":0,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":6,"numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook":0,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":13,"numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":19,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"dateEndFirstStepPublish":"July 24th 2018","dateEndSecondStepPublish":"August 14th 2018","dateEndThirdStepPublish":"October 13th 2018","dateEndFourthStepPublish":"January 1st 2019","dateEndFifthStepPublish":"March 2nd 2019","currentStepOfPublishingProcess":5,"indexedIn":"1,2,3,4,5,6","editedByType":"Edited by","kuFlag":false,"sdgRelated":false,"featuredMarkup":null,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":false,"cbsWebsiteURL":null,"noAds":0,"editors":[{"id":"36468","title":"Dr.","name":"Ota","middleName":null,"surname":"Fuchs","slug":"ota-fuchs","fullName":"Ota Fuchs","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F36468\u002F1716806370\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Ota Fuchs graduated from the Chemical Technological University, Prague, Czech Republic, in 1971. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Prague, in 1981. He is employed as a Senior Scientist at the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague. He undertook as visiting scientist short-term affiliations at the Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in St Peterburg, Russia; and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada. Dr. Fuchs was the principal investigator of five projects of the Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic and one grant project of the Grant Agency of Czech Republic.","institutionString":"Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion","position":null,"outsideEditionCount":0,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"6","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"4","institution":{"name":"Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Czech Republic"}},"countryString":"Czech Republic"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"1026","title":"Hematological Oncology","slug":"hematological-oncology"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"series":null,"subseries":null,"tags":null,"_preview":0,"chapters":[{"id":"65408","title":"Introductory Chapter: Progress in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Area","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.84594","slug":"introductory-chapter-progress-in-myelodysplastic-syndrome-area","totalDownloads":1258,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":1,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Ota Fuchs","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F65408","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F65408","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"36468","title":"Dr.","name":"Ota","surname":"Fuchs","slug":"ota-fuchs","fullName":"Ota Fuchs"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"64871","title":"Diagnosis and Classification of Myelodysplastic Syndrome","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.82532","slug":"diagnosis-and-classification-of-myelodysplastic-syndrome","totalDownloads":3812,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"totalDimensionsCites":4,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":2,"abstract":"Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by morphological dysplastic changes in one or more of the major hematopoietic cell lines. MDS can present with varying degrees of single or multiple cytopenias including neutropenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia. Presentation of MDS can range from asymptomatic to life threatening. MDS diagnosis and classification present important challenges, particularly in the distinction from benign conditions. French-American-British (FAB) classification proposed a classification based on easily obtainable laboratory information and was recommended in early and as modified by guidelines of new classification of World Health Organization (WHO). The strategy of diagnostic laboratory in MDS depends on morphological changes and is based on existence of dysplastic changes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow including peripheral blood smear, bone marrow aspirate smear and bone marrow trephine biopsy. The correct morphological interpretation and the use of cytogenetics, immunophenotyping, immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis will give valuable information on diagnosis and prognosis.","signatures":"Gamal Abdul Hamid, Abdul Wahab Al-Nehmi and Safa Shukry","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F64871","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F64871","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"36487","title":"Dr.","name":"Gamal","surname":"Abdul Hamid","slug":"gamal-abdul-hamid","fullName":"Gamal Abdul Hamid"},{"id":"273724","title":"Dr.","name":"Safa","surname":"Shukry","slug":"safa-shukry","fullName":"Safa Shukry"},{"id":"277511","title":"Dr.","name":"Abdulwahab","surname":"Al-Nehmi","slug":"abdulwahab-al-nehmi","fullName":"Abdulwahab Al-Nehmi"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"63270","title":"Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Autoimmune Disorders: Causal Relationship or Coincidence?","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.80710","slug":"myelodysplastic-syndrome-and-autoimmune-disorders-causal-relationship-or-coincidence-","totalDownloads":1587,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":3,"abstract":"Myelodysplastic syndromes are heterogeneous group of clonal hematologic malignancies characterized by peripheral blood cytopenias secondary to the ineffective hematopoiesis. ADs are frequently reported in MDS, the incidence ranging from 10 to 30%, and particularly ADs are more frequently seen at CMML. ADs may prone patient to MDS, especially when immune suppressors such as azathioprine are used for the underlying AD. Both innate and adaptive immune systems, and different cytokines including interleukins, TNF-α, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) contribute in immune dysregulation of MDS. Vasculitis, seronegative rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, Behçet’s disease, RP, and AIHA are just some of the ADs occurring concomitantly with MDS. Although hematopoietic growth factors are recommended by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), it has been recognized from several case reports that treatment of the underlying MDS may resolve the associated autoimmune disorders. The heterogeneity and complexity of pathology, clinical manifestations, response to therapy, and prognosis of MDS and its immune dysregulation make the prognosis of MDS with autoimmune diseases a matter of debate. Better understanding of the immune dysregulation of MDS in the molecular level may help to design prospective, double blind clinical trials to find the best treatment options for autoimmune disorders associated with MDS.","signatures":"Kam A. Newman, Mojtaba Akhtari and Sheda Heidarian","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F63270","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F63270","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"253996","title":"Dr.","name":"Kam A.","surname":"Newman","slug":"kam-a.-newman","fullName":"Kam A. Newman"},{"id":"264133","title":"Dr.","name":"Mojtaba","surname":"Akhtari","slug":"mojtaba-akhtari","fullName":"Mojtaba Akhtari"},{"id":"264161","title":"Dr.","name":"Sheda","surname":"Heidarian","slug":"sheda-heidarian","fullName":"Sheda Heidarian"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"64447","title":"Immune Dysregulation in MDS: The Role of Cytokines and Immune Cells","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.82101","slug":"immune-dysregulation-in-mds-the-role-of-cytokines-and-immune-cells","totalDownloads":1603,"totalCrossrefCites":3,"totalDimensionsCites":5,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":4,"abstract":"Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a hematopoietic stem cell disorder affecting individuals over the age of 60 years. It is characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and extensive apoptosis of hematopoietic cells. MDS patients are at a high risk of transforming in to acute myeloid leukemia. The main cause of apoptosis and escape from immune surveillance in MDS is immune dysregulation caused by a number of factors such as aberrant cytokine production and influence of various immune cells. In the past decade various pro-inflammatory cytokines and a number of immune cells such as Natural Killer cells, regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, mesenchymal stem cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells and dendritic cells have been implicated in immune dysregulation leading to MDS pathogenesis. In this review we focus on the current data available on the role of these immune factors.","signatures":"Selma D’Silva, Sunil B. Rajadhyaksha and Meenakshi Singh","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F64447","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F64447","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"217471","title":"Dr.","name":"Selma","surname":"D\\'Silva","slug":"selma-d'silva","fullName":"Selma D\\'Silva"},{"id":"267032","title":"Dr.","name":"Meenakshi","surname":"Singh","slug":"meenakshi-singh","fullName":"Meenakshi Singh"},{"id":"280190","title":"Dr.","name":"Sunil","surname":"Rajadhyaksha","slug":"sunil-rajadhyaksha","fullName":"Sunil Rajadhyaksha"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"64560","title":"Myelodysplastic Syndromes: An Update on Pathophysiology and Management","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.82166","slug":"myelodysplastic-syndromes-an-update-on-pathophysiology-and-management","totalDownloads":2063,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":5,"abstract":"Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a set of clonal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis that manifest as cytopenia of variable severity. The result often is an increased risk of infection, transfusion dependence, and a potential to transform to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For the past decade, hypomethylating agents remain the only FDA-approved therapy. Given that MDS is more prevalent in the elderly who often have comorbid conditions, supportive care remains the mainstay of therapy. Curative treatments are restricted to younger, healthy individuals with histocompatible-matched donors for allogeneic transplant able to tolerate more intensive chemotherapeutic treatment. Understanding of the pathophysiology of MDS advanced over the past decade, which leads to an increasing array of new agents under clinical investigation. This review focuses on our recent enhanced understanding of MDS molecular biology, and promising novel agents that go beyond the hypomethylating agent.","signatures":"Wanxing Chai-Ho and Gary J. Schiller","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F64560","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F64560","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"272031","title":"Dr.","name":"Wanxing","surname":"Chai-Ho","slug":"wanxing-chai-ho","fullName":"Wanxing Chai-Ho"},{"id":"272174","title":"Dr.","name":"Gary","surname":"Schiller","slug":"gary-schiller","fullName":"Gary Schiller"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"62927","title":"Noncoding RNAs in Myelodysplastic Syndromes","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.79767","slug":"noncoding-rnas-in-myelodysplastic-syndromes","totalDownloads":1268,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":2,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":6,"abstract":"The discovery of short regulatory RNAs has recently directed the attention of scientists to parts of the genome that previously had been regarded as “junk” DNA because they did not encode protein products. The revelation that even protein-noncoding sequences had biological functions began the era of discovering the world of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Of these ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the most numerous and best-known ncRNA groups. miRNAs and lncRNAs are important regulators of hematopoiesis, and their abnormal function has serious implications for phenotypes. Deregulation of these ncRNAs is found in hematopoietic disorders, and they also contribute to the development and progression of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Properties of ncRNAs such as stability and tissue specificity make these molecules highly promising diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as interesting therapeutic targets. This chapter summarizes our knowledge on the contribution of ncRNAs to the pathogenesis of MDS and discusses their potential applicability in disease diagnostics and prognosis.","signatures":"Andrea Hruštincová, Katarina Szikszai, Zdeněk Krejčík, Nikoleta Loudová\nand Michaela Dostálová Merkerová","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F62927","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F62927","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"247057","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Michaela","surname":"Dostálová Merkerová","slug":"michaela-dostalova-merkerova","fullName":"Michaela Dostálová Merkerová"},{"id":"261446","title":"Mrs.","name":"Andrea","surname":"Hruštincová","slug":"andrea-hrustincova","fullName":"Andrea Hruštincová"},{"id":"261447","title":"Dr.","name":"Katarina","surname":"Szikszai","slug":"katarina-szikszai","fullName":"Katarina Szikszai"},{"id":"261448","title":"Dr.","name":"Zdeněk","surname":"Krejčík","slug":"zdenek-krejcik","fullName":"Zdeněk Krejčík"},{"id":"261449","title":"Ms.","name":"Nikoleta","surname":"Loudová","slug":"nikoleta-loudova","fullName":"Nikoleta Loudová"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0}]},"relatedBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"5276","title":"Myelodysplastic Syndromes","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"31dbb51d4215f4c5ed2069686e46ec2b","slug":"myelodysplastic-syndromes","bookSignature":"Ota Fuchs","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F5276.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"36468","title":"Dr.","name":"Ota","surname":"Fuchs","slug":"ota-fuchs","fullName":"Ota Fuchs"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"8798","title":"Cells of the Immune System","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"4e8acf20a4e80bc7c97cb34d1672e53d","slug":"cells-of-the-immune-system","bookSignature":"Ota Fuchs and Seyyed Shamsadin Athari","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F8798.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"36468","title":"Dr.","name":"Ota","surname":"Fuchs","slug":"ota-fuchs","fullName":"Ota Fuchs"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"9791","title":"Multiple Myeloma","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"91ae15c94c1c8b771c959a4cee4ed8ba","slug":"multiple-myeloma","bookSignature":"Ota Fuchs","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F9791.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"36468","title":"Dr.","name":"Ota","surname":"Fuchs","slug":"ota-fuchs","fullName":"Ota Fuchs"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1830","title":"Hematology","subtitle":"Science and Practice","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"5bcd8875467e51b02e0ea4aec429ad51","slug":"hematology-science-and-practice","bookSignature":"Charles H. 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These properties make ferrites valuable for diverse technological applications, from refrigeration and air conditioning to telecommunications, microwave ovens, computer, electronics, and computing.\r\n\r\nThe primary focus of this book will be the fabrication and investigation of the structural, magneto-electric, and dielectric properties of specific ferrites, including cobalt-erbium, nickel, manganese-zinc, zinc-copper, and graphene-based cobalt ferrites for microwave shielding. It will also discuss the use of ferrites in supercapacitor electrodes and examine the potential of nanoferrite-based drug delivery systems as an adjuvant therapy for cancer. Additionally, it addresses both current applications and future challenges in the field.\r\n\r\nThe book will present up-to-date information with comprehensive references for each chapter, guiding readers to additional resources. 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He currently serves as editor-in-chief for The Nucleus and Journal of Materials, Processing, and Design. Additionally, he is an editorial board member for several other journals in materials science.","equalEditorOneBiosketch":null,"equalEditorTwoBiosketch":null,"equalEditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorOneBiosketch":null,"coeditorTwoBiosketch":null,"coeditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorFourBiosketch":null,"coeditorFiveBiosketch":null,"isPublished":false,"isDeactivated":false,"hasEditors":true,"editors":[{"id":"107765","title":"Dr.","name":"Maaz","middleName":null,"surname":"Khan","slug":"maaz-khan","fullName":"Maaz Khan","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F107765\u002F1740562998\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Maaz Khan is the Deputy Chief Scientist at the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, with a PhD and postdoctoral expertise in materials science and nanoscience. 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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."},"_preview":0},"regionStatistics":[{"id":"1","name":"Southern Europe","contributorCount":21370},{"id":"2","name":"Northern Europe","contributorCount":6960},{"id":"3","name":"Western Europe","contributorCount":10652},{"id":"4","name":"Northern America","contributorCount":17996},{"id":"5","name":"Eastern Asia","contributorCount":20252},{"id":"6","name":"Australia and New Zealand","contributorCount":2718}],"intechStatistics":{"openAccessBooks":"7,400","internationalAuthorsAndEditors":"194,000","downloads":"210M","deliversInCountries":"154","authorsAmongMostCitedScientists":"TOP 1%","authorsAndEditorsFromTopUniversities":"14%","dimensionsCitations":453676,"crossrefCitations":211042}},"ofsBook_old1":{"item":{},"relatedBooks":[]},"chapter":{"item":{"type":"chapter","id":"40827","title":"Climate Change: Innovative Approaches for Modeling and Simulation of Water Resources and Socioeconomic Dynamics","doi":"10.5772\u002F50606","slug":"climate-change-innovative-approaches-for-modeling-and-simulation-of-water-resources-and-socioeconomi","body":"\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis chapter shows an innovative approach for handling the rising scarcity of water resources caused by climate change. It introduces a new way of the modeling and simulation of socioeconomic adaptation and mitigation to water scarcity. But the model can be used for all the resources that humans have to share on planet earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt tries to find an explanation for the reactions of different societies to water availability problems caused by climatic change. For that purpose a Knowledge Attributed Petri Net based discrete simulation model is used modeling these different reactions. The model is based on integrated psychosocial development theories.