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Iod - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descoperire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Descoperire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descoperire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structura_atomică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structura_atomică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structura atomică</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structura_atomică-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structura atomică subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structura_atomică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Izotopi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izotopi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Izotopi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izotopi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Răspândire_pe_Pământ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Răspândire_pe_Pământ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Răspândire pe Pământ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Răspândire_pe_Pământ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circuitul_iodului_în_natură" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circuitul_iodului_în_natură"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Circuitul iodului în natură</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circuitul_iodului_în_natură-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietăți" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietăți"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proprietăți</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proprietăți-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proprietăți subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proprietăți-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fizice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fizice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fizice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fizice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chimice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chimice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chimice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chimice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compușii_chimici_ai_iodului" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compușii_chimici_ai_iodului"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Compușii chimici ai iodului</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compușii_chimici_ai_iodului-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compușii chimici ai iodului subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compușii_chimici_ai_iodului-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acizi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acizi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Acizi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acizi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alți_compuși" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alți_compuși"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Alți compuși</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alți_compuși-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acțiune_fiziologică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acțiune_fiziologică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Acțiune fiziologică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acțiune_fiziologică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Producere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicații" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicații"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Aplicații</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicații-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspecte_de_sănătate_și_securitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspecte_de_sănătate_și_securitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Aspecte de sănătate și securitate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspecte_de_sănătate_și_securitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliografie subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-În_limba_română" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_limba_română"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>În limba română</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_limba_română-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_alte_limbi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_alte_limbi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>În alte limbi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_alte_limbi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legături externe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-În_limba_engleză" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_limba_engleză"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>În limba engleză</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_limba_engleză-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_limba_română_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_limba_română_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>În limba română</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_limba_română_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iod</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 153 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">153 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodium" title="Jodium – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jodium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AE%E1%8B%B2%E1%8A%95" title="አዮዲን – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አዮዲን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodo" title="Yodo – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Yodo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="आयोडीन – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आयोडीन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يود – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يود – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="يود" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodu" title="Yodu – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yodu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yod" title="Yod – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yod" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF" title="یود – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یود" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Иод – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иод" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodium" title="Yodium – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yodium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyodo" title="Iyodo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iyodo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D0%B4" title="Ёд – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D0%B4" title="Ёд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Йод – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="आयोडीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आयोडीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiodin" title="Aiodin – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Aiodin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="আয়োডিন – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আয়োডিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BE%AD%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྦ་ཚྭ། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྦ་ཚྭ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iod" title="Iod – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iod" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iode" title="Iode – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iode" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C4%93ng" title="Diēng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diēng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodo" title="Yodo – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Yodo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%AF" title="یۆد – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodiu" title="Iodiu – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Iodiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Иод – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иод" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Fodin" title="Ïodin – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ïodin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iod" title="Iod – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0yod" title="İyod – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İyod" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%94%DE%AE%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އަޔޮޑިން – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަޔޮޑިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ιώδιο – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιώδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iodine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodo" title="Jodo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodo" title="Yodo – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yodo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jood" title="Jood – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iodo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ید – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodi" title="Jodi – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jodi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iode" title="Iode – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iode" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jood" title="Jood – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jood" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodi" title="Jodi – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Jodi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaid%C3%ADn" title="Iaidín – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iaidín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="碘" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidhodain" title="Aidhodain – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aidhodain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iodo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="આયોડિન – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આયોડિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeadeen" title="Eeadeen – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eeadeen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A9n" title="Tién – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tién" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%93" title="יוד – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="आयोडिन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयोडिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iodine" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B2d" title="Yòd – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Yòd" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3d" title="Jód – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jód" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%A4" title="Յոդ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Iodo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iodin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iodo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%B0" title="Joð – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Joð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodio" title="Iodio – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iodio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%82%A6%E7%B4%A0" title="ヨウ素 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨウ素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zirkliru" title="zirkliru – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zirkliru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodium" title="Yodium – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yodium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="იოდი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%96y%C9%94d%C9%A9" title="Ɩyɔdɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɩyɔdɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Йод – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йод" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಯೊಡಿನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಯೊಡಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%94%98" title="아이오딘 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이오딘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آیوڈین – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آیوڈین" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Йод – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Йод" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Iodin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Иод – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иод" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodum" title="Iodum – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iodum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iod" title="Iod – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Iod" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodiini_(Iodine)" title="Ayodiini (Iodine) – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ayodiini (Iodine)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodium" title="Jodium – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jodium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodio" title="Iodio – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iodio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodie" title="Iodie – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Iodie" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodio" title="Iodio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Iodio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ໄອໂອດິນ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄອໂອດິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodas" title="Jodas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jods_(elements)" title="Jods (elements) – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jods (elements)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Јод – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="അയോഡിൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയോഡിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Иод – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иод" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="आयोडीन – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयोडीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Иод – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Иод" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iodin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အိုင်အိုဒင်း – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်အိုဒင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Иод – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Иод" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="आयोडिन – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आयोडिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodium_(element)" title="Jodium (element) – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jodium (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B2de" title="Iòde – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iòde" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joudu" title="Joudu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Joudu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8" title="ଆୟୋଡ଼ିନ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆୟୋଡ଼ିନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Йод – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Йод" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਆਇਓਡੀਨ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਓਡੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="आयोडिन – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आयोडिन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2dio" title="Jòdio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jòdio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آئیوڈین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیوڈین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%86" title="آيوډين – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آيوډين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iodo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutyu" title="Yutyu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yutyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodu" title="Iodu – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Iodu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Иод – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="अयोडिन् – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अयोडिन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2diu" title="Jòdiu – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Jòdiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodiu" title="Iodiu – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Iodiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iodine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3d" title="Jód – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jód" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آئیوڈین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آئیوڈین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaydhiin" title="Aaydhiin – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aaydhiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodi" title="Jodi – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jodi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Јод – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јод" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iod" title="Iod – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Iod" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodium" title="Yodium – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Yodium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodini" title="Iodini – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Iodini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அயோடின் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அயோடின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="అయోడిన్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అయోడిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Йод – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Йод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ไอโอดีน – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอโอดีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodo" title="Yodo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yodo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0yot" title="İyot – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İyot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Иод – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иод" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Иод – tuvană" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Иод" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يود – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يود" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Йод – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آیوڈین – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آیوڈین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yod" title="Yod – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod" title="Jod – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jod" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iod" title="Iod – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iod" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iodo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碘" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Йод – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Йод" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93" title="יאד – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יאד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iod%C3%ADn%C3%AC" title="Iodínì – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Iodínì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="碘" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Ak-sò͘ – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ak-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkwithi" title="Inkwithi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inkwithi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Iod" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iod"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iod"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Iod" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Iod" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&oldid=16501403" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Iod&id=16501403&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIod"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIod"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Iod"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Iod&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Iodine" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1103" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span style="white-space: nowrap"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articole_de_calitate" title="Acesta este un articol de calitate. Apăsați aici pentru mai multe informații."><img alt="Acesta este un articol de calitate. Apăsați aici pentru mai multe informații." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="antet stiinteexacte" style="background-color:#ffff99">Iod </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sample_of_iodine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sample_of_iodine.jpg/200px-Sample_of_iodine.