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Knowledge Attributed Petri Net model is implemented in the CASSANDRA (Cognizant Adaptive Simulation System for Applications in Numerous Different Relevant Areas) system developed by the McLeod Institute of Simulation Sciences Hungarian Center at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E2. Climate change, water availability and socioeconomic problems\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.1. Climate change and water resources\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMany climate scenarios, socioeconomic models and digitized river networks show that water stress is already high in many parts of the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELatest edition of the UN World Water Development Report, Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk (\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EWWAP, 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) launched at the World Water Forum in Marseille on 12 March 2012 warns that unprecedented growth in demands for water are threatening all major development goals. The growing pressure on global water resources comes from rising food demand, urbanization and climate change. According to the Report climate change will alter rainfall patterns, soil humidity, glacier-melt and river-flow and also causes changes to underground water sources. Floods or droughts are already rising in frequency and intensity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage1_w.jpg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EExamples of current vulnerabilities of freshwater resources and their management (\u003Cxref rid=\"B1\" ref-type=\"bibr\"\u003EAlcamo et al., 2003\u003C\u002Fxref\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.2. Climate change and water conflicts\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Report (\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EWWAP, 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) says that by the middle of the century 70 per cent more food will be needed. It means at least 19 per cent increase in the water required for agriculture. Many countries have already started to respond to water scarcity by acquiring fertile land outside their jurisdiction. Transnational land acquisition has risen from 15-20 million hectares in 2009 to more than 70 million hectares today. This is a problematic new tendency, a new kind of agro imperialism particularly happening in Africa by water scarce richer Arabian and western countries. Also as about 40 per cent of the world’s population is living in river basins shared by many countries the risk rises that global climate change and the anticipated alteration of precipitation patterns will very likely lead to water-based conflicts in these regions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_4_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.3. Climate change, water and related socioeconomic challenges\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the Report (\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EWWAP, 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) climate change will drastically affect food production in South Asia and Southern Africa between 2012 and 2030. By 2070, water-stress will also be felt in central and southern Europe, affecting up to 44 million people. These pressures will exacerbate economic disparities between countries, sectors or regions within countries. Better governance of water resources is required including investments in infrastructure from both private and public sectors (as for instance more than 80 per cent of the world’s waste water is neither collected nor treated).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Technical Paper on Climate Change and Water (IPCC, 2008) the amount of water available for withdrawal is a function of runoff, groundwater recharge, aquifer conditions, water quality and water supply infrastructure. Safe access to drinking water depends more on the level of water supply infrastructure than on the quantity of runoff. However, the goal of improved safe access to drinking water will be harder to achieve in regions where runoff and\u002For groundwater recharge decreases as a result of climate change. In addition, climate change leads to additional costs for the water supply sector, e.g., due to changing water levels affecting water supply infrastructure, which might hamper the extension of water supply services to more people. This leads, in turn, to higher socio-economic impacts and follow-up costs (IPCC, 2008).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_5_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.4. Environmental problems or social problems?\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp\u003EResearches show that current levels of human consumption, in combination with growing population are contributing to climate change (\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EDietz & Rosa, 1994\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EMyers & Kent, 2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EStern, Dietz, Ruttan, Socolow, & Sweeney, 1997\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Population growth will increase the global emissions anyway but a much larger increase would result if per capita emissions from energy consumption in developing countries increased to the developed countries level. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis makes it more imperative to understand how people make decisions that influence climate change through their behaviors (e.g. consumption) and to examine the values underlying that behavior. Consumption patterns represent classes of behaviors that explain the ways that human behavior contributes to climate change. In order to understand and address the links between consumption and climate change, it is useful to understand psychological, social, and cultural drivers of consumption and to understand what it is about consumption that influences climate change (\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EAPA, 2011\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EConsumption is influenced strongly by social and cultural context. Cultural norms identify appropriate and desirable behaviors. It is important to see to which extent cultures value consumerism. Whereas environmental consumption is the use of resources and energy and economic consumption is spending money to acquire goods, consumerism is “a belief and value system in which consumption and acquisition rituals (e.g., shopping) are naturalized as sources of self-identity and meaning in life, goods are avidly desired for non-utilitarian reasons such as envy provocation and status seeking, and consuming replaces producing as a key determinant of social relations” (p. 231; \u003Ca href=\"#B30\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EZhao & Belk, 2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDisciplines ranging from hydrology, politics, and international relations to law have in the recent past been tempted by the idea of &bdquo;war over water”. This is a common belief or a projection that if a country runs out of water it will start a war (\u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EIjjas, Valkó, 2011\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). However this belief is just a belief and as such it is the product of a certain belief system (also called value system). Such beliefs change automatically when the value system changes. Value systems mostly change when life conditions change. Climate change will definitely indicate changing life conditions. As a result conflicting water scarce countries of shared river basins will escape water deficit by economically invisible and politically silent processes just as likely as they will start a war over water. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.5. Climate challenge vs. psychosocial challenge\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt seems that there is a strong cross-coupling between climate change, population growth, economic development, and social development. Therefore the relevance of these subsystems and links between them cannot be neglected.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe way how people manage their resources that their environment provides them with is strongly determinded by the thinking of these people. Both individual and social acts are triggered by the set of values and thinking modes that those individuals and social groups have. Let it be acts as consumption behavior (energy consumption, water consumption, food consumption or buying consumer goods) or developing strategies and programs by companies or by the government, decisions are always based on certain set of values and cognitive structures. By missing the qualities or levels of these subjective realms of decision making, resources management cannot fully be understood and finding solutions for environmental-social-economical problems will easily be dismissed. The question is how to link the subjective with the objective - how to understand why people are handling conflicts related to rising water, food or energy demand in a certain way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn our case in order to have a more complete view of real water availability it is necessary to consider interactions among climate change, integrated water management and human systems including societal adaptations to water scarcity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EGrumbine (1994\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) states that management scenarios for climate change, water and economical, human systems should make the role of human values explicit because people base their commitments on values rather than on facts and on logic. People having different value systems want to fulfill different needs. This applies to scenario development concerning river management in developing, and particularly in developed areas, where the landscape is largely man-made. There are already cases where values systems have been taken into account by managing water resources. The psychosocial evolution model of river management is a good example for that. The model has been created within the cooperation of the Utrecht University and another research institution in order to have a guide for selecting and positioning specific landscaping measures within a changing climatic, human and economical surrounding (\u003Ca href=\"#B27\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EStraatsma et al., 2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_8\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E3. Psychosocial development\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy social development we mean human activities organized at ever higher levels achieving greater results. Psychosocial development further integrates patterns of psycho development analogous to social development resulting in an integrated development model of both individual and collective human structures. Psychosocial development takes place when life conditions change in time. For example when water resources become scarce - different societies react differently according to their value systems and they may organize themselves at a higher level (regression to lower levels is also possible).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_8_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E3.1. Models of psychosocial development\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWater related problems are human related problems and for that they are not to be solved without showing and understanding the human factor that is behind them. In order to understand the role of value systems in forming different adaptation and mitigation techniques - according to water scarcity issues caused by climate change - several psychosocial developmental model can be used.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPsychosocial models relevant for our issue have been developed by Hamilton M. (Doctor of Philosophy in Administration and Management, Columbia Pacific University) Graves C. W. (Prof. Dr. Emeritus in Psychology, New York Union College) Cook-Greuter S. (doctorate for Postautonomous Ego Development, Harvard University) Maslow A. (Prof. Dr. Head of American Psychological Association) the psychologist Piaget J. or the developmental psychologist Erick Erickson (Harvard Medical School). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe’ve found that these models are based on the same principles and they are following similar dynamics. What we have done was synthetizing these models to get an integrated model. The most focus was given to Graves’ model as it proved to be the most applicable in practical questions and most applicable for modeling and simulation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe psychosocial development model of \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EGraves (1970\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) is also called an emergent, cyclical, double-helix model of adult psychosocial systems development. \u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EGraves identified (1974\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) eight levels of existence that can be described by life conditions and the brain’s coping conditions with those certain life conditions. The eight levels are: A-N \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EAutomatic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E; B-O \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EAutistic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, C-P \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EEgocentric\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, D-Q \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EAbsolutistic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, E-R \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EMultiplistic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, F-S \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003ERelativistic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, G-T \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003ESystemic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, and the H-U \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EDifferential\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E levels. ‘A’ stands for the neurological system in the brain upon which the psychological system is based. ‘N’ stands for the existential problems that can be coped with the ‘A’ neurological system. In the ‘A-N’ \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EAutomatic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E state ’N’ problems of existence arise and the ‘A’ neurological system is switched on in the brain. This is the first existential state (A-N state) when the human being is living in conditions where it is only focusing on satisfying its physiological needs. In B-O \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EAutistic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E state man must assure the continuance of his first established way of life, in C-P \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EEgocentric\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E state he must survive as an individual, in D-Q \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EAbsolutistic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E state he must obtain lasting security in his existence, in E-R \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EMultiplistic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E state he must assert his independence as a person, in F-S \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003ERelativistic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E state he must live in a non-competitive way together with other humans in community, in G-T \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003ESystemic\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E state he must truly learn life is interdependent, and in H-U Differential state he must learn to fashion a life that honors and respects all the different levels of human being. The different states arise and come to stage center in man's mind as each successive set of human problems are resolved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe model was later transformed by \u003Ca href=\"#B29\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EWilber (1997\u003C\u002Fa\u003E); \u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EBeck and Cowen (1996\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) to be applicable in conflict resolution. (The result is called Spiral Dynamics Integral (SDI).) By further integrating the work of other researchers (e.g. Kohlberg, Armon, Mumford, Howe, Rawls, Piaget, Erikson, Maslow, Loevinger, Fromm) and inspired by the Book of Changes (\u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EBlofeld, 1965\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) we have formed a developmental model of ethical values in social systems which is useable to simulate optional adaptation strategies to the water challenges of our times. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_9_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E3.2. Model of psychosocial complexity evolution \u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis chapter describes the eight value systems that are forming society’s value systems and behaviors such as climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies according to shared and shrinking resources. The next chapter maps these behaviors into a Knowledge Attributed Petri Net model that simulates a case study taking river basins shared by many countries with different value-memes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFollowing table shows these major value systems we have formed with the referring levels of other researchers such as Graves, Beck and Cowen and the main life conditions, with the mind\u002Fculture coping conditions and main needs of each level:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"T1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-content\"\u003E\u003Ctable margin-left=\"0\"\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"58.95\"\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"63.85\"\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"63.85\"\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"99.2\"\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"82.7\"\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\"1\" border-bottom=\"1\" border-left=\"1\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"4F81BD\" align=\"left\"\u003EFűr-Ijjas levels\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\"1\" border-bottom=\"1\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"4F81BD\" align=\"left\"\u003EGraves-Beck-Cowan levels\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\"1\" border-bottom=\"1\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"4F81BD\" align=\"left\"\u003EMain needs\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\"1\" border-bottom=\"1\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"4F81BD\" align=\"left\"\u003ELife conditions \u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\"1\" border-bottom=\"1\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\"1\" bgcolor=\"4F81BD\" align=\"left\"\u003ECoping tools\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003ESurviving individuals\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EA-N\u003Cbr\u003EBeige\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Ebiophysical needs\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EN - State of nature and biological urges and drives: physical senses\u003Cbr\u003Edictate the state of being\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EA - Instinctive: as natural instincts and reflexes direct; automatic existence\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003ESuperstitious clans\u002Ftribes\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EB-O\u003Cbr\u003EPurple\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Etemporary security within group\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EO - Threatening and full of mysterious powers and spirits that must be placated and appeased\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EB - Animistic: according to tradition and ritual ways of the group\u002Ftribe\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EEgocentric warriors\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EC-P\u003Cbr\u003ERed\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Eindividual security\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EP - The world is a jungle where the strong prevail and the weak serve. Nature is to be conquered.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EC - Egocentric\u003Cbr\u003EEgo wants dominance, conquest and power; exploitive, aggressive\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EConformist groups\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003ED-Q\u003Cbr\u003EBlue\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Elong term safety within group\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EQ - Higher authority punishes bad behavior but rewards good work.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003ED- Absolutistic\u003Cbr\u003EObedient, conforming; conservative, hierarchic, driven by guilt\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003ECreative hedonists\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EE-R\u003Cbr\u003EOrange\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Elong term individual safety, mental, behavioral independence\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003ER - The environment is full of resources; the world is full of possibilities.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EE - Multiplistic\u003Cbr\u003EPragmatic to achieve results; testing options, rational, modern, effective, selfish, arrogant, creative\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003ECommunities of human beings\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EF-S\u003Cbr\u003EGreen\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Elong term individual safety within group, emotional freedom\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003ES - Humanity is living in a habitat wherein people can find love and purpose through affiliation and sharing.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EF - Relativistic\u003Cbr\u003EResponding to human needs, affiliative, consensual, fluid, accepting, less efficient\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003ESystem-thinking humans\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EG-T\u003Cbr\u003EYellow\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Efinding and realizing Self-worth\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003ET - The world is a chaotic organism where change is the norm and uncertainty is an acceptable state of being.\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EG - Systemic\u003Cbr\u003EFunctional, integrative, interdependent, existential, flexible, questioning, needs more time for complexity\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EHolistic communities of human beings\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EH-U\u003Cbr\u003ETurquoise\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Efinding and realizing self-worth within holistic system\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EU - Turquoise\u003Cbr\u003EA delicately balanced system of interlocking forces in jeopardy at\u003Cbr\u003Ehumanities hands\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EH - Holistic: experiential: transpersonal; collective consciousness;\u003Cbr\u003Ecollaborative; interconnected\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftable\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-caption\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading\"\u003ETable 1.\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELevels of psychosocial development 1\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe defined levels represent also eight forms of behaviors that are related to the outer manifestation of an entity (group of human beings) in the environmental space. This relation is not easy to identify therefore oracles from different cultures have to be adopted and composed in such way that the common representatives can be examined within scientific frames. In order to understand how it can become possible to analyze a social action (e.g. regarding environmental resources) based on its internal level of psychosocial development linear independent types of attributes has to be found. These types of attributes should give the most elementary common description to each level regardless of their actions taken.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe elementary types of attributes that aim to the description of the connection between the level and its environment are following:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003Eset of needs (N)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003Eway of the actions taken to suffice needs by acquiring resources (A)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003Eset of resources that are handled by the entity (R)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#F2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. highlights the direction of materialism of the three main model elements from the inner (soft) aim to the outer (sharp) result.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F2\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage2.jpeg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EThe 3-tuple of the basic psychosocial-environmental relation\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter determining the elements of the basic psychosocial-environmental relation the domain of analysis should be appointed. This question is of great importance and also of enormous complexity. The needs can be ordered to clusters in many different ways and can also own different relevance in space and time regarding the environment. The set of actions, interventions taken by a social entity can also be infinite consequently the exact description and fragmented clustering of these elements is not suggestible at that level of examination. In point of the resources we face the same situation therefore the complicated formal descriptions can be replaced by binary qualities. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese binary qualities give relevant information about the elements of the 3-tuple of the basic psychosocial-environmental relation: \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENeeds can have two subsets:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInner needs (e.g. need for express the existence, need for belonging to, need for freedom, need for “happiness” etc.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOuter needs (e.g. need for nutriment, need for heat, need for space, etc.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EResources can have also two subsets:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInner resources (e.g. religion, art, education, social institutes, etc.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOuter resources (e.g. water, soil, flora, fauna, fossil fuels, etc.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EActions can be taken in two different ways:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EActively (the psychosocial entity makes effort to achieve the expected state in case of presence of need). This phenomenon is also called “need-driven” action.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPassively (the psychosocial entity is awaiting the optimal circumstances for its needs to be sufficed independently from the presence of need). This way of acting is marked as “resource-driven” action.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#F3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. highlights the possible behaviors through 8 different interconnections between needs and resources.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F3\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage3.jpeg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EInterconnections between needs and resources\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe actions – as transitions from the physical world to the psychical world – have a special role in the model through aiming to the maximization of the simultaneous occurrences of needs and resources over a given period of time or the maximization of collecting resources for sufficing further needs expectable in the future (buffering). Actions – in that explanation – are experiments on sufficing special type of needs by special type of resources. The number of the mentioned synchronism can be regarded as the indicator of “success” (S). The \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003ES-indicator\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is the key of surviving of a given social structure under the changing boundary conditions in the environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003ES-indicator\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E has two types:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESuccess of sufficing inner needs \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003E(INS)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESuccess of sufficing outer needs \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003E(ONS)\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBoth of the success indicators have to be of high value in order to gain balanced and stable state of the psychosocial entity. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDuring the process of model synthesis a very important analogy cannot be left out of consideration. The eight value system defined in \u003Ca href=\"#T1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"table\"\u003ETable 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the 3-tuple structure of the basic psychosocial-environmental relation assuming the binary values of the tuple-elements indicates the 2\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E=8 decomposition of the Fűr-Ijjas levels. That kind of interpretation is well-known in the philosophy of TaijiQuan. \u003Ca href=\"#F4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. shows the development of behaviors. In the first column the whole system of balanced psychosocial entities is represented therefore this system can be regarded as neutral from the outside. In the second column the system is split into two main parts causing the stress and giving the base of model. Two main qualities of the psychosocial entities can be differentiated that is analogous with the two main forces of TaijiQuan: Yin is the acceptor and Yang is the donor. This is called the base binary value.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F4\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage4.jpeg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 4.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EInterpretation of the TaijiQuan philosophy within the Fűr-Ijjas model\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe base binary value (second column of \u003Ca href=\"#F4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) represents the direction how the psychosocial entity relates to the environment (effusing or receiving quality). The second binary value has a comprehensive meaning of purity of the base behavior in the dual interpretation (third column of \u003Ca href=\"#F4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.). Young psychosocial entity does not own a clear self-concept includes disturbances from the other behavior, contrarily the old entity is cleared perfectly and it can show well defined functioning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe most complex interpretation (fourth column of \u003Ca href=\"#F4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) is based on the Trigrams that are combinations of three independent elements given by the base binary values. The bottom binary value represents the resources (outer resource=Yang, inner resource=Yin). The middle binary value represents the action (active, need-driven behavior=Yang, passive, resource-driven behavior=Yin). The top binary value means the type of needs (outer need=Yang, inner need=Yin)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe next table shows these levels linked to the corresponding binary values we have adopted from the Book of changes. These binary values designate different bio-psychophysical qualities, forces and movements. The lowest line in the Trigram represents the aimed resources by the psychosocial entity (inner\u002Fouter resources) the line in the middle determinates the way of acquiring the resource (actively or passively) and the top line stands for the prevailing needs of the psychosocial entity (inner\u002Fouter needs).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"T2\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-content\"\u003E\u003Ctable margin-left=\"0\"\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"76.65\"\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"58.4\"\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"76.5\"\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"63.65\"\u003E\u003Ccol width=\"93.35\"\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\"1\" border-bottom=\"1\" border-left=\"1\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"4F81BD\" align=\"left\"\u003EFűr-Ijjas levels\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\"1\" border-bottom=\"1\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"4F81BD\" align=\"left\"\u003EBook of changes - binary value\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\"1\" border-bottom=\"1\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"4F81BD\" align=\"left\"\u003EBook of changes - image in nature\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\"1\" border-bottom=\"1\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"4F81BD\" align=\"left\"\u003EGender quality\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\"1\" border-bottom=\"1\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\"1\" bgcolor=\"4F81BD\" align=\"left\"\u003EOuter\u002Finner needs\u003Cbr\u003Ethe active\u002Fpassive\u003Cbr\u003Eway outer\u002Finner resources\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003ESurviving individuals\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003E☰\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EThe Creative, heaven\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Emale\u003Cbr\u003Eindividual\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Eouter needs\u003Cbr\u003Eactive\u003Cbr\u003Eouter resources\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003ESuperstitious clans\u002Ftribes\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003E☵\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EThe Abysmal, water \u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Efemale\u003Cbr\u003Ecollective\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Einner needs\u003Cbr\u003Eactive\u003Cbr\u003Einner resources\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EEgocentric warriors\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003E☱\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EThe Joyous,\u003Cbr\u003Elake\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Emale\u003Cbr\u003Eindividual\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Einner needs\u003Cbr\u003Eactive\u003Cbr\u003Eouter resources\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EConformist groups\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003E☴\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EThe Gentle, flood\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Efemale\u003Cbr\u003Ecollective\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Eouter needs\u003Cbr\u003Eactive\u003Cbr\u003Einner resources\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003ECreative hedonists\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003E☳\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EThe Arousing, earthquake \u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Emale individual\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Einner needs\u003Cbr\u003Epassive\u003Cbr\u003Eouter resources\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003ECommunities of human beings\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003E☶\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EThe Keeping Still, mountain\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Efemale\u003Cbr\u003Ecollective\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Eouter needs\u003Cbr\u003Epassive\u003Cbr\u003Einner resources\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003ESystem-thinking humans\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003E☲\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003EThe Clinging, fire\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Emale\u003Cbr\u003Eindividual\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"D3DFEE\" align=\"left\"\u003Eouter needs\u003Cbr\u003Epassive\u003Cbr\u003Eouter resources\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\".5\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EHolistic communities of human beings\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003E☷\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003EThe Receptive, earth\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\"0\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Efemale collective\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd border-top=\".5\" border-bottom=\".5\" border-left=\"0\" border-right=\".5\" bgcolor=\"auto\" align=\"left\"\u003Einner needs\u003Cbr\u003Epassive\u003Cbr\u003Einner resources\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftable\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-caption\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading\"\u003ETable 2.\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELevels of psychosocial development 2\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_11\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E4. Knowledge attributed petri net based discrete simulation model\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn this chapter a Knowledge Attributed Petri Net based discrete simulation model is descripted that is suited to map the previously highlighted eight value systems into reasonable experimental frames. The model aims the examination of struggling of entities for resources based on the level of psychosocial development.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_11_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.1. The methodology and tool used \u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp\u003EProper describing of the physical reality in general has always been standing amongst the relevant questions of science. Several methodologies were developed based on classical mathematics, or statistics and also new disciplines – such as soft-computing techniques – appeared (\u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ERussel, S.J. – Norvig, P., 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Each methodology owns advantages in some fields of modeling, but none of them is adequate to describe complex processes in general. Multi-facetted problems require methodologies that are able to integrate high-level mathematical concepts in a natural way. An obvious solution of mapping reality to a well-structured form is given by the concept of \u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EPetri Nets (Petri, C.A. 1962\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPetri Nets follow an elementary abstraction of physical reality by describing containers as places, mobile entities representing temporal states as tokens, and rules – transitions – that determine the generation and elimination of tokens in space and time. These basic elements correspond to real or virtual elements: e.g. tokens to information, money, materials, living beings, and places to physical locations, or virtual containers – such as bank accounts, data storages or indicators – transitions can represent the static knowledge or rules of physical laws, economic or legal regulations. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDuring the last decades several extensions have been suggested to the original concept of Petri Nets in order to raise its describing power. Inhibitor arcs (Inhibitor Petri Nets, IPN), colored tokens (Colored Petri Nets, CPN), stochastic delayed streaming of mobile entities (Stochastic Petri Nets, SPN), object oriented architecture (Object Oriented Petri Nets, OOPN), numerical (Numerical Petri Nets, NPN) and linguistic attributes (Fuzzy Petri Nets, FPN) (\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EPeterson, J.L., 1981\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EJensen, K. Rosenberg, G., 1991\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EBalbo, G., 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003ECarl G. Looney 1994\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) broaden the range of capabilities. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn some fields of problem solving usage of static and mobile knowledge bases is needed: e.g. modeling of flexible manufacturing systems (\u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EJávor, A., 1993\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), routing and treatment of patients in hospitals (Jávor, A. Benkő, M., Leitereg, A., Moré, G., 1994), or intelligent traffic simulation (\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EJávor, A., Szűcs, G., 1998\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). These problems to be investigated involved new conceptual developments of Petri Nets and led to the introduction of Knowledge Attributed Petri Nets (KAPN) (\u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EJávor, A. 1993\u003C\u002Fa\u003E–2). At the same time artificial intelligence (AI) and distributed control in simulation appeared, intelligent demons (agents) (\u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EJávor, A. 1992\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 2006) supported the connection of mobile knowledge bases and static inference engines in an effective way. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn our research we decided to use the KAPN methodology that owns all the properties of High Level Petri Nets mentioned before and that is also able to host AI within the model. As simulation tool CASSANDRA (Cognizant Adaptive Simulation System for Application in Numerous Different Relevant Areas) simulation system was chosen. CASSANDRA is a KAPN based system with the accomplishment of the methodology of model identification by reconstruction (\u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EFűr, A., Jávor, A., 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). CASSANDRA was developed by the McLeod Institute of Simulation Sciences Hungarian Center where the authors contribute to the methodological research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_12_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.2. Model identification by reconstruction \u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDuring the process of model synthesis there are several cases where simulation experts can face incomplete knowledge on structure, parameters or the algorithms describing the operation of the system to be investigated. Sometimes even the behavior of the system itself is not strictly defined. In these cases the usage of model identification by reconstruction can be suggested. This methodology is based on a special simulation entity (agent) that aims to the modification of the model based on observing the trajectory of its behavior. \u003Ca href=\"#F5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. illustrates the closed-loop controlled like modification of the simulation model by an intelligent agent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F5\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage5.jpeg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 5.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EAgent controlled simulation\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe identification process starts with the definition of the initial model that gives a soft delineation of the system based on the available theories and assumptions. The initial model – often built as a network of objects – should give a rough, but functionally approximating description.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe next step is triggering the model input by historical data and monitoring the output by the agent that compares it with the historical behavior of the system. In case when the agent finds significant deviations it may change the model until acceptable correspondence between reality and the model is achieved. The changes which the intelligent agent can execute are the following (\u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003EFűr, A., Jávor, A. 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E): \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EChange the topology of the model network\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EChange the parameters of the model elements\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EChange the functions describing the effects of one model element on an other\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are several strategies how model reconstruction can be carried out, and also the complexity of the iterating algorithms can vary in a wide range from the multi-criteria estimation of parameters to the structure synthesis. After having reconstructed the initial model in such way that the output behavior corresponds to the reality the model can be used for further virtual experiments (e.g. prediction, or analysis) affording acceptable reliability regarding the simulation results (see \u003Ca href=\"#F6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig.6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F6\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage6.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 6.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EIdentification by reconstruction using an intelligent agent (Fűr, A., Jávor, A. 2007)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_13_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E4.3. The KAPN model of the Fűr-Ijjas levels \u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe basic concept of the model is based on two natural phenomena of the Petri Nets. The first one is the way of resource allocation. If there are two places given (the one representing the container of needs, the other the container of resources) and these are assigned to a transition object that has a place (container of results, state or success) at the output, the whole structure can be interpreted as a simple Petri Net model of resource allocation. In that case both input places (needs, and resources) has to contain tokens (representing the presence of need and resource at the same time) in order to trigger the event (this is called firing). After the process of resource allocation (firing) is finished the next state of the Petri Net model is that the resource (token) is destroyed in order to eliminate the need (token) and a result state (satisfaction, success) is generated (in also form of a token).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F7\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage7.jpeg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 7.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EBasic Petri Net model of the process of resource allocation\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe model delineated in \u003Ca href=\"#F7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig.7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. shows deterministic functioning. In order to turn the model behavior more realistic an extension to the transition firing condition can be suggested. At each simulation step to each transition a random number can be generated (of a given distribution, within the range of [0,1]) and it has to be compared with the threshold of the transition (constant ∈ [0,1] ∪ {-1}) and the firing is executed depending on the result of this comparison. The threshold parameter (TRP) controls the permeability of the transition regarding the tokens during a given time interval. TRP=-1 “closes” the transition (see \u003Ca href=\"#F8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig.8)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F8\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage8.jpeg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 8.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EKnowledge Attributed Petri Net model of the process of resource allocation\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe other main advantage of the Petri Net (or KAPN) based description lays in the power of handling the conflict situations (see \u003Ca href=\"#F9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig.9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.). In the case when e.g. needs of two different entities require the same type of resource and in the container of the common resources there is only one resource (token) present – although both of the competitors are marked to be satisfied – in reality only one of them can access the resource (the one who fires before).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F9\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage9.jpeg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 9.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EThe common resource conflict situation\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe firing order can be random or can follow priority considerations. (In our model the firing order is chosen to be random.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the following part a short description is given about the basic processes and their KAPN models that are subnets of the Fűr-Ijjas model. The basic consumption chain of a psychosocial entity (according to \u003Ca href=\"#F3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig.3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) can be need-driven (active) or resource-driven (passive). The main difference between the two approaches is the interpretation of the state of “success”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F10\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage10.jpeg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 10.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EThe model of a Need-driven Psychosocial Entity (NPE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the case of the Need-driven Psychosocial Entity (NPE) the success is defined as the simultaneous occurrences of needs and resources at a given time instant. The detailed network (see \u003Ca href=\"#F10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) shows that the NPE collects tokens from the place of common resources transforming them into accessible resources (that can be utilized at any time instant by the NPE). This can correspond to the transportation or the exploitation of the resource. Each NPE possesses its own efficiency (TRP\u003Csub\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) on accessing the common resources consequently the available base of sufficing needs is different for each of them. The accessible resources have natural diminution (represented by DRAIN-2) that is independent of the consumption intents of NPE. Reasons for the diminution can follow from the nature of the resource (if it is hard to store over a long period of time – e.g. food, electricity, water under given conditions, etc.) or can be caused by disasters, epidemics, or the unforeseen annihilation of the already acquired resource. The generator of needs awakes necessities during simulation run with given intensity (TRP\u003Csub\u003E1\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E). The simultaneous occurrence of needs and resources triggers the transition causing the generation of a token in the place of SUCCESS. The efficiency of resource allocation can be adjusted by the parameter TRP\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. If efficiency is low (e.g. thanks to backward governmental systems or infrastructure) then generated needs cannot be sufficed in time and thereunder natural diminution can happen. DRAIN-1 is responsible for not to get stuck the simulation because of the finite capacity of SUCCESS place (infinite number of tokens in a place is not acceptable therefore each place possess given capacity – that corresponds to natural behavior). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F11\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage11.jpeg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 11.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EThe model of a Resource-driven Psychosocial Entity (RPE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp\u003EResource-driven Psychosocial Entities (RPE) appear to be different in their behavior. In the resource allocation process of these entities the annihilation of the accessible resources is independent of the presence of need. The consumption happens anyway hoping that in the future upcoming needs will be sufficed. That kind of buffering has a great advantage. This preventing behavior can possibly lower the number of cases when needs cannot be sufficed, but as a main disadvantage a new drain (see. \u003Ca href=\"#F11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. DRAIN-2) can appear that destroys that pre-buffered consumptions. Success is interpreted as simultaneous occurrence of needs and consumed resources. The main difference between NPEs and RPEs can be highlighted by the following metaphor: \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003E“Need-driven Psychosocial Entities eat WHEN THEY ARE hungry, Resource-driven Psychosocial Entities eat NOT TO BE hungry”\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs previously delineated the Fűr-Ijjas levels consider eight value systems with eight dominant behavior and relation to environmental resources. The given basic networks representing NPE and RPE (\u003Ca href=\"#F10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"#F11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) have to be integrated into a general KAPN model to ensure the possibility of modeling transitional (fuzzy) behavior between the clearly defined, dominant functioning of NPE and RPE. Also the two different types of needs and resources (inner\u002Fouter) have to be visualized in the model therefore the possible ways of resource allocation increases due to the different cross-couplings. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe following figure (see \u003Ca href=\"#F12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig.12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) outlines a possible KAPN implementation of the eight levels integrated into one psychosocial entity (PE). The aim of this general purpose entity is – beyond reproducing the original eight levels – the possibility of combination of the crisp behaviors. That corresponds to natural behavior of PEs because there are several cases when subdominant properties become also noticeable. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F12\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage12.jpeg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 12.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EKAPN model of the Fűr-Ijjas levels (screenshot from the CASSANDRA system)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the figure it can be seen that the model owns symmetric configuration with processes of inner needs and resources on the left side and outer needs and resources on the right side. The subnets marked by numbers on the picture correspond to the followings: \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Col style=\"list-style-type: order;\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInput from the outer world for outer resources (connected to the place of common outer resources outside the PE)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPlace of accessible (own) outer resources\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENatural diminution of accessible resources (drain)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGenerator of outer needs\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPlace of outer needs\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENeed-driven functioning (Or2OnA=Actively destroying outer resource on demand of outer need, Ir2OnA=Actively destroying inner resource on demand of outer need)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003EResource-driven functioning (Or2OnP=Destroying outer resource anyway, consumption gets into buffer, then buffer is emptied when outer need is present, Ir2OnP=Destroying inner resource anyway, consumption gets into buffer, then buffer is emptied when outer need is present)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECross-coupling between outer and inner resources. We assume that there are some cases possible when the resources of different types can be converted into each other. Outer resources can be converted into inner resources (e.g. the amount of water can have influence on the social, economic system) and inner resources can be converted into outer resources (with faith or a different approach inaccessible water resources can be accessed or even accessible water resources can be saved).