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sample_of_iodine.jpg/300px-Sample_of_iodine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sample_of_iodine.jpg/400px-Sample_of_iodine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4069" data-file-height="2115" /></a></span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="background:#f9f9f9"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur">telur</a> ← <b>Iod</b> → <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Br</a> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate;width:248px;background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="14" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/32px-Orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/48px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/64px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="border:none;text-align:center;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"><br />53</td> <td style="font-size:16pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"><b>I</b></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Clor" title="Clor"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandiu" title="Scandiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Titan" title="Titan"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Seleniu" title="Seleniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidiu" title="Rubidiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Stron%C8%9Biu" title="Stronțiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytriu" title="Ytriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Techne%C8%9Biu" title="Technețiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rodiu" title="Rodiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Indiu" title="Indiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Staniu" title="Staniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Antimoniu" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimoniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="float: left; width: 5px; height: 7px; font-size: 7px; line-height: 7px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;border:1px solid black"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Bariu" title="Bariu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodim" title="Praseodim"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Neodim" title="Neodim"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Prome%C8%9Biu" title="Promețiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Europiu" title="Europiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Gadoliniu" title="Gadoliniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Terbiu" title="Terbiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosiu" title="Disprosiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Holmiu" title="Holmiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Erbiu" title="Erbiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Yterbiu" title="Yterbiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lute%C8%9Biu" title="Lutețiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafniu" title="Hafniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Reniu" title="Reniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Taliu" title="Taliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Astatiniu" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Actiniu" title="Actiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Toriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Toriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Protactiniu" title="Protactiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Neptuniu" title="Neptuniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Americiu" title="Americiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Fermiu" title="Fermiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Mendeleeviu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeleeviu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Nobeliu" title="Nobeliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Lawren%C8%9Biu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrențiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordiu" title="Rutherfordiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubniu" title="Dubniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgiu" title="Seaborgiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohriu" title="Bohriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitneriu" title="Meitneriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtiu" title="Darmstadtiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Ununtriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununtriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Fleroviu" title="Fleroviu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Ununpentiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununpentiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Livermoriu" title="Livermoriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#fcfecc;"><a href="/wiki/Ununseptiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununseptiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Ununoctiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununoctiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><b>I</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-top:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Tabelul complet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor_(extins)" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor (extins)">Tabelul extins</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffff99; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Informații generale </th></tr> <tr> <td width="60%"><a href="/wiki/Lista_elementelor_chimice_dup%C4%83_nume" title="Lista elementelor chimice după nume">Nume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Simbol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">Număr</a> </td> <td width="40%">Iod, I, 53 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serie_chimic%C4%83" title="Serie chimică">Serie chimică</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grupele_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupele tabelului periodic">Grupă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perioadele_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perioadele tabelului periodic">Perioadă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blocurile_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocurile tabelului periodic">Bloc</a> </td> <td>17, 5, 9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Densitate" title="Densitate">Densitate</a> </td> <td>4940 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram_pe_metru_cub" title="Kilogram pe metru cub">kg/m³</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Culoare" title="Culoare">Culoare</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Violet" title="Violet">violet</a> închis </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_CAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Număr CAS">Număr CAS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Num%C4%83r_EINECS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Număr EINECS — pagină inexistentă">Număr EINECS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffff99; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Proprietăți atomice </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Masă atomică">Masă atomică</a> </td> <td>126,90447 <a href="/wiki/Unitate_atomic%C4%83_de_mas%C4%83" title="Unitate atomică de masă">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Rază atomică">Rază atomică</a> </td> <td>140 (115) <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_de_covalen%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Rază de covalență">Rază de covalență</a> </td> <td>133 <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_van_der_Waals" title="Rază van der Waals">Rază van der Waals</a> </td> <td>215 <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Configura%C8%9Bie_electronic%C4%83" title="Configurație electronică">Configurație electronică</a> </td> <td>[Kr] 4d<sup>10</sup> 5s<sup>2</sup> 5p<sup>5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electroni</a> pe <a href="/wiki/Nivel_de_energie" title="Nivel de energie">nivelul de energie</a> </td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_oxidare" title="Număr de oxidare">Număr de oxidare</a> </td> <td>±1, 5, 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxid" title="Oxid">Oxid</a> </td> <td>acid tare </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Structur%C4%83_cristalin%C4%83" title="Structură cristalină">Structură cristalină</a> </td> <td>ortorombică </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffff99; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Proprietăți fizice </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare">Fază ordinară</a> </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire">Punct de topire</a> </td> <td>113,7 <a href="/wiki/%C2%B0C" class="mw-redirect" title="°C">°C</a> ; 386,85 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punct_de_fierbere" title="Punct de fierbere">Punct de fierbere</a> </td> <td>184,3 <a href="/wiki/%C2%B0C" class="mw-redirect" title="°C">°C</a> ; 457,4 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_fuziune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de fuziune — pagină inexistentă">Energie de fuziune</a> </td> <td>7,824 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_evaporare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de evaporare — pagină inexistentă">Energie de evaporare</a> </td> <td>20,752 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatur%C4%83_critic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperatură critică — pagină inexistentă">Temperatură critică</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presiune_critic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presiune critică — pagină inexistentă">Presiune critică</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal (unitate)">Pa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Volum_molar" title="Volum molar">Volum molar</a> </td> <td>25,72×10<sup>-3</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metru_cub_pe_kmol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metru cub pe kmol — pagină inexistentă">m³/kmol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presiune_de_vapori" title="Presiune de vapori">Presiune de vapori</a> </td> <td>nespecificat </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viteza_sunetului" title="Viteza sunetului">Viteza sunetului</a> </td> <td>? <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metru_pe_secund%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metru pe secundă — pagină inexistentă">m/s</a> la 20 <a href="/wiki/Grad_Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>Forță <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetică</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffff99; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Informații diverse </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronegativitate" title="Electronegativitate">Electronegativitate</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scara_lui_Pauling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scara lui Pauling — pagină inexistentă">Pauling</a>)</small> </td> <td>2,66 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83_masic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică masică">Capacitate termică masică</a> </td> <td>145 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joule_pe_kilogram-kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joule pe kilogram-kelvin — pagină inexistentă">J/(kg·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conductivitate_electric%C4%83" title="Conductivitate electrică">Conductivitate electrică</a> </td> <td>8,0×10<sup>-8</sup> <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens (unitate)">S</a>/m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conductivitate_termic%C4%83" title="Conductivitate termică">Conductivitate termică</a> </td> <td>0,449 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watt_pe_metru-kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watt pe metru-kelvin — pagină inexistentă">W/(m·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure1008,4"> <td>Prima <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>1008,4 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure1845,9"> <td>A 2-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>1845,9 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure3180"> <td>A 3-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>3180 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 4-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_4}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 5-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_5}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 6-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_6}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 7-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_7}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 8-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_8}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 9-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_9}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 10-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_10}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffff99; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px; margin-top:none; margin-left:none; margin-right:none;">Cei mai stabili izotopi </th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="padding:0px"> <table width="100%" rules="all" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">Simbol</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Abunden%C8%9B%C4%83_natural%C4%83" title="Abundență naturală">AN</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" title="Perioadă de înjumătățire">T<small>1/2</small></a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Mod_de_dezintegrare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod de dezintegrare">MD</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Energie_de_dezintegrare" title="Energie de dezintegrare">Ed</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produsul_dezintegr%C4%83rii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produsul dezintegrării — pagină inexistentă">PD</a></td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a></td></tr> <tr><td><sup>127</sup>I</td><td>100%</td><td colspan="4">stabil cu 74 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>129</sup>I</td><td>(<a href="/wiki/Radioizotop" title="Radioizotop">sintetic</a>)</td><td>15,7 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milion_de_ani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milion de ani — pagină inexistentă">Ma</a></td><td>β-</td><td>0,194</td><td><sup>129</sup><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>131</sup>I</td><td>(<a href="/wiki/Radioizotop" title="Radioizotop">sintetic</a>)</td><td>8,02070 zile</td><td>β-</td><td>0,971</td><td><sup>131</sup><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td><td> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffff99; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Precauții </th></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 2px #ffff99 solid; font-size: 80%;"><i>Unitățile <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_interna%C8%9Bional_de_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi" title="Sistemul internațional de unități">SI</a> și condiții de temperatură și presiune normale dacă nu s-a specificat altfel.</i> </td></tr> <tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FFFFFF solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Element_chimic" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iodul</b> (<a href="/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83" title="Limba greacă">greacă</a> <span lang="grk" style="font-style:italic">ιώδης</span>, <i>iodes</i>, însemnând „<a href="/wiki/Violet" title="Violet">violet</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_4-16_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook_4-16-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) este un <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">element chimic</a>, notat cu <a href="/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol">simbolul</a> I, cu <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">numărul atomic</a> 53. Are un singur <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotop</a> natural stabil, cu <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Masă atomică">masa atomică relativă</a> 127, al cărui <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_atomic" title="Nucleu atomic">nucleu</a> conține 74 de <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a>. </p><p>Iodul este al patrulea element din grupa <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogenilor</a>, posedă o <a href="/wiki/Reactivitate_chimic%C4%83" title="Reactivitate chimică">reactivitate</a> slabă și o <a href="/wiki/Electronegativitate" title="Electronegativitate">electronegativitate</a> relativ mare, dar mai mică decât a celorlalți halogeni. Ca substanță elementară, la fel ca toți halogenii, iodul prezintă <a href="/wiki/Molecul%C4%83" title="Moleculă">moleculă</a> diatomică (I<sub>2</sub>). </p><p>Datorită proprietăților sale chimice, iodul este un agent <a href="/wiki/Bactericid" title="Bactericid">bactericid</a>, sporicid, protocid, cisticid și virucid, aspecte care îi conferă aplicabilitate în diverse domenii științifice și tehnice. Iodul și compușii lui sunt folosiți în <a href="/wiki/Medicin%C4%83" title="Medicină">medicină</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie">fotografie</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și industria <a href="/wiki/Vopsea" title="Vopsea">vopselelor</a>. Este un element chimic cu o abundență relativ redusă în <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul Solar">sistemul Solar</a> și în <a href="/wiki/Scoar%C8%9B%C4%83_terestr%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoarță terestră">scoarța terestră</a>. Iodurile sunt foarte slab <a href="/wiki/Solubilitate" title="Solubilitate">solubile</a> în <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apă</a>, totuși, elementul este prezent într-o concentrație mai mare în <a href="/wiki/Oceanul_planetar" title="Oceanul planetar">apa mărilor</a>, aspect ce explică dependența de iod a <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolismului</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">animalelor</a> și a unor <a href="/wiki/Plant%C4%83" title="Plantă">plante</a>, fiind cel mai greu element asimilabil de către organismele <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață">vii</a> (doar <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolframul</a> este mai greu, fiind întâlnit în <a href="/wiki/Enzim%C4%83" title="Enzimă">enzimele</a> unor <a href="/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie">bacterii</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). A fost descoperit în <a href="/wiki/1811" title="1811">1811</a> de către Courtois în <a href="/wiki/Cenu%C8%99%C4%83" title="Cenușă">cenușa</a> plantelor marine. Gay-Lussac constată analogia lui cu <a href="/wiki/Clor" title="Clor">clorul</a> și îl numește <i>iod</i>, datorită <a href="/wiki/Vapori" title="Vapori">vaporilor</a> săi violeți. </p><p>Iodul este un <a href="/wiki/Oligoelement" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligoelement">oligoelement</a> esențial pentru organismul uman, fiind indispensabil pentru sinteza <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormonilor</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiroid%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiroidă">tiroidieni</a>. Carența sau excesul de iod au efecte nocive asupra organismului. Carența cronică de iod determină scăderea sintezei de hormoni tiroidieni, cu gușă endemică și manifestări clinice de hipotiroidie (mixedem, nanism tiroidian, cretinism etc.), iar excesul de iod determină manifestări de hipertiroidie (<a href="/wiki/Exoftalmie" title="Exoftalmie">exoftalmie</a>, iritabilitate, hiperfagie, tulburări de ritm cardiac etc.). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descoperire">Descoperire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Descoperire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Descoperire"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iodul a fost descoperit din întâmplare în anul <a href="/wiki/1811" title="1811">1811</a> de către <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Courtois" title="Bernard Courtois">Bernard Courtois</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1777–1838), un farmacist al armatei <a href="/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța">franceze</a>. Ulterior, se va alătura companiei tatălui său, ce fabrica <a href="/wiki/Salpetru_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Salpetru de Chile">salpetru de Chile</a>, una din componentele <a href="/wiki/Praf_de_pu%C8%99c%C4%83" title="Praf de pușcă">prafului de pușcă</a>, foarte solicitat la aceea dată, fiind folosit în cadrul <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboaiele_napoleoniene" class="mw-redirect" title="Războaiele napoleoniene">Războaielor napoleoniene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Iod_kristall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iod_kristall.jpg/150px-Iod_kristall.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iod_kristall.jpg/225px-Iod_kristall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iod_kristall.jpg/300px-Iod_kristall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>O bucată de iod cristalizat</figcaption></figure> <p>Courtois prepara salpetru prin adăugarea <a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfuric" title="Acid sulfuric">acidului sulfuric</a> în cenușa algelor marine. Într-o zi, acesta a adăugat <a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfuric" title="Acid sulfuric">acid sulfuric</a> în exces, cauzând formarea unor vapori <a href="/wiki/Violet" title="Violet">violeți</a> care în contact cu obiecte reci <a href="/wiki/Sublimare" title="Sublimare">desublimau</a>, formând <a href="/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal">cristale</a> închise la culoare.