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECross-coupling between outer and inner needs. Several observations can give the ground to the assumption that inner and outer needs can substitute each other (within reasonable frames). In countries where the outer needs (e.g. need for nutriment) are hard to suffice PEs often turn to inner needs (e.g. need for family, need for express the existence by music, dance, art, etc.) in order to deflect attention from the real situation. In contrast developed countries often forget about their natural inner needs concentrating on sufficing their outer needs. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Fol\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe figure below represents a possible test environment with different PEs accessing common outer and inner resource bases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F13\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002Fimage13.jpeg\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 13.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:sym=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2012\u002Fsymbol\"\u003EConflict situation between Psychosocial Entities (PEs)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe KAPN model of the PE can be encapsulated into another object that hides the inner functioning from the higher level (see. \u003Ca href=\"#F13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFig. 13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.). Based on these hierarchical models multiple PEs and their conflicts can be examined under different boundary conditions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOur aim is to simulate the behavior of different psychosocial entities living along e.g. Jordan River Basin, facing the growing water scarcity. In order to do that the parameters of the models have to be fine-tuned by the methodology of model identification by reconstruction. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter achieving the correct internal parameters of those countries that are involved in a resource allocation conflict we intent to forecast water usage at different climate scenarios. That should be our future work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_15\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E5. Conclusion\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn this paper we identified eight levels of psychosocial development based on integrated theories. By the aid of TaijiQuan philosophy we found a way how to map these complex and fuzzy defined levels into concrete actions taken by an entity. The elaborated model gives well defined relation between the entity and the environmental resource considering the needs. This model is also able to combine the eight different levels with different intensity into a contemporary complex entity. Based on agent controlled simulation by the CASSANDRA system the changing behavior of entities during simulation run can become also possible. This ensures the simulation of the adaptation process of a psychosocial entity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe believe that in the future cross-coupling between inner and outer needs and resources explored by the model become more important and narrowing outer resources or growing outer needs should be partially substituted by inner resources and inner needs. That is the key to successful adaption of future generations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe also have a vision of our model in policy applications, especially in the identification of dominant psychosocial behavior patterns of different countries aiming to the recognition of adequate response in their adaptation process. We do hope that the model helps to understand – beyond the frequently communicated materialized problems – the inner aspects of the upcoming environmental-social-economical challenge caused by climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_16\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003EAcknowledgement\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe would like to express our acknowledgment to Prof. András Jávor who supported the research and development of this model within the McLeod Institute of Simulation Sciences Hungarian Center.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe work reported in the paper has been developed in the framework of the project &bdquo;Talent care and cultivation in the scientific workshops of BME\" project. This project is supported by the grant TÁMOP-4.2.2.B-10\u002F1--2010-0009.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n","keywords":null,"chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpdfs\u002F40827.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fmts.intechopen.com\u002Fsource\u002Fxml\u002F40827.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F40827\u002F1671926465\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F40827","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F40827","cdnMediaBaseUrl":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-cdn\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F40827\u002F1512345123\u002F","totalDownloads":1917,"totalViews":338,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"introChapter":null,"impactScore":0,"impactScorePercentile":21,"impactScoreQuartile":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"dateSubmitted":"December 16th 2011","dateReviewed":"June 11th 2012","datePrePublished":null,"datePublished":"November 14th 2012","dateFinished":"November 8th 2012","readingETA":"0","abstract":null,"reviewType":"peer-reviewed","bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F40827","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F40827","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"noAds":0,"subseries":null,"book":{"id":"2908","type":"book","title":"Human and Social Dimensions of Climate Change","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Human and Social Dimensions of Climate Change","slug":"human-and-social-dimensions-of-climate-change","publishedDate":"November 14th 2012","bookSignature":"Netra Chhetri","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F2908.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2908\u002F1713433731-380627578\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2908\u002F1713433731-380627578\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2908\u002F1718270074-2004016013\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2908\u002F1718270074-2004016013\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2908\u002F1718107402-1266441508\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2908\u002F1718107402-1266441508\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","isbn":null,"price":139,"printIsbn":"978-953-51-0847-4","pdfIsbn":"978-953-51-5018-3","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","numberOfWosCitations":33,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":true,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"79185","title":"Prof.","name":"Netra","middleName":null,"surname":"Chhetri","slug":"netra-chhetri","fullName":"Netra Chhetri"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"626"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"chapters":[{"id":"40825","type":"chapter","title":"Technological Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation in the Peruvian Highlands","slug":"technological-solutions-for-climate-change-adaptation-in-the-peruvian-highlands","totalDownloads":2305,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Ann Marie Raymondi, Sabrina Delgado Arias and Renée C. Elder","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"149441","title":"Ms.","name":"Sabrina","middleName":null,"surname":"Delgado Arias","fullName":"Sabrina Delgado Arias","slug":"sabrina-delgado-arias"},{"id":"150362","title":"MSc.","name":"Ann Marie","middleName":null,"surname":"Raymondi","fullName":"Ann Marie Raymondi","slug":"ann-marie-raymondi"},{"id":"150363","title":"Ms.","name":"Renée C.","middleName":null,"surname":"Elder","fullName":"Renée C. Elder","slug":"renee-c.-elder"}]},{"id":"40829","type":"chapter","title":"Community-Based Climate Change Adaptation for Building Local Resilience in the Himalayas","slug":"community-based-climate-change-adaptation-for-building-local-resilience-in-the-himalayas","totalDownloads":2861,"totalCrossrefCites":4,"signatures":"Pashupati Chaudhary, Keshab Thapa, Krishna Lamsal, Puspa Raj Tiwari and Netra Chhetri","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"79185","title":"Prof.","name":"Netra","middleName":null,"surname":"Chhetri","fullName":"Netra Chhetri","slug":"netra-chhetri"},{"id":"149059","title":"Dr.","name":"Pashupati","middleName":null,"surname":"Chaudhary","fullName":"Pashupati Chaudhary","slug":"pashupati-chaudhary"},{"id":"359430","title":"Dr.","name":"Keshab","middleName":null,"surname":"Thapa","fullName":"Keshab Thapa","slug":"keshab-thapa"},{"id":"359431","title":"Dr.","name":"Krishna","middleName":null,"surname":"Lamsal","fullName":"Krishna Lamsal","slug":"krishna-lamsal"},{"id":"359432","title":"Dr.","name":"Puspa Raj","middleName":null,"surname":"Tiwari","fullName":"Puspa Raj Tiwari","slug":"puspa-raj-tiwari"}]},{"id":"40828","type":"chapter","title":"Communicating the Needs of Climate Change Policy Makers to Scientists","slug":"communicating-the-needs-of-climate-change-policy-makers-to-scientists","totalDownloads":2107,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Molly E. Brown, Vanessa M. Escobar and Heather Lovell","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"147927","title":"Dr.","name":"Molly","middleName":null,"surname":"Brown","fullName":"Molly Brown","slug":"molly-brown"},{"id":"359428","title":"Dr.","name":"Vanessa M.","middleName":null,"surname":"Escobar","fullName":"Vanessa M. 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Introduction","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2","title":"2. Climate change, water availability and socioeconomic problems","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2_2","title":"2.1. Climate change and water resources","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_3_2","title":"2.2. Climate change and water conflicts","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_4_2","title":"2.3. Climate change, water and related socioeconomic challenges","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_5_2","title":"2.4. Environmental problems or social problems?","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_6_2","title":"2.5. Climate challenge vs. psychosocial challenge","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_8","title":"3. Psychosocial development","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_8_2","title":"3.1. Models of psychosocial development","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_9_2","title":"3.2. Model of psychosocial complexity evolution ","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_11","title":"4. Knowledge attributed petri net based discrete simulation model","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_11_2","title":"4.1. The methodology and tool used ","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_12_2","title":"4.2. Model identification by reconstruction ","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_13_2","title":"4.3. The KAPN model of the Fűr-Ijjas levels ","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_15","title":"5. Conclusion","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_16","title":"Acknowledgement","level":"1"}],"chapterReferences":[{"id":"B1","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B1\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation\u003E\u003Cperson-group\u003E\u003Cname\u003E\u003Csurname\u003EAlcamo\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\u003Cgiven-names\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\u003Cname\u003E\u003Csurname\u003EDöll\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\u003Cgiven-names\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\u003Cname\u003E\u003Csurname\u003EHenrichs\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\u003Cgiven-names\u003ET.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\u003Cname\u003E\u003Csurname\u003EKaspar\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\u003Cgiven-names\u003EF.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\u003Cname\u003E\u003Csurname\u003ELehner\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\u003Cgiven-names\u003EB.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\u003Cname\u003E\u003Csurname\u003ERösch\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\u003Cgiven-names\u003ET.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\u003Cname\u003E\u003Csurname\u003ESiebert\u003C\u002Fsurname\u003E\u003Cgiven-names\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fgiven-names\u003E\u003C\u002Fname\u003E\u003C\u002Fperson-group\u003E\u003Cyear\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fyear\u003EDevelopment and testing of the WaterGAP 2 global model of water use and availability. 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Shah","authors":[{"id":"52670","title":"Prof.","name":"Elias","middleName":null,"surname":"Siores","fullName":"Elias Siores","slug":"elias-siores"},{"id":"53035","title":"Dr.","name":"Tahir","middleName":null,"surname":"Shah","fullName":"Tahir Shah","slug":"tahir-shah"},{"id":"59536","title":"Dr.","name":"Derman","middleName":null,"surname":"Vatansever","fullName":"Derman Vatansever","slug":"derman-vatansever"}]},{"id":"39171","title":"Study of the Consequences of Global Warming in Water Dynamics During Dormancy Phase in Temperate Zone Fruit Crops","slug":"study-of-the-consequences-of-global-warming-in-water-dynamics-during-dormancy-phase-in-temperate-zon","signatures":"Robson Ryu Yamamoto, Paulo Celso de Mello-Farias, Fabiano Simões and Flavio Gilberto Herter","authors":[{"id":"58429","title":"Prof.","name":"Paulo Celso","middleName":"De","surname":"De Mello-Farias","fullName":"Paulo Celso De Mello-Farias","slug":"paulo-celso-de-mello-farias"},{"id":"146872","title":"Dr.","name":"Robson","middleName":"Ryu","surname":"Yamamoto","fullName":"Robson Yamamoto","slug":"robson-yamamoto"},{"id":"149896","title":"Prof.","name":"Fabiano","middleName":null,"surname":"Simões","fullName":"Fabiano Simões","slug":"fabiano-simoes"},{"id":"155479","title":"Prof.","name":"Flavio Gilberto","middleName":null,"surname":"Herter","fullName":"Flavio Gilberto Herter","slug":"flavio-gilberto-herter"}]},{"id":"39163","title":"Efforts to Curb NOx from Greenhouse Gases by the Application of Energy Crops and Vegetation Filters","slug":"efforts-to-curb-nox-from-greenhouse-gases-by-the-application-of-energy-crops-and-vegetation-filters","signatures":"Zsuzsa A. Mayer, Andreas Apfelbacher and Andreas Hornung","authors":[{"id":"141437","title":"MSc.","name":"Zsuzsa","middleName":"A.","surname":"Mayer","fullName":"Zsuzsa Mayer","slug":"zsuzsa-mayer"},{"id":"358803","title":"Dr.","name":"Andreas","middleName":null,"surname":"Apfelbacher","fullName":"Andreas Apfelbacher","slug":"andreas-apfelbacher"},{"id":"358804","title":"Dr.","name":"Andreas","middleName":null,"surname":"Hornung","fullName":"Andreas Hornung","slug":"andreas-hornung"}]},{"id":"39180","title":"Impact of Uses of 3-Dimensonal Electronics IC Devices and Computing Systems on the Power Consumptions and Global Warming Issues","slug":"impact-of-uses-of-3-dimensonal-electronics-ic-devices-and-computing-systems-on-the-power-consumption","signatures":"Karl Cheng, Bharat Raj Singh and Alan Cheng","authors":[{"id":"26093","title":"Dr.","name":"Bharat Raj","middleName":null,"surname":"Singh","fullName":"Bharat Raj Singh","slug":"bharat-raj-singh"},{"id":"144069","title":"Dr.","name":"Karl","middleName":null,"surname":"Cheng","fullName":"Karl Cheng","slug":"karl-cheng"},{"id":"358822","title":"Dr.","name":"Alan","middleName":null,"surname":"Cheng","fullName":"Alan Cheng","slug":"alan-cheng"}]}]}],"publishedBooks":[],"publishedBooksByAuthor":[]},"onlineFirst":{"chapter":{"type":"chapter","id":"66420","title":"Introductory Chapter: Concept of Neuroprotection - A New Perspective","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.85631","slug":"introductory-chapter-concept-of-neuroprotection-a-new-perspective","body":"\n\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003ENeuroprotection is an approach to preserve neurons so that neurons cannot be hurt by different pathological factors in neurodegenerative diseases. It can be an approach before the onset of the disease so that neurons cannot be affected by any risk factors. It can also be an approach during the progression of the disease to prevent spreading of injury from one neuron to neighboring neurons. Therefore, neuroprotection can also be one approach as “disease-modifying agent” to delay and even stop progressive neurodegeneration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p2\"\u003EThe concept of neuroprotection has long been confined to intervene neurotransmitter receptors via agonists and antagonists. A very well-known example is the neuroprotective effect of caffeine via adenosine receptor, because caffeine is an A2 receptor antagonist. Caffeine can exert neuroprotection via adenosine A2 receptor to protect dopaminergic neurons in an experimental model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) by using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) as a toxin agent [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Therefore, drinking coffee has been considered to be neuroprotection. Apart from adenosine receptor on neurons, it is now known that microglial cells also express A2 receptor, and A2 receptor antagonist or caffeine can reduce activation of microglial cells [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Since caffeine or A2 receptor antagonists can protect neurons and minimize activation of microglial cells, research is still very active in this direction. Indeed, investigation of other neurotransmitter receptor antagonists, agonists, blockers, or even partial blockers is still a very active research area in neuroprotection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p3\"\u003EWhile it is exciting to reveal differential neuroprotective effects via modulating receptors for different neurotransmitters, we should not restrict ourselves to this perspective only. In fact, a wider scope of neuroprotection has been evolved. The concept of neuroprotection can now be categorized into three groups: (A) pharmacological intervention, (B) non-pharmacological intervention, and (C) cellular and genetic approaches (\u003Ca href=\"#F1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F66420\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002FF1.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" id=\"p4\"\u003EA summary of different neuroprotective approaches.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p5\"\u003EIn group A neuroprotective approaches, pharmacological intervention includes modulation of neurotransmitter receptors (as introduced above), anti-oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory responses [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. These are classical pharmacological approaches. These methods have been explored for decades and can be used for both neuroprotection and as disease-modifying agents. Their effects can be target-specific for one single protein (e.g., receptor for neurotransmitter or one type of cytokines) or pathway-specific (anti-oxidative responses using nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2). Since single biological target may limit the beneficial effects and may not be able to intervene the complexity of the disease progression, neuroprotective effects from herbal medicine or natural products receive increasing attention in scientific research because of their multiple effects on different biological targets [\u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. For example, it has been shown that triterpenoids extracted from \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EPrunella vulgaris\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E has anti-inflammatory effects [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. We have proved that polysaccharide part of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EPrunella vulgaris\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E can modulate the immune responses of microglia and macrophages [\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Therefore, \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EPrunella vulgaris\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E exerts neuroprotection toward neurodegenerative diseases against neuroinflammation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p6\"\u003EIn group B neuroprotective approaches, non-pharmacological approaches receive increasing attention. Since it is quite difficult to ask a healthy adult or even elderly to constantly take medicine even though it is herbal, non-pharmacological approaches to earn neuroprotection are most welcome. Among these different methods, exercise is the best to prevent nearly all kinds of diseases. Exercise can be further divided into aerobic and resistance exercises, in which aerobic exercise is suitable for motor-healthy adults or elderly. However, there is a large population of elderly who have difficulty in their motor functions. Resistance exercise becomes an excellent tool for them. Both aerobic and resistance exercises can affect the metabolisms of the body and induce trophic factors like myokines, released from muscles and liver [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Since body metabolism is important, diet control is also important to reduce any risk factors leading to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or hypercholesterolemia. All of these risk factors are related to vascular components, which may further add on vascular dementia [\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Apart from exercise, it is well-known that, maintaining social activity is essential to keep our brain healthy [\u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. In addition, sleeping can promote clearing of pathological factors, such as β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and phosphorylated tau protein [\u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Also, it has been recently shown that learning second language or bilingualism can be neuroprotective [\u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Furthermore, increasing lines of evidence have shown that acupuncture can help adjusting the body metabolism and immunity [\u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Therefore, acupuncture can also be considered to be one method in non-pharmacological approaches. One key point should be noticed that all these neuroprotective approaches are multiple targets. This may be why they are so effective in minimizing neurodegeneration to preserve neurons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p7\"\u003ENeuroprotective approaches in group C are the new extension of multiple effects from trophic factors secreted by genetically engineered cells or viral vector. Alternatively, stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous stem cells, application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), or mesenchymal stem cells are popular trends in scientific research to prevent neurodegeneration and neuronal loss [\u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p8\"\u003ESince there are several chapters about the effects of neurotransmitter receptors, we will focus on some neuroprotective approaches only, as this is an introductory chapter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E2. Neuroprotective effects of herbal medicine and natural products\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p9\"\u003EThis direction of neuroprotection is the most controversial approach among different pharmacological tools. This is because most of the herbal medicine or natural products have a wide array of effects. If we use traditional way of thinking to target a specific protein or signaling pathway, herbal medicine fails to do so. However, if we are aware of neurodegenerative diseases that are usually multifactorial, we can then accept that herbal medicine should be the direction to prevent neuronal loss and spreading of neurodegeneration. Our group has long been working on discovering herbal medicine as neuroprotective agents and investigating their underlying mechanisms. Since most of the herbal medicines are in decoction form, for oral consumption, the effective components in different herbs are not limited to one single chemical. The small molecules being extracted from one herb can also be found from other herbs. There are many laboratories investigating those small molecules and have Research and Development (R&D) to be commercial products. In contrast, big molecules such as polysaccharides have been an unexplored area. In fact, a large portion of components from herbs is polysaccharides. When we use hot water to prepare decoction, what we can easily absorb is polysaccharides. Therefore, we have investigated polysaccharides extracted from different herbs [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p10\"\u003EWe have first found that polysaccharides from \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ENerium indicum\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E exert neuroprotective effects against β-amyloid (Aβ) neurotoxicity cultured neurons [\u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Then, we also found that neuroprotective effects of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EVerbena officinalis\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EGanoderma lucidum\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B27\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Having investigated different herbal medicine, we found that the polysaccharides from \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ELycium barbarum\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Wolfberry) are potent [\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B29\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Polysaccharides can be extracted in hot water or from alkaline condition and elicit neuroprotection [\u003Ca href=\"#B30\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. It should be noted that not all polysaccharides, but only some sub-fractions provide neuroprotective effects. Apart from neurons in the brain, polysaccharides from wolfberry can also protect the retina against experimental glaucoma and stroke [\u003Ca href=\"#B31\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B32\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E32\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B33\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E33\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. As harvesting and planting processes have good agricultural practice and the extraction can be done under stringent control of good manufacturing practice, we choose wolfberry as our long-term study. Wolfberry is indeed an anti-aging Chinese herbal medicine. We would like to understand the concept of “anti-aging.” Therefore, we have investigated its application in different aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases [\u003Ca href=\"#B34\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E34\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. In fact, not all aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases can be attenuated by the polysaccharide fraction of Wolfberry. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), more potent antioxidants are required to provide neuroprotection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p11\"\u003EIn experimental PD using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as toxin agent, we employed oxyresveratrol, which is a natural product but a structural analog of resveratrol, and found that it can attenuate neurodegeneration [\u003Ca href=\"#B35\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E35\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B36\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. For this kind of neurodegenerative disease requiring high levels and high capacity of antioxidant, another method is to employ pro-drug approach so that oxidant cleave the precursor and the product becomes potent antioxidant. Interestingly, polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea falls in this category [\u003Ca href=\"#B37\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E37\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p12\"\u003EThe advantages of using herbal medicine or natural products are to make use of their multiple effects. In neurodegenerative diseases, a wide array of stress responses is stimulated because of free radicals or accumulation of misfolded or badly folded proteins. Most of the herbal medicine and natural products attenuate many stress kinases. They may not be a good candidate to clear accumulation of bad proteins; however, they can inhibit the cascades of stress responses (e.g., activation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, JNK; endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways), which usually lead to neuronal apoptosis. Some of the herbal medicine or natural products can even strengthen the survival signaling pathways such as mTOR or Akt pathways.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p13\"\u003EIn addition to their direct effects on neurons, there are many herbal medicine or natural products that can modulate body immune responses. For example, polysaccharides fraction from \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EPrunella vulgaris\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E L. can modulate innate immune responses of macrophages [\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. It has been increasingly aware that activation of body (systemic) immune responses are the origin of our sickness responses leading to low appetites and even fever [\u003Ca href=\"#B38\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E38\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Long-term effects of systemic immune responses can even result in psychological depression or acute delirium [\u003Ca href=\"#B39\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E39\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Experimentally, we have shown that infection in the body or immune responses triggered by surgery (laparotomy) can modulate cognitive functions because of stimulation of neuroimmune responses [\u003Ca href=\"#B40\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E40\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B41\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E41\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Therefore, modulation of body immunity can be a powerful method to minimize neuroimmune responses and then reduce cognitive dysfunctions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E3. Aerobic and resistance exercises\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p14\"\u003EAs emphasized above, the advantages of herbal medicine and natural products are their multiples and wide array effects. Similarly, exercise is another method to achieve this goal. Exercise can stimulate production of different trophic\u002Fgrowth factors, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)\u002Fneuronal fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). Some trophic factors can be secreted by muscles or liver, which is collectively called myokines. It has been shown that muscle cells can produce PGC-1α, irisin, cathepsin B, myostatin (growth differentiation factor 8), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), IL-6, IL-15, myonectin, and SPARC (osteonectin) as novel brain-beneficial myokines [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B42\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E42\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Some of them, such as FGF21, can also be secreted by the liver or even in the brain upon exercise [\u003Ca href=\"#B43\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E43\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. They all can affect muscle, liver, adipose tissues, and brain cells, leading to preservation of cognitive functions, modulating the lipid metabolism, and immune responses [\u003Ca href=\"#B44\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E44\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. This kind of myokine can pass through the blood-brain barrier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p15\"\u003EFor motor-healthy subject, aerobic exercise is beneficial to majority of people. As discussed above, myokines can be induced so that they provide neuroprotective effects to the brain and attenuate any systemic immune responses. While aerobic exercise is known to be good, a great number of elderly and demented patients could not enjoy the benefit of aerobic exercise. Those patients may have prior knee replacement or fall down hurting the legs. They may be lying down on the bed. No matter how we advocate the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise, this will not be beneficial to this group of patients. Does it mean that they will not have any beneficial effects of exercise? This question leads us to investigate the beneficial effects of resistance exercise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p16\"\u003EIn a systematic review, aerobic exercise shows beneficial effects on cognitive functions and executive functions, which is better than that from resistance exercise [\u003Ca href=\"#B45\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E45\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Furthermore, aerobic exercise seems to elicit strong anti-inflammatory effect than that of resistance exercise [\u003Ca href=\"#B46\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E46\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. However, resistance exercise seems to particularly increase the volume of hippocampus [\u003Ca href=\"#B47\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E47\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. A study in laboratory animal has shown that aerobic exercise can markedly increase BDNF; whereas, resistance exercise can significantly increase IGF-1 [\u003Ca href=\"#B48\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E48\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Although resistance exercise may have some limitations, this is still a good choice for those elderly and dementia patients to have this form of exercise. IGF-1 can still elicit multiple functions in the brain to preserve neurons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_4\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\n\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E4. Concluding remarks\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\"p17\"\u003ESince this is an introductory chapter, we do not intend to discuss every single method of neuroprotection in detail. We should keep in mind that neurodegenerative diseases are multiple-hit processes. Therefore, no single biological target can afford all neuroprotective needs. Approaches in using herbal medicine and natural products remind us that multiple biological targets may be the way to exert effective neuroprotection. Therefore, any non-pharmacological approaches including exercise and even the new stem cell approaches exert multiple effects. This can be the way for our effective neuroprotective strategies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n","keywords":null,"chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpdfs\u002F66420.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fmts.intechopen.com\u002Fsource\u002Fxml\u002F66420.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F66420\u002F1672036862\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F66420","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F66420","cdnMediaBaseUrl":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-cdn\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F66420\u002F1512345123\u002F","totalDownloads":2048,"totalViews":870,"totalCrossrefCites":6,"totalDimensionsCites":11,"dateSubmitted":"January 11th 2019","dateReviewed":"March 4th 2019","datePrePublished":"March 27th 2019","datePublished":"August 28th 2019","dateFinished":"March 27th 2019","readingETA":"0","abstract":null,"reviewType":"peer-reviewed","bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F66420","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F66420","signatures":"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang and Yuen-Shan Ho","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"noAds":0,"subseries":null,"book":{"id":"7581","type":"book","title":"Neuroprotection","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Neuroprotection","slug":"neuroprotection","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"August 28th 2019","bookSignature":"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang and Yuen-Shan Ho","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F7581.