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ulterior acestei întâmplări, a efectuat numeroase experimente asupra <a href="/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal">cristalelor</a>, iar rezultatele obținute le-a publicat în anul <a href="/wiki/1813" title="1813">1813</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:IodoAtomico.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IodoAtomico.JPG/100px-IodoAtomico.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IodoAtomico.JPG/150px-IodoAtomico.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IodoAtomico.JPG/200px-IodoAtomico.JPG 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Vapori de iod</figcaption></figure> <p>Courtois a împărțit mostre din noul <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">element chimic</a> prietenilor săi, Charles-Bernard Desormes și Nicolas Clement, ambii chimiști, care au întreprins o serie de investigații sistematice. În anul <a href="/wiki/1813" title="1813">1813</a>, la data de <a href="/wiki/29_noiembrie" title="29 noiembrie">29 noiembrie</a>, aceștia au prezentat iodul la Institutul Imperial Francez. Faptul că acesta era un nou element a fost dovedit de către Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și confirmat de către <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davy_74_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy_74-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La 10 decembrie 1813, Davy a trimis un raport <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Societății Regale din Londra</a>, care a fost citit la reuniunea din data de <a href="/wiki/20_ianuarie" title="20 ianuarie">20 ianuarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davy_74_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy_74-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astfel, inițial, britanicii au crezut că Davy a fost primul care a demonstrat că iodul este un element nou, neștiind de dovada paralelă a lui Gay-Lussac. Polemica asupra priorității descoperirii a continuat până la împlinirea centenarului descoperirii în <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a>. Mostre autentice de iod ale lui Courtois au fost expuse la eveniment, iar contribuția sa la descoperire a fost în final recunoscută. Chiar și așa, Gay-Lussac a fost primul care avea să afirme că iodul este un element chimic nou, fiind cel care i-a dat numele actual, de la grecescul <i>iodes</i>, ce înseamnă „violaceu”.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structura_atomică"><span id="Structura_atomic.C4.83"></span>Structura atomică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structura atomică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Structura atomică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table align="left" border="1" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Strat</th> <th>Număr de electroni</th> <th>Configurația electronică </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle K}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>K</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle K}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a428ec3c3244eb260ac22787fc83667fd410fcdb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.461ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle K}}"></span></div></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4d54eec809f4a4f4a4581ed2d47289fa3535506b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.822ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 2}}"></span></div></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle \mathrm {1s^{2}} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle \mathrm {1s^{2}} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c9204e0245a561758e610d5634fe6e75a73f117a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.301ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle \mathrm {1s^{2}} }}"></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4d9618f80d3ba8ad538cb3f8246f03a3bc73ecc2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.119ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle L}}"></span></div></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 8}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>8</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 8}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e0665a9986a5107d6db55180e322abebb480cce1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.822ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 8}}"></span></div></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 2s^{2}2p^{6}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 2s^{2}2p^{6}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fae175f20a597ecf9cc2b4f1c9acad1ee3cb3e54" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:4.905ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 2s^{2}2p^{6}}}"></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle M}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle M}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c7b66dafe8b4949e6ec94b176fcbbf495a4ac2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.727ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle M}}"></span></div></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 18}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>18</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 18}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6aed59ca4f769921983eb3accbd3eef73e4e537" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.644ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 18}}"></span></div></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>3</mn> <msup> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>3</mn> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>3</mn> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d907f5ecf8a9845448ae672f4e28f018b8e5cf2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.087ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}}}"></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e71bd20cad69d650d0b967eaede39445d08a4a04" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.459ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle N}}"></span></div></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 18}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>18</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 18}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6aed59ca4f769921983eb3accbd3eef73e4e537" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.644ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 18}}"></span></div></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/adf95e03a8fe5f7db63e1bc22712145592f04144" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.087ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}}}"></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle O}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>O</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle O}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a87a1ee9b2415dab47291f141e58a031a591f95f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.254ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle O}}"></span></div></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 7}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>7</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 7}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3bf947d641478251e8174d7f358102273c2381e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.822ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 7}}"></span></div></td> <td><div style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 5s^{2}5p^{5}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>5</mn> <msup> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>5</mn> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 5s^{2}5p^{5}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23fccfbab471ce91fbf2c3b322c969faa0619eeb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:4.905ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle 5s^{2}5p^{5}}}"></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Electron_shell_053_Iodine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Electron_shell_053_Iodine.svg/140px-Electron_shell_053_Iodine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Electron_shell_053_Iodine.svg/210px-Electron_shell_053_Iodine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Electron_shell_053_Iodine.svg/280px-Electron_shell_053_Iodine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Modelul planetar al atomului de iod</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Structur%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Structură atomică">Structura atomului</a> de iod este determinată de numărul <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleonilor</a> din <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_atomic" title="Nucleu atomic">nucleul atomic</a>, astfel că pentru <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopul</a> său natural, <sup>127</sup>I, iodul are 53 de <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protoni</a> și 74 de <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a>. Numărul neutronilor poate varia de la 55 până la 91, în funcție de <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beral_211_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beral_211-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Rază atomică">Raza atomică</a> medie este de 140<a href="/wiki/%C3%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Å">Å</a>, iar <a href="/wiki/Volum_molar" title="Volum molar">volumul molar</a> al iodului chimic pur, în condiții fizice normale, este de 25,74 cm³/mol.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raza covalentă este de 1,33<a href="/wiki/%C3%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Å">Å</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beral_211_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beral_211-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iodine_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iodine-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Configurația electronică a atomului de iod este prezentată in tabelul din stânga.<sup id="cite_ref-iodine_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iodine-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izotopi">Izotopi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Izotopi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Izotopi"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Izotopii_iodului" title="Izotopii iodului">Izotopii iodului</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <p>Iodul are 37 de izotopi, dintre care doar unul este stabil, <sup>127</sup>I.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3rd_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3rd-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Izotopul <sup>129</sup>I este similar celui de clor, <sup>36</sup>Cl. Este un halogen solubil, nereactiv, existând ca anion și produs de reacții cosmogenice și termonucleare. În studiile hidrologice, concentrațiile de <sup>129</sup>I sunt raportate la cantitatea totală de iod (care ar fi cea de izotop natural <sup>127</sup>I). Asemenea raportului <sup>36</sup>Cl/Cl, <sup>129</sup>I/I este întâlnit în proporții mici în mostrele naturale. <sup>129</sup>I diferă de <sup>36</sup>Cl prin timpul de înjumătățire, care este mai lung decât cel al clorului (15,7 milioane de ani față de 0,301 milioane de ani).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Izotopul natural are un caracter biofilic pronunțat,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apărând în multiple forme ionice (în mod obișnuit, I<sup>−</sup> și ionul iodat IO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) ce au caractere chimice diferite. Acest lucru face ca <sup>129</sup>I să fie asimilat mai ușor în biosferă prin asimilarea acestuia în vegetație, sol, lapte, țesuturi animale etc. </p><p>Excesul de <sup>129</sup>Xe stabil din <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteoriți</a> a fost clasificat ca rezultat al dezintegrării izotopului <sup>129</sup>I,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produs de <a href="/wiki/Supernov%C4%83" title="Supernovă">supernove</a>, ce a creat praful interstelar și gazele din care este alcătuit <a href="/wiki/Sistem_Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem Solar">sistemul solar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup>129</sup>I a fost primul radionuclid dispărut care a fost identificat în sistemul solar timpuriu. Stadiul dezintegrării sale se află la baza datării radiometrice a sistemului de izotopi I-Xe (Iod-xenon), care acoperă o perioadă de 85 de milioane de ani din evoluția sistemului solar. Stabilirea raportului izotopic iod-xenon permite stabilirea vârstei aproximative a mineralelor din scoarța terestră sau din meteoriți.<sup id="cite_ref-3rd_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3rd-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Răspândire_pe_Pământ"><span id="R.C4.83sp.C3.A2ndire_pe_P.C4.83m.C3.A2nt"></span>Răspândire pe Pământ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Răspândire pe Pământ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Răspândire pe Pământ"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iodul este relativ răspândit în natură, fiind al 47-lea element chimic ca <a href="/wiki/Abunden%C8%9B%C4%83_natural%C4%83" title="Abundență naturală">abundență</a> în <a href="/wiki/Scoar%C8%9Ba_terestr%C4%83" title="Scoarța terestră">scoarța terestră</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> însă este foarte dispersat în aceasta,<sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayake_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayake-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aspect care îngreunează extragerea sa. Principalele surse naturale de iod sunt zăcămintele de <a href="/wiki/Salpetru_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Salpetru de Chile">salpetru de Chile</a> (NaNO<sub>3</sub>) și <a href="/wiki/Salpetru_de_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Salpetru de India">salpetru de India</a> (KNO<sub>3</sub>), fiind întâlnit chiar și în proporție de 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zapan1968-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iodurile însoțesc clorurile și bromurile, însă în acestea sunt prezente în concentrații mai mici. Cantități mari de iod se întâlnesc în apa mărilor, deși concentrația medie de iod în apă este de numai 2–3 mg I<sub>2</sub>/l. Concentrarea iodului din apă de către <a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Algă">algele marine</a> explică prezența elementului în cenușa acestora (sub formă de iodură de potasiu în concentrație de până la 0,4%). Apele sondelor petroliere conțin 25–60 g I<sub>2</sub>/m³; unele <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83" title="Apă minerală">ape minerale</a> conțin de asemenea iod. </p><p>Compușii organoiodici sunt sintetizați de formele de viață marine, cel mai răspândit compus fiind iodometanul. Cantitatea totală de iodometan produsă anual de mediul biogenerator marin este de 214 kilotone.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iodometanul volatil este descompus prin reacții de oxidare în atmosferă, instaurându-se astfel un circuit natural al iodului.<sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayake_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayake-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bell_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deși este un element prezent în concentrații reduse, <a href="/wiki/Varec" title="Varec">varecul</a> și alte plante stochează iodul, introducându-l astfel în <a href="/wiki/Lan%C8%9B_trofic" title="Lanț trofic">lanțul trofic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circuitul_iodului_în_natură"><span id="Circuitul_iodului_.C3.AEn_natur.C4.83"></span>Circuitul iodului în natură</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Circuitul iodului în natură" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Circuitul iodului în natură"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În jur de 400.000 de tone de iod sunt produse de către <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> sau organismele marine pe an.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cea mai mare parte din această cantitate este depozitată pe sol, unde devine o parte a ciclului biologic. Microorganismele din <a href="/wiki/Sol_(strat_al_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului)" title="Sol (strat al Pământului)">sol</a> au un rol semnificativ în această activitate, iar <a href="/wiki/Regnul_Fungi" title="Regnul Fungi">ciupercile</a> sunt cunoscute pentru acumularea iodului, deși o parte din el se reîntoarce în oceane prin râuri. S-a arătat că plantațiile de <a href="/wiki/Orez" title="Orez">orez</a> emit iodură de metil — CH<sub>3</sub>I — și că acestea conferă 4% din iodul atmosferic.<sup id="cite_ref-John_200_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_200-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În unele regiuni, precum <a href="/wiki/Stepa_Baraba" title="Stepa Baraba">Stepa Baraba</a> din <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, nivelul iodului din sol poate să fie de 300 ppm, iar în solurile de-a lungul coastelor <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japoniei</a> și <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Galilor" title="Țara Galilor">Țării Galilor</a> să atingă 150 ppm. Totuși, regiunile expuse <a href="/wiki/Eroziunea_solului" title="Eroziunea solului">eroziunii solului</a> prin fenomene glaciare și pluviale devin sărace în iod, fiind locurile unde prezența <a href="/wiki/Glanda_tiroid%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Glanda tiroidă">gușei endemice</a> are o frecvență ridicată.<sup id="cite_ref-John_200_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_200-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gușa endemică este o afecțiune cauzată de deficitul de iod<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și este prezentă la peste 29% din populația globului.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietăți"><span id="Propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi"></span>Proprietăți</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proprietăți" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietăți"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fizice">Fizice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fizice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Fizice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Iodine-evaporating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iodine-evaporating.jpg/150px-Iodine-evaporating.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iodine-evaporating.jpg/225px-Iodine-evaporating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iodine-evaporating.jpg/300px-Iodine-evaporating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Iod ce sublimează</figcaption></figure> <p>Iodul, la temperatura camerei, este o substanță solidă, de culoare cenușiu-violacee, cristalizată, cu un miros specific și luciu metalic. <a href="/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire">Punctul de topire</a> al iodului este 113,6 °C, iar cel de <a href="/wiki/Punct_de_fierbere" title="Punct de fierbere">fierbere</a> 185,24 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_4-16_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook_4-16-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În ciuda temperaturii mari de fierbere, iodul se <a href="/wiki/Evaporare" title="Evaporare">volatilizează</a> chiar și la temperatura camerei prin procesul denumit <a href="/wiki/Sublimare" title="Sublimare">sublimare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fiind păstrat în vase etanșe cu scopul de a preîntâmpina pierderea de substanță solidă prin sublimare, pe partea de sus a pereților vasului se poate observa, cu timpul, depunerea <a href="/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal">cristalelor</a> de iod datorată desublimării vaporilor din interiorul recipientului.<sup id="cite_ref-Grecu_196_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grecu_196-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Molecul%C4%83" title="Moleculă">Molecula</a> de iod este diatomică, iar disocierea termică a acesteia are loc la temperaturi mai mari de 680 °C. La 1600 °C, disocierea este totală.<sup id="cite_ref-Beral_211_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beral_211-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grecu_196_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grecu_196-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iodul în stare solidă cristalizează în <a href="/wiki/Sistem_de_cristalizare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem de cristalizare">sistem ortorombic</a> cu fețe centrate având simbolul <b>oF8</b> în notația Pearson, structura cristalină fiind similară cu cea a <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosforului negru</a>. Structura cristalină a iodului molecular nu prezintă proprietatea de <a href="/wiki/Alotropie" title="Alotropie">alotropie</a>. </p><p>O altă proprietate fizică a iodului este <a href="/wiki/Solubilitate" title="Solubilitate">solubilitatea</a> scăzută<sup id="cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zapan1968-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> în apă: în condiții fizice normale, solubilitatea relativă a iodului în apă este de 1:6000, la temperatura de 20 °C este de 1:3450, iar la 50 °C are valoarea de 1:1280. Dizolvându-se, formează apa de iod, de culoare galbenă-brună. Pe de altă parte, iodul este ușor solubil în <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvenți</a> organici oxigenați, formând soluții colorate în brun, datorită producerii unor <a href="/wiki/Aduct" title="Aduct">compuși de adiție</a> sau în solvenți organici neoxigenați, cu care formează soluții colorate în violet. Solubilitatea mare a iodului în solvenții organici nemiscibili cu apa este utilizată în extragerea acestuia din soluții apoase. </p><p>Iodul se dizolvă ușor în soluții apoase concentrate de ioduri alcaline sau acid iodhidric, dând soluții brune, datorită formării ionului I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>. Această proprietate este folosită la prepararea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinctur%C4%83_de_iod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinctură de iod — pagină inexistentă">tincturii de iod</a> în farmacii.<sup id="cite_ref-Grecu_196_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grecu_196-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chimice">Chimice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Chimice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Chimice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Având o <a href="/wiki/Afinitate_pentru_electroni" title="Afinitate pentru electroni">afinitate pentru electroni</a> mai mică decât <a href="/wiki/Clor" title="Clor">clorul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">bromul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iodul prezintă <a href="/wiki/Electronegativitate" title="Electronegativitate">electronegativitatea</a> 2,5, fiind astfel prezent caracterul electronegativ inferior bromului, reacționând mai puțin violent.<sup id="cite_ref-Grecu_196_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grecu_196-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iodul reacționează direct cu unele <a href="/wiki/Nemetal" title="Nemetal">nemetale</a>, cu <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>, metale și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Substan%C8%9B%C4%83_compus%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substanță compusă — pagină inexistentă">substanțe compuse</a> și se combină direct cu <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">sulful</a> și <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosforul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reacția iodului cu <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluorul</a> are loc la temperatura camerei, formându-se pentafluorură de iod. La 250 °C aceeași reacție conduce la formarea heptafluorurii de iod. Prin controlarea condițiilor de reacție (−45 °C, <a href="/wiki/Suspensie" class="mw-disambig" title="Suspensie">suspensie</a> în CFCl<sub>3</sub>), este posibilă izolarea trifluorurii de iod. </p> <div style="text-align:center"> I<sub>2</sub>(s) + 5F<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2IF<sub>5</sub>(l) [compus incolor]</div> <div style="text-align:center"> I<sub>2</sub>(g) + 7F<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2IF<sub>7</sub>(g) [compus incolor]</div> <div style="text-align:center">I<sub>2</sub>(s) + 3F<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2IF<sub>3</sub>(s) [compus galben]</div> <p>Cu hidrogenul reacționează la 440 °C formând acid iodhidric. Cu <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigenul</a> nu se combină direct, însă compușii săi oxigenați sunt mai stabili decât cei analogi clorului și bromului. Cu unele <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metale</a>, precum <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fierul</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)">mercurul</a>, reacționează la temperatura obișnuită, formând iodurile respective. Față de <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apă</a>, hidroxizi alcalini și hidrocarburi se comportă în mod analog cu clorul și bromul.<sup id="cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zapan1968-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hidroxizii alcalini fac incolore soluțiile apoase de iod. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Acid_azotic" title="Acid azotic">Acidul azotic</a> oxidează iodul, formând <a href="/wiki/Acid_iodic" title="Acid iodic">acidul iodic</a>, care la temperatura camerei este o substanță solidă cu cristale lucioase: </p> <div style="text-align:center">3I<sub>2</sub> + 10HNO<sub>3</sub> → 6HIO<sub>3</sub> + 10NO + 2H<sub>2</sub>O</div> <p>La încălzire, acidul iodic, prin pierdere parțială de apă, la temperatura de 110 °C se topește. La temperatura de 200 °C, acidul iodic se deshidratează complet, formând <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaoxid_de_iod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaoxid de iod — pagină inexistentă">pentaoxidul de iod</a>: </p> <div style="text-align:center">6HIO<sub>3</sub> → 2(HI<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O</div> <div style="text-align:center">2(HI<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>) → 3I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</div> <p>Caracterul oxidant al iodului este inferior celor doi halogeni. Astfel, tiosulfatul de sodiu este oxidat la tetrationat de sodiu și nu la sulfat, ca în cazul clorului: </p> <div style="text-align:center">I<sub>2</sub> + 2Na<sub>2</sub>SSO<sub>3</sub> =Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>[S<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>O<sub>6 </sub>+ 2NaI</div> <p>Reacția este cantitativă și stă la baza <a href="/wiki/Iodometrie" title="Iodometrie">iodometriei</a>, metodă de analiză frecvent utilizată în chimia analitică.<sup id="cite_ref-Grecu_197_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grecu_197-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iodul formează cu <a href="/wiki/Amidon" title="Amidon">amidonul</a>, mai precis cu amiloza din acesta, un compus de incluziune de tip aduct, cu o compoziție încă necunoscută. Ca și structură, macromoleculele de amiloză adoptă o configurație de tip helix în care spațiul interior cu diametrul de 5Å este ocupat de atomii de iod care se leagă prin intermediul unor catene liniare, de culoare albastră-intensă. Prin încălzirea lui la 70–100 °C, culoarea dispare și reapare la răcire. Amilopectina din amidon, cu structura macromoleculară ramificată cu lanțuri legate între ele prin intermediul grupărilor aldehidice CH<sup>2</sup>, formează un complex de culoare violacee-purpurie. Aceasta este o reacție utilizată în identificarea iodului.<sup id="cite_ref-Grecu_196_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grecu_196-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compușii_chimici_ai_iodului"><span id="Compu.C8.99ii_chimici_ai_iodului"></span>Compușii chimici ai iodului</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Compușii chimici ai iodului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Compușii chimici ai iodului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acizi">Acizi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Acizi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Acizi"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Acidul iodhidric</dt></dl> <p>Acidul iodhidric, HI, care prezintă proprietăți similare cu cele ale acidului clorhidric și bromhidric, este un <a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">gaz</a> obținut prin încălzirea blândă a unui amestec de <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a> și iod, de 1:16, stratificat cu <a href="/wiki/Nisip" title="Nisip">nisip</a> umed sau <a href="/wiki/Sticl%C4%83" title="Sticlă">sticlă</a> pisată, într-un tub mic. Gazul poate fi colectat de <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)">mercur</a> sau absorbit de apă, dacă este nevoie de soluție acidă. Această reacție este foarte violentă datorită proprietăților celor două elemente chimice.<sup id="cite_ref-William_89_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_89-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="text-align:center">PI<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O → H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>3</sub> + 3 HI</div> <p>Acidul iodhidric, în condiții obișnuite, este un gaz incolor cu un puternic miros sufocant. Fumegă în aer și este absorbit de apă la fel ca acidul clorhidric. Are solubilitate mare în apă, un litru de apă pură putând dizolva 400 l de acid iodhidric. Este un acid tare cu un pronunțat caracter caustic. </p><p>Reacția cu oxizii metalelor are ca produs de reacție apă și ioduri.<sup id="cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zapan1968-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reacționând cu o soluție de <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">argint</a> se formează un precipitat alb-gălbui de <a href="/wiki/Iodur%C4%83_de_argint" title="Iodură de argint">iodură de argint</a>, cu soluție de <a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">plumb</a> un precipitat galben de <a href="/wiki/Iodur%C4%83_de_plumb" title="Iodură de plumb">iodură de plumb</a> și cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroxid_de_mercur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peroxid de mercur — pagină inexistentă">peroxid de mercur</a> un precipitat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diiodur%C4%83_de_mercur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diiodură de mercur — pagină inexistentă">diiodură de mercur</a> de culoare roșie.<sup id="cite_ref-William_90_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_90-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Acidul iodic</dt></dl> <p>Acidul iodic, HIO<sub>3</sub>, este o substanță analoagă acizilor clorici și bromici, foarte solubilă în apă și cu gust foarte acru; se dizolvă ușor în iod și oxigen. Poate fi descompus de către acizii clorhidric, bromhidric, sulfihdric și sulfuros, eliminându-se iodul.<sup id="cite_ref-William_90_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_90-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acidul iodic conține iod în starea de oxidare +5, fiind unul din cei mai stabili oxiacizi ai halogenilor în stare pură. Când are loc încălzirea, se deshidratează în pentaoxid de iod. </p> <dl><dt>Acidul periodic</dt></dl> <p>Acidul periodic, HIO<sub>4</sub>, este o substanță formată atunci când clorul este plasat într-o soluție fierbinte, ce conține 7 părți de <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_sodiu" title="Carbonat de sodiu">carbonat de sodiu</a> în 100 de părți de apă, din care o parte de iod este în suspensie, unde se formează o <a href="/wiki/Sare" class="mw-disambig" title="Sare">sare</a> albă; sarea este periodatul de sodiu.<sup id="cite_ref-William_90_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_90-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La încălzire, acest acid este descompus în oxigen și acid iodic.<sup id="cite_ref-William_91_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_91-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alți_compuși"><span id="Al.C8.9Bi_compu.C8.99i"></span>Alți compuși</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Alți compuși" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Alți compuși"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Când iodul este pus în contact cu o soluție de <a href="/wiki/Amoniac" title="Amoniac">amoniac</a>, se formează o pudră neagră, a cărei compoziție este fie NI<sub>3</sub>, fie NI<sub>4</sub>. Explodează foarte violent când devine uscată la contact cu aerul sau la frecare, fiind — din această cauză — o substanță foarte periculoasă.<sup id="cite_ref-William_91_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_91-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În combinație cu clorul, formează 2 compuși, ICl și ICl<sub>3</sub>, nu foarte cunoscuți. Sunt lichide volatile de culoare brună, cu un miros înțepător, ce afectează ochii.<sup id="cite_ref-William_91_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_91-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acțiune_fiziologică"><span id="Ac.C8.9Biune_fiziologic.C4.83"></span>Acțiune fiziologică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Acțiune fiziologică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Acțiune fiziologică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iodul este întâlnit în organismul uman în <a href="/wiki/Glanda_tiroid%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Glanda tiroidă">glanda tiroidă</a>; alte organe care prezintă concentrații de iod sunt <a href="/wiki/Gland%C4%83_salivar%C4%83" title="Glandă salivară">glandele salivare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomac" title="Stomac">stomacul</a>, glanda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pituitară — pagină inexistentă">pituitară</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ovar" title="Ovar">ovarele</a>. În tiroidă, iodul este folosit la sinteza <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormonilor</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiroxin%C4%83" title="Tiroxină">tiroxinei</a> și triiodotironinei, hormoni care au rol reglator al anumitor funcții metabolice, în special în controlul temperaturii.<sup id="cite_ref-John_195_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_195-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organismul persoanelor din societățile dezvoltate asimilează iodul din hrană în proporție mai redusă decât persoanele din comunitățile tradiționale, din cauza diferențelor în compoziția <a href="/wiki/Alimenta%C8%9Bie" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimentație">alimentației</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lapte" title="Lapte">Laptele</a> este o sursă majoră de iod, nivelul acestuia dublându-se în anii recenți, deoarece hrana vițeilor este suplimentată cu iod și pentru că înainte de muls ugerele sunt dezinfectate cu antiseptice pe bază de iod.<sup id="cite_ref-John_195_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_195-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alimentele cele mai bogate în iod sunt <a href="/wiki/Cod_(pe%C8%99te)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cod (pește)">codul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scoic%C4%83" title="Scoică">scoicile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crevete" title="Crevete">creveții</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hering" title="Hering">heringul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floarea_soarelui" class="mw-redirect" title="Floarea soarelui">semințele de floarea-soarelui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Algă">algele</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ciuperc%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciupercă">ciupercile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumul unor alimente, precum <a href="/wiki/Cartof" title="Cartof">cartofii</a> dulci, poate contribui la diminuarea asimilării iodului în organism, acest proces metabolic afectându-i în primul rând pe cei care locuiesc în zone cu deficit de iod.<sup id="cite_ref-John_196_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_196-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iodul este necesar în mod special în primele 3 luni de sarcină pentru dezvoltarea <a href="/wiki/Sistem_nervos" title="Sistem nervos">sistemului nervos</a> al copilului, mamele cu deficiență de iod putând să nască copii cretini.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În anul <a href="/wiki/1820" title="1820">1820</a>, francezul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Coindet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-François Coindet — pagină inexistentă">Jean-François Coindet</a> a fost primul care a folosit iodul în <a href="/wiki/Medicin%C4%83" title="Medicină">medicină</a>, sub forma unei <a href="/wiki/Tinctur%C4%83" title="Tinctură">tinctură</a> de iod și iodură de potasiu, acesta folosind-o ca un medicament pentru combaterea gușii endemice. El a observat că tratamente tradiționale contra gușii constau în consumarea cenușii de alge, iar din moment ce alga era bogată în iod, acesta ar fi fost ingredientul activ. A avut dreptate, însă, deoarece pacienții care au primit tinctură de iod ca medicament au suferit dureri gastrice severe din cauza efectelor iritante ale acesteia, tratamentul fiind abandonat.<sup id="cite_ref-John_196_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_196-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cu toate că soluția de iod a eșuat ca remediu pentru gușă, ea a devenit un tratament acceptat pentru rănile deschise, chiar dacă nu se știa la vremea aceea că eficacitatea acestuia se datora proprietăților sale antiseptice. O perioadă, iodul și compușii iodici organici au fost folosiți pe scară largă ca <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptice</a> și <a href="/wiki/Dezinfectant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezinfectant">dezinfectante</a>; cu timpul, aceștia au fost înlocuiți cu preparate mai puțin agresive. </p><p>În <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> a fost stabilită o altă legătură între gușă și nivelul de iod, observându-se că în regiunile în care gușa era endemică rezervele de apă aveau un conținut redus de iod, dar încercările de la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea de vindecare a gușii cu ajutorul acestui element a fost abandonată când pacienții au început să sufere vizibil din cauza excesului de iod.<sup id="cite_ref-John_197_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_197-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În anul <a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a> s-a stabilit că iodul este un element chimic esențial pentru organismele vii. Necesarul zilnic de iod este de 100–200 μg.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importanța acestuia la om și animale se manifestă prin biosinteza hormonilor tiroidieni (tiroxina și triiodotironina) și prin prevenirea formării gușii. Cantitatea minimă de iod absorbită pentru a preveni gușa este de 70 micrograme pe zi.<sup id="cite_ref-John_195_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_195-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatul Unit">Regatul Unit</a>, valoarea de referință este dublă ca măsură de precauție. Limita superioară de siguranță este de 1 mg/zi, existând riscul afectării tiroidei în cazul depășirii acestei doze. </p><p>Existența iodului în glanda tiroidă a fost demonstrată de către un medic, Dr. Bauman,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> care, după ce a vărsat acid azotic concentrat pe un fragment de glandă tiroidă, a observat vapori de iod ce se degajau din țesutul descompus. Cu toate acestea, abia în <a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a>, un biolog american, David Marine, din Ohio, a indicat că gușa endemică ar putea fi tratată și prevenită cu iod ca supliment alimentar, cea mai bună cale de a face asta fiind adăugarea lui în sare. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sare_iodat%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sare iodată — pagină inexistentă">Sarea iodată</a> a fost introdusă în SUA în anul <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a> și în următoarele două decenii gușa a fost eradicată în această țară. </p><p>S-a estimat că deficiența de iod din alimentație afecta 750 de milioane de oameni în lumea dezvoltată în <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>, iar din aceștia 10 milioane sufereau de <a href="/wiki/Cretinism" title="Cretinism">cretinism</a>. Cei mai expuși la acest risc sunt persoanele din China și India, unde datorită practicării culturilor agricole intensive timp de secole, apa potabilă și solul au fost sărăcite în iod.<sup id="cite_ref-John_196_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_196-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/OMS" class="mw-redirect" title="OMS">OMS</a> și <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> au inițiat și promovat diverse campanii pentru încurajarea consumului sării iodate în anul <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> și multe țări unde există această deficiență au reglementat pe cale legală obligativitatea procesatorilor de sare de consum de a livra pe piață numai sare iodată. </p><p>Carența de iod prezintă următoarele manifestări: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotiroidie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotiroidie — pagină inexistentă">hipotiroidie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jane_130_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane_130-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nanism" title="Nanism">nanism</a> tiroidian,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> activitate cerebrală diminuată,<sup id="cite_ref-Jane_130_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane_130-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gușă endemică,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anemie" title="Anemie">anemie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixedem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mixedem — pagină inexistentă">mixedem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Obezitate" title="Obezitate">obezitate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> piele îngroșată și uscată, senzații de frig.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excesul de iod în organism conduce spre hiperfagie<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (deși bolnavii cu hipersecreție de hormoni tiroidieni scad în greutate datorită catabolismului stimulat prea puternic), supraexcitare corticală (iritabilitate și nervozitate ce conduc până la tremurături ale mâinilor), senzații permanente de cald (ce au ca efect intoleranța la cald) și exoftalmie<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (produsă de un mucus ce împinge <a href="/wiki/Glob_ocular" class="mw-redirect" title="Glob ocular">globul ocular</a> din orbită până când pleoapele nu se mai pot închide complet și, datorită uscării <a href="/wiki/Cornee" title="Cornee">corneei</a>, aceasta devenind opacă, în cazurile grave putând să apară <a href="/wiki/Orbire" title="Orbire">orbirea</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Experimentele pe șobolani au pus în evidență incidența asupra fertilității sexului feminin.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producere">Producere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Producere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Producere"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dintre numeroasele amplasamente unde există minerale cu conținut de iod, doar două sunt exploatate ca sursă de iod: un mineral din Chile (caliche)<sup id="cite_ref-Elzea_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elzea-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și câmpurile petroliere din Japonia<sup id="cite_ref-Elzea_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elzea-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și Statele Unite.