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F7581\u002F1713438765-1500421781\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F7581\u002F1713438765-1500421781\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F7581\u002F1718276866-1248418135\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F7581\u002F1718276866-1248418135\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F7581\u002F1718112837-179298588\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F7581\u002F1718112837-179298588\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","isbn":"978-1-78984-737-6","printIsbn":"978-1-78984-736-9","pdfIsbn":"978-1-78985-925-6","isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isDeactivated":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"33396","title":"Dr.","name":"Raymond Chuen-Chung","middleName":null,"surname":"Chang","slug":"raymond-chuen-chung-chang","fullName":"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"authors":[{"id":"33396","title":"Dr.","name":"Raymond Chuen-Chung","middleName":null,"surname":"Chang","fullName":"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang","slug":"raymond-chuen-chung-chang","email":"rccchang@hku.hk","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F33396\u002F1734011569\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institution":{"name":"University of Hong Kong","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"China"}}},{"id":"254575","title":"Dr.","name":"Yuen-Shan","middleName":null,"surname":"Ho","fullName":"Yuen-Shan Ho","slug":"yuen-shan-ho","email":"janice.ys.ho@polyu.edu.hk","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F254575\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institution":{"name":"University of Hong Kong","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"China"}}}],"sections":[{"id":"sec_1","title":"1. Introduction","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2","title":"2. Neuroprotective effects of herbal medicine and natural products","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_3","title":"3. Aerobic and resistance exercises","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_4","title":"4. Concluding remarks","level":"1"}],"chapterReferences":[{"id":"B1","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B1\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EChen JF, Xu K, Petzer JP, et al. Neuroprotection by caffeine and A(2A) adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson's disease. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;\u003Cbold\u003E21\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:RC143\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B2","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B2\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ECaetano L, Pinheiro H, Patrício P, et al. Adenosine A2A receptor regulation of microglia morphological remodeling-gender bias in physiology and in a model of chronic anxiety. Molecular Psychiatry. 2017;\u003Cbold\u003E22\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:1035-1043\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B3","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B3\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EChang RCC, Chiu K, Ho YS, So KF. Modulation of neuroimmune responses on glia in the central nervous system: Implication in therapeutic intervention against neuroinflammation. Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2009;\u003Cbold\u003E6\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:317-326\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B4","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B4\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EHo YS, So KF, Chang RCC. Anti-aging herbal medicine—How and why can they be used in aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases? 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Red blood cells (RBCs) have generally been viewed as innocent bystanders in the clotting process. However, there has been a steadily growing clinical data revealing the active roles of erythrocytes in hemostasis. RBCs may contribute to thrombosis in several ways. In polycythemia, RBCs increase blood viscosity and marginate platelets toward the endothelium. The increased incidence of thrombosis is also associated with hemolytic anemia, especially with sickle cell disease and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. RBCs express phosphatidylserine and microparticles, supporting thrombin generation. They interact with platelets, endothelial cells, and fibrinogen, and these interactions lead their incorporation into the thrombi. The presence of RBCs in clots suppresses plasmin generation and reduces clot dissolution. Decreasing thrombus RBC content would accelerate thrombus resolution. 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Indeed, alloimmunization to non-A\u002FB antigens can be so severe that RBC transfusion can no longer be safely administered without the risk of a potentially deadly immune haemolytic reaction. Currently, no satisfactory solutions exist either to prevent blood group alloimmunization or to cost-effectively treat patients with severe alloimmunization. To address this problem, we have pioneered the immunocamouflage of donor RBC. The immunocamouflaged (stealth) RBC is manufactured by the covalent grafting of biologically safe polymers to RBC membrane proteins. As a result of the grafted polymer, non-A\u002FB blood group antigens are biophysically and immunologically masked. Of particular interest is the immunocamouflage of the Rh(D) antigen which could be used to improve blood inventory and transfusion safety. The polymer-modified RBCs are morphologically normal and, in mice, exhibit normal in vivo survival at immunoprotective grafting concentration. In this chapter, we explore both the biophysical and immunological consequences of the grafted polymers, explore the conditions in which they might be appropriately used, and describe the technology necessary to manufacture functional transfusable units of these cells within the clinical setting.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5965","slug":"transfusion-medicine-and-scientific-developments","title":"Transfusion Medicine and Scientific Developments","fullTitle":"Transfusion Medicine and Scientific Developments","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Mark D. Scott, Wendy M. 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It is also a receptor for some malaria species. There are significant racial variations in expression of Duffy antigens. Approximately 68% of Blacks lack both Fya and Fyb antigens. Individuals with this unique phenotype are resistant to two malaria species. Antibodies formed against the Duffy antigens are of IgG subclass and are clinically significant as they can be implicated in acute and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions as well as hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn. Patients who form anti-Fya or anti-Fyb must receive antigen negative blood units in the future.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"9027","slug":"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies","title":"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies","fullTitle":"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Fatima A. Aldarweesh","authors":[{"id":"307172","title":"Dr.","name":"Fatima A.","middleName":null,"surname":"Aldarweesh","slug":"fatima-a.-aldarweesh","fullName":"Fatima A. Aldarweesh"}]},{"id":"70657","title":"Distribution of Clinically Relevant Blood Group Antigens among Nigerians and the Management of Rhesus D Negative Pregnancies: Implications for Haemolytic Disease of the Foetus and Newborn and Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions","slug":"distribution-of-clinically-relevant-blood-group-antigens-among-nigerians-and-the-management-of-rhesu","totalDownloads":1350,"totalCrossrefCites":4,"totalDimensionsCites":4,"abstract":"The ABO and Rhesus blood group systems are the most clinically relevant blood group systems from haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN) and haemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) perspectives. Other clinically relevant blood group systems include the Kell, Duffy, Kidd and MNSs blood group systems. The clinical relevance of a blood group system depends on the ability of antibodies of the system to cause HDFN and HTR. This chapter discusses the distribution of ABO, Rhesus and other clinically relevant red cell antigens among Nigerians and implications for HDFN and HTR. There are several challenges associated with the management of Rhesus negative pregnancies, pregnancies associated with clinically significant alloantibodies, implementation of policy on routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis (RAADP), management of Rhesus negative women that require termination of pregnancy (TOP), provision of antigen negative blood for certain patient groups and the management of pregnant and non-pregnant patients with clinically significant alloantibodies. This chapter highlights the need for Nigeria and other African countries to implement best practices to optimize the care offered to pregnant women as well as patients in whom red cell transfusion is indicated.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"9027","slug":"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies","title":"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies","fullTitle":"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Osaro Erhabor, Tosan Erhabor, Teddy Charles Adias and Iwueke Ikechukwu Polycarp","authors":[{"id":"35140","title":"Dr.","name":"Osaro","middleName":null,"surname":"Erhabor","slug":"osaro-erhabor","fullName":"Osaro Erhabor"},{"id":"35151","title":"Prof.","name":"Teddy","middleName":"Charles","surname":"Adias","slug":"teddy-adias","fullName":"Teddy Adias"},{"id":"308337","title":"Dr.","name":"Tosan","middleName":null,"surname":"Erhabor","slug":"tosan-erhabor","fullName":"Tosan Erhabor"},{"id":"308338","title":"Dr.","name":"Iwueke","middleName":null,"surname":"Ikechukwu","slug":"iwueke-ikechukwu","fullName":"Iwueke Ikechukwu"}]},{"id":"64280","title":"Lymphocytes Studied by Raman Microspectroscopy","slug":"lymphocytes-studied-by-raman-microspectroscopy","totalDownloads":1398,"totalCrossrefCites":3,"totalDimensionsCites":6,"abstract":"The Raman spectroscopy detects the interaction of the incident light with the electrons in the illuminated molecule. The use of Raman spectroscopy to investigate biological molecular structures and the recognition of their particular functional groups have been growing rapidly, and nowadays the use of Raman spectroscopy has expanded toward the cellular level. The activation of lymphocytes occurs when they are exposed to viruses or other foreign antigens. We have observed that Raman spectroscopy can be used to screen the activation of lymphocytes during viral infection. We have indicated the bands that reveal differences between activated and intact cells. The most important marker of the lymphocyte activation process is the prominent 521 cm−1 disulfide band which marks the immunoglobulin formation. The blood from the patients with viral infections, e.g., mononucleosis, and from healthy volunteers was obtained by venipuncture during hospitalization in the University Hospital in Kraków.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"6969","slug":"lymphocytes","title":"Lymphocytes","fullTitle":"Lymphocytes","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Magdalena Pietruszewska, Grażyna Biesiada, Jacek Czepiel,\nMalwina Birczyńska, Paulina Moskal, Mateusz Kozicki, Emilia Hola,\nAleksander Garlicki and Aleksandra Wesełucha-Birczyńska","authors":[{"id":"251192","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Aleksandra","middleName":null,"surname":"Weselucha-Birczynska","slug":"aleksandra-weselucha-birczynska","fullName":"Aleksandra Weselucha-Birczynska"},{"id":"276484","title":"MSc.","name":"Magdalena","middleName":null,"surname":"Pietruszewska","slug":"magdalena-pietruszewska","fullName":"Magdalena Pietruszewska"},{"id":"276485","title":"Prof.","name":"Grażyna","middleName":null,"surname":"Biesiada","slug":"grazyna-biesiada","fullName":"Grażyna Biesiada"},{"id":"276489","title":"Prof.","name":"Jacek","middleName":null,"surname":"Czepiel","slug":"jacek-czepiel","fullName":"Jacek Czepiel"},{"id":"276490","title":"MSc.","name":"Malwina","middleName":null,"surname":"Birczyńska","slug":"malwina-birczynska","fullName":"Malwina Birczyńska"},{"id":"276492","title":"MSc.","name":"Paulina","middleName":null,"surname":"Moskal","slug":"paulina-moskal","fullName":"Paulina Moskal"},{"id":"276495","title":"Dr.","name":"Mateusz","middleName":null,"surname":"Kozicki","slug":"mateusz-kozicki","fullName":"Mateusz Kozicki"},{"id":"276496","title":"MSc.","name":"Emilia","middleName":null,"surname":"Hola","slug":"emilia-hola","fullName":"Emilia Hola"},{"id":"276498","title":"Prof.","name":"Aleksander","middleName":null,"surname":"Garlicki","slug":"aleksander-garlicki","fullName":"Aleksander Garlicki"}]},{"id":"55207","title":"Immunocamouflaged RBC for Alloimmunized Patients","slug":"immunocamouflaged-rbc-for-alloimmunized-patients","totalDownloads":1983,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"totalDimensionsCites":4,"abstract":"While ABO\u002FRh(D) red blood cells (RBC)-matched transfusions are generally considered as safe, a significant risk of alloimmunization to non-A\u002FB blood group antigens exists; especially in chronically transfused patients. Indeed, alloimmunization to non-A\u002FB antigens can be so severe that RBC transfusion can no longer be safely administered without the risk of a potentially deadly immune haemolytic reaction. Currently, no satisfactory solutions exist either to prevent blood group alloimmunization or to cost-effectively treat patients with severe alloimmunization. To address this problem, we have pioneered the immunocamouflage of donor RBC. The immunocamouflaged (stealth) RBC is manufactured by the covalent grafting of biologically safe polymers to RBC membrane proteins. As a result of the grafted polymer, non-A\u002FB blood group antigens are biophysically and immunologically masked. Of particular interest is the immunocamouflage of the Rh(D) antigen which could be used to improve blood inventory and transfusion safety. The polymer-modified RBCs are morphologically normal and, in mice, exhibit normal in vivo survival at immunoprotective grafting concentration. In this chapter, we explore both the biophysical and immunological consequences of the grafted polymers, explore the conditions in which they might be appropriately used, and describe the technology necessary to manufacture functional transfusable units of these cells within the clinical setting.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5965","slug":"transfusion-medicine-and-scientific-developments","title":"Transfusion Medicine and Scientific Developments","fullTitle":"Transfusion Medicine and Scientific Developments","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Mark D. Scott, Wendy M. 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Although significant progress has been made in context of delineating the pathways that lead to their development, maturity and differentiation, their detailed mechanisms are yet to be dissected out completely. This chapter is aimed towards summarising the knowledge that has been gained till date and identifying the areas that need to be addressed in future research work. Overall, the chapter is planned in a sequential way to guide the reader through the processes of B cell development and the various latest findings that have improved our understanding of this vital physiological system.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"6969","slug":"lymphocytes","title":"Lymphocytes","fullTitle":"Lymphocytes","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Malavika Bhattacharya","authors":[{"id":"262398","title":"Dr.","name":"Malavika","middleName":null,"surname":"Bhattacharya","slug":"malavika-bhattacharya","fullName":"Malavika 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.","author":{"id":"55578","name":"Antonio","surname":"Jurado-Navas","institutionString":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F55578\u002F1740783862\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","slug":"antonio-jurado-navas","institution":{"id":"720","name":"University of Malaga","country":{"id":null,"name":"Spain"}}}},{"id":"6","text":"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.","author":{"id":"259298","name":"Edward","surname":"Narayan","institutionString":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F259298\u002F1734030847\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"edward-narayan","institution":{"id":"3","name":"University of Queensland","country":{"id":null,"name":"Australia"}}}}]},"series":{"item":{"id":"1003800","title":"Social Sciences","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1002850","issn":"2977-6473","scope":"\u003Cp\u003EThe social sciences, as a form of scientific knowledge anchored on epistemological foundations, theories, and specific methodologies, both in their fundamental and applied dimensions, are paramount for understanding and, consequently, developing instruments that contribute to improving social and environmental living conditions. 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He previously held the position of Senior Editor - Sociology Section for Cogent Social Sciences (Taylor & Francis) from 2020 to 2022. Dr. Serpa maintains a distinguished research profile, evidenced by over 400 publications in international journals, books, and other scientific outlets across a wide range of countries: Brazil, Canada, China, United Arab Emirates, Germany, India, Kazakhstan, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America. His research interests encompass Teaching Sociology, Sociology of Education, Sociology of Organisations, Organisational Culture, Scientific Communication, Digital Society, Digital Literacy, Society 5.0 and Sociology of Artificial Intelligence. Dr. Serpa emphasizes the importance of integrating academic knowledge with service to the university and society at large.","orcid":"0000-0003-4286-4440","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of the Azores","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Portugal"}}},"editorTwo":null,"editorThree":null},"subseries":{"paginationCount":2,"paginationItems":[{"id":"104","title":"Agronomy and Horticulture","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries_topics\u002Fcovers\u002F104.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":true,"editor":{"id":"178185","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Ibrahim","middleName":null,"surname":"Kahramanoglu","slug":"ibrahim-kahramanoglu","fullName":"Ibrahim Kahramanoglu","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F178185\u002F1727941083\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"İbrahim Kahramanoğlu is an associate professor at the Faculty of Agriculture, European University of Lefke, Northern Cyprus. 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After completing his undergraduate education, he worked as an Agricultural Engineer in Güzelyurt Prodagro Traiding LTD for about 2 years. He started working as a Research Assistant at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies at the European University of Lefke, from which he graduated, in 2015. He completed his doctorate in 2018 and has been working as lecturer (Assistant Professor) in the Department of Horticulture at the European University of Lefke since 2019. He is expert in pest management, olive production and organic farming. 