<sup id="cite_ref-Elzea_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elzea-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În caliche se găsește <a href="/wiki/Azotat_de_sodiu" title="Azotat de sodiu">azotat de sodiu</a>, care este principalul produs în activitățile miniere și cantități mici de iodat de sodiu și iodură de sodiu. În timpul <a href="/wiki/Flotare" title="Flotare">flotării</a> minereului și producerii azotatului de sodiu pur se extrage iodat de sodiu și iodură de sodiu.<sup id="cite_ref-Elzea_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elzea-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concentrația relativ mare de iod în caliche și dezvoltarea mineritului intensiv, practicat în ultimii ani, au propulsat statul chilian în poziție de lider mondial la producția de iod în <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:IodProductie.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/thumb/b/b0/IodProductie.PNG/200px-IodProductie.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/thumb/b/b0/IodProductie.PNG/300px-IodProductie.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/thumb/b/b0/IodProductie.PNG/400px-IodProductie.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Producția de iod din anul <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Majoritatea producătorilor de iod utilizează ca materie primă apele saline prezente în zăcămintele de gaz natural. Câmpul de gaze naturale japonez din partea estică din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minami_Kanto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minami Kanto — pagină inexistentă">Minami Kanto</a> și cel din nord-vestul <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahomei</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazinul_Anadarko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bazinul Anadarko — pagină inexistentă">Bazinul Anadarko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">Statele Unite ale Americii</a> sunt două surse de apă salină bogate în iod. Acestea au o temperatură de peste 60 °C datorită adâncimii la care se găsesc sursele. Mai întâi, apa este purificată și acidulată prin utilizarea <a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfuric" title="Acid sulfuric">acidului sulfuric</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apoi iodura este oxidată la iod cu ajutorul clorului. Rezultatul este o soluție de iod diluată care necesită o procedură de concentrare. În acest scop, soluția este <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbotare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbotare — pagină inexistentă">barbotată</a> cu aer, cauzând evaporarea iodului, dirijat apoi spre o coloană de absorbție cu acid în care se adaugă <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_sulf" title="Dioxid de sulf">dioxid de sulf</a> — folosit pentru reducerea elementului chimic căutat.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acidul iodhidric reacționează cu clorul producând precipitarea iodului, iar după filtrare și purificare, iodul astfel obținut este aglomerat.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maekawa_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maekawa-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reacțiile chimice în procesul descris sunt prezentate mai jos: </p> <div style="text-align:center">2 HI + Cl<sub>2</sub> → I<sub>2</sub>↑ + 2 HCl</div> <div style="text-align:center">I<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + SO<sub>2</sub> → 2 HI + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> </div> <div style="text-align:center">2 HI + Cl<sub>2</sub> → I<sub>2</sub>↓ + 2 HCl</div> <p>Producția iodului prin electroliza apei de mare nu este o metodă agreată din cauza insuficienței iodului din apă și consumului foarte mare de energie electrică implicat în procesul electrolizei. O altă sursă de iod este <a href="/wiki/Varec" title="Varec">varecul</a>, folosit ca sursă primară în secolul al XIX-lea, actualmente el nemaifiind folosit întrucât randamentul economic al metodei de extragere nu este satisfăcător. </p><p>Mostrele comerciale de iod solid conțin impurități în proporție ridicată; acestea pot fi înlăturate prin sublimarea și apoi desublimarea vaporilor rezultați. O compoziție ultrapură de iod poate fi obținută prin reacția iodurii de potasiu sau sodiu cu <a href="/wiki/Sulfat_de_cupru_(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfat de cupru (II)">sulfat de cupru (II)</a>, care are ca produs de reacție <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodur%C4%83_de_cupru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodură de cupru — pagină inexistentă">iodura de cupru</a> (II). Aceasta fiind instabilă se va descompune în iodură de cupru (I) și iod molecular: </p> <div style="text-align:center"> Cu<sup>2+</sup> + 2 I<sup>−</sup> → CuI<sub>2</sub></div> <div style="text-align:center"> 2 CuI<sub>2</sub> → 2 CuI + I<sub>2</sub></div> <p>În laborator pot fi utilizate diverse metode de izolare a iodului, de exemplu izolarea analoagă a <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogenurilor</a>: oxidarea iodului din ioduri cu ajutorul <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_mangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxid de mangan">dioxidului de mangan</a> și acidului sulfuric de 0,5 <a href="/wiki/Frac%C8%9Bie_masic%C4%83" title="Fracție masică">fracție masică</a> sau prin tratarea iodurilor cu clorură de fier (III) în mediu acid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplicații"><span id="Aplica.C8.9Bii"></span>Aplicații</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Aplicații" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Aplicații"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iodul elementar este folosit ca <a href="/wiki/Dezinfectant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezinfectant">dezinfectant</a> în diverse forme. Poate fi folosit ca element în sine sau sub forma <a href="/wiki/Anion" title="Anion">anionului</a> I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> dizolvat în apă. Iodul poate proveni din iodofori, care conțin iod și un agent solubilizant. Exemple de astfel de soluții sunt:<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tinctura de iod (iod în etanol sau iod și iodură de sodiu într-un amestec de <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanol</a> și apă), <a href="/wiki/Solu%C8%9Bie_Lugol" title="Soluție Lugol">soluția Lugol</a> (iod și iodură în apă, formând în mare parte triiodură) și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Povidon%C4%83_iodinat%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Povidonă iodinată — pagină inexistentă">iod povidonat</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trottop_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trottop-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (un iodofor). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Testing_seed_for_starch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Testing_seed_for_starch.jpg/200px-Testing_seed_for_starch.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Testing_seed_for_starch.jpg/300px-Testing_seed_for_starch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Testing_seed_for_starch.jpg/400px-Testing_seed_for_starch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Testarea cu o soluție de iod a unei semințe pentru depistarea amidonului</figcaption></figure> <p>Iodul formează un complex albastru intens cu amidonul și glicogenul (clatrat). Pe această proprietate se bazează numeroase aplicații practice de identificare a unor compuși organici. În <a href="/wiki/Iodometrie" title="Iodometrie">iodometrie</a>, concentrația unui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxidant — pagină inexistentă">oxidant</a> poate fi determinată prin adăugarea unui exces de iodură, împreună cu puțin iod, pentru distrugerea iodului elementar/triiodurii ca rezultat al oxidării de către materialul oxidant. Un indicator de <a href="/wiki/Amidon" title="Amidon">amidon</a> este folosit pe măsură ce indicatorul se epuizează, crescând contrastul vizual (albastrul închis devine incolor, în locul decolorării triiodurii galbene).<sup id="cite_ref-msds_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msds-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iodul poate fi utilizat în testarea unor eșantioane alimentare pentru determinarea existenței amidonului.<sup id="cite_ref-msds_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msds-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soluțiile cu iod pot fi folosite în depistarea <a href="/wiki/Bancnot%C4%83" title="Bancnotă">bancnotelor</a> contrafăcute, pornind de la premisa că <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A2rtie" title="Hârtie">hârtia</a> acestora poate conține amidon. Hârtia ce conține amidon poate fi testată cu o iodură pentru depistarea oxidanților precum peroxizii. Substanțele oxidante transformă iodura în iod, care apare albastru. O soluție de amidon și iodură poate fi preparată în același scop.<sup id="cite_ref-msds_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msds-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În procedura <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloscopie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coloscopie — pagină inexistentă">colposcopiei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solu%C8%9Bie_Lugol" title="Soluție Lugol">soluția Lugol</a> este aplicată în regiunea vaginală și cervicală. Țesutul vaginal normal se colorează în maro datorită conținutului mare de glicogen (o colorație similară cu cea a amidonului), în timp ce un țesut predispus la apariția <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancerului</a> nu se va colora, apărând într-o nuanță pală, comparativ cu țesutul înconjurător. Biopsia țesutului afectat poate fi efectuată pe baza selecției dată de această metodă. Această procedură se numește <a href="/w/index.php?title=Test_Schiller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Test Schiller — pagină inexistentă">testul lui Schiller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ct_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Diatrizoic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Diatrizoic_acid.svg/200px-Diatrizoic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Diatrizoic_acid.svg/300px-Diatrizoic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Diatrizoic_acid.svg/400px-Diatrizoic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Acid diatrizoic, un radiocontrastant</figcaption></figure> <p>Fiind un element greu, iodul este radioopac. Compușii organici de un anume tip (derivați benzenici ce substituie iodul) sunt utilizați în medicină ca radiocontrastant al <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bii_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiații X">radiațiilor X</a> pentru injecțiile intravenoase. Această tehnică este asemănătoare cu tehnicile avansate ale utilizării radiațiilor X precum angiografia și tomografia.<sup id="cite_ref-ct_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unii izotopi radioactivi ai iodului pot fi utilizați în tratarea cancerului tiroidian. Organismul uman acumulează iod în tiroidă, iar izotopii iodului radioactiv pot distruge țesutul afectat de cancer în mod selectiv, în timp ce doza radioactivă rămâne mică pentru restul organismului. </p><p>În <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> își publicase metoda de fotografiere, prin așa numita metodă a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagherotipie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagherotipie — pagină inexistentă">dagherotipiei</a>. Imaginea era produsă pe o placă de sticlă acoperită cu argint metalic expusă vaporilor de iod, formând astfel un strat fotosensibil de iodură de argint. Cu cât lumina incidentă era mai intensă, cu atât iodura de argint se transforma în argint metalic. Iodul format în această reacție se putea spăla de pe placă, lăsând imaginea pozitivă.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pe lângă aplicațiile anterioare, iodul a mai fost folosit ca adjuvant al unor suplimente alimentare pentru animale, la prepararea unor <a href="/wiki/Cerneal%C4%83" title="Cerneală">cerneluri</a> și <a href="/wiki/Colorant" title="Colorant">coloranți</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zapan1968-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produse farmaceutice, <a href="/wiki/Dezinfectant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezinfectant">dezinfectante</a> industriale, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabilizator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stabilizator — pagină inexistentă">stabilizatori</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> totodată a fost utilizat în transformarea iodului în iodură de titan pentru aplicații catalitice.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iodura de argint este utilizată pentru creșterea sensibilității filmelor fotografice,<sup id="cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zapan1968-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iodura de zirconiu pentru prepararea zirconiului pur, iar iodura de potasiu ca supliment alimentar pentru animale și adaos la sarea de bucătărie destinată consumului uman. Compușii organici ai iodului sunt folosiți în industria farmaceutică și a vopselelor, precum și în stabilizarea <a href="/wiki/Nailon" title="Nailon">nailonului</a>. </p><p>Iodul poate fi folosit în <a href="/wiki/Producerea_hidrogenului" title="Producerea hidrogenului">producerea hidrogenului</a> prin procedeul <a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfuric" title="Acid sulfuric">acid sulfuric</a>–<a class="mw-selflink selflink">iod</a>, în trei faze:<sup id="cite_ref-ECM_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECM-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la 120 °C reacționează <a class="mw-selflink selflink">iod</a> și <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_sulf" title="Dioxid de sulf">dioxid de sulf</a> cu apa și rezultă hidrură de iod și acid sulfuric: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{2}+SO_{2}+2H_{2}O\rightarrow 2HI+H_{2}SO_{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>H</mi> <mi>I</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{2}+SO_{2}+2H_{2}O\rightarrow 2HI+H_{2}SO_{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a7ba74215a7445665d6fbcabb3c7abffd9a09f35" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:36.171ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{2}+SO_{2}+2H_{2}O\rightarrow 2HI+H_{2}SO_{4}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>După separarea celor două componente rezultate, la 830–850 °C acidul sulfuric se descompune în dioxid de sulf și oxigen: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2H_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow 2SO_{2}+2H_{2}O+O_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2H_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow 2SO_{2}+2H_{2}O+O_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12b4eec2f6aec36527b148cbd472d4becb602e34" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:32.008ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2H_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow 2SO_{2}+2H_{2}O+O_{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Din hidrura de iod, la 300–320 °C rezultă hidrogen și elementul inițial, iodul: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2HI\rightarrow I_{2}+H_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>H</mi> <mi>I</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2HI\rightarrow I_{2}+H_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c42d700bfd1be527af3d63b1e3cd2bdd727fcc93" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.915ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2HI\rightarrow I_{2}+H_{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Randamentul procedeului, considerat raportul dintre puterea calorifică inferioară a hidrogenului produs și energia consumată pentru producerea lui, este de c. 38 %. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspecte_de_sănătate_și_securitate"><span id="Aspecte_de_s.C4.83n.C4.83tate_.C8.99i_securitate"></span>Aspecte de sănătate și securitate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Aspecte de sănătate și securitate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Aspecte de sănătate și securitate"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Skull_and_Crossbones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/100px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/150px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/200px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Simbolul pentru substanțe toxice</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hazard_N.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hazard_N.svg/100px-Hazard_N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hazard_N.svg/150px-Hazard_N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hazard_N.svg/200px-Hazard_N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Simbolul pentru substanțe periculoase pentru mediul înconjurător</figcaption></figure> <p>Scopul principal al utilizării iodului în domeniul medical este exploatarea proprietății sale <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptice</a>. Este un agent bactericid, sporicid, protoacid, cisticid și virucid.<sup id="cite_ref-Trottop_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trottop-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kent_226_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_226-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deoarece este foarte puțin solubil în <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apă</a>, soluțiile sunt preparate sub forma tincturilor în <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iodoform" title="Iodoform">Iodoformul</a>, iodoclorhidroxichinolina, iodoforul, iodurile de sodiu și potasiu de asemenea exercită efecte bactericide prin eliberarea iodului. <a href="/wiki/Solu%C8%9Bie_Lugol" title="Soluție Lugol">Soluția Lugol</a> (5% iod și 10% iodură de potasiu) este utilizată în tratamentul împotriva hipertiroidismului și pentru profilaxia absorbțiilor radiațiilor iodice după accidente nucleare. Medicamentul antiaritmic amiodaron eliberează iod și poate cauza tirotoxicoză după o folosire îndelungată.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_226_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_226-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iodul este o substanță corozivă datorită proprietăților sale oxidante.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mager_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mager-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Când este înghițit, iodul nu este absorbit, dar poate cauza <a href="/wiki/Gastroenterit%C4%83" title="Gastroenterită">gastroenterite</a> severe. În organism, iodul este transformat rapid în iodură, în mod pasiv, de către <a href="/wiki/Amidon" title="Amidon">amidon</a> și stocat în glanda tiroidă. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hazard_X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hazard_X.svg/100px-Hazard_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hazard_X.svg/150px-Hazard_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hazard_X.svg/200px-Hazard_X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Simbolul pentru substanțe iritante</figcaption></figure> <p>Vaporii de iod cauzează iritații pulmonare severe, care pot conduce la <a href="/wiki/Edem_pulmonar" title="Edem pulmonar">edem pulmonar</a>. Concentrația admisibilă maximă de iod în organism este de 1 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, elementul în sine fiind periculos pentru organism, o doză de 2 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grame</a> reprezentând o cantitate toxică. Pe de altă parte, iodurile sunt relativ inofensive, cu toate că ele pot produce reacții adverse dacă sunt prezente în exces.<sup id="cite_ref-John_195_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_195-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Măsurile de urgență în caz de otrăvire cu iod constau în menținerea căilor respiratorii deschise și intubarea endotraheală dacă edemul pulmonar devine progresiv. Pierderea fluidelor din cauza gastroenteritei se compensează cu soluții cristaloide intravenoase. Decontaminarea de urgență a persoanelor care au suferit otrăviri cu iod se face prin îndepărtarea acestora din mediul unde au fost expuse substanței și luarea unor măsuri specifice. Confirmarea existenței unor răni de natură corozivă la nivel gastric, cauzate de ingerarea iodului, trebuie confirmată cu ajutorul unui consult endoscopic efectuat de către un gastroenterolog.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_227_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_227-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contactul iodului cu <a href="/wiki/Piele" class="mw-disambig" title="Piele">pielea</a> și membranele mucoase cauzează arsuri severe. Antidotul pentru acestea este tiosulfatul de <a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu">sodiu</a>, nerecomandat pentru intervențiile intravenoase datorită convertirii rapide a iodului în iodură. Hainele victimei se îndepărtează și <a href="/wiki/Piele" class="mw-disambig" title="Piele">pielea</a> este spălată sub jet de <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apă</a>. Dacă <a href="/wiki/Ochi" title="Ochi">ochii</a> au intrat în contact cu iod se aplică <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apă</a> caldă sau soluție salină cel puțin 15 <a href="/wiki/Minut" title="Minut">minute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_227_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_227-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dacă iodul a fost ingerat, efectele adverse sunt voma,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> diareea,<sup id="cite_ref-Mager_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mager-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> edem glotic, inflamații faringiale, hematemeză (vomitarea <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nge" title="Sânge">sângelui</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentru eliminarea iodului nu se induce voma, datorită efectelor corozive ale iodului. Se recomandă consumul unor alimente bogate în <a href="/wiki/Amidon" title="Amidon">amidon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cartof" title="Cartof">cartofi</a>, produse pe bază de <a href="/wiki/F%C4%83in%C4%83" title="Făină">făină</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Lapte" title="Lapte">lapte</a>) pentru a calma iritația gastrointestinală. Tratamentul la spital constă în lavaj gastric, folosind lapte sau soluție apoasă de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiosulftat_de_sodiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiosulftat de sodiu — pagină inexistentă">tiosulftat de sodiu</a>. Eficacitatea <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83rbune" title="Cărbune">cărbunelui</a> activ este necunoscută în acest caz.