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Since then, he\nhas worked at Roslin Institute and the University of Edinburgh,\nUK, where he researched QTL mapping, molecular genetics, and functional genomics of poultry and model animals. He joined Henan Agricultural University, China in\n2013. His research interests focus on functional genomics and molecular breeding of\npoultry. He has published about 100 research papers and edited several books.","institutionString":"Henan Agricultural University","institution":{"name":"Henan Agricultural University","country":{"name":"China"}}},{"id":"326391","title":"Dr.","name":"Chia-Chi","middleName":null,"surname":"Chen","slug":"chia-chi-chen","fullName":"Chia-Chi Chen","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F326391\u002F1720094398\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Associate Researcher Chia-Chi Chen graduated from the Institute of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan, and works in the Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute. Associate Researcher Chia-Chi Chen is a pioneering researcher in animal science. She published many articles and books on life science. She is actively engaged in academic research in Taiwan, including the development of high-value agricultural materials and in vivo efficacy platforms, etc.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Agricultural Technology Research Institute","country":{"name":"Taiwan"}}},{"id":"117136","title":"Dr.","name":"Chung-Lun","middleName":null,"surname":"Lu","slug":"chung-lun-lu","fullName":"Chung-Lun Lu","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F117136\u002F1734011569\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Chung-Lun Lu graduated from the Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, and is a researcher at\nAquaculture Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology\nResearch Institute. Dr. Chung-Lun Lu is a pioneering researcher\nin aquaculture sciences. He published many papers and books in\naquaculture science. He is actively engaged in academic research\nin Taiwan, including the development of high-value agricultural\nmaterials and assay platforms, etc.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"National Taiwan University","country":{"name":"Taiwan"}}},{"id":"51520","title":"Dr.","name":"Shao-Wen","middleName":null,"surname":"Hung","slug":"shao-wen-hung","fullName":"Shao-Wen Hung","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F51520\u002F1683093521\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Shao-Wen Hung is a veterinarian, researcher, and chief of the animal industry division. He is actively engaged in academic research in Taiwan, including cancer medicine, animal welfare, veterinary medicine, and fish disease. He has participated in research on antibacterial light-emitting diodes and the application and development of the Raman rapid detection method. He has published more than 120 journal papers, 130 conference papers, 12 patents, and 20 books. He has also served as a journal peer reviewer. Dr. Hung has successfully assisted animal drug factories and food factories to obtain animal drug and health food certificates.","institutionString":"Agricultural Technology Research Institute","institution":{"name":"Agricultural Technology Research Institute","country":{"name":"Taiwan"}}},{"id":"477093","title":"Dr.","name":"Sudirman","middleName":"Dirman","surname":"Sudirman","slug":"sudirman-sudirman","fullName":"Sudirman Sudirman","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.034\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Universitas Samawa","country":{"name":"Indonesia"}}},{"id":"452241","title":"Dr.","name":"Tseng-Ting","middleName":null,"surname":"Kao","slug":"tseng-ting-kao","fullName":"Tseng-Ting Kao","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F452241\u002F1683093525\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Tseng-Ting Kao graduated from the Institute of Basic Medical\nSciences, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan and is a researcher at the Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural\nTechnology Research Institute. Dr. Tseng-Ting Kao is a pioneering\nresearcher in cell science. She holds some registered patents in life\nscience. She is actively engaged in academic research in Taiwan,\nincluding the development of skin care products, high-value agricultural materials, cell detection platforms, etc.","institutionString":"Agricultural Technology Research Institute","institution":{"name":"Agricultural Technology Research Institute","country":{"name":"Taiwan"}}},{"id":"219081","title":"Assistant Prof.","name":"Abdulsamed","middleName":null,"surname":"Kükürt","slug":"abdulsamed-kukurt","fullName":"Abdulsamed Kükürt","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F219081\u002F1734011549\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Abdulsamed Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University, Turkey. In 2019, he obtained a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the Institute of Health Sciences, Kafkas University, Turkey, where he is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry. He has published twenty-nine research articles in academic journals, fourteen book chapters, and thirty-seven papers. Dr. Kükürt has participated in ten academic projects and is a reviewer for many academic journals.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Kafkas University","country":{"name":"Turkey"}}},{"id":"225390","title":null,"name":"Asghar Ali","middleName":null,"surname":"Kamboh","slug":"asghar-ali-kamboh","fullName":"Asghar Ali Kamboh","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F225390\u002F1676539207\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Asghar Ali Kamboh is an associate professor in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University, Pakistan. He obtained his Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from Nanjing Agricultural University, China, in 2012. He has 17 years of research experience in microbiology, particularly in the area of gut microbiota modulation for improved health, immunity, production, and meat quality in farm animals. Currently, his research interests are antimicrobial resistance, microbial contamination of animal foods, plant antioxidants, pathogens of animal origin, and modulation of immunity and gut microbiota via dietary manipulation in poultry and other farm animals. He has more than 100 publications in high-impact, peer-reviewed journals and has supervised more than twenty-five MPhil scholars. He has edited and authored numerous books and book chapters and participated in many international and national conferences and workshops. Dr. Kamboh is also an editor, editorial board member, and guest editor for many scholarly journals.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Sindh Agriculture University","country":{"name":"Pakistan"}}},{"id":"94128","title":"Dr.","name":"Mohammad Manjur","middleName":null,"surname":"Shah","slug":"mohammad-manjur-shah","fullName":"Mohammad Manjur Shah","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F94128\u002F1741547292\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Mohammad Manjur Shah obtained his Ph.D. from Aligarh Muslim University, India, in 2003. He is a pioneer in the field of insect parasitic nematodes and has presented his findings at several conferences, published numerous journal articles, and edited eight books. He is also a journal reviewer. Dr. Shah completed two postdoctoral fellowships under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, before joining Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Nigeria, in 2015. He is currently working as Professor of Biology and Chairman of the Research Ethics Committee at Northwest University, Kano","institutionString":"Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano","institution":null},{"id":"192516","title":"Prof.","name":"Oguz","middleName":null,"surname":"Merhan","slug":"oguz-merhan","fullName":"Oguz Merhan","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F192516\u002F1720696419\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Kafkas University","country":{"name":"Turkey"}}},{"id":"196707","title":"Prof.","name":"Mustafa Numan","middleName":null,"surname":"Bucak","slug":"mustafa-numan-bucak","fullName":"Mustafa Numan Bucak","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F196707\u002F1737972520\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Mustafa Numan Bucak received a bachelor’s degree from the Veterinary Faculty, Ankara University, Turkey, where he also obtained a Ph.D. in Sperm Cryobiology. He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Selçuk University","country":{"name":"Turkey"}}},{"id":"206819","title":"Dr.","name":"Yusuf","middleName":null,"surname":"Bozkurt","slug":"yusuf-bozkurt","fullName":"Yusuf Bozkurt","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F206819\u002F1738159096\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Bozkurt, who graduated from Ankara University with a Certificate of Honour, also received his MSc and Ph.D. degrees from the same university. Furthermore, he empowered his academic background by studying in different universities and institutions abroad. He has a strong background in the field of reproductive biology and biotechnology, with an emphasis on cryoconservation. His current academic research focuses on the conservation of aquatic genetic resources.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"İskenderun Technical University","country":{"name":"Turkey"}}},{"id":"343879","title":"Dr.","name":"Mithilesh","middleName":null,"surname":"Singh","slug":"mithilesh-singh","fullName":"Mithilesh Singh","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F343879\u002F1734030998\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Mithilesh Singh is an Indian citizen born on 24th July 1979. He graduated in Veterinary\r\nand Animal Sciences from G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar\r\n(2004) and completed both post-graduation (2006) and doctoral research (2009) in Veterinary\r\nImmunology from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar. He joined the\r\ndepartment of Immunology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar in 2010 as a\r\nscientist. He has done considerable work on the diagnosis and control of canine parvovirus in\r\ndogs. Development of a live attenuated CPV-2a-based vaccine candidate and canine\r\nparvovirus-specific egg-yolk IgY-based novel immunotherapeutic are a few of the notable\r\nachievements under his credit. He was the first to report canine parvovirus-specific nucleotide\r\naptamers that may have diagnostic and therapeutic potential. His research work has been\r\ndocumented in several journals of international repute.\r\nSociety for Immunology & Immunopathology awarded him the Young Scientist Award in\r\n2010. He is also a recipient of an International Travel grant to attend XXIV WPC-2012 from\r\nDept of Science & Technology, Gov of India and British Poultry Science Ltd, Scotland. He\r\nalso served as associate editor and reviewer for many journals of international repute. He is\r\nalso a life member of the Indian Society for Veterinary Immunology and Biotechnology\r\n(ISVIB), Indian Association for Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious\r\nDiseases (IAVMI) and Society for Immunology and Immunopathology (SIIP).\r\nHis research area of interest is host-pathogen interaction, the development of novel\r\nimmunotherapeutic, innate immunity, and immunomodulation.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Indian Veterinary Research Institute","country":{"name":"India"}}},{"id":"275424","title":"Dr.","name":"Saravanan","middleName":null,"surname":"Ramakrishnan","slug":"saravanan-ramakrishnan","fullName":"Saravanan Ramakrishnan","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F275424\u002F1680680418\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Saravanan Ramakrishnan completed his Ph.D. in Veterinary Immunology and he has more\r\nthan fourteen years of research experience in the area of innate immunity, vaccine, and adjuvant\r\ndevelopment. His team has developed a recombinant penton protein based indirect ELISA for the\r\ndetection antibodies against Egg-drop-syndrome (EDS76) in chicken and also one subunit S1\r\nglycoprotein based vaccine was developed and tested against avian infectious bronchitis. The\r\nvaccine candidate was found to afford partial protection against avian infectious bronchitis.\r\nFurther, he is one of the inventors of the development of sub-viral particle-based subunit\r\ninfectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine for chickens. He also contributed significantly in the\r\nfield of chicken innate immunity with some of the salient achievements viz., i) Demonstrated the\r\nsynergistic interaction of LPS (TLR4 agonist) and resiquimod (TLR7 agonist) in chicken for the\r\nfirst time ii) Adjuvant potential of resiquimod (R-848) with inactivated NDV vaccine was\r\ndemonstrated in SPF chicken iii) Resiquimod was proven to have prophylactic potency against\r\nvvIBDV challenge in chicken iv) Resiquimod in chicken induces Th1 as well as Th2 immune\r\nresponses in chicken v) Resiquimod was found to enhance antigen specific systemic as well as\r\nmucosal immunity against avian infectious bronchitis vi) Poly I: C alone and its combination with\r\nPam3CSK4 was found to significantly reduce immunosuppression when used with an\r\nintermediate plus IBDV vaccine.","institutionString":"Indian Veterinary Research Institute","institution":{"name":"Indian Veterinary Research Institute","country":{"name":"India"}}},{"id":"61139","title":"Dr.","name":"Sergey","middleName":null,"surname":"Tkachev","slug":"sergey-tkachev","fullName":"Sergey Tkachev","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F61139\u002F1734011527\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis 'Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Russian Academy of Sciences","country":{"name":"Russia"}}},{"id":"310962","title":"Dr.","name":"Amlan","middleName":"Kumar","surname":"Patra","slug":"amlan-patra","fullName":"Amlan Patra","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F310962\u002F1683789988\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences","country":{"name":"India"}}},{"id":"53998","title":"Emeritus Prof.","name":"László","middleName":null,"surname":"Babinszky","slug":"laszlo-babinszky","fullName":"László Babinszky","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F53998\u002F1725953094\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"László Babinszky is a professor of animal nutrition. Currently, he is a professor emeritus at the University of Debrecen and at the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Hungary. He earned his PhD from Wageningen University in the Netherlands. He has worked in various universities and research institutes in Hungary, the Netherlands, Austria, and Germany. Dr. Babinszky has authored more than 300 publications (papers and book chapters), and edited four printed books, and authored and edited four e-books. He is a member of various international committees (e.g., he has been a member for 27 years of the American Society of Animal Science [ASAS], USA) and various international journal editorial boards (e.g., Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A—Animal Science).","institutionString":"University of Debrecen","institution":{"name":"University of Debrecen","country":{"name":"Hungary"}}},{"id":"350704","title":"M.Sc.","name":"Camila","middleName":"Silva Costa","surname":"Ferreira","slug":"camila-ferreira","fullName":"Camila Ferreira","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F350704\u002F1689228910\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016\u002F2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.","institutionString":"Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro","institution":null},{"id":"351582","title":"Dr.","name":"Jaco","middleName":null,"surname":"Bakker","slug":"jaco-bakker","fullName":"Jaco Bakker","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F351582\u002F1741072741\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Bakker is an eager veterinarian actively involved in all research in laboratory animal science and medicine whose aims are to improve veterinary care and welfare. Dr. Bakker is a member of the Association of American Primate Veterinarians, European Primate Veterinarians, the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians, the European Society of Laboratory Animal Veterinarians, and is a board member of the European Academy of Laboratory Animal Surgery.","institutionString":"Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Netherlands","institution":{"name":"Biomedical Primate Research Centre","country":{"name":"Netherlands"}}},{"id":"415547","title":"Dr.","name":"Thomas","middleName":null,"surname":"Rohwedder","slug":"thomas-rohwedder","fullName":"Thomas Rohwedder","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F415547\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Freie Universität Berlin","country":{"name":"Germany"}}},{"id":"41319","title":"Prof.","name":"Lung-Kwang","middleName":null,"surname":"Pan","slug":"lung-kwang-pan","fullName":"Lung-Kwang Pan","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F41319\u002F1705660617\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology","country":{"name":"Taiwan"}}},{"id":"201830","title":"Dr.","name":"Fernando","middleName":"Sanchez","surname":"Davila","slug":"fernando-davila","fullName":"Fernando Davila","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F201830\u002F1715603237\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León","country":{"name":"Mexico"}}}]}},"subseries":{"item":{"id":"92","type":"subseries","title":"Health and Wellbeing","keywords":"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health Production","scope":"\u003Cp\u003E\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries_topics\u002Fcovers\u002F92.jpg","hasOnlineFirst":true,"hasPublishedBooks":true,"annualVolume":11976,"isSalesforceSubseries":false,"editor":{"id":"348225","title":"Dr.","name":"Ann","middleName":null,"surname":"Hemingway","slug":"ann-hemingway","fullName":"Ann Hemingway","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F348225\u002F1734437833\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Ann Hemingway is a public health researcher undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions. She is currently a Professor of Public Health at Bournemouth University UK and her Ph.D., focused on health behaviour change in excluded marginalised groups, was received from the University of Southampton UK.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Bournemouth University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"United Kingdom"}}},"editorTwo":null,"editorThree":null,"associateEditorOne":null,"associateEditorTwo":null,"associateEditorThree":null,"series":{"id":"24","title":"Sustainable Development","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.100361","issn":"2753-6580"},"editorialBoard":[{"id":"169536","title":"Dr.","name":"David M.","middleName":null,"surname":"Claborn","slug":"david-m.-claborn","fullName":"David M. 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