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_227_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_227-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emisiile de iod radioactiv provenite de la <a href="/wiki/Accident_nuclear" title="Accident nuclear">catastrofe nucleare</a> afectează <a href="/wiki/Gland%C4%83_tiroid%C4%83" title="Glandă tiroidă">tiroida</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> administrarea de <a href="/wiki/Iodur%C4%83_de_potasiu" title="Iodură de potasiu">iodură de potasiu</a> prevenind absorbția acestuia la nivelul glandei.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentru un efect complet este recomandată administrarea iodurii de potasiu înaintea <a href="/wiki/Expunere_la_radia%C8%9Bii_ionizante" title="Expunere la radiații ionizante">expunerii</a> cu cel puțin 12 ore, însă are o eficiență ridicată și dacă este administrată la scurt timp după expunere.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-handbook_4-16-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_4-16_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_4-16_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">R. Lide, David (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WDll8hA006AC&lpg=PA1&ots=UYnE-QO_Mt&dq=CRC%20handbook%20of%20chemistry%20and%20physics&hl=ro&pg=PT850#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WDll8hA006AC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ro&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. 85). CRC Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0849304857" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0849304857">0849304857</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-15">15 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+4%3A+Properties+of+the+Elements+and+Inorganic+Compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+handbook+of+chemistry+and+physics%3A+a+ready-reference+book+of+chemical+and+physical+data&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=85&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0849304857&rft.aulast=R.+Lide&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDll8hA006AC%26lpg%3DPA1%26ots%3DUYnE-QO_Mt%26dq%3DCRC%2520handbook%2520of%2520chemistry%2520and%2520physics%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPT850%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/iodine/history.html">Iodine: historical information</a> (în engleză). WebElements. Accesat la 18 decembrie 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Barker, George Frederick (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iL-kf7-VuSAC&lpg=PP1&ots=mHR8Jrb1Qy&dq=A%20Text%20Book%20of%20Elementary%20Chemistry%3A%20Theoretical%20and%20Inorganic&hl=ro&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„II. — Negative Monads”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iL-kf7-VuSAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Text+Book+of+Elementary+Chemistry:+Theoretical+and+Inorganic&source=bl&ots=mHR8Jrb1Qy&sig=cnS0sFLWubaA4woQRAUXAcQXUIk&hl=ro&ei=G8tQS9vvEMnd-QbkjZnNCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>A Text Book of Elementary Chemistry: Theoretical and Inorganic</i></a> (în engleză). BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1434680177" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/1434680177">1434680177</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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I). The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781435850712" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781435850712">9781435850712</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lond.</i> (în engleză). <b>104</b>: 74. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1814.0007">10.1098/rstl.1814.0007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.&rft.atitle=Some+Experiments+and+Observations+on+a+New+Substance+Which+Becomes+a+Violet+Coloured+Gas+by+Heat&rft.volume=104&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1814-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1814.0007&rft.au=Humphry+Davy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frstl.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2F104%2F74.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Paris, John Ayrton (<time datetime="1831">1831</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=e5oEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„X”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=e5oEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>The Life of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart., LL.D.: Late President of the Royal Society, Foreign Associate of the Royal Institute of France</i></a> (în engleză). 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Accesat la 18 octombrie 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iodine-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iodine_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iodine_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3rd1000.com/elements/Iodine.htm#Iodine%20Data">Iodine</a> (în engleză). The Third Millennium Online. Accesat la 18 octombrie 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1372791/iodine-127">Iodine 127</a> (în engleză). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 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Preedy, Victor (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). „9: Iodine and Iodine Species in Seawater: Speciation, Distribution and Dynamics”. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=7v7g5XoCQQwC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ro&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects</i></a> (în engleză). Academic Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0123741351" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0123741351">0123741351</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-30">30 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.4+Xenon&rft.btitle=Radiogenic+isotope+geology&rft.pages=317&rft.edition=a+II-a%2C+ilustrat%C4%83%2C+revizuit%C4%83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0521823161&rft.aulast=P.+Dickin&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8ZCg2HRvWsC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DRadiogenic%2Bisotope%2Bgeology%26hl%3Dro%26cd%3D1%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">T. Dodd, Robert (<time datetime="1981">1981</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=krU6AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=Meteorites%2C%20a%20petrologic-chemical%20synthesis&hl=ro&pg=PA161#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„6.5 Formation and metamorphic ages (stages 2 to 5)”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=krU6AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=Meteorites%2C%20a%20petrologic-chemical%20synthesis&hl=ro&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Meteorites, a petrologic-chemical synthesis</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. ilustrată). Cambridge University Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0521225701" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0521225701">0521225701</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-30">30 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.5+Formation+and+metamorphic+ages+%28stages+2+to+5%29&rft.btitle=Meteorites%2C+a+petrologic-chemical+synthesis&rft.pages=176&rft.edition=ilustrat%C4%83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0521225701&rft.aulast=T.+Dodd&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkrU6AAAAIAAJ%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DMeteorites%252C%2520a%2520petrologic-chemical%2520synthesis%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPA161%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Singh, op. cit., pag. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dissanayake-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dissanayake_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dissanayake_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dissanayake, C. 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(<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). „The iodine cycle in the tropical environment — implications on iodine deficiency disorders”. <i>International Journal of Environmental Studies</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 357. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207239908711210">10.1080/00207239908711210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Studies&rft.atitle=The+iodine+cycle+in+the+tropical+environment+%E2%80%94+implications+on+iodine+deficiency+disorders&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00207239908711210&rft.aulast=Dissanayake&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zapan1968-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zapan1968_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Zapan, op. cit., pp. 375–377</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bell, N. (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). „Methyl iodide: Atmospheric budget and use as a tracer of marine convection in global models”. <i>Journal of GeophysicalResearch</i>. <b>107</b>: 4340. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JD001151">10.1029/2001JD001151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+GeophysicalResearch&rft.atitle=Methyl+iodide%3A+Atmospheric+budget+and+use+as+a+tracer+of+marine+convection+in+global+models&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=4340&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2001JD001151&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenntech.com/periodic-chart-elements/i-en.htm">Iodine</a> (în engleză). Lenntech. Accesat la 14 octombrie 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_200-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_200_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_200_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Emsley, op. cit., pag. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">World Health Organization, ed. (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=q1oCARkbSNgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA125#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„9: Association and Causation”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=q1oCARkbSNgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Health research methodology: a guide for training in research methods</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. II). Manifa: Regional Office for the Western Pacific. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9789290611578" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9789290611578">9789290611578</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-15">15 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9%3A+Association+and+Causation&rft.btitle=Health+research+methodology%3A+a+guide+for+training+in+research+methods&rft.place=Manifa&rft.pages=136&rft.edition=II&rft.pub=Regional+Office+for+the+Western+Pacific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789290611578&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1oCARkbSNgC%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPA125%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ziaruldeiasi.ro/ghidul-pentru-sanatate/deficienta-de-iod-poate-cauza-anomalii-congenitale~ni49bv">„Deficiența de iod poate cauza anomalii congenitale”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ziarul_de_Ia%C8%99i" title="Ziarul de Iași">Ziarul de Iași</a></i>. <time datetime="2007-03-03">3 martie 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-13">13 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deficien%C8%9Ba+de+iod+poate+cauza+anomalii+congenitale&rft.pub=%27%27Ziarul+de+Ia%C8%99i%27%27&rft.date=2007-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ziaruldeiasi.ro%2Fghidul-pentru-sanatate%2Fdeficienta-de-iod-poate-cauza-anomalii-congenitale~ni49bv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100216125100/http://www.revistaioana.ro/Articole_92212/Sarea-iodata:-necesara-pentru-sanatate">„Sarea iodată: necesară pentru sănătate”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ioana_(revist%C4%83)" title="Ioana (revistă)">Ioana</a></i>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistaioana.ro/Articole_92212/Sarea-iodata:-necesara-pentru-sanatate">original</a> la <time datetime="2010-02-16">16 februarie 2010</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-13">13 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarea+iodat%C4%83%3A+necesar%C4%83+pentru+s%C4%83n%C4%83tate&rft.pub=%27%27Ioana%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistaioana.ro%2FArticole_92212%2FSarea-iodata%3A-necesara-pentru-sanatate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wiberg, Egon (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Inorganic%20chemistry%20Egon%20Wiberg&pg=RA1-PA402#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„XII: The Halogen Group”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Inorganic+chemistry+Egon+Wiberg&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Inorganic chemistry</i></a> (în engleză). p. 415. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0123526515" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0123526515">0123526515</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-15">15 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XII%3A+The+Halogen+Group&rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&rft.pages=415&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0123526515&rft.aulast=Wiberg&rft.aufirst=Egon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtth5g59dEIC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DInorganic%2520chemistry%2520Egon%2520Wiberg%26pg%3DRA1-PA402%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grecu_196-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grecu_196_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grecu_196_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grecu_196_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grecu_196_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grecu_196_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Grecu, op. cit., pag. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gregory, op. cit., pag. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gregory, op. cit., pag. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grecu_197-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grecu_197_42-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Grecu, op. cit., pag. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_89-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-William_89_43-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gregory, op. cit., pag. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_90-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_90_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_90_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_90_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Gregory, op. cit., pag. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_91-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_91_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_91_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_91_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Gregory, op. cit., pag. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Davy, Humphry (<time datetime="1840">1840</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=gpwEAAAAYAAJ&dq=The%20Collected%20Works%20Of%20Sir%20Humphry%20Davy%20vol%20v&pg=PA457#v=onepage&q=The%20Collected%20Works%20Of%20Sir%20Humphry%20Davy%20vol%20v&f=false">„XVII: Further Experiments and Observations on Iodine”</a>. În John Davy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=gpwEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>The Collected Works Of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart. LL.D. F.R.S. Foreign Associate Of The Institute Of France, Etc., Vol. V</i></a> (în engleză). Londra: Smith, Elder and co. p. 470<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-15">15 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XVII%3A+Further+Experiments+and+Observations+on+Iodine&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+Of+Sir+Humphry+Davy%2C+Bart.+LL.D.+F.R.S.+Foreign+Associate+Of+The+Institute+Of+France%2C+Etc.%2C+Vol.+V.&rft.place=Londra&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+and+co.&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpwEAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3DThe%2520Collected%2520Works%2520Of%2520Sir%2520Humphry%2520Davy%2520vol%2520v%26pg%3DPA457%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DThe%2520Collected%2520Works%2520Of%2520Sir%2520Humphry%2520Davy%2520vol%2520v%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_195-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_195_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_195_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_195_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_195_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Emsley, op. cit., pag. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.), op. cit., pag. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">G. Dudek, Susan (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=xvVsAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Nutrition essentials for nursing practice</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. 4). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0781723442" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0781723442">0781723442</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nutrition+essentials+for+nursing+practice&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0781723442&rft.aulast=G.+Dudek&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvVsAAAAMAAJ%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.), op. cit., pag. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">D. Kirschmann, John (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=pqsxS9tge8kC&lpg=PP1&pg=PT23#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„Nutrients”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=pqsxS9tge8kC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Nutrition Almanac</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. 6). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0071436588" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0071436588">0071436588</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nutrients&rft.btitle=Nutrition+Almanac&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0071436588&rft.aulast=D.+Kirschmann&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqsxS9tge8kC%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPT23%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_196-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_196_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_196_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_196_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Emsley, op. cit., pag. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Insel, Paul (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=Vc_Cc4GFgmMC&lpg=PA1&dq=Discovering%20Nutrition&pg=PT472#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„10: Water and Minerals: The Ocean Within”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=Vc_Cc4GFgmMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Discovering Nutrition</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. 3). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0763758736" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0763758736">0763758736</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+Water+and+Minerals%3A+The+Ocean+Within&rft.btitle=Discovering+Nutrition&rft.pages=445&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0763758736&rft.aulast=Insel&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVc_Cc4GFgmMC%26lpg%3DPA1%26dq%3DDiscovering%2520Nutrition%26pg%3DPT472%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Shike, op. cit., pag. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_197-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_197_55-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Emsley, op. cit., pag. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Shike, op. cit., pag. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Hu-Mor/Iodine.html">Iodine</a> (în engleză). Medical Discoveries. Accesat la 2 noiembrie 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Shike, op. cit., pag. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jane_130-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jane_130_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jane_130_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Higdon, Jane (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). „18: Iodine”. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xyh6fTYsiBYC&dq=An+evidence-based+approach+to+vitamins+and+minerals&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=ichOjQFztn&sig=aSiVY4IFC3b-jZgl4GrIuMPFAgA&hl=ro&ei=xiBSS6fyMpWd-gbryJ3dCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CA4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>An Evidence-Based Approach to Vitamins and Minerals: Health Implications and Intake Recommendations</i></a> (în engleză). Thieme. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1588901246" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/1588901246">1588901246</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18%3A+Iodine&rft.btitle=An+Evidence-Based+Approach+to+Vitamins+and+Minerals%3A+Health+Implications+and+Intake+Recommendations&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1588901246&rft.aulast=Higdon&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxyh6fTYsiBYC%26dq%3DAn%2Bevidence-based%2Bapproach%2Bto%2Bvitamins%2Band%2Bminerals%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DichOjQFztn%26sig%3DaSiVY4IFC3b-jZgl4GrIuMPFAgA%26hl%3Dro%26ei%3DxiBSS6fyMpWd-gbryJ3dCA%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D2%26ved%3D0CA4Q6AEwAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boli-medicina.com/endocrinologie/bolile-tiroidei/HIPOTIROIDISMUL-Sl-MIXEDEMUL-BM-COM.php">Hipotiroidismul și mixedemul</a>. Boli-Medicină.com. Accesat la 2 noiembrie 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">D. Semba, Richard (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&lpg=PR2&dq=Nutrition%20and%20health%20in%20Developing%20countries&hl=ro&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„12: Malnutrition”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Nutrition+and+health+in+Developing+countries&hl=ro&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. II). Humana Press. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-59745-464-3">10.1007/978-1-59745-464-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781934115244" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781934115244">9781934115244</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12%3A+Malnutrition&rft.btitle=Nutrition+and+Health+in+Developing+Countries&rft.pages=344&rft.edition=II&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-59745-464-3&rft.isbn=9781934115244&rft.aulast=D.+Semba&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRhH6uSQy7a4C%26lpg%3DPR2%26dq%3DNutrition%2520and%2520health%2520in%2520Developing%2520countries%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPA341%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">M. Pettifor, John (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=_KPrE7i1k_AC&lpg=PP1&dq=Micronutrient%20deficiencies%20during%20the%20weaning%20period%20and%20the%20first%20years%20of%20life&hl=ro&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Micronutrient Deficiencies During the Weaning Period and the First Years of Life, Volumul 54 din Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series</i></a> (în engleză). Karger Publishers. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3805577206" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/3805577206">3805577206</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Micronutrient+Deficiencies+During+the+Weaning+Period+and+the+First+Years+of+Life%2C+Volumul+54+din+Nestl%C3%A9+Nutrition+Workshop+Series&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Karger+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3805577206&rft.aulast=M.+Pettifor&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KPrE7i1k_AC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DMicronutrient%2520deficiencies%2520during%2520the%2520weaning%2520period%2520and%2520the%2520first%2520years%2520of%2520life%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.), op. cit., pag. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ritchason, Jack (<time datetime="1995">1995</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=P7IKgTkTHIcC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Little%20Herb%20Encyclopedia&hl=ro&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„1: Individual Herbs”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=P7IKgTkTHIcC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Little%20Herb%20Encyclopedia&hl=ro&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>The Little Herb Encyclopedia</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. 3). Woodland Publishing. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1885670281" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/1885670281">1885670281</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Individual+Herbs&rft.btitle=The+Little+Herb+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Woodland+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1885670281&rft.aulast=Ritchason&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7IKgTkTHIcC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DThe%2520Little%2520Herb%2520Encyclopedia%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPA1%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1h6vu60L6FcC&lpg=PP1&hl=ro&pg=PA541#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„10: Metabolic and nutritional disorders”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1h6vu60L6FcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ro&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Professional Guide to Diseases</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. 9). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 558. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0781778999" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0781778999">0781778999</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+Metabolic+and+nutritional+disorders&rft.btitle=Professional+Guide+to+Diseases&rft.pages=558&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0781778999&rft.au=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1h6vu60L6FcC%26lpg%3DPP1%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPA541%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Saint, Sanjay (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=7M8oznCFaGkC&dq=Saint-Frances+guide+to+inpatient+medicine&hl=ro&cd=1"><i>Saint-Frances Guide to Inpatient Medicine</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. 2). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 431. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0781737281" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0781737281">0781737281</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint-Frances+Guide+to+Inpatient+Medicine&rft.pages=431&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0781737281&rft.aulast=Saint&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7M8oznCFaGkC%26dq%3DSaint-Frances%2Bguide%2Bto%2Binpatient%2Bmedicine%26hl%3Dro%26cd%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Siegenthaler, Walter (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=MaDJ6nlaQKYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Differential%20diagnosis%20in%20internal%20medicine&hl=ro&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„3.2: External Appearance”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=MaDJ6nlaQKYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Differential+diagnosis+in+internal+medicine&hl=ro&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Differential Diagnosis in Internal Medicine: From Symptom to Diagnosis</i></a> (în engleză). Thieme. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1588905519" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/1588905519">1588905519</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.2%3A+External+Appearance&rft.btitle=Differential+Diagnosis+in+Internal+Medicine%3A+From+Symptom+to+Diagnosis&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1588905519&rft.aulast=Siegenthaler&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMaDJ6nlaQKYC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DDifferential%2520diagnosis%2520in%2520internal%2520medicine%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPA79%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">L. Bricker, Steven (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=525T7rw_M4IC&lpg=PP1&dq=Oral%20Diagnosis%2C%20Oral%20Medicine%20and%20Treatment%20Planning&hl=ro&pg=PA593#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„19: Extraoral Findings: Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Neck”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=525T7rw_M4IC&lpg=PP1&dq=Oral%20Diagnosis%2C%20Oral%20Medicine%20and%20Treatment%20Planning&hl=ro&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine and Treatment Planning</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. 2). BC Decker Inc. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1550092065" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/1550092065">1550092065</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-16">16 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19%3A+Extraoral+Findings%3A+Eyes%2C+Ears%2C+Nose%2C+and+Neck&rft.btitle=Oral+Diagnosis%2C+Oral+Medicine+and+Treatment+Planning&rft.pages=594&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=BC+Decker+Inc&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1550092065&rft.aulast=L.+Bricker&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D525T7rw_M4IC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DOral%2520Diagnosis%252C%2520Oral%2520Medicine%2520and%2520Treatment%2520Planning%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPA593%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec01/ch005/ch005e.html">Iodine</a> (în engleză). Merck & Co., Inc. Accesat la 2 noiembrie 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.), op. cit., pag. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elzea-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elzea_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elzea_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elzea_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elzea_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jessica Elzea Kogel, Nikhil C. Trivedi, James M. Barker, ed. (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&lpg=PP1&hl=ro&pg=PA335#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„Clays”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=ro&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses</i></a> (ed. 7). Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (U.S.). pp. 541–552. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780873352338" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780873352338">9780873352338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clays&rft.btitle=Industrial+Minerals+%26+Rocks%3A+Commodities%2C+Markets%2C+and+Uses&rft.pages=541-552&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Society+for+Mining%2C+Metallurgy%2C+and+Exploration+%28U.S.%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780873352338&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzNicdkuulE4C%26lpg%3DPP1%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPA335%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista editorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_editorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista editorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Singh, op. cit., pag. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Emsley, op. cit., pag. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maekawa-74"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maekawa_74-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tatsuo Maekawa, Shun-Ichiro Igari and Nobuyuki Kaneko (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). „Chemical and isotopic compositions of brines from dissolved-in-water type natural gas fields in Chiba, Japan”. <i>Geochemical Journal</i> (în engleză). <b>40</b> (5): 475. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2343%2Fgeochemj.40.475">10.2343/geochemj.40.475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochemical+Journal&rft.atitle=Chemical+and+isotopic+compositions+of+brines+from+dissolved-in-water+type+natural+gas+fields+in+Chiba%2C+Japan&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=475&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2343%2Fgeochemj.40.475&rft.au=Tatsuo+Maekawa%2C+Shun-Ichiro+Igari+and+Nobuyuki+Kaneko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Block, Seymour Stanton (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Disinfection%2C%20sterilization%2C%20and%20preservation&hl=ro&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„8. Iodine and Iodine Compounds”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Disinfection,+sterilization,+and+preservation&hl=ro&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. a V-a, ilustrată). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0683307401" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0683307401">0683307401</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-30">30 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+Iodine+and+Iodine+Compounds&rft.btitle=Disinfection%2C+sterilization%2C+and+preservation&rft.pages=159&rft.edition=a+V-a%2C+ilustrat%C4%83&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0683307401&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Seymour+Stanton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3f-kPJ17_TYC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DDisinfection%252C%2520sterilization%252C%2520and%2520preservation%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPA159%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">McCall și Tankersley, op. cit., pag. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trottop-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trottop_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trottop_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Trott, op. cit., pag. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msds-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msds_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msds_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msds_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">R. Toreki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilpi.com/msdS/ref/peroxide.html">„Peroxide”</a>. <i>The MSDS HyperGlossary</i> (în engleză).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MSDS+HyperGlossary&rft.atitle=Peroxide&rft.au=R.+Toreki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilpi.com%2FmsdS%2Fref%2Fperoxide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ct-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ct_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ct_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayfieldclinic.com/PE-CT.htm">Computed Tomography</a> (în engleză). Mayfield Clinic. Accesat la 2 noiembrie 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Emsley, John (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&lpg=PP1&dq=Nature's%20building%20blocks%3A%20an%20A-Z%20guide%20to%20the%20elements&hl=ro&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„The elements (A–Z)”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&lpg=PP1&dq=Nature's%20building%20blocks%3A%20an%20A-Z%20guide%20to%20the%20elements&hl=ro&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. ilustrată, retipărită). Oxford University Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0198503407" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0198503407">0198503407</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-01-30">30 ianuarie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+elements+%28A%E2%80%93Z%29&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+building+blocks%3A+an+A-Z+guide+to+the+elements&rft.pages=199&rft.edition=ilustrat%C4%83%2C+retip%C4%83rit%C4%83&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0198503407&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-Xu07p3cKwC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DNature%27s%2520building%2520blocks%253A%2520an%2520A-Z%2520guide%2520to%2520the%2520elements%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPA17%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey și United States Bureau of Mines (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=agWRXY2pYh8C&lpg=PT1&dq=0-16-048509-6&hl=ro&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„Iodine”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=agWRXY2pYh8C&lpg=PT1&dq=0-16-048509-6&hl=ro&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=0-16-048509-6&f=false"><i>Mineral Commodity Summaries 1996</i></a> (în engleză). DIANE Publishing. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0160485096" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0160485096">0160485096</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-30">30 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iodine&rft.btitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries+1996&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0160485096&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+the+Interior+Geological+Survey+%C8%99i+United+States+Bureau+of+Mines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DagWRXY2pYh8C%26lpg%3DPT1%26dq%3D0-16-048509-6%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPA80%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Aldea și Uivarosi, op. cit., pag. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECM-83"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECM_83-0">^</a></b> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ro" dir="ltr">Eroare la citare: Etichetă <code><ref></code> invalidă; niciun text nu a fost furnizat pentru referințele numite <code>ECM</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kent_226-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_226_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_226_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Olson, op. cit., pag. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kleinberg, Jacob (<time datetime="1960">1960</time>). Subcommittee on Radiochemistry, National Academy of Sciences — National Research Council, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?hl=ro&id=0j4gAAAAIAAJ&dq=The+radiochemistry+of+fluorine%2C+chlorine%2C+bromine+and+iodine&q=edit#search_anchor"><i>The radiochemistry of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine</i></a> (în engleză). Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-30">30 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+radiochemistry+of+fluorine%2C+chlorine%2C+bromine+and+iodine&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Office+of+Technical+Services%2C+Department+of+Commerce&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Kleinberg&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Dro%26id%3D0j4gAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3DThe%2Bradiochemistry%2Bof%2Bfluorine%252C%2Bchlorine%252C%2Bbromine%2Band%2Biodine%26q%3Dedit%23search_anchor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mager-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mager_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mager_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jeanne Mager Stellman, International Labour Office (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=e4_S46UcI2AC&lpg=PT266&dq=iodine%20Encyclopaedia%20of%20occupational%20health%20and%20safety&lr=&hl=ro&pg=PT56#v=onepage&q=&f=false">„Guide to Chemichals”</a>. În Jeanne Mager Stellman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=e4_S46UcI2AC&lpg=PT266&dq=iodine%20Encyclopaedia%20of%20occupational%20health%20and%20safety&lr=&hl=ro&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety: Guides, indexes, directory. Vol. 4</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. a IV-a, ilustrată). p. 104.211. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9221098176" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9221098176">9221098176</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-01-30">30 ianuarie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Chemichals&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Occupational+Health+and+Safety%3A+Guides%2C+indexes%2C+directory.+Vol.+4&rft.pages=104.211&rft.edition=a+IV-a%2C+ilustrat%C4%83&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9221098176&rft.au=Jeanne+Mager+Stellman%2C+International+Labour+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4_S46UcI2AC%26lpg%3DPT266%26dq%3Diodine%2520Encyclopaedia%2520of%2520occupational%2520health%2520and%2520safety%26lr%3D%26hl%3Dro%26pg%3DPT56%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent_227-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_227_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_227_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_227_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Olson, op. cit., pag. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gairdner, op.cit., pag. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gairdner, op. cit., pag. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacifichealth.com/products/potassium_iodide.html">Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation Emergencies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101103220425/http://pacifichealth.com/products/potassium_iodide.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2010-11-03">3 noiembrie 2010</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (în engleză). Pacific Health Sciences. Accesat la 18 decembrie 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbah.state.ms.us/emergency_programs/ki_vets.htm">Potassium Iodide (KI) Treatment for Animals Following a Nuclear Disaster</a> (în engleză). Missipi Board of Animal Health. Accesat la 18 decembrie 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urgencenucleaire.qc.ca/documentation/potassiumiodide.pdf">Potassium iodide for thyroid protection in a nuclear accident or attack</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308110118/http://www.urgencenucleaire.qc.ca/documentation/potassiumiodide.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2010-03-08">8 martie 2010</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (în engleză). The Medical Letter, Inc. Accesat la 18 decembrie 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Tabelul periodic al elementelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_elementelor_chimice_dup%C4%83_nume" title="Lista elementelor chimice după nume">Lista elementelor chimice după nume</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_limba_română"><span id=".C3.8En_limba_rom.C3.A2n.C4.83"></span>În limba română</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: În limba română" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: În limba română"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Aldea, Victoria; Uivarosi, Valentina (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). <i>Chimie anorganică — Elemente și combinații</i>. București: Editura medicală.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chimie+anorganic%C4%83+%E2%80%94+Elemente+%C8%99i+combina%C8%9Bii&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Editura+medical%C4%83&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Aldea&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Uivarosi%2C+Valentina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Beral, Edith; Zapan, Mihai (<time datetime="1976">1976</time>). <i>Chimie generală</i>. București: Editura Tehnică.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chimie+general%C4%83&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Editura+Tehnic%C4%83&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Beral&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft.au=Zapan%2C+Mihai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Grecu, I. (<time datetime="1964">1964</time>). <i>Chimie anorganică</i>. București: Editura didactică și pedagogică.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chimie+anorganic%C4%83&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Editura+didactic%C4%83+%C8%99i+pedagogic%C4%83&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Grecu&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Zapan, Mihai (<time datetime="1968">1968</time>). <i>Chimie anorganică</i>. București: Editura Tehnică.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chimie+anorganic%C4%83&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Editura+Tehnic%C4%83&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Zapan&rft.aufirst=Mihai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li>Vasile Vasilescu, <i>Biofizica medicală</i>, EDP 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, <i>Chimie generală</i>, Editura Științifică, București, 1972 (traducere din limba engleză)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raluca_Ripan" title="Raluca Ripan">Raluca Ripan</a>, I. Ceteanu, <i>Manual de lucrări practice de chimie anorganică - vol I Metaloizi</i>, Editura de stat didactică și pedagogică, <a href="/wiki/Bucure%C8%99ti" title="București">București</a>, <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_alte_limbi"><span id=".C3.8En_alte_limbi"></span>În alte limbi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: În alte limbi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: În alte limbi"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.), Safe Drinking Water Committee (<time datetime="1980">1980</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=uJawqCDmiaEC&lpg=PR1&dq=bibliogroup%3A%22Drinking%20Water%20and%20Health%22&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Drinking Water and Health</i></a> (în engleză). <b>3</b>. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-309-02932-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-309-02932-5">0-309-02932-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-09-01">1 septembrie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drinking+Water+and+Health&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-309-02932-5&rft.aulast=Assembly+of+Life+Sciences+%28U.S.%29&rft.aufirst=Safe+Drinking+Water+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJawqCDmiaEC%26lpg%3DPR1%26dq%3Dbibliogroup%253A%2522Drinking%2520Water%2520and%2520Health%2522%26pg%3DPR1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Ede, Andrew (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ro/books?id=RAUqQZHHmL0C&lpg=PR4&dq=0-313-33304-1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Chemical Element: A Historical Perspective</i></a> (în engleză) (ed. ilustrată). Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-313-33304-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-313-33304-1">0-313-33304-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-09-01">1 septembrie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemical+Element%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.edition=ilustrat%C4%83&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-33304-1&rft.aulast=Ede&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRAUqQZHHmL0C%26lpg%3DPR4%26dq%3D0-313-33304-1%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AIod" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li>Emsley, John: <i>Nature's building blocks</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0198503407" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-850340-7</a></li> <li>Gairdner, W., M.D.: <i>Essay On The Effects Of Iodine On The Human Constitution; With Practical Observations On Its Use In The Cure Of Bronchocele, Scrophula, And The Tuberculous Diseases Of The Chest And Abdomen</i>, Londra</li> <li>Gray, Leon: <i>Iodine</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0761418121" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7614-1812-1</a></li> <li>Gregory, William: <i>Outlines of Chemistry</i></li> <li>McCall, Ruth E și Tankersley, Cathee M.: <i>Phlebotomy Essentials</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780781766449" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7817-6644-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0781766443" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7817-6644-3</a></li> <li>Olson, Kent R.: <i>Poisoning & drug overdose</i></li> <li>Shike, Moshe: <i>Modern nutrition in health and disease</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0739103644" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7391-0364-4</a></li> <li>Singh, Rajbir: <i>Inorganic chemistry</i>, A Mittal Publication</li> <li>Stellman, Jeanne Mager: <i>Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety</i>, Volumul 4, International Labour Office, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9221098176" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 92-2-109817-6</a></li> <li>Trott, Alexander: <i>Wounds and lacerations: emergency care and closure</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_limba_engleză"><span id=".C3.8En_limba_englez.C4.83"></span>În limba engleză</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: În limba engleză" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: În limba engleză"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.webelements.com/iodine/history.html">http://www.webelements.com/iodine/history.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.chemicool.com/elements/iodine.html">http://www.chemicool.com/elements/iodine.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.3rd1000.com/elements/Iodine.htm#Iodine%20Data">http://www.3rd1000.com/elements/Iodine.htm#Iodine%20Data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lenntech.com/periodic-chart-elements/i-en.htm">http://www.lenntech.com/periodic-chart-elements/i-en.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Hu-Mor/Iodine.html">http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Hu-Mor/Iodine.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec01/ch005/ch005e.html">http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec01/ch005/ch005e.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.3rd1000.com/elements/Iodine.htm#Isotopes">http://www.3rd1000.com/elements/Iodine.htm#Isotopes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V78-3YF3WVK-G&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=982068145&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=96cf3e49b3243ba1e064b88b25d259d7">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V78-3YF3WVK-G&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=982068145&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=96cf3e49b3243ba1e064b88b25d259d7</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/iodine.html">http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/iodine.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618033122/http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/iodine.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2010-06-18">18 iunie 2010</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso053.html">http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso053.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mayfieldclinic.com/PE-CT.htm">http://www.mayfieldclinic.com/PE-CT.htm</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_limba_română_2"><span id=".C3.8En_limba_rom.C3.A2n.C4.83_2"></span>În limba română</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: În limba română" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iod&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: În limba română"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/algele-marine-previn-osteoporoza-si-anemia.html">http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/algele-marine-previn-osteoporoza-si-anemia.html</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Elemente_chimice" title="Format:Elemente chimice"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Elemente_chimice" title="Discuție Format:Elemente chimice"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Elemente_chimice&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">Elemente chimice</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale alcaline </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">Litiu</a> (3) • <a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu">Sodiu</a> (11) • <a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu">Potasiu</a> (19) • <a href="/wiki/Rubidiu" title="Rubidiu">Rubidiu</a> (37) • <a href="/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu">Cesiu</a> (55) • <a href="/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu">Franciu</a> (87) • <a href="/wiki/Ununenniu" title="Ununenniu">Ununenniu</a> (119)</div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="21"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:TableImage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/80px-TableImage.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/120px-TableImage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/160px-TableImage.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="73" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale alcalino-pământoase </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu">Beriliu</a> (4) • <a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">Magneziu</a> (12) • <a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu">Calciu</a> (20) • <a href="/wiki/Stron%C8%9Biu" title="Stronțiu">Stronțiu</a> (38) • <a href="/wiki/Bariu" title="Bariu">Bariu</a> (56) • <a href="/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu">Radiu</a> (88) • <a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium">Unbinilium</a> (120)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale tranziționale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Scandiu" title="Scandiu">Scandiu</a> (21) • <a href="/wiki/Titan" title="Titan">Titan</a> (22) • <a href="/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu">Vanadiu</a> (23) • <a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom">Crom</a> (24) • <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> (25) • <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a> (26) • <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> (27) • <a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">Nichel</a> (28) • <a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru">Cupru</a> (29) • <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> (30) • <a href="/wiki/Ytriu" title="Ytriu">Ytriu</a> (39) • <a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu">Zirconiu</a> (40) • <a href="/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu">Niobiu</a> (41) • <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">Molibden</a> (42) • <a href="/wiki/Techne%C8%9Biu" title="Technețiu">Technețiu</a> (43) • <a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu">Ruteniu</a> (44) • <a href="/wiki/Rodiu" title="Rodiu">Rodiu</a> (45) • <a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu">Paladiu</a> (46) • <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">Argint</a> (47) • <a href="/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu">Cadmiu</a> (48) • <a href="/wiki/Hafniu" title="Hafniu">Hafniu</a> (72) • <a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal">Tantal</a> (73) • <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram</a> (74) • <a href="/wiki/Reniu" title="Reniu">Reniu</a> (75) • <a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Osmiu</a> (76) • <a href="/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu">Iridiu</a> (77) • <a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină">Platină</a> (78) • <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">Aur</a> (79) • <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)">Mercur</a> (80) • <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordiu" title="Rutherfordiu">Rutherfordiu</a> (104) • <a href="/wiki/Dubniu" title="Dubniu">Dubniu</a> (105) • <a href="/wiki/Seaborgiu" title="Seaborgiu">Seaborgiu</a> (106) • <a href="/wiki/Bohriu" title="Bohriu">Bohriu</a> (107) • <a href="/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu">Hassiu</a> (108) • <a href="/wiki/Meitneriu" title="Meitneriu">Meitneriu</a> (109) • <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtiu" title="Darmstadtiu">Darmstadtiu</a> (110) • <a href="/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu">Roentgeniu</a> (111) • <a href="/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu">Coperniciu</a> (112) • <a href="/wiki/Nihoniu" title="Nihoniu">Nihoniu</a> (113) • <a href="/wiki/Fleroviu" title="Fleroviu">Fleroviu</a> (114) • <a href="/wiki/Moscoviu" title="Moscoviu">Moscoviu</a> (115) • <a href="/wiki/Livermoriu" title="Livermoriu">Livermoriu</a> (116)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale post-tranziționale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">Aluminiu</a> (13) • <a href="/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu">Galiu</a> (31) • <a href="/wiki/Indiu" title="Indiu">Indiu</a> (49) • <a href="/wiki/Staniu" title="Staniu">Staniu</a> (50) • <a href="/wiki/Taliu" title="Taliu">Taliu</a> (81) • <a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">Plumb</a> (82) • <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bismut</a> (83) • <a href="/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu">Poloniu</a> (84)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metaloizi </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)">Bor</a> (5) • <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">Siliciu</a> (14) • <a href="/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu">Germaniu</a> (32) • <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> (33) • <a href="/wiki/Stibiu" title="Stibiu">Stibiu</a> (51) • <a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur">Telur</a> (52)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Nemetale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> (1) • <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> (6) • <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">Azot</a> (7) • <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">Oxigen</a> (8) • <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> (15) • <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">Sulf</a> (16) • <a href="/wiki/Seleniu" title="Seleniu">Seleniu</a> (34)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Halogeni </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> (9) • <a href="/wiki/Clor" title="Clor">Clor</a> (17) • <a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Brom</a> (35) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iod</a> (53) • <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">Astatin</a> (85) • <a href="/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin">Tennessin</a> (117)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Gaze nobile </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">Heliu</a> (2) • <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> (10) • <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> (18) • <a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a> (36) • <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> (54) • <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> (86) • <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> (118)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Lantanide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan">Lantan</a> (57) • <a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu">Ceriu</a> (58) • <a href="/wiki/Praseodim" title="Praseodim">Praseodim</a> (59) • <a href="/wiki/Neodim" title="Neodim">Neodim</a> (60) • <a href="/wiki/Prome%C8%9Biu" title="Promețiu">Promețiu</a> (61) • <a href="/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu">Samariu</a> (62) • <a href="/wiki/Europiu" title="Europiu">Europiu</a> (63) • <a href="/wiki/Gadoliniu" title="Gadoliniu">Gadoliniu</a> (64) <a href="/wiki/Terbiu" title="Terbiu">Terbiu</a> (65) • <a href="/wiki/Disprosiu" title="Disprosiu">Disprosiu</a> (66) • <a href="/wiki/Holmiu" title="Holmiu">Holmiu</a> (67) • <a href="/wiki/Erbiu" title="Erbiu">Erbiu</a> (68) • <a href="/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu">Tuliu</a> (69) • <a href="/wiki/Yterbiu" title="Yterbiu">Yterbiu</a> (70) • <a href="/wiki/Lute%C8%9Biu" title="Lutețiu">Lutețiu</a> (71)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Actinide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Actiniu" title="Actiniu">Actiniu</a> (89) • <a href="/wiki/Thoriu" title="Thoriu">Thoriu</a> (90) • <a href="/wiki/Protactiniu" title="Protactiniu">Protactiniu</a> (91) • <a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">Uraniu</a> (92) • <a href="/wiki/Neptuniu" title="Neptuniu">Neptuniu</a> (93) • <a href="/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu">Plutoniu</a> (94) • <a href="/wiki/Americiu" title="Americiu">Americiu</a> (95) • <a href="/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu">Curiu</a> (96) • <a href="/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu">Berkeliu</a> (97) • <a href="/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu">Californiu</a> (98) • <a href="/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu">Einsteiniu</a> (99) • <a href="/wiki/Fermiu" title="Fermiu">Fermiu</a> (100) • <a href="/wiki/Mendeleviu" title="Mendeleviu">Mendeleviu</a> (101) • <a href="/wiki/Nobeliu" title="Nobeliu">Nobeliu</a> (102) • <a href="/wiki/Lawrenciu" title="Lawrenciu">Lawrenciu</a> (103)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Superactinide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Unbiunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiunium">Unbiunium</a> (121) • <a href="/wiki/Unbibium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbibium">Unbibium</a> (122) • <a href="/wiki/Unbitrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbitrium">Unbitrium</a> (123) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiquadium">Unbiquadium</a> (124) • <a href="/wiki/Unbipentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbipentium">Unbipentium</a> (125) • <a href="/wiki/Unbihexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbihexium">Unbihexium</a> (126) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiseptium">Unbiseptium</a> (127) • <a href="/wiki/Unbioctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbioctium">Unbioctium</a> (128) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiennium">Unbiennium</a> (129) • <a href="/wiki/Untrinilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrinilium">Untrinilium</a> (130) • <a href="/wiki/Untriunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriunium">Untriunium</a> (131) • <a href="/wiki/Untribium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untribium">Untribium</a> (132) • <a href="/wiki/Untritrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untritrium">Untritrium</a> (133) • <a href="/wiki/Untriquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriquadium">Untriquadium</a> (134) • <a href="/wiki/Untripentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untripentium">Untripentium</a> (135) • <a href="/wiki/Untrihexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrihexium">Untrihexium</a> (136) • <a href="/wiki/Untriseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriseptium">Untriseptium</a> (137) • <a href="/wiki/Untrioctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrioctium">Untrioctium</a> (138) • <a href="/wiki/Untriennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriennium">Untriennium</a> (139) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadnilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadnilium">Unquadnilium</a> (140) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadunium">Unquadunium</a> (141) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadbium">Unquadbium</a> (142) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadtrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadtrium">Unquadtrium</a> (143) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadquadium">Unquadquadium</a> (144) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadpentium">Unquadpentium</a> (145) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadhexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadhexium">Unquadhexium</a> (146) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadseptium">Unquadseptium</a> (147) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadoctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadoctium">Unquadoctium</a> (148) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadennium">Unquadennium</a> (149) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentnilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentnilium">Unpentnilium</a> (150) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentunium">Unpentunium</a> (151) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentbium">Unpentbium</a> (152) • <a href="/wiki/Unpenttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpenttrium">Unpenttrium</a> (153) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentquadium">Unpentquadium</a> (154) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentpentium">Unpentpentium</